A Method for Sensing-Aware Link Adaptation in OFDM-Based ISAC Systems

Abstract

The invention describes an integrated sensing and communication system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). A computer-based application for sensing-sensitive link adaptation in the (ISAC) system. It is related to the method.

Description

1 TARIFF Sensing-Sensitive Interconnection in OFDM-Based ISAC Systems ADAPTATION METHOD Technical Area The invention describes an integrated sensing and communication system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). A computer-based application for sensing-sensitive link adaptation in the (ISAC) system. It is related to the method. 10 State of the Art Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems enable wireless communication and environmental sensing. 15 [1] and thus improve spectrum utilization, hardware efficiency and future wireless It improves compatibility with networks [2]. Early communication-centric ISAC systems, For detection purposes, Channel Status Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) are primarily used. While relying on dedicated reference signals such as Demodulation Reference Signals (DMRS) [3], these signals occupy only a limited portion of the available time-frequency resources 20 And this situation provides the achievable sensing resolution required by developing 6G applications. and limits detection performance [4]. Therefore, in recent developments, communication data The focus has been on using the payload for sensing purposes, and the transmitted signal is significantly improved. A large part of it has been made to contribute to target detection and parameter estimation [5]. However, it exhibits deterministic correlation properties with low lateral lobe levels. Unlike traditional radar waveforms, which are specifically designed for this purpose, the communication data payload signals, rather than providing sensing performance, are used to transmit user information. Since they are generated, they are by nature random [6]. Therefore, the transmitted waveform is statistically random. The characteristics are determined by the chosen communication modulation scheme, and this situation is 30 In communication, random symbols are preferred to maximize data transmission speed. 2 In perception, deterministic patterns form distinct correlation peaks and suppressed parietal lobe levels. This leads to a deterministic-random trade-off when waveform structures are used [7]. As the modulation level increases, the transmitted waveform becomes statistically more random; This situation leads to higher correlation side lobes, increased uncertainty in the congruent filter response, and weak 5. This increases the likelihood that target echoes will be masked by lateral lobe interference, thus targeting the target. It reduces the probability of detection and parameter estimation [8]. Current wireless communication systems take into account the detection performance of the transmitted waveform. Without considering the modulation and coding scheme (MCS), only the signal-to-interference and noise ratio is 10 Communication quality indicators such as (SINR), channel quality indicator (CQI), or target block error rate (BLER). It uses communication-oriented link adaptation, which was selected according to its indicators [9]. Therefore, the communication system must meet the communication quality requirements but not the perception requirements. It can choose a high-level modulation that does not meet the performance requirements. A traditional approach to mitigating this degradation in sensing performance targets the echo chamber. in order to accumulate its energy in a coordinated manner and improve the probability of detection, a greater number It is a compatible integration where the OFDM symbol is processed

[10] . However, in practice in wireless communication systems, including the number of OFDM symbols and source blocks. Communication resources allocated to each user are determined by a scheduling mechanism. It is determined and remains constant throughout the timed transmission interval

[11] . Therefore, the current Detection without changing communication source allocation or consuming additional communication sources. Increasing the integration interval is generally not possible. 25 traditional methods for improving sensing performance in communication-centric ISAC systems. The solutions essentially involve modifying the transmitted communication signal or the sensing receiver. It is focused on. One of the most common approaches is to separate each constellation without changing its geometry. probabilistic constellation in which the probability of transmitting the constellation point is optimized shaping (PCS)

[12] –

[15] . Another approach is to achieve better sensing performance. geometric constellation 30 in which the positions of the constellation points are redesigned for this purpose is shaping (GCS)

[16] . In more recent studies, constellation geometry and 3 Both methods are combined by optimizing the symbol probability distribution together

[17] . In addition, to achieve similar shaping gains with lower implementation complexity Probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) has been proposed

[12] . These methods are used to shape the transmitted symbols closely related to the fourth-degree moment (oblateness) of the constellation, and therefore By altering the statistical properties affecting the correlation parietal lobes, perception can be improved. 5 It improves

[10] . Another group of solutions is different standardized modulation Choosing among constellations and improving the perception-communication trade-off In order to achieve this, it combines this choice with adaptive power allocation

[10] . In other studies, better Detection is improved by designing pulse shaping filters that provide correlation features; In receiver-side approaches such as reciprocal filtering and asynchronous filtering, the transmitted waveform is 10 side lobes via signal processing performed in the sensing receiver without alteration is suppressed

