A system that harvests piezoelectric energy from waste heat through shock-triggered cavitation.

Abstract

The invention relates to an energy conversion system and method based on shock-triggered cavitation and piezoelectric energy harvesting, which enables the conversion of waste heat, particularly at low and medium temperatures, into electrical energy. In this invention, waste heat is transferred to a working fluid, preferably water, and the working fluid is brought to a metastable and / or superheated state under controlled temperature and pressure conditions. A controlled trigger applied to the working fluid disrupts the metastable state, initiating flashing and / or cavitation. The resulting rapid phase change causes cavitation bubbles to form and collapse, generating mechanical shock energy. The initial mechanical shock generated is transferred to subsequent metastable and / or superheated working fluid regions within the system, initiating new flashing and / or cavitation events in these regions. The mechanical shock energy generated by each new cavitation event is added to the existing shock energy, ensuring a gradual re-feeding of the shock. Thus, the waste heat and thermal energy stored in the working fluid are converted into mechanical shock energy through successive stages. The progressively fed shock energy can be routed within a shock transmission network consisting of one or more straight feed segments and / or three-dimensional branching segments that branch into two or more arms, and distributed to energy harvesting points located in different regions of the system. Mechanical impedance transition zones can be used during the transfer of shock energy to piezoelectric elements, thus improving the transfer of mechanical energy to the piezoelectric elements. Mechanical shock energy reaching piezoelectric elements causes mechanical deformation in piezoelectric materials, and this deformation generates electrical energy. The resulting electrical energy can be rectified, regulated, stored, and / or used to power an electrical charge. Thus, this invention combines waste heat, thermal energy stored in the working fluid, controlled flashing and / or cavitation, cavitation-induced mechanical shock, sequential shock-feeding, and three-dimensional shock distribution mechanisms to convert mechanical shock energy into electrical energy via piezoelectric energy harvesting elements.

Claims

1. The invention is an energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat; its characteristic feature is: an enclosed workspace thermally connected to a waste heat source, that workspace working fluid contained within, which can be kept in a metastable or superheated state, a fluid that initiates explosive boiling and / or cavitation in the working fluid the initial trigger zone, shock conduction that transmits the shock pulse resulting from the event in question. The segments must have at least one 2B A straight feed segment that transmits the shock from the partition, and at least the incoming shock must be absorbed by the partition. At least one 3D A branching segment separating the two arms, associated with the straight feed segment and new Adding energy obtained from flashing and / or cavitation events to shock propagation providing at least one shock supply zone and in the outer or end zone of the shock transmission network It must contain at least one piezoelectric element; bifurcation with straight feed segments. a three-dimensional fan-tree shaped shock absorber whose segments move together from the center outwards. It is characterized by its inclusion of an energy harvesting system that forms a distribution network.

2. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its characteristic feature is that branching segments are repeated in successive stages, forming a single starting point. the shock wave creates numerous external shock propagation arms, and straight feed is applied in those arms. and it involves a system characterized by the repetition of branching operations.

3. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is that each 2B A flat feed segment transmits the shock through the compartment and the corresponding shock feed mechanical properties obtained from new flashing and / or cavitation events occurring in the region by adding energy to the shock propagation, at least partially compensating for the propagation loss at the relevant level. It is characterized by the fact that it contains a system.

4. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is that at least one shock bridge facilitates forward shock transfer and backward shock transfer. It has a stepped geometry that reduces the effectiveness of shock propagation and is located on the main shock path. a system characterized by its connection via an expanding bridge entrance area It includes.

5. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is that the shock propagation network has at least one reflective surface and at least one isolation zone. 35 is found; instead of the reflective surface redirecting the shock back to the origin region, it redirects the shock redirection to bridges and / or forward transmission lines and the undesirable isolation zone It is characterized by containing a system that limits the propagation of shock in all directions. 24 6. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. The characteristic is the length and / or spacing of shock transmission paths towards the outer layers. It is characterized by the inclusion of a system that changes proportionally or geometrically.

7. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is a stepped, continuous geometric pattern between the shock transmission network and the piezoelectric element. One or more stepped impedances with porosity gradient and / or cross-sectional area gradient. The presence of a transition layer and the piezoelectric connection of this transition from the shock transmission body It is a system characterized by the expansion of the element towards its effective surface.

8. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is that the piezoelectric harvesting structure is designed to harvest broadband shock energy. The piezoelectric housing must contain at least one thickness mode and at least one radial mode simultaneously. a system characterized by containing a multi-mode piezoelectric element suitable for its excitation It includes.

9. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. The characteristic is that if the measured shock spectrum shows a distinct frequency region, at least one selective reflector, at least one narrowband piezoelectric element and at least one mode The system is characterized by having a hybrid harvesting structure that includes a piezoelectric element. It includes.

10. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is that the piezoelectric element is held in place by a preloaded terminal mounting structure, and its electrical output is connected to a rectifier, energy storage unit and / or load circuit. It is characterized by the fact that it contains a system.

11. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is that the working fluid is re-metastable or superheated by waste heat during operation. bringing it to the window and the system's fixed insulation geometry, thermal adjustment connection and Suitable for repeated cycling with passive thermal equilibrium via thermal conduction to the environment. It is characterized by the inclusion of a system.

12. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 12. Its characteristic is that it operates within a closed working volume and above the working fluid, at varying temperatures. The presence of a buffer volume of vapor and / or gas that smooths pressure fluctuations and The subject is the buffer volume of the working fluid in metastable or superheated working environments. a system characterized by its contribution to passively keeping things in the window It includes. 25 13. The system conforms to Claim 13 and its characteristic is that it maintains the working pressure at a specific reference value. It includes a pressure limiting element that is adjustable and passively operated to restrict pressure. It is characterized by the inclusion of a system.

14. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is the measurement of shock wavelength / frequency distribution using a hydrophone or fiber-optic hydrophone. and the measurement result of the shock transmission geometry, shock bridge geometry, impedance transfer in the parametric determination of the structure and / or piezoelectric harvesting structure It is characterized by the inclusion of a system that is used.

15. It is an energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat; its characteristic feature is that it is enclosed. The working fluid within a working volume can be made metastable by using waste heat. by bringing it to a superheated state, applying an initial triggering effect to the working fluid. The generation of explosive boiling and / or cavitation, resulting in shock. The generation of the shock pulse, the shock pulse 2B A flat feed segments and 3B A three-dimensional fan-tree shaped shock propagation network consisting of bifurcating segments advancement within, shock sequential metastable or superheated working fluid triggering of these regions, mechanical effects derived from new flashing and / or cavitation events The addition of energy to the shock propagation causes the shock to branch into at least two arms at least in one bifurcation segment. separation and electrical transmission via piezoelectric elements located in the outer / end regions. It includes a method that involves the steps of converting it into energy.

16. It is an energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat; its characteristic feature is a shock path. Adjusting the differences according to the measured or determined shock wavelength / frequency distribution, The transfer of shocks to piezoelectric elements via stepwise impedance switching is achieved. rectification, storage and / or transfer of the obtained pulsed electrical output to a load and working areas are metastable or superheated by waste heat from the working window. It is characterized by the fact that the method includes the steps involved in its implementation.

17. An energy harvesting system for generating electrical energy from waste heat, in accordance with Claim 1. Its feature is to facilitate nucleation and lower the triggering threshold within the working fluid. the presence of pre-dispersed dissolved gas and / or air nuclei to bring it down and the quantity, distribution and size range of the nuclei in question are measured according to the study conditions. It is characterized by containing a system determined according to 35. 1 Specifications A system that harvests piezoelectric energy from waste heat through shock-triggered cavitation. Technical Area The invention focuses on converting waste heat sources into electrical energy, particularly at low and medium temperatures. utilizing waste heat at this level and converting this heat into electricity through mechanical shock energy It relates to the field of converting energy into usable energy. State of the Art For the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The development of technologies dates back quite a long time. In the past, utilizing thermal energy... For this purpose, the pressure of steam, which is mainly obtained by heating water, is utilized, and Steam was used to create mechanical work on a piston or turbine. With the development of machinery, it became possible to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy. In the subsequent period, closed thermodynamic cycles such as the Rankine cycle were developed, producing steam. Electricity generation through turbines has become widespread. Even today, high-temperature heat... steam cycles and their improvements in converting natural resources into electrical energy Various methods are used. However, these methods are fundamentally based on the principle of heat as a working agent. transferring the working fluid, vaporizing or pressurizing the working fluid, and the resulting the conversion of fluid motion into electrical energy through turbines or similar mechanical devices The aim is to convert the waste heat directly. Unlike our invention, these methods aim to convert the waste heat directly. controlled cavitation in a metastable or superheated fluid and conversion of shock energy, and the shock energy in question is successively fed back to the piezoelectric elements. These topics are not addressed. With the development of industrialization, exhaust systems in production facilities, engines, furnaces, and boilers have become commonplace. Waste heat generated in systems and various processes but released into the environment without being used The evaluation of such waste heat has become a significant technical problem. In the past, a significant portion of this type of waste heat was utilized. A portion of the energy was released into the environment through cooling systems or exhaust lines. With the increasing importance of efficiency, waste heat is now being recovered for the purpose of heat generation. heat exchangers, steam cycles, thermoelectric generators, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems 35 and various thermal energy recovery systems are used. Especially for low and medium temperature applications. In order to utilize waste heat in ORC systems, a lower boiling point is used instead of water. Organic working fluids with a certain temperature are used, thus achieving low temperatures. The aim is to convert heat into electrical energy via a turbine-generator system. However, in these methods, waste heat is primarily generated by increasing the temperature of a working fluid and It is used to increase the pressure, and unlike our invention, it utilizes waste heat. thermal energy stored in a metastable or superheated liquid can be released through a sudden phase change and It is not intended for use in converting mechanical shock energy into energy through cavitation. Another technical approach to evaluating low-temperature heat sources is: Thermoelectric energy conversion is the process of converting heat and cold into energy. In the past, thermoelectric materials were used to convert heat and cold. The Seebeck effect is exploited by creating a temperature difference between regions, and this temperature difference... It was directly converted into electrical voltage. Today, thermoelectric generators are particularly important. Generating electrical energy from engine exhausts, industrial processes, and various waste heat sources. It is used for this purpose. However, in these systems, energy conversion is primarily... is dependent on the temperature difference across the thermoelectric material and what can be obtained from the system. Electrical power is limited by temperature difference, material properties, and heat transfer conditions. This Unlike the methods we have discovered, the waste heat is primarily subjected to a mechanical shock event. transformation, amplification of this shock through cavitation and sudden boiling events and further then a multi-stage energy conversion process where this energy is converted into electrical energy using piezoelectric elements. The transformation chain is not mentioned. Liquids remain in a metastable state under changes in pressure and temperature, and this condition... Its disruption with a suitable trigger is also among the long-known physical phenomena. In the past reaching a temperature above its normal boiling point under specific temperature and pressure conditions However, the behavior of liquids that did not yet boil was being studied collectively. Today Nucleation, sudden evaporation, and flashing behavior of metastable or superheated liquids. It is investigated using experimental and numerical methods. The disruption of the metastable state of a fluid. As a result, a rapid and intense phase change can occur in the liquid. A significant portion of thermal energy is released in the form of rapid volume changes and pressure fluctuations. This is possible. However, these studies are based on the behavior of metastable fluid. Understanding, modeling or controlling phase change is involved, and from our invention In contrast, this event involves triggering a controlled shock to generate electrical energy from waste heat. the use of the chain as the starting mechanism and the thermal energy found in the subsequent stages The issues of reallocating reserves in response to the shock are not addressed. Cavitation has also been one of the important research topics in fluid mechanics for many years. It is known as such. In the past, it was used especially in ship propellers, pumps, turbines and hydraulics.

