Control of nematodes

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of plant protection technology. The subject matter of the present invention is a system, a method, a kit, and a computer program for combating nematodes.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of plant protection. The subject matter of the present invention is a system, a method, a kit, and a computer program product for controlling nematodes.

[0002] Nematodes belong to the diverse biological class of roundworms. They are mostly relatively small, white to colorless, thread-like worms. Nematodes are found almost everywhere. They have adapted to various habitats worldwide. They occur in both fresh and salt water, in soil, in plants, in decaying organic matter, or as parasites on animals and humans.

[0003] Of the approximately 20,000 known nematode species, about 3,000 feed on plants. Around 100 species are significant pests of cultivated plants. These plant-damaging endoparasitic species are on average 1 mm long. They infest the root system of their host plants and severely disrupt their metabolism. Using a stylet, they pierce plant cells, release saliva, and thereby induce a nutrient cell tissue from which they absorb cell contents for their own nutrition.

[0004] The typical life cycle of a nematode can be explained using the beet cyst nematode as an example. The nematode's overwintering organ is the cyst. It is about the size of a pinhead and can contain 200 to 300, and in extreme cases over 600, eggs and larvae. Cultivation of host plants leads to the "activation" of the larvae contained within the cyst. Root exudates stimulate the larvae to hatch, causing them to leave the cyst. Using its mouthparts, the nematode penetrates the root system. After a short migration, it settles in the root, induces the formation of the syncytium, and goes through further larval stages until it develops into an adult male or female. The white females swell, break out of the root with their posterior end, but remain anchored in the nutritive cell system by their heads. Mating takes place outside the root by the free-living males.Subsequently, an average of 250 to 300 eggs mature in each female. The female dies, and her lemon-shaped body changes color from white to light brown, finally becoming a dark brown cyst that later detaches from the root. The eggs and larvae remain viable within this tough-walled cyst for over 10 years.

[0005] The development time of a nematode generation is strongly temperature-dependent. For example, the completion of a generation of Heterodera schachtii A heat sum of 465 degree days (°C × days) is required. This sum can be determined by measuring the average soil temperatures at a depth of 10–20 cm and the values ​​above the base temperature of 8 °C daily.

[0006] Various chemical substances are used to combat nematode infestations. However, from an ecological perspective and due to the approval processes for these products, chemical control is increasingly subject to restrictions.

[0007] Alternatively, biological control methods are used; for example, a nematicide based on the mold fungus. Paecilomyces lilacinus, which preferably infects nematode eggs.

[0008] When combating pests, it is important to use the respective method as efficiently as possible in order to save costs, protect the environment, and / or ensure a high quality harvest.

[0009] US2006242900 describes a method and system for controlling nematodes in soil using a series of insulated electric heating blankets that heat the soil to kill the nematodes. The blankets are controlled by a programmable logic controller.

[0010] WO2014 / 039943 describes a mobile solar system that concentrates sunlight to disinfect and sterilize soil. The system consists of a movable platform with controllable mirror surfaces that can focus sunlight onto the soil. By concentrating the sunlight, the soil can be quickly heated to high temperatures to kill pests, weeds, and pathogens.

[0011] The article number XP002783548 (Xiumin Yan et al, Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, No. 108, 2017, pages 1 to 6) describes the influence of daytime temperatures on nematode populations in the soil.

[0012] KR20030051123A describes an environmentally friendly agricultural method and an agricultural device that directs solar energy directly into the soil. The device contains transparent pins made of quartz or glass that conduct sunlight into the soil. A focusing lens, also made of glass or quartz, concentrates the sunlight and directs it to the pins via fiber optic cables. Additionally, the device can generate infrared radiation to promote plant growth and kill soil pests.

[0013] CN 103 340 193 A describes an automated system for controlling root-knot nematodes in soil by steam injection. The system consists of a carrier, a lifting arm, a control unit, a steam generator, a steam distribution chamber, and an injection mechanism. WO 2009 / 132425 describes a wireless control system that uses variable power and dual transceiver-controller modules. The system can be used in a variety of applications such as irrigation, manufacturing, security, and environmental monitoring.

[0014] CN 106 416 704 A describes a method for growing cucumbers in a greenhouse during winter using an automatic temperature control system. The system controls the soil temperature to promote optimal cucumber plant growth. Special base fertilization and regular foliar feeding help reduce nematodes, powdery mildew, and downy mildew, and increase yield.

[0015] These problems are solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are found in the dependent claims, as well as in the present description and the drawings.

[0016] A first object of the present invention is a method for controlling nematodes in soil comprising the steps (A) Installing a temperature sensor in the soil; (B) Providing a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes, wherein the model models the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes; (C) Measuring temperature values ​​in the soil at measurement times; (D) Linking the temperature values ​​with the measurement times; (E) Calculating a heat sum based on the temperature values ​​and the measurement times; (F) Comparing the calculated heat sum with a target parameter, wherein the target parameter specifies the heat sum required to achieve a local maximum of the amount of nematodes in a controllable nematode stage; (G) Issuing a notification if the calculated heat sum reaches the target parameter; (H) Applying a control agent against nematodes in the controllable nematode stage.