[17] ,

[18] . Although these approaches improve perception performance, they are generally constellation redesign, waveform optimization, pulse shaping, additional This requires transmitter or receiver operations, or higher implementation complexity. These technical limitations affect both communication quality and the choice of communication modulation method. a sensing-sensitive modulation link adaptation that takes sensing performance into account The proposed invention has led to the development of the existing invention. The proposed invention modulates the degree of modulation. detection performance can only be achieved within the currently allocated communication resources. In cases where this is not possible, by adaptively adjusting the existing timing frame and 20 It meets the required detection performance while maintaining communication reliability. In conclusion, all of the above-mentioned problems necessitate an innovation in the relevant technical field. It made it necessary. Purposes of the Invention The main objective of the present invention is to create an integrated circuit based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). For the sentencing and communication (ISAC) system, a method for transmitting communication data. When selecting the modulation scheme, both communication performance and sensing performance should be considered. The aim is to develop a perception-sensitive connection adaptation method that takes this into account. 4 Another purpose of the invention is to use communication payload symbols for sensing purposes. while providing data-dependent correlation, the side lobes' influence on target detection and parameter estimation. The goal is to reduce its negative impact. Another aim of the invention is to correlate echoes with otherwise correlated flanks or stronger targets. The aim is to improve the detection of weak targets that may be masked by associated echoes. Another purpose of the invention is to allow a timer to assign a communication user a timer that has already been allocated to them. without increasing the number of generated resource blocks or OFDM symbols, predefined 10 It is about meeting a perception performance requirement. Another aim of the invention is to adapt the modulation level according to the sensing performance while maintaining the existing The goal is to protect the allocation of communication resources. Description of the Forms of the Invention The figures and relevant explanations necessary for a better understanding of the invention are given below. It has been given. Figure 1. Flowchart of the method for the present invention. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention is an integrated sensing system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and 25 Computer-aided communication (ISAC) system for sensing-sensitive link adaptation. It is related to a practical method. The method involves communication, including at least one wireless access node and at least one communication user. It can be implemented in a central OFDM-based ISAC system. Wireless access node; a base 30 a station, a gNodeB (gNB), an enhanced NodeB, an access point, a roadside to transmit a communication unit, an industrial wireless access node, or an OFDM signal It may include another device configured accordingly. A communication user is a user of equipment, a connected vehicle, a drone, an industrial terminal, an Internet of Things It may include your device or other wireless communication device. The method involves a sensing-sensitive modulation decision engine associated with a wireless access node. It can be implemented by a sensing-sensitive modulation decision engine; a timer, a to the connection adaptation controller, an environment access control entity, a physical layer It can be integrated into, or work in conjunction with, its controller or another network component. It can work. The sensing-sensitive modulation decision engine can work with one or more data processing devices. 10 This can be implemented through software run by [company name]. The invention's operation generally involves adapting traditional communication links and improving sensing performance. This may include assessment and sensing-sensitive modulation adaptation. These processes involve physical processes. It does not need to be performed by separate components. Two or more processes can be performed together in a common 15 This can be performed by a data processing device, and a single operation may require multiple data processing devices. can be distributed among them. Communication resources are initially allocated to a communication user by a timer. Communication sources include frequency domain sources and time domain sources. 20 Frequency domain sources consist of one or more source blocks (RBs), subcarriers, or sub-carriers. It may include a group of time domain resources; one or more OFDM symbols, slots, mini The slot may contain the transmission time interval (TTI) or another defined transmission interval. Referring to Figure 1; preference 25 where each allocated resource block contains twelve sub-carriers. In a given configuration, the total number of allocated resource elements is expressed as follows: can be done: 𝑁𝑅𝐸 = 12𝑁𝑅𝐵𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑚 6 Here, 𝑁𝑅𝐸 represents the total number of allocated resource elements, and 𝑁𝑅𝐵 represents the number of allocated resource blocks. and 𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑚 represents the number of OFDM symbols allocated. Resource allocation can remain constant during the transmission of scheduled data to the communication user. Specifically, when the modulation scheme is subsequently adapted based on sensing performance, 5 The number of allocated resource blocks and the number of allocated OFDM symbols remain unchanged. It can remain. Therefore, protecting allocated communication resources necessitates the detection requirement. neither additional frequency domain resources nor additional time domain resources are allocated to meet the demand. It could mean that it will be done. one or more terms relating to the communication link between the communication transmitter and the communication user. More communication quality parameters are obtained. Communication quality parameters, measurable or estimable by the communication user and to the wireless access node This can be reported. For example, a communication user can interrupt a downlink communication channel. and can report a CQI to the wireless access node. 15 Alternatively, or in addition, at least one communication quality parameter; an uplink. transmission, channel reciprocity, acknowledgment, negative acknowledgment, retransmission history, wireless access node based on channel estimation or other available measurement It can be determined by. 20 One or more communication quality parameters; SINR, CQI, actual or predicted BLER, a target BLER, received signal strength, channel status information, interference information, It may include encoding information or another parameter indicating the quality of the communication link. 