A BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Abstract

The invention relates to a battery management system and management method that enables the integrated management of multiple battery packs from different manufacturers and their heterogeneous battery management system (BMS) communication protocols in electric heavy commercial vehicles through a single vehicle control unit (VCU).

Description

A BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TECHNICAL FIELD The invention enables the use of multiple battery packs in electric buses and heavy commercial vehicles. It relates to a battery management system for integration. PREVIOUS TECHNIQUE As the need for energy storage increases in electric buses and heavy commercial vehicles, a single... Multiple battery packs in the same vehicle instead of a single battery pack Its use is becoming widespread. This approach offers both capacity flexibility and... It offers an advantage in terms of reserve capacity. However, in current multi-pack battery systems, each battery pack only supports its own needs. to work with a manufacturer-specific battery management system (BMS) They are designed. Battery packs from different manufacturers have different CAN (Canal, Resistance, and Liability) settings. communication protocols, different message structures, and different data scaling factors It uses. This situation means that the same vehicle is supplied with components from different suppliers. This makes using battery packs together technically challenging. In known solutions, the tool consists of components sourced from a single supplier and compatible with each other. They are equipped with battery packs, all of which use the same communication protocol. This is managed by BMSs that utilize specific tools. This approach allows the vehicle manufacturer and operator to... making you dependent on a battery supplier; changes in the supplier's product range, Switching to an alternative supplier is impossible in case of supply constraints or price increases. It makes it so. On the other hand, there is the current situation where multiple battery packs are operated in parallel. differences in charge status, health status and internal resistance between packets in the systems These differences increase over time. If these differences are not managed, there will be discrepancies between packages. 1. Uncontrolled circulation currents are occurring, some packets are overloaded and sent prematurely. It is aging and the total available capacity of the system is decreasing. In current systems, a battery pack failure can also occur. In this case, either the entire system is disabled or the faulty packet is disconnected. After removal, the remaining packets will automatically adapt to the new load distribution. It is not possible to ensure this. In both cases, vehicle operationality It is being disrupted. In terms of thermal management, current systems generally average the packets. It uses the temperature value as a reference; therefore, it is approaching the critical temperature limit. It is impossible to prevent the packet from compromising the system. In conclusion, battery packs from different manufacturers and their heterogeneous components communication protocols securely and efficiently within a single system of tools capable of managing, providing supplier independence, dynamic load balancing and thermal limiting the vehicle's functionality in the event of a malfunction. An integrated system is needed. In conclusion, all the problems mentioned above require an innovation in the relevant technical field. This has made it necessary to do it. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention eliminates the aforementioned disadvantages and the related technical to bring new advantages to the field, a battery management system and management It is related to the method. The purpose of the invention is to create electric heavy commercial vehicles from multiple manufacturers. communication of the battery pack and its associated heterogeneous battery management system (BMS) protocols integrated through a single vehicle control unit (VCU) a battery management system and management method that allows for its management to place. 2. All the purposes mentioned above and those that will emerge from the detailed explanation below. the existing invention to realize, At least two battery packs from different manufacturers (BP1, BP2, …, BPn), cell level of the pack corresponding to each of the battery packs in question An individual battery management system that monitors data and performs protection functions. system (BMS1, BMS2, …, BMSn), a vehicle control unit (VCU) that centralizes vehicle-level control decisions, a connection that links each of these individual BMSs to the vehicle control unit (VCU) communication data bus, The vehicle control unit (VCU) can interpret data from individual BMSs. a protocol normalization layer that converts data into a standard data format, connecting or disconnecting each of the battery packs in question to the load circuit multiple batteries in electric buses and heavy commercial vehicles containing contactors It relates to a battery management system for the integration of the package. Accordingly; Vehicle control unit (VCU); charge status (SoC), health received from individual BMSs. By processing the state (SoH), package temperature and internal resistance (Rint) data together, each calculating the target current value to be assigned to the battery pack, that target It transmits the current values ​​to the individual BMSs and controls the contactors of each package accordingly. It is switched on or off depending on whether the target current values ​​are reached. It is characterized by bringing about a protocol normalization layer; different raw data frames from individual BMSs using communication protocols by