[0017] Another object of the present invention is a system comprising a sensor unit with a temperature sensor and a transmitter unit, and a computer system with a receiver unit and an application system, wherein the sensor unit is configured to acquire temperature values ​​with the temperature sensor at measurement times, wherein the sensor unit is configured to transmit the temperature values ​​with the transmitter unit, wherein the computer system is configured to receive the temperature values ​​with the receiver unit, wherein the computer system is configured to calculate a temperature-dependent development parameter based on the received temperature values ​​and the measurement times using a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes and to compare this parameter with a target parameter, wherein the model models the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes, wherein the temperature-dependent development parameter is a heat sum.∘ where the target parameter is the heat sum required to reach a local maximum of the amount of nematodes in a treatable nematode stage, wherein the computer system is configured to generate a message when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the target parameter, the message containing a request that an application of a control agent against nematodes in the treatable nematode stage should be carried out, and the application system applies a control agent against nematodes in the treatable nematode stage.

[0018] Another object of the present invention is a computer program product comprising program code stored on a data carrier, which causes a computer system comprising a main memory to perform the following steps when the program code is loaded into the main memory, Receiving temperature values ​​recorded at measurement times, calculating a temperature-dependent development parameter based on the received temperature values ​​and the measurement times using a model of temperature-dependent nematode development, where the model models the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes, where the temperature-dependent development parameter is a heat sum, comparing the calculated temperature-dependent development parameter with a defined target parameter, where the target parameter is the heat sum required to reach a local maximum in the quantity of nematodes in a controllable nematode stage, generating a notification when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter.The application system thus applies a control agent against nematodes at the treatable nematode stage.

[0019] Another object of the present invention is a kit comprising the computer program product according to the invention and a control agent against nematodes in a controllable nematode stage, preferably a nematicide based on the mold fungus. Paecilomyces lilacinus against nematode eggs, and / or a sensor unit with a temperature sensor and a transmitter unit.

[0020] The invention is explained in more detail below, without distinguishing between the subject matter of the invention (system, method, computer program product). Rather, the following explanations are intended to apply analogously to all subject matter of the invention, regardless of the context in which the explanations are given.

[0021] If steps are mentioned in a sequence in the present description or in the claims, this does not necessarily mean that the invention is limited to that sequence. Rather, it is conceivable that the steps could also be carried out in a different sequence or even in parallel; unless one step builds upon another, which makes it essential that the building step be carried out subsequently (which will be clear in the specific case). The sequences mentioned thus represent preferred embodiments of the present invention.

[0022] The present invention provides means for the efficient control of nematodes. In particular, it concerns nematodes that appear as pests in horticulture and / or agriculture. The present invention is especially suitable for controlling Meloidogyne spp., Radopholus similis, Globodera spp. and / or Pratylenchus spp.

[0023] A key element of the present invention is a temperature sensor. This sensor measures the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm to 20 cm. Nematodes are typically found in this area.

[0024] Preferably, the temperature sensor is a component of a sensor unit that automatically records temperature values ​​after commissioning and transmits them to a computer system via a transmitter unit.

[0025] The system according to the invention can comprise one or more temperature sensors. The system according to the invention can comprise one or more sensor units. A sensor unit can comprise one or more temperature sensors.

[0026] Preferably, the sensor unit has a unique identifier. The unique identifier can be a number, an alphanumeric code, a binary code, or the like. The unique identifier serves to identify the sensor unit during its registration.

[0027] The sensor unit has a transmitter. It is also conceivable that several sensor units could share a single transmitter. The transmitter sends the measured temperature values ​​to an external computer system. This transmission preferably occurs at least partially wirelessly. Possible transmission methods include Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, a cellular network, a low-power wide area network (LPWAN or LPN) such as a NarrowBand IoT network, the Sigfox wireless network, wired connections (e.g., via a LAN), and / or similar methods.

[0028] Preferably, each of the one or more sensor units belonging to the system according to the invention is assigned a location. This is usually the location where the sensor unit records temperature values. However, it can also be a location in the vicinity of the sensor unit, or the location can be more vague, for example by specifying an area on the Earth's surface in which the sensor unit is located (e.g., in the form of a circle with a defined radius).

[0029] In a preferred embodiment, the system according to the invention includes means for determining the location of one or more sensor units.

[0030] It is conceivable that the sensor unit uses a GPS sensor (GPS: Global Positioning System ) or another sensor of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that can be used to determine the location of the sensor unit.

[0031] One advantage of location tracking using a global satellite navigation system is its high accuracy. Disadvantages include the comparatively high component costs and the relatively high energy consumption.

[0032] It is also conceivable that location determination is carried out via the radio cell to which the transmitter of the sensor unit is connected. Such a solution typically has lower accuracy in location determination, but means lower component costs and lower energy consumption.