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅, 𝐶𝑄𝐼, 𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑅) Initial communication modulation is based on a communication-oriented link adaptation procedure. is selected. Initial communication modulation; additionally, a coding rate, spectral efficiency, Part of an MCS that specifies the transport block size or another communication parameter 30 It can create. 7 Initial MCS; a predefined rule, lookup table, standardized link. SINR, CQI, BLER, and target are calculated according to the adaptation table, algorithm, or computational model. Using one or more communication quality parameters, including BLER It is selectable. In a preferred configuration compatible with 5G New Radio, the initial MCS is a 5 It can be selected from one or more MCS tables defined by the 3GPP specification. Initial modulation, predefined standardized modulation schemes It can be selected from a set. This set includes four-way phase-shifted switching (QPSK), 16-way switching. 16-QAM (amplitude modulation of four), 64-QAM (amplitude modulation of four), and 10 It may include 256-QAM amplitude modulation (256-QAM). This will be standardized in the future. Other modulation formats, including those listed, may also be used as additional or alternative options. available. Communication payload data is initially encoded and modulated according to the selected MCS. Modulation symbols are mapped to the symbols allocated to create an OFDM signal. It is mapped to the time-frequency source grid. Transmitted via the allocated time-frequency grid. A baseband signal can be represented as follows: 𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ ∑𝑑𝑘,𝑛 N-1 n=0 𝑁sym−1 k=0 𝑒𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝛥𝑓𝑡𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇) 20 Here, 𝑥(𝑡) is the transmitted baseband signal, 𝑘 is an OFDM symbol index, and 𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑚 is the allocated signal. the number of OFDM symbols in the sources, 𝑛 a subcarrier index, 𝑁 the sub-carrier considered The number of carriers, 𝑑𝑘,𝑛, 𝑘, is transmitted via the 𝑛 subcarrier during the OFDM symbol. modulation symbol, 𝛥𝑓 subcarrier interval, 𝑇 period of an OFDM symbol, and 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇) 25 𝑘 represents a time-domain pulse or window associated with the OFDM symbol. dk,n are modulation symbols, communication payloads generated according to the initially selected modulation. It may include symbols. Reference signals may also be included in the time-frequency grid; however 8 The sensing process is not limited to the use of such reference signals. In particular, communication. Payload symbols can be used for target detection purposes. The OFDM signal is transmitted to the communication user and contains one or more targets. It propagates in the environment. At least a portion of the transmitted OFDM signal is reflected by a target and a 5 It is received by the sensing receiver. In a monostatic sensing configuration, the communication transmitter and the sensing receiver are on the same wireless network. It is associated with an access node. For example, a gNB can transmit an OFDM signal, and the signal reaches a destination. It can receive the echo reflected by it. In other configurations, the communication transmitter and receiver are 10. The receiver can be provided on separate nodes to support bistatic or multistatic sensing. For a target, a received echo signal can be displayed as follows: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝛼𝑥(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑒𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐷𝑡 + 𝑤(𝑡) 15 Here, 𝑦(𝑡) is the received signal, 𝛼 is a complex target reflection coefficient, and 𝜏 is a target-related trajectory. return delay, 𝑓𝐷 a Doppler shift related to the relative motion of the target, and 𝑤(𝑡) noise, It represents an initiative or a combination of these. Round trip delay 𝜏 can be used to determine the range of the target, while Doppler shift 𝑓𝐷, It can be used to determine the radial velocity of the target. Where multiple targets are present. In these cases, the received signal is a delayed Doppler of the transmitted signal, corresponding to each target. It may include a superposition of slipped and weakened copies. The sensing receiver processes the received echo. This processing involves adaptive filtering and reciprocal filtering. filtering, asynchronous filtering, correlation processing, range processing, Doppler processing, range-Doppler processing, coherent integration, incompatible integration, or otherwise It may include appropriate sensing procedures. 9 The sensing receiver includes a delay profile, a range profile, a Doppler profile, and a range-Doppler profile. It can create a map or other perception representation. The peaks in the perception representation are related to the respective points. These may correspond to targets. The detection task is to identify a target or the range of the target, This may include estimating at least one of the following: speed, direction, position, or class. The sensing performance corresponding to the initially selected modulation is estimated. Sensing Performance is determined within the allocated communication resources. Accordingly, perception... In evaluating performance, it is assumed that additional sensing resources can be allocated. the number of resource blocks allocated in place and the number of allocated OFDM symbols are taken into consideration It is taken. 10 Detection performance can be represented by the probability of target detection (Pd). The probability of detection is the probability of the chosen target. modulation scheme and integrated in a coherent or incoherent manner over time It may depend on the number of OFDM symbols. The probability of detection also depends on the allocated resource blocks. number, detection signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to-confusion ratio, target-reflection coefficient, target range, 15 target speed, false alarm probability and statistical properties of transmitted modulation symbols It may depend on one or more of them. Statistical properties include the fourth-order moment of the modulation constellation or It may include kurtosis. Statistical features include the correlation properties of the OFDM waveform and 20 Specifically, data-dependent correlation can affect the level and distribution of the side lobes. Accordingly, Even when using the same number of source blocks and OFDM symbols, different standardizations are used. Modulation schemes can provide different sensing performances. Detection performance can be predicted before data is transmitted using initial modulation. 25 For example, predicting detection probability with candidate modulation schemes and detection performance. A pre-defined relationship between them can be used. Alternatively, the sensing performance can be improved using the same or a corresponding modulation scheme. and can be estimated using an echo obtained from a previously transmitted OFDM signal. 