taking these frameworks, the vehicle control unit (VCU) can process them in a standard format. converting it in this way and the communication data bus with the vehicle control unit (VCU) It includes a separate Gateway ECU that connects between individual BMSs. In a possible configuration of the invention, the protocol normalization layer would include vehicle control. CAN defined within the VCU software and specific to each individual BMS. a supplier including message IDs, data lengths and scaling factors This was done via the profile table and the vehicle without using Gateway ECU. The control unit (VCU) processes the incoming raw CAN frames directly into standard data. It is characterized by its ability to transform by mapping it to its original structure. In a possible configuration of the invention, the vehicle control unit (VCU) would utilize dynamic current. In the calculation of the charge state (SoC) difference, the weighting factor (w₁) and health The weighting factor for the three state (SoH) value is (w₂), and the weighting factor for the package internal resistance (Rint) is... a weighted target that combines the weight factor (w₃) and the package temperature multiplied by the weight factor (w₄). running the current distribution algorithm and the weighting factors of the vehicle It is characterized by being updated according to the operating mode. In a possible configuration of the invention, the vehicle control unit (VCU) would be the minimum upper limit. temperature parameter of battery pack with temperature limit for the entire system by setting the temperature of any package as a limiting reference If the current demand of the package exceeds the defined first threshold gradually reducing it, and if the second threshold is exceeded, the package in question by performing the thermal limiting function, which it completely isolates from the load circuit. It is characterized by... In a possible configuration of the invention, the vehicle control unit (VCU) could be any When a fault is detected in the battery pack, the contactors of that pack are opened. disconnecting the battery pack from the load circuit, the remaining battery packs' SoC and instantaneous current by reassessing their capacities, target stream sharing values update and bug isolation that keeps the vehicle's operation running with the remaining packages It is characterized by its ability to perform its function. In a possible configuration of the invention, the contactors would require at least one contactor for each battery pack. It must include a charge contactor (CHG) and at least one discharge contactor (DSG) and the vehicle The control unit (VCU) handles the charging and discharging operations via these contactors. It is characterized by its independent control. A possible configuration of the invention would involve physically adding a new battery pack to the system. After the connection, the vehicle control unit (VCU) individually processes the package in question. Querying the supplier identity and protocol information from the BMS to find the matching supplier. By automatically loading the profile table and including the new package in the system. It is characterized by... In a possible configuration of the invention, the vehicle control unit (VCU) and individual BMSs. Communication between them is carried out via the primary CAN bus and primary data In the event of a failure of the primary data path, communication is switched to a backup secondary data path. 4. It is characterized by including an automatically deactivated backup mechanism. is being done. The invention also applies to multiple electric buses and commercial vehicles from different manufacturers. a method for managing the battery pack via the vehicle control unit (VCU) This relates to the charge status (SoC) and health of each individual BMS. Status (SoH), package temperature, and internal resistance (Rint) data are communicated by different manufacturers. regardless of protocols, in standard format by the vehicle control unit (VCU) the reading step, The vehicle control unit (VCU) processes this data together for each battery. dynamic current sharing calculates the target current value to be assigned to the packet. step, In accordance with the specified target current values, the contactors are connected to the vehicle control unit. The step of being checked by the (VCU), the battery pack with the lowest upper temperature limit of the vehicle control unit (VCU) by setting the temperature parameter as the limiting boundary for the entire system, the total load the thermal limitation step by which it reduced its demand according to this limit, When a fault flag is detected in any battery pack, the vehicle control unit (VCU) disconnects the package from the load circuit by opening the contactors of the package and fault isolation, which allows the vehicle to continue operating with the remaining battery packs. step It includes and these steps are performed in real time while the vehicle is driving, and It is characterized by its uninterrupted execution. Fault isolation step in a possible configuration of the invention; vehicle control unit (VCU) opens the contactors of the faulty package, then opens the remaining battery packs of the SoC. and by reassessing instantaneous current capacities, target current sharing updating the values ​​and notifying the driver via the vehicle's instrument panel of at least one It is characterized by the transmission of a fault report. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This detailed explanation of the invention's battery management system only covers a larger portion of the subject. with examples that will not create any limiting effect on a better understanding 35 are explained. The invention concerns a battery management system; at least two battery packs from different manufacturers. (BP1, BP2, …, BPn), corresponding to each of the battery packs in question. an individual battery management system (BMS1, BMS2, …, BMSn), a vehicle control The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) is a unit that connects each of the individual BMSs to the vehicle control unit (VCU). communication data bus, a protocol normalization layer and each battery contactors that connect or disconnect the packet to the load circuit It consists of. The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) centrally makes control decisions regarding all battery packs. They make these decisions and communicate them to contactors via individual BMSs. It transmits. Individual BMSs, on the other hand, transmit the information through the cells of their own battery packs. It performs level monitoring and protection functions; package-level charging status (SoC), health status (SoH), internal resistance (Rint), and temperature data. The communication data is transmitted to the vehicle control unit (VCU) via the data bus. CAN (Controller Area Network) protocol as communication data bus. It is used. In the event of a failure of the primary CAN bus, communication continues. Automatically backs up to a secondary CAN bus via the backup mechanism. This transfers the data bus failure to the vehicle control unit (VCU) battery. This does not lead to him losing control over the system. Individual BMSs from different manufacturers have different CAN message IDs and data. It uses framework structures and scaling factors. Protocol normalization. This layer allows the vehicle control unit (VCU) to process this heterogeneous structure into uniform data. It enables processing in this format. The protocol normalization layer can be implemented in two different configurations. In the first configuration, the protocol normalization layer is the Vehicle Control Unit (VCU). through a supplier profile table defined within the software This is being carried out. Supplier profile table; for each battery pack manufacturer specific CAN message IDs, data lengths, and scaling factors It includes. The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) receives raw data via the communication bus. The 6 CAN frames are converted to a standard data structure according to the aforementioned profile table. It processes directly by matching. In this configuration, the system has a separate Gateway. ECU is not included. In the second configuration, the protocol normalization layer is the vehicle control unit (VCU). via a separate Gateway ECU connected in series between individual BMSs This is being implemented. Gateway ECUs support individual communication protocols using different communication methods. By receiving raw data frames from the BMSs, it processes these frames into the vehicle control unit. (VCU) converts it in a way that can be processed in a standard format and vehicle control It transmits to the Vendor Unit (VCU). This configuration is particularly suitable for a large number of different protocols. and the software capacity of the vehicle control unit (VCU) is limited It is used in applications where retention is preferred. In both configurations, a new battery pack needs to be physically added to the system. After connection, the vehicle control unit (VCU) individually processes the package in question. Querying the supplier identity and protocol information from the BMS to find the matching supplier. It automatically uploads your profile and includes the new package in the system. This The feature allows battery packs from different suppliers to be installed in the vehicle. This makes removal possible without requiring manual software intervention. The vehicle control unit (VCU) receives the charge status periodically from the individual BMSs. (SoC), health status (SoH), internal resistance (Rint), and package temperature data together. It processes the data and calculates the target current value to be assigned to each battery pack. A weighted distribution algorithm is used in calculating the target current value. This algorithm uses the state of charge (SoC) difference w₁ weighting factor, health The state of being (SoH) value is weighted by w₂, the internal resistance (Rint) value is weighted by w₃, and Package temperature is multiplied by the weight factor w₄ and combined. This weight... Factors are updated according to the vehicle's operating mode. For example, acceleration. Weight distribution that prioritizes power output in regenerative braking mode The weight distribution implemented prioritizes charge balance. The vehicle control unit (VCU) transmits the calculated target current values ​​to the individual BMSs. transmitting and activating the contactors of each packet until these target current values ​​are reached. Since 7 is not reached, it switches to the on or off position. Each battery pack at least one charge contactor (CHG) and at least one discharge contactor (DSG) These contactors are located there; the vehicle control unit (VCU) handles the charging and discharging operations. It controls it independently. Dynamic current sharing algorithm, low health status (SoH) and low internal resistance (Rint) It prevents the disproportionate loading of high-volume packets; all packets to ensure that their capacities are utilized in a balanced manner and that the system as a whole It extends its lifespan. The vehicle control unit (VCU) receives package temperature data from individual BMSs. It constantly monitors and compares packets. Any when the battery pack temperature exceeds a predefined first temperature threshold, The vehicle control unit (VCU) gradually adjusts the target current value of the packet in question. It reduces it. The temperature also exceeds the second predefined temperature threshold. In this case, the vehicle control unit (VCU) removes the packet from the load circuit. It completely