[0033] In mobile communications, the simplest method of determining location relies on knowing the cell in which a transmitting unit is located. Since a switched-on mobile phone is in communication with a base station, the mobile phone's position can at least be assigned to a mobile cell (cell ID).

[0034] Using GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communications The location of a transmitting unit can be determined to within several hundred meters. In cities, the location can be determined to within 100 to 500 meters; in rural areas, the radius increases to 10 km or more. If the information is combined with the TA parameter (TA: ) via the Cell ID, the location can be determined to within 100 to 500 meters. Timing Advance When combined, the accuracy can be increased. The higher this value, the further away the transmitting unit is from the base station. With the EOTD method (EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference This allows a transmitting unit to be located even more precisely. This involves determining the time-of-flight differences of the signals between the transmitting unit and several receiving units.

[0035] In a preferred embodiment, temperature values ​​and location tracking are performed via the Sigfox network. Sigfox is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) specifically designed for small data packets and very low power consumption. Sigfox base stations can communicate over long distances without being affected by interference. The range of a single base station, which can manage up to one million transmitters, is 3 to 5 km in urban areas and 30 to 70 km in rural areas. With Sigfox, data packets are received by all base stations within the transmission range. This allows the position of a transmitter to be determined.

[0036] It is also conceivable that the location of a sensor unit is recorded during its registration. For example, the sensor unit could be set up at a location and a corresponding temperature sensor could be inserted into the ground at that location.

[0037] One step in the registration process involves linking the sensor unit to its location. It is conceivable that a user could capture the sensor unit's unique identifier using a (mobile) computer system and link it to location information. Capturing the unique identifier can be done, for example, by input via an input device (e.g., a keyboard, touchscreen, mouse, microphone (for voice input), or similar). Preferably, the unique identifier is in the form of an optically readable code (e.g., a barcode, matrix code, or similar) or in the form of a radio-readable electronic memory (e.g., an RFID tag). This has the advantage that the unique identifier can be read automatically, avoiding input errors (such as those that occur when a user types it on a keyboard).The optical code can be captured, for example, with a camera that may be part of the (mobile) computer system. In a further step, the location is determined. It is conceivable that the means for location determination are provided by the user's (mobile) computer system. The mobile computer system could, for example, be a smartphone, which can determine its location via the cell tower to which it is connected or via a GPS sensor belonging to the smartphone.

[0038] Once the unique identifier is captured and the location determined, this information can be linked. This linking assigns a location to the sensor unit. It is conceivable that the linked information could be transmitted via a network to an external computer system and stored there. It is also conceivable that the linked information could be stored on the user's (mobile) computer system.

[0039] Preferably, during registration, the unique identifier of the sensor unit is additionally linked to a unique identifier of the user, so that the user is assigned an individual sensor unit (or multiple sensor units) at a defined location. Preferably, as a result of this link, the user can only record temperature values ​​from the sensor unit assigned to them or access information based on temperature values ​​recorded by the sensor unit assigned to them.

[0040] Upon commissioning, the sensor unit uses the temperature sensor to record temperature values ​​and transmits them to an external computer system via the transmitter unit. Temperature recording and / or transmission can occur regularly or irregularly. Preferably, the temperature is measured several times a day (including nighttime); preferably once per hour. Temperature values ​​can be transmitted immediately after a reading is recorded; however, it is also conceivable that all temperature values ​​recorded within a defined period are transmitted together. Preferably, temperature values ​​are transmitted at least once a day.

[0041] The individual temperature values ​​are preferably assigned to the times at which they were recorded (measurement times). This assignment can occur during recording or at a later time. It can occur before or after transmission. In one embodiment of the present invention, a temperature value is recorded, the respective measurement time is determined, and the recorded temperature value is linked to the determined measurement time. The linked data can then be transmitted together. In another embodiment, a temperature value is recorded and transmitted. The linking to a measurement time takes place on the external computer system. For example, the arrival times of the transmitted data packets can then be used as approximate values ​​for the measurement times. Other possibilities are conceivable.

[0042] The external computer system models nematode development based on the transmitted temperature values ​​and the corresponding measurement times. Preferably, several models are implemented on the external computer system, each modeling different developmental stages. The term "nematode development" refers to any change in the number of nematodes over time in one or more nematode life stages. In one embodiment, the term "nematode development" specifically refers to the complete or partial completion of one or more life cycles.

[0043] A preferred model calculates the degree of completion of a nematode generation (modeling the nematode life cycle, or life cycle model for short). In a preferred embodiment, the model determines when a local maximum in the number of nematodes is reached at a specific nematode stage for which a control agent is particularly effective (treatable nematode stage).

[0044] This can be illustrated with an example: Mold Paecilomyces lilacinus It is particularly effective against nematode eggs. To efficiently control nematodes, a nematicide based on... Paecilomyces lilacinus Therefore, it should be applied when the number of nematode eggs reaches a local maximum. The model can thus determine when this maximum is reached.