30 Therefore, the prediction may be based on measured perceptual feedback. In a configuration, the sensing performance is a pre-characterized sensing performance. This is determined using the model. The model allocates each of the available modulation schemes. A relevant finding under corresponding combinations of the sources obtained and the perception conditions. It can be associated with probability. 5 In another configuration, detection performance is determined using an analytical expression. Analytical The expression refers to a detection metric that modulates the probability of detection, the detection signal-to-noise ratio. It can be related to the probability of false alarms and integration length. The analytical expression is a Marcum Q- It may include or utilize a function or other statistical detection model. 10 In another configuration, a lookup table is used. The lookup table includes the modulation degree, MCS. index, encoding rate, number of source blocks, number of OFDM symbols, integration length, detection signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to-interference ratio, and false alarm probability, one or more of these It can be indexed accordingly. A corresponding estimated detection probability or other perception 15 Performance value can be retrieved from the lookup table. In another configuration, sensory feedback is used. Feedback is a response to an observed detection. probability, missed detection indicator, peak-to-side lobe ratio, correlation side lobe level, This may include a target confidence value or another measurement obtained from the sensing receiver. 20 Predictive detection performance is based on a predefined detection performance requirement. They are compared. In cases where detection performance is shown by the probability of detection, the comparison is made. It can be expressed as follows: 𝑃𝑑 ≥ 𝑃𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑞 Here, 𝑃𝑑 represents the estimated target detection probability and 𝑃𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑞 represents the minimum required target detection probability. is doing. 11 The required detection probability 𝑃𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑞 depends on an ISAC use case, application requirement, and service. This can be determined according to quality requirements, safety requirements, or network policy. Different uses. The scenarios may have different perception requirements. For example, an autonomous driving application, a higher target compared to an environmental monitoring application that is not critical from a safety perspective It may require a detection probability. 5 The detection performance requirement, either additionally or alternatively, is to maximize the probability of false alarms. minimum peak-to-lateral lobe ratio, maximum correlation lateral lobe level, minimum detection signal-to-noise ratio, maximum range estimation error, maximum speed estimation error, or It can define another perception criterion. 10 Detection performance associated with initial modulation, predefined detection Initial modulation can be maintained when the performance requirement is met. OFDM signal, This can be transmitted using initial modulation and initially allocated communication resources. Predictive detection performance fails when detection performance does not meet the detection performance requirement. A responsive modulation adaptation is performed. A lower modulation than the initially selected modulation is used. one or more candidate standardized modulation schemes with modulation degrees It is evaluated. Lowering the modulation level only applies to other devices with the same modulation level. Instead of choosing an MCS index, a modulation that carries fewer bits per modulation symbol is selected. This means switching to a different format. For example, if the initially selected modulation was 256-QAM. In this case, lower-ranking candidate modulations might include 64-QAM, 16-QAM, and QPSK. If the initially selected modulation is 64-QAM, then the lower-ranked candidate is 25. Modulations may include 16-QAM and QPSK. For each candidate modulation, the relevant sensing is performed while preserving the allocated communication resources. The performance is estimated. Therefore, the number of source blocks and OFDM symbols remains unchanged. remains. A candidate must meet both the predefined perceptual performance requirement and a 30 It is considered suitable when it meets the communication performance requirements. 12 Communication performance requirements necessitate that a target BLER has minimum communication reliability, minimum achievable data rate, encoding requirement, or other communication criterion It may include. To preserve the necessary BLER, the coding rate can be selected along with the candidate modulation. In a preferred configuration, reducing the modulation level reduces the communication requirement. A coding rate is selected that still provides the lowest amount of redundancy required. Thus, the necessary While achieving optimal sensing performance, communication data transfer speed is maintained as much as possible. In another configuration, it is necessary to meet the communication reliability requirement. Increased coding redundancy is available. 10 Candidate modulation schemes are listed sequentially in descending order of modulation degree. can be evaluated. First, the modulation immediately below the initial modulation. can be evaluated. If the candidate in question does not meet the perception requirements, further action will be taken. A low-level modulation can be evaluated. The procedure is a 15 that meets the detection requirement. This can continue until the modulation is determined. Alternatively, estimate detection performances for multiple candidate modulation schemes. They can be calculated in parallel. Then, the candidate with the highest modulation level is selected from among the suitable candidates. The candidate who has this qualification can be elected. 20 The selection of the highest degree of modulation that meets the detection requirement is as follows: can be shown: 𝑀∗ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑀: 𝑃𝑑 ≥ 𝑃𝑑,𝑟𝑒𝑞} 25 Here, 𝑀 represents a candidate modulation degree, and 𝑀∗ represents the required target detection probability. the highest-ranked modulation scheme selected from among those that meet the detection probability It represents modulation. 13 Maximization may also be subject to communication performance requirements. Accordingly, 𝑀*, both a candidate who meets both the required detection probability and the required communication reliability criteria It can be selected from among the modulations. The selected 𝑀∗ modulation replaces the modulation initially selected for the respective transmission. 