separates them. The basic principle of the thermal limiting mechanism is to have a minimum upper temperature limit. the battery pack temperature parameter as the limiting reference for the entire system This involves determining when any package approaches its critical temperature threshold. This triggers the entire system's load demand to be limited according to this reference, and the word the issue is the risk of a chain reaction failure that could result from the sudden deactivation of the package. is being eliminated. The vehicle control unit (VCU) continuously monitors fault flags from individual BMSs. It monitors the situation as follows: When a fault flag is detected in any battery pack. The vehicle control unit (VCU) executes the following steps in sequence. In the first step, the vehicle control unit (VCU) detects the faulty charge contactor (CHG) of the package and By opening the discharge contactor (DSG), the packet in question is removed from the load circuit. This process separates the faulty packet, preventing its negative impact on other packets. It eliminates it. 8. In the second step, the vehicle control unit (VCU) checks the charge status of the remaining battery packs. Dynamic current sharing by re-evaluating the (SoC) and instantaneous current capacities. It is rerunning the algorithm for the remaining packets and assigning a task to each packet. It calculates the new target current values. In the third step, the vehicle control unit (VCU) informs the driver via the vehicle's instrument panel. It transmits at least one fault report. The report includes the location of the faulty package and the type of fault. and includes the remaining system capacity. Thanks to this mechanism, the vehicle can continue after the faulty package is deactivated. It can continue operating with the remaining battery packs; the vehicle suddenly goes out of service. There is nothing left. Dynamically restructuring of the remaining packages, this It also prevents packages from being loaded uncontrollably. The invented method enables real-time and uninterrupted operation of a vehicle while it is in motion. It carries out the following steps in this manner. In the first step, the vehicle control unit (VCU) receives a charge from each of the individual BMSs. status (SoC), health status (SoH), package temperature and internal resistance (Rint) data, protocol normalization layer regardless of different manufacturer communication protocols It reads in standard format via this medium. In the second step, the vehicle control unit (VCU) processes this data together, separating each part. The target current value to be assigned to the battery pack is determined by the dynamic current sharing algorithm. It calculates with... In the third step, the vehicle control unit (VCU) calculates the target current values. transmitting the current to individual BMSs and setting the contactors of each package to this target current It switches the device to an open or closed position depending on whether the specified values ​​have been reached or not. In the fourth step, the vehicle control unit (VCU) has the lowest upper temperature limit. the battery pack temperature parameter as the limiting boundary for the entire system By determining this, it reduces the total load demand according to this limit. 9. In the fifth step, when a fault flag is detected on any battery pack The vehicle control unit (VCU) loads the package by opening the contactors of the package. isolating it from the circuit, re-regulating the target current values ​​of the remaining packets. It is calculating and continuing vehicle operations with the remaining packages. The battery management system and management method covered by this invention have the following technical effects: It provides: Thanks to the protocol normalization layer, battery packs from different manufacturers and These individual BMSs do not have any issues in the vehicle control unit (VCU) software. They can be used together on the same vehicle without making any fundamental changes. This the impact of the vehicle manufacturer's and vehicle operator's reliance on a single battery supplier. It eliminates dependency and increases supply chain flexibility. Status of charge (SoC), health status (SoH), internal resistance (Rint), and package temperature. a dynamic stream sharing algorithm that takes into account the load between packets It keeps its distribution optimal at all times. This effect is beneficial for low health status (SoH). or prevents the disproportionate loading of packets with high internal resistance (Rint), ensuring a balanced use of the available capacity of all packages. This ensures and extends the overall usable service life of the system. The thermal limiting mechanism uses the most restrictive packet as a reference for the system. It is gradually reducing the demand for load across the board. This effect means that any given package the risk of suddenly exceeding the critical temperature threshold and the resulting chain of failures It prevents. The fault isolation mechanism ensures that the faulty packet is disconnected from the load circuit. It then enables the dynamic restructuring of the remaining packages. This effect prevents the vehicle from being taken out of service due to a single package failure, and This ensures the operational continuity of the vehicle. The backup CAN bus mechanism provides backup in case the primary bus fails. the vehicle control unit (VCU) maintaining control over the battery system It provides. ABBREVIATIONS The abbreviations used throughout the specification are defined below: BMS: Battery Management System VCU: Vehicle Control Unit CAN: Controller Area Network SoC: State of Charge SoH: State of Health Rint: Internal Resistance CHG: Charge Contactor DSG: Discharge Contactor BP: Battery Pack ECU: Electronic Control Unit 11