[0045] In one embodiment of the present invention, the life cycle of nematodes is modeled exclusively on the basis of heat sums. In addition to the recorded temperature values ​​and measurement times, a minimum temperature is also included in the calculation of such a heat sum. Nematode development only occurs if the recorded temperature is above this minimum temperature. Numerous methods for calculating heat sums are described in the literature (see, for example, http: / / ipm.ucanr.edu / WEATHER / ddconcepts.html).

[0046] Die Mindesttemperatur kann experimentell bestimmt werden (siehe z.B. A. Giné et al.: Thermal requirements and population dynamics of root-knot nematodes on cucumber and yield losses under protected cultivation, Plant Pathology (2014) 63, 1446-1453; M. López-Gómez et al.: Damage functions and thermal requirements of Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita on watermelon, Annals of Applied Biology ISSN 0003-4746, doi:10.1111 / aab.12154; Maria Dolores Vela et al.: Thermal time requirements of root-knot nematodes on zucchini-squash and population dynamics with associated yield losses on spring and autumn cropping cycles, Eur J Plant Pathol (2014) 140:481-490, DOI 10.1007 / s10658-014-0482-x).

[0047] Preferably, the model (life cycle model) is started when a local maximum in the number of nematodes in a treatable nematode stage is present. In a preferred embodiment, the model is started at the time when crops are planted in the soil, the temperature of which is being monitored. This is typically the time when a new generation of nematodes matures, starting with nematode eggs.

[0048] The model can now be configured to continuously calculate the heat sum (temperature-dependent development parameter) based on the transmitted temperature values ​​and measurement times, and compare this with a defined heat sum (defined target parameter). The defined heat sum is preferably the heat sum required to complete one generation of nematodes, starting with a treatable nematode stage (e.g., nematode eggs). Once a generation has been completed, a local maximum in the number of nematodes in the treatable nematode stage is (again) reached. This is a good time to apply a control agent that effectively combats the nematodes in the treatable nematode stage. According to the invention, a notification is generated at this time. This notification can state that a new generation has been completed.It may state that a local maximum in the number of nematodes in the treatable nematode stage has been reached. It may state that an application of a control agent against nematodes in the treatable nematode stage should now take place.

[0049] In addition to temperature values ​​and their corresponding measurement times, further parameters can be used for the model, such as the nematode species, information on soil type, soil moisture, the type of cultivated crop, and the like. It is conceivable that the user of the computer program product according to the invention enters such parameters into the computer program and / or that such parameters are read from a database. It is conceivable that such parameters are stored in such a database for a large number of locations and / or regions. It is conceivable that one or more of the parameters are read from the database after the location of the sensor unit has been determined and linked to it. It is conceivable that one or more of the parameters are recorded by one or more additional sensors (e.g.,Sensors for humidity, air pressure, electrical or thermal conductivity of the soil, movements in the soil, chemical composition of air and / or soil and / or the like).

[0050] The computer program according to the invention informs the user when the temperature-dependent development parameter has reached the defined target parameter.

[0051] In a preferred embodiment, the user of the computer program according to the invention is informed, even before the defined target parameter is reached, that the temperature-dependent development parameter is approaching the defined target parameter, so that the user can make preparations. For example, it is conceivable that the user receives one or more notifications at one or more defined values ​​of the ratio between the temperature-dependent development parameter and the defined target parameter, for example, when the temperature-dependent development parameter has reached 80% and / or 90% and / or 95% or another percentage of the defined target parameter.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the progress of the temperature-dependent development parameter is continuously displayed to the user on a screen of the system according to the invention, for example in the form of a progress bar.

[0053] Notifications regarding the achievement of the target parameter and / or other messages can be displayed to the user, for example, on a screen and / or transmitted via a speaker as a voice message. It is also conceivable that the user is alerted to a new message by a signal (e.g., a sound or a vibration alarm), which is then displayed on a screen as a text message, possibly together with graphic elements. Alternatively, the user can actively retrieve a message, for example, by starting the computer program according to the invention.