5 Communication payload data is mapped using the selected modulation, and the resulting modulation The symbols are assigned to the same resource blocks previously allocated by the timer and OFDM. They are assigned to symbols. The OFDM signal is then transmitted using the selected modulation. The communication user receives data 10 the payload data will be provided by the data transfer rate with the initial higher degree of modulation It potentially receives data at a lower transfer speed. However, the necessary communication is provided. Reliability and detection performance are preserved. The reflected OFDM signal is processed to perform the detection task. A lower-order 15 Modulation can provide more favorable statistical and correlational properties, depending on the data. The level of correlation parietal lobes can be reduced. As a result, a weaker target echo is obtained. It is highly likely to be detected and masked by the side lobes or a stronger target. The probability may decrease. The invention involves replacing the communication waveform with a specially designed radar waveform. It does not require a new constellation geometry or constellation points. It does not require a modified probability distribution either. Instead, the invention uses a standardized probability distribution. Selection from among the modulation schemes already supported by the communication system. can do it. 25 Therefore, the invention relates to probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) to geometric constellation shaping. required by shaping (GCS) or combined probabilistic and geometric shaping The invention can avoid constellation remapping and reverse mapping changes. The invention also has a unique feature. without using a pulse shaping filter or a specific side lobe suppression filter on the receiver side 30 It can be implemented without requiring anything. 14 The sensing-sensitive link adaptation procedure can be repeated dynamically. Communication quality, sensing conditions, resource allocation, target characteristics, or application requirements When it changes, a new initial modulation can be defined. For example, an improvement in communication channel quality can make traditional link adaptation more efficient. This can lead to a suggestion of a high degree of modulation. Sensation-sensitive modulation decision. the engine's detection within the allocated resources of the proposed higher-order modulation. It can determine whether it meets the requirement. If it does not, it can choose a more suitable one. A low-level modulation can be selected. 10 The detection conditions then change, for example, to increase target reflectivity, decrease interference, or decrease If it improves due to the target range, a higher-grade modulation detection It can meet the requirement. Thereupon, the system can select a higher degree of modulation and Communication can increase data transfer speed. 15 If sensing conditions deteriorate, the selected modulation level can be reduced. Thus... Modulation improves both the quality of the communication link and the overall quality of successive transmission intervals. It can be adapted according to perception performance. The sensing-sensitive modulation decision engine allocates resource blocks to the allocated OFDM. symbols, communication quality parameters, initially selected MCS, detection The decision engine can take performance requirements and sensing condition parameters as input. It can provide the selected 𝑀∗ modulation or an updated MCS as output. The decision engine can use a stored set of standardized modulation schemes and only schemes supported by both the communication transmitter and the communication user It can evaluate the capabilities reported by the communication user. can take into consideration. The method can be performed by a data processing system that includes at least one data processing device. Data processing device; a processor, controller, digital signal processor, microprocessor, programmable It may include a logic device or other computing device capable of executing instructions. Data processing system; connected to a base station, gNB, access point or other wireless access 5 It can be integrated into the node. Alternatively, at least part of the processing can be centralized or distributed. by a radio access network component, an edge computing device, or another network processing system realizable. When a computer program is executed by a data processing device, the data processing device; 10 allocating communication resources or providing information about allocated communication resources obtaining the indicator, obtaining the communication quality parameters, a starting point. select the modulation, determine the sensing performance, pre-determine the sensing performance comparing candidate modulation schemes with a defined sensing requirement its evaluation, selecting the highest-level modulation suitable, and the selected modulation 15 It may contain instructions that allow it to control the transmission of the OFDM signal using this method. A computer program can be stored in a computer-readable medium. (Computer) Readable media; a semiconductor memory, flash memory, solid-state storage device, magnetic storage medium, optical storage medium or other machine-readable 20 It may include a storage device. The invention relates to LTE, 5G New Radio, 5G-Advanced, future 6G systems, and other OFDM-based technologies. The invention is applicable to communication systems. It is particularly useful in situations where communication resources are limited and Reliable detection can be achieved without allocating additional time-frequency resources. 25 Suitable for the required systems. Examples of applications include autonomous and connected vehicles, intelligent transportation systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles. tools, industrial automation, smart manufacturing, smart cities, indoor positioning, environmental Monitoring, public safety, security, and surveillance are included. 30 16 Thus, the invention modulates perceptual awareness while maintaining an existing timing framework. It provides a standards-compliant, dual-purpose connection adaptation mechanism that incorporates this into its selection. The technical impact of the invention is; communication already allocated to a scheduled user. within its resources, especially in terms of detection performance for weak targets. while improving communication reliability, and being compatible with both purposes, 5 possible solutions. The goal is to select the highest modulation level. 17 SOURCE [1] F. Liu, Y. Cui, C. Masouros, J. Xu, TX Han, Y. C. Eldar, and S. Buzzi, “Integrated Sensing and Communications: Toward Dual-Functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 40, no. 6, p. 1728–1767, Jun. 2022. [2] X. Luo, Q. Lin, R. Zhang, H.-H. Chen, X. Wang, and M. Huang, “ISAC—A Survey on Its 5 Layered Architecture, Technologies, Standardizations, Prototypes and Testbeds,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, early access. [3] D. Wen, Y. Zhou, X. Li, Y. Shi, K. Huang, ve K. B. 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Claims