Claims

1. Multiple battery packs in electric buses and heavy commercial vehicles It is a battery management system for integration; At least two battery packs from different manufacturers (BP1, BP2, …, BPn), each of the battery packs corresponds to the cell of the pack an individual that monitors and protects data at the level Battery management system (BMS1, BMS2, …, BMSn), a vehicle control unit that centralizes vehicle-level control decisions (VCU), each of these individual BMSs is connected to the vehicle control unit (VCU) a communication data bus that connects, Data from individual BMSs to the vehicle control unit (VCU) a protocol that converts data into a standard data format that it can interpret normalization layer, connecting each of the battery packs in question to the load circuit or It includes separating contactors, and its feature is the vehicle control unit (VCU); Charge status (SoC), health status (SoH), and packet data obtained from individual BMSs. By processing temperature and internal resistance (Rint) data together, each battery pack is given calculating the target current value to be assigned, the target current in question transmitting these values ​​to individual BMSs and controlling the contactors of each package accordingly. Open or closed depending on whether the target current values ​​are reached or not. It is characterized by its ability to bring the object into position.

2. It is a battery management system according to claim 1, and its characteristic is; protocol normalization layer; for individual communication protocols using different protocols By receiving raw data frames from BMSs, these frames are processed by vehicle control. converts the unit (VCU) in a way that it can process in a standard format, and communication data bus between vehicle control unit (VCU) and individual BMSs It includes a separate Gateway ECU that connects between them.

3. It is a battery management system according to claim 1, and its characteristic is; protocol normalization layer within the vehicle control unit (VCU) software The defined CAN message IDs, unique to each of the individual BMSs, and the data A supplier profile table including 35 lengths and scaling factors. This was accomplished via 12 and vehicle control was performed without using the Gateway ECU. The unit (VCU) takes the incoming raw CAN frames and directly uses them as standard data. It is characterized by its ability to transform by mapping it to its original structure.

4. Is there a battery management system according to any of the previous requirements? Feature; Vehicle Control Unit (VCU); Dynamic Current Sharing In its calculations, the state of charge (SoC) difference is weighted by the weighting factor (w₁), health The state of being (SoH) value is weighted by the weighting factor (w₂), and the package internal resistance (Rint) is weighted by the weighting factor. combines the weight factor (w₃) and the package temperature multiplied by the weight factor (w₄). running a weighted target current distribution algorithm and the weight in question characterized by the updating of factors according to the vehicle's operating mode. It is done.

5. A battery management system according to claim 1, whose feature is vehicle control. the battery pack's VCU (Variable Temperature Unit) has the lowest upper temperature limit. by setting the temperature parameter as the limiting reference for the entire system the temperature of any package exceeding a predefined first threshold In this case, the package in question gradually reduces the current demand, If the second threshold is exceeded, the packet in question is removed from the load circuit. It is characterized by performing the thermal limiting function, which it has completely separated from its function. It is done.

6. A battery management system according to claim 1, whose feature is vehicle control. the battery unit (VCU) will speak up when a fault is detected in any battery pack. The issue is to disconnect the package from the load circuit by opening the contactors of the package. reconfigure the SoC and instantaneous current capacities of the remaining battery packs by evaluating and updating the target stream sharing values ​​and the vehicle error isolation function that continues its operation with the remaining packets It is characterized by its execution.

7. A battery management system according to claim 1, characterized by its contactors; each a battery pack requires at least one charge contactor (CHG) and at least one discharge contactor It includes a contactor (DSG) and a vehicle control unit (VCU) for charging and discharging. controlling its operations independently via the contactors in question It is characterized by its number 35. 13 8. It is a battery management system according to claim 1, and its feature is; to introduce a new one into the system. After the physical connection of the battery pack, the vehicle control unit (VCU); supplier identity and protocol information from the individual BMS of the package in question By querying, it automatically loads the matching supplier profile table and creates a new one. It is characterized by its inclusion of the package into the system.

9. A battery management system according to claim 1, whose feature is; vehicle control unit Communication between the (VCU) and individual BMSs is facilitated by the primary CAN bus. and in case of failure of the primary data bus a system that automatically transfers communication to a backup secondary data bus It is characterized by including a backup mechanism.

10. Electric buses and heavy commercial vehicles come in multiple models from different manufacturers. a way to manage the battery pack via the vehicle control unit (VCU) The method and its characteristic is; Charge status (SoC) and health status of each individual BMS. (SoH), package temperature and internal resistance (Rint) data, different manufacturer communications Regardless of the protocols, the standard is implemented by the vehicle control unit (VCU). the step of reading in format, The vehicle control unit (VCU) processes this data together, each dynamic current that calculates the target current value to be assigned to a battery pack sharing step, In accordance with the target current values ​​in question, the contactors of the vehicle the step of being checked by the control unit (VCU), The vehicle control unit (VCU) has a minimum upper temperature limit. the battery pack temperature parameter is a limiting limit for the entire system. by defining it as such, it reduces the total load demand according to this limit, thermally. limiting step, When a fault flag is detected in any battery pack, the vehicle The control unit (VCU) loads the package by opening the contactors of the package. disconnecting it from the circuit and operating the vehicle with the remaining battery packs the error isolation step it continues it includes and these steps are performed in real time while the vehicle is driving. It is characterized by being executed continuously and without interruption, at 35. 14 11. A method according to claim 10, characterized by: fault isolation step; vehicle inspection. After the VCU unit opens the contactors of the faulty package, the remaining battery... targeting by re-evaluating the SoC and instantaneous current capacities of the packages Updating current sharing values ​​and displaying them on the vehicle's instrument panel to the driver. It is characterized by receiving at least one fault report.