[0054] Preferred embodiments of the present invention are: 1. A method for controlling nematodes in soil comprising the following steps: installing a temperature sensor in the soil; providing a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes; measuring temperature values ​​in the soil at specific time points; linking the temperature values ​​with the measurement times; calculating a heat sum based on the temperature values ​​and the measurement times using the model; comparing the temperature-dependent development parameter with a defined target parameter; issuing a notification if the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter; applying a control agent against nematodes at the target nematode stage. 2.Method according to embodiment 1, wherein the model of temperature-dependent nematode development is a model that models the development of nematodes from one generation of a controllable nematode stage to the next generation of the controllable nematode stage. 4. Method according to embodiment 1, wherein the defined target parameter is a heat sum required for one generation of nematodes to be completed. 5.A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, comprising the following steps: providing a sensor unit comprising a temperature sensor; inserting the temperature sensor into the soil; commissioning the sensor unit; determining the location of the sensor unit; determining other location-dependent parameters such as the nematode species present, information on soil type, soil moisture, and the type of cultivated crop; modeling the development of nematodes based on the temperature values, the measurement times, and one or more of the other location-dependent parameters. 6.A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, comprising the following steps: providing a sensor unit comprising a temperature sensor; inserting the temperature sensor into the ground; commissioning the sensor unit; determining the location of the sensor unit; determining a unique identifier for the sensor unit; linking the location of the sensor unit to the unique identifier; determining user data; linking the user data to the unique identifier of the sensor unit; displaying the location of the sensor unit on a user's screen. 7.A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, comprising the following steps: providing a sensor unit comprising a temperature sensor; inserting the temperature sensor into soil; commissioning the sensor unit; determining a unique identifier for the sensor unit; determining user data; linking the user data to the unique identifier of the sensor unit; displaying the location of the sensor unit and / or displaying temperature values ​​acquired by the sensor unit, and / or displaying a result of modeling nematode development based on the temperature values ​​acquired by the sensor unit, on a user screen. 8. A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, comprising the step: applying a nematicide based on the mold. Paecilomyces lilacinus against nematode eggs. 9. System comprising a sensor unit with a temperature sensor and a transmitter unit, and a computer system with a receiver unit and an application system; wherein the sensor unit is configured to acquire temperature values ​​with the temperature sensor at measurement times; wherein the sensor unit is configured to transmit the temperature values ​​with the transmitter unit; wherein the computer system is configured to receive the temperature values ​​with the receiver unit;wherein the computer system is configured to calculate a temperature-dependent development parameter based on the received temperature values ​​and the measurement times using a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes and to compare this parameter with a defined target parameter, wherein the model models the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes, wherein the temperature-dependent development parameter is a heat sum, and wherein the target parameter is the heat sum required to achieve a local maximum of the quantity of nematodes in a controllable nematode stage;wherein the computer system is configured to generate a message when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter, the message containing a request that an application of a nematode control agent should be made at the treatable nematode stage, and the application system applies a nematode control agent at the treatable nematode stage. 10. System according to embodiment 9, comprising a first computer system and a second computer system; wherein the first computer system is configured to receive temperature values ​​and measurement times, calculate a temperature-dependent development parameter, compare the calculated temperature-dependent development parameter with a defined target parameter, and then transmit a message to the second computer system when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter;wherein the second computer system is configured to receive the message and display it to a user. 11. System according to any embodiment 9 or 10, comprising means for linking the sensor unit to a user; wherein the computer system is configured to display to the user only such information as is based on temperature values ​​acquired by the sensor unit linked to the user. 12. System according to any embodiment 9 to 11, comprising means for determining the location of the sensor unit; a unique identifier by which the sensor unit can be identified;Means for linking the location of the sensor unit with the unique identifier. 13. Computer program product comprising program code stored on a data carrier, which causes a computer system comprising a working memory to perform the following steps when the program code is loaded into the working memory: receiving temperature values ​​recorded at measurement times; calculating a temperature-dependent development parameter based on the received temperature values ​​and the measurement times using a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes, wherein the model models the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes, wherein the temperature-dependent development parameter is a heat sum;Comparing the calculated temperature-dependent development parameter with a defined target parameter, where the target parameter is the heat sum required to reach a local maximum in the quantity of nematodes in the treatable nematode stage; generating a notification to the application system when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter, whereupon the application system applies a control agent against nematodes in the treatable nematode stage.

[0055] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to figures and examples, without limiting the invention to the features and combinations of features shown in the figures and examples. Any figures or examples that do not fall within the scope of the subject matter defined in the claims are to be regarded as illustrating individual parts of the invention or as reference examples, but not as independent subject matter of the invention.

[0056] Figur 1 Figure 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the system according to the invention. The system comprises a sensor unit (10) and a computer system (20).

[0057] The sensor unit (10) includes a control unit (11) for controlling the sensor unit (10). The control unit (11) controls, for example, the acquisition of measured values, the linking of the measured values ​​with the measurement times, and the transmission of data.

[0058] The sensor unit (10) includes a timer (13) with which the current time (date, time) can be determined.

[0059] The sensor unit (10) includes a temperature sensor (15) with which the sensor unit (10) can measure temperatures at measurement times. The control unit (11) links the measured temperature values ​​with the corresponding measurement times. The sensor unit (10) also includes a transmitter unit (12) with which the measured temperatures and the corresponding measurement times can be transmitted to the computer system (20).

[0060] The computer system (20) comprises a control and processing unit (21) for controlling the computer system (20) and for performing calculations. The computer system (20) includes a receiver unit (22) that can receive temperature values ​​and the corresponding measurement times transmitted by the transmitter unit (12). The computer system (20) has a permanent memory (23) in which data such as one or more defined target parameters and one or more models for nematode development are stored. The control and processing unit (21) includes a working memory (24) into which data and models from the permanent memory (23), as well as the transmitted temperature values ​​and measurement times, can be loaded. Based on the data and the transmitted values, the control unit calculates a temperature-dependent development parameter using a model and compares it with a target parameter.When the development parameter reaches the target parameter, the control and processing unit (21) generates a message. This message can be output to a user via an output unit (26). The output unit (26) has one or more output devices, such as a screen, a printer, permanent storage, a speaker, a connection to another computer system, and / or the like.