19 REQUESTS 1. In an integrated sensing and communication system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. It is a computer-applied method for sensing-sensitive link adaptation, and the word The method in question includes the following: 5 ● communication for transmitting communication data to a communication user allocation of resources; allocated communication resources, multiple frequencies It includes time domain resources and multiple time domain resources, ● A communication between a communication transmitter and a communication user 10 Obtaining at least one communication quality parameter associated with the connection, ● Communication data based on one or more communication quality parameters Selecting an initial modulation scheme for, ● obtained using the initial modulation scheme and allocated communication resources Determining an estimated detection performance that can be achieved, 15 ● Estimated detection performance is a predefined detection performance. comparison with the requirement, ● Estimated detection performance vs. predefined detection performance When it does not meet the requirement, each of them modulates the initial modulation scheme. Multiple candidates with a modulation degree lower than 20 Evaluation of the modulation scheme; ● Among the multiple candidate modulation schemes in question, both communication performance requirements as well as predefined sensing performance candidate modulation with the highest modulation level that meets the requirement selection of the scheme and 25 ● while protecting allocated communication resources, the selected candidate modulation scheme Transmission of an OFDM signal carrying communication data using this method.

2. The method according to claim 1, where the frequency domain sources are one or more sources. It includes a block and time domain resources allocated to the communication user. or contains more OFDM symbols.