[0061] Another component of the computer system (20) is an input unit (25) through which a user can input data and commands. The input unit (25) has one or more input devices, such as a mouse, a touchscreen, a keyboard, a microphone, and / or the like. The output unit (25) and the input unit (26) serve for communication between the computer system (20) and a user.

[0062] Figur 2 Figure 1 schematically shows another embodiment of the system according to the invention. The system comprises a sensor unit (10), a first computer system (20) and a second computer system (30).

[0063] The sensor unit (10) comprises two temperature sensors (15a, 15b) that can measure temperatures at different locations in the soil. For example, one temperature sensor could be installed outdoors and the other in a greenhouse. Using more than one temperature sensor has the advantage that the individual temperature development throughout the day can be tracked for different locations, thus enabling individual modeling of nematode development for different locations.

[0064] The sensor unit (10) in Figur 2 It also includes, as already mentioned, the sensor unit in Figur 1 , a control unit (11), a transmitter unit (12) and a timer (13).

[0065] The first computer system (20) is used to model the development of the nematodes; it is preferably implemented as a stationary computer system (server). The second computer system (30) is used for communication with a user (client). It can be implemented as a stationary and / or mobile computer system (30).

[0066] The first computer system (20) receives the temperature values ​​and corresponding measurement times transmitted by the transmitting unit (12) using a receiving unit (22). A model simulating nematode development is loaded into a working memory (24) of the control and processing unit (21). The computer system (20) is configured to calculate a temperature-dependent development parameter based on the received values ​​and compare this parameter with a defined target parameter. The computer system (20) is further configured to generate a message when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter. The computer system (20) is also configured to transmit the message to the second computer system (30) via a transmitting unit.

[0067] The second computer system (30) receives the message using the receiving unit (32). The message can be output to a user via the output unit (36), for example, by displaying it on a screen. The second computer system (30) also has an input unit (35), a control and arithmetic unit (31) with a working memory (34), and a permanent memory (33).

[0068] Figur 3 Figure 1 shows a further embodiment of the system according to the invention. The system comprises a sensor unit (10) with a temperature sensor (15) embedded in soil (2). Cultivated plants (1), which may be infested with nematodes, are planted in the soil. The sensor unit (10) has a housing (14) with an operating unit. A transmitter unit and a control unit (not shown) are integrated into the housing (14). The housing (14) is attached to a mounting unit (3). The housing (14) with the operating unit is mounted higher than the soil (2) to make it easier for a user to operate the device. It is conceivable to install a roof to protect the housing from precipitation and / or direct sunlight. The system further comprises an external computer system (20) configured as a server. The external computer system (20) is connected to a database (23).The system also includes a second computer system (30), which is configured as a smartphone. The sensor unit (10), the first computer system (20), and the second computer system (30) are interconnected via a network (40). Temperature values ​​and measurement times are transmitted from the sensor unit to the first computer system (30) via the network (40). There, the values ​​are analyzed and the development of the nematodes is modeled. The results of the analysis and modeling are then transmitted via the network (40) to the second computer system (30). Alternatively, the sensor unit (10) and the first computer system (30) could be interconnected via a primary network, while the second computer system (30) and the first computer system (20) could communicate via a separate, secondary network. Figur 4 shows a further embodiment of the system according to the invention. In contrast to the one in Figur 3 The embodiment shown has the Figur 4 The system shown consists of a computer system (30) configured as a smartphone (but which could also be configured as a tablet computer, desktop computer, smartwatch, or the like). The computer system (30) receives the values ​​acquired and transmitted by the sensor unit (10), models the development of the nematodes, and displays the result of the modeling, preferably on a screen.

[0069] Figur 5 Figure 4 shows a further embodiment of the system according to the invention. The system comprises a sensor unit (10), a computer system (20), and an application system (50). Temperature values ​​and measurement times are transmitted from the sensor unit (10) to the computer system (20) via a network (40). Based on the transmitted values, the computer system (20) models the development of the nematodes; in particular, the computer system (20) calculates a temperature-dependent development parameter and compares it with a defined target parameter. When the development parameter reaches the target parameter, the computer system (20) generates a message and sends it to the application system (50). The application system (50) applies a control agent to combat the nematodes.

[0070] Figur 6 schematically shows the development of nematodes using the example of the quantity (A) of nematode eggs as a function of time ( t). In this example, development starts at the time t = 0 after crops have been planted in the soil ("activation"). At the time t = There is a lot of 0 A 0 on nematode eggs. The number of nematode eggs initially decreases over time as larvae hatch. The nematodes go through a series of stages until a stage is reached that lays new nematode eggs: the number of nematode eggs increases. At the time t = t 1. A local maximum in the number of nematodes in the nematode egg stage is reached. In the time between t = 0 and t = t One generation will go through. After that, the number of nematode eggs decreases again.

[0071] At those times t = t 2 and t = t 3. Local maxima in the number of nematode eggs are reached again. In the period between t = t 1 and t = t 2 will go through another generation; in the time between t = t 2 and t = t 3 will also go through another generation. The timings t = t 1 , t = t 2 and t = t 3 are times when a control agent that is effective against nematode eggs (e.g., a nematicide based on the mold) is preferably applied. Paecilomyces lilacinus ).

[0072] Figur 7 Figure 1 schematically shows an embodiment of a sensor unit (10). The sensor unit (10) has a housing (14) into which a transmitter unit and a control unit are integrated (not shown). The sensor unit (10) includes a temperature sensor (15) which is connected to the control unit via a cable. A switch (17) is used to turn the sensor unit (10) on and off. An indicator light (16) can show the status of the sensor unit (10). An optically readable code (18) with a unique identifier is located on the housing (14).

[0073] Figur 8 Figure 1 schematically shows a registration process for registering a new sensor unit. Pressing the on / off switch (17) activates the sensor unit (10). It automatically connects to a server (20) via a network (40a) and transmits a unique identifier that allows the sensor unit (10) to be uniquely identified. The location of the sensor unit (10) is also automatically determined; for example, via a GPS sensor, which may be part of the sensor unit (10), or via the cell tower in which the sensor unit (10) is located. The location of the sensor unit (10) is also transmitted to the server (20). The unique identifier and location are stored together in a database (23). The indicator light (16) shows that the sensor unit (10) has been activated and that the location and unique identifier have been transmitted.From now on, the sensor unit records temperature values ​​and transmits them to the server along with the corresponding measurement times (20).

[0074] In a further step, the sensor unit is linked to a user. In this case, the link to the user is established via a second computer system (30), which is implemented as a smartphone. The user starts the computer program according to the invention. They are prompted to record the optically readable code (18) using the smartphone's camera; a live image is displayed on the smartphone's screen. The user holds the camera in front of the optical code and takes a picture (70) of the code. Alternatively, the image could be captured automatically as soon as the smartphone detects that an optically readable code is displayed on the camera's sensor chip. The image (70) is analyzed, and the optically readable code is interpreted. It includes the unique identifier. The smartphone sends the unique identifier, along with user data, to the server (20) via a network (40b).The server stores the transmitted information in the database (23) along with the data already stored for the sensor unit (10). A location and a user are now assigned to the sensor unit.

[0075] Figur 9 Figure 3 shows an example of a screen display from the second computer system (30), which is configured as a smartphone, during operation after registration. The middle section displays an overview map of the environment in which the sensor unit is located. A marker (71) indicates the location of the sensor unit. The upper section displays the temperature (70) measured by the sensor unit as a function of time. In this example, the individual temperature values ​​recorded at specific measurement times are shown as small circles; a spline function connects the points. The lower section displays two virtual buttons that can be used to launch different models of nematode development. The upper button starts a model for modeling the nematode life cycles; the lower button starts a model for the thermal control of nematodes.The first model (life cycle model) is preferably initiated when crops have been planted in the soil. The second model (control model) is preferably initiated when thermal treatment is started (for example, applying solarization plastic films). The second model (control model) is described in more detail in EP18171591.3.

[0076] Figur 10 shows an example of a screen display of the second computer system (30), which is run as a smartphone, in operation after registration and pressing one of the virtual buttons. Figur 9 It will be like already in Figur 9A map showing the area surrounding the sensor unit is displayed, with a marker (71) indicating the sensor unit's location. The temperature (70) measured by the sensor unit is shown as a function of time. Additionally, the minimum temperature (74) required for (a) nematode development to occur (in the case of the life cycle model) or (b) successful thermal control of nematodes (in the case of the control model) is shown. A progress bar (75) indicates the percentage to which the temperature-dependent development parameter has already reached the defined target parameter (in this example, approximately 30%). The progress bar's color could change as it approaches 100%. For example, the bar could be green while in the 5% to 80% range. From 81% onward, it could be yellow, from 91% orange, and from 95% red.Other values ​​and colors for the color transitions are conceivable.

[0077] If the current model is a life cycle model, the number (76) of generations already completed is preferably displayed.

[0078] When the 100% mark is reached, a local maximum in the number of nematodes in a controllable nematode stage (e.g. nematode eggs) is reached and a control agent against the corresponding nematode stage can be applied.

Claims

1. Method for controlling nematodes in a soil, comprising the steps of (A) installing a temperature sensor in the soil (B) providing a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes, the model modelling the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes (C) measuring temperature values in the soil at measurement time points (D) linking the temperature values to the measurement time points (E) calculating a heat sum on the basis of the temperature values and the measurement time points (F) comparing the calculated heat sum with a target parameter, the target parameter indicating the heat sum required to reach a local maximum of the quantity of nematodes in a controllable nematode stage, (G) outputting a message in the event that the calculated heat sum reaches the target parameter (H) applying a control agent against nematodes in the controllable nematode stage.