3. The method according to any of the previous requests, where one or more of these are in question. Multiple communication quality parameters; a channel quality indicator (CQI), a signal-to-interference indicator. and the noise ratio (SINR), a block error rate (BLER), and at least one of a target BLER. It includes 5.

4. This is a method according to any of the previous requests, where initial modulation is used. the selection of the scheme, according to a communication-oriented link adaptation procedure This involves selecting the modulation and coding scheme (MCS).

5. Method according to Claim 4, where MCS is a predefined standardized method. It is selected from a set of modulation and coding schemes.

6. This is the method according to any of the previous requirements, where the initial modulation scheme is shown. and candidate modulation schemes; quadrature phase-shifted keying (QPSK), 16-quadrant 15 amplitude modulation (16-QAM), 64-four amplitude modulation (64-QAM) and 256-four It includes at least two of the amplitude modulation (256-QAM) methods.

7. This is a method based on any of the previous requests, where estimated detection is used. Performance determination is carried out through detection using OFDM signals. 20 This involves determining the probability of identifying a related target.

8. The method according to claim 7, where predefined detection performance is used. The requirement includes the necessary minimum probability of target detection.

9. This is a method based on any of the previous requirements, where estimated detection performance is used. It is determined based on at least one of the following: The selected modulation scheme allows us to use OFDM symbols for compatible integration. number, number of allocated resource blocks, detection signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to-confusion ratio, target reflection coefficient, target range, target speed, false alarm probability, and selected 30 Statistical characteristics of communication symbols generated according to a modulation scheme. 21 10. This is a method based on any of the previous requests, where estimated detection is used. performance determination; an analytical perception performance statement, pre-characterized. a developed detection performance model, a lookup table, a trained computational model and at least one of the sensor feedbacks obtained from a sensor receiver is 5 It includes its implementation.

11. A method according to any of the previous requirements, which includes the following steps: It is characterized by: 10 of the echoes of a previously transmitted OFDM signal reflected by at least one target The process involves capturing and processing this echo to identify perceptual information associated with at least one target.

12. The method according to claim 11, where the communication transmitter and the sensing receiver are monostatic. It is located at a common wireless access node to perform the detection.

13. The method is according to claim 11 or 12, where the processing of the echo, the range of at least one target, Range processing, Doppler processing, or to determine at least one of the following: speed, direction, and presence. It involves performing range-Doppler processing.

14. This is a method according to any of the previous requests, where there are multiple candidates. 20 Evaluation of the modulation scheme, allocation for each candidate modulation scheme. without increasing the allocated frequency domain resources or allocated time domain resources The relevant estimated detection that can be obtained using the candidate modulation scheme This includes determining its performance.

15. The method according to any of the previous requirements, as previously defined herein. sensing performance requirements, for an ISAC use case or with an OFDM signal. It is determined based on a related sensing application.

16. Method according to any of the previous requests, where estimated detection is 30. performance determination, estimated detection performance predefined 22 comparison of the sensing performance requirement and the candidate modulation scheme The selection steps involve at least one of the communication quality parameters or a detection method. It is repeated in response to a change in the condition.

17. At least 5 configured to perform the method according to any of claims 1 to 16. A data processing system containing a small number of data processing devices.

18. When a computer program is executed by a data processing device, the data processing device's Contains instructions enabling the application of the method according to any of claims 1 through 16. a computer program. 10 19. When executed by a data processing device, the data processing device must comply with Claims 1 to 16. a computer containing instructions that enable someone to apply the method according to their own criteria a readable medium.

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