2. Method according to Claim 1, comprising the steps of (A) installing a temperature sensor in the soil (B) providing a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes, the model modelling the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of nematodes, and starting the model after crop plants have been planted in the soil (C) measuring temperature values in the soil at measurement time points (D) linking the temperature values to the measurement time points (E) calculating a heat sum on the basis of the temperature values and the measurement time points (F) comparing the calculated heat sum with a target parameter, the target parameter indicating the heat sum required to pass once through one generation of nematodes starting with nematode eggs, (G) outputting a message in the event that the calculated heat sum reaches the target parameter (H) applying a control agent against nematodes in the controllable nematode stage.

3. Method according to either of Claims 1 and 2, wherein in step (H) the control agent is a nematicide based on the mould Paecilomyces lilacinus, which is used against nematode eggs.

4. Method according to any of Claims 1 to 3, comprising the further step (I) of repeating steps (C) to (G) or (C) to (H) during the current growing season of the crop plants planted in the soil.

5. Method according to any of Claims 1 to 4, wherein step (A) comprises the following steps: (a) providing a sensor unit comprising a temperature sensor (b) introducing the temperature sensor into a soil (c) starting up the sensor unit (d) ascertaining the location of the sensor unit (e) ascertaining a unique identifier of the sensor unit (f) linking the location of the sensor unit to the unique identifier (g) ascertaining user data (h) linking the user data to the unique identifier of the sensor unit (i) displaying the location of the sensor unit on a screen of the user.

6. Method according to any of Claims 1 to 5, wherein step (G) comprises: displaying the location of the sensor unit and / or displaying temperature values which are captured using the sensor unit and / or displaying a result of the modelling of the development of nematodes, which result is based on the temperature values which are captured using the sensor unit, on a screen of the user.

7. System comprising - a sensor unit having a temperature sensor and a transmitting unit, and - a computer system having a receiving unit, - an application system, wherein the sensor unit is configured to capture temperature values using the temperature sensor at measurement time points, wherein the sensor unit is configured to send the temperature values using the transmitting unit, wherein the computer system is configured to receive the temperature values using the receiving unit, wherein the computer system is configured to calculate a temperature-dependent development parameter on the basis of the received temperature values and the measurement time points with the aid of a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes and to compare said development parameter with a target parameter, wherein the model models the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes, wherein the temperature-dependent development parameter is a heat sum, wherein the target parameter is the heat sum required to reach a local maximum of the quantity of nematodes in a controllable nematode stage, wherein the computer system is configured to generate a message to the application system when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the target parameter, wherein the message contains the request that application of a control agent against nematodes in the controllable nematode stage should be effected, and the application system applies a control agent against nematodes in the controllable nematode stage.

8. System according to Claim 7, wherein the controllable nematode stage is nematode eggs.

9. System according to either of Claims 7 and 8, comprising a first computer system and a second computer system, wherein the first computer system is configured to receive temperature values and measurement time points, to calculate a temperature-dependent development parameter, to compare the calculated temperature-dependent development parameter with a defined target parameter and to then transmit a message to the second computer system when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter, wherein the second computer system is configured to receive the message and to display it to a user.

10. System according to any of Claims 7 to 9, comprising means for linking the sensor unit to a user, - wherein the computer system is configured to display to the user only that information which is based on temperature values which are captured using the sensor unit linked to the user.

11. System according to any of Claims 7 to 10, comprising - means for determining the location of the sensor unit - a unique identifier, by means of which it is possible to identify the sensor unit - means for linking the location of the sensor unit to the unique identifier.

12. Computer program product comprising a program code which is stored on a data carrier and which causes a computer system comprising a main memory to execute the following steps when the program code is loaded into the main memory, receiving temperature values which have been captured at measurement time points, calculating a temperature-dependent development parameter on the basis of the received temperature values and the measurement time points with the aid of a model of the temperature-dependent development of nematodes, wherein the model models the complete or partial passage through one or more life cycles of the nematodes, wherein the temperature-dependent development parameter is a heat sum, comparing the calculated temperature-dependent development parameter with a defined target parameter wherein the target parameter is the heat sum required to reach a local maximum of the quantity of nematodes in a controllable nematode stage, generating a message to the application system when the temperature-dependent development parameter reaches the defined target parameter, as a result of which the application system applies a control agent against nematodes in the controllable nematode stage.

13. Computer program product according to Claim 12, wherein the content of the message is that a local maximum in the quantity of nematodes in the controllable nematode stage has been reached.

14. Computer program product according to either of Claims 12 and 13, comprising a program code which is stored on a data carrier and which causes a computer system comprising a main memory to execute one or more of the steps of the method according to any of Claims 1 to 6 when the program code is loaded into the main memory.

15. Kit comprising the computer program product according to any of Claims 12 to 14 and a control agent against nematodes in the controllable nematode stage and / or a sensor unit having a temperature sensor and a transmitting unit.

16. Kit according to Claim 15, wherein the control agent against nematodes is a nematicide based on the mould Paecilomyces lilacinus against nematode eggs.