35. Vapor bubbles that form in machines as a result of a drop in local pressure within the liquid. And the collapse of these bubbles was being studied. Cavitation was initially largely an undesirable phenomenon. This event was considered as; the high pressure generated during the collapse of the bubbles 3 The impacts cause erosion and material damage to the pump, turbine, and propeller surfaces. It was known in the past. Today, however, advanced imaging, pressure measurement and numerical modeling techniques thanks to the growth and collapse of cavitation bubbles, microjet formation, shock waves and Local high-pressure areas are being examined in detail. However, the current cavitation... In cavitation technologies, it is mostly used in flow control, erosion analysis, cleaning, and process applications. It is considered for the purpose of investigating concentration or an undesirable hydrodynamic phenomenon, Unlike our invention, cavitation is initiated in a controlled manner to produce the next metastable fluid. triggering the region and thus feeding the shock energy in successive stages There is no energy transition architecture based on this. High-intensity pressure pulses and shock waves during the collapse of cavitation bubbles. It has long been known in technical literature that these shocks occur. In the past, these shocks were particularly common. The focus today is on the erosion and mechanical effects it creates on material surfaces. the propagation and focusing of shock waves generated by bubble collapse, microjet formation and Energy density is being investigated using advanced experimental and computational methods. These studies... As a result, significant amounts of cavitation bubbles collapse in very short time intervals. It has been understood that it can generate mechanical energy and high-pressure shocks. However, the aforementioned In these techniques, cavitation shock is often a result that needs to be examined or controlled. This is being addressed. In our invention, however, the shock resulting from cavitation is an unwanted shock. Mechanical energy, removed from being the result, becomes the energy carrier and triggers subsequent stages. It is used as a source. Piezoelectric energy conversion has also evolved from the past to the present, becoming an integral part of energy harvesting technologies. It constituted a significant part of it. After the discovery of the piezoelectric effect, mechanical pressure or by taking advantage of the fact that deformation generates an electrical charge, various sensors, measurements and Actuator systems were developed; in later periods, mechanical vibrations were converted into electrical energy. Piezoelectric energy harvesting systems have begun to be used for the purpose of converting energy. Today, piezoelectric energy harvesting is applied to machine vibrations, human movements, and flow-generated energy. in obtaining low-level electrical energy from vibrations and various mechanical shocks It is used. However, a significant aspect of traditional piezoelectric energy harvesting systems is... the section maximizes mechanical vibrations at a specific frequency or within a specific frequency range. They are designed to generate energy. Unlike our invention, these systems are mechanical. a metastable fluid-cavitation-shock chain triggered by waste heat as an energy source and this shock Gradual refeeding is not the guiding principle. 35 In piezoelectric energy harvesting, broadband and variable frequency mechanical applications have become particularly popular in recent years. Studies are also being conducted on the evaluation of energies. In the past, piezoelectric 4 While it was preferred in the past to operate components at specific resonance frequencies, nowadays different to obtain energy from mechanical vibrations occurring at varying frequencies and amplitudes for the purpose of multimode, nonlinear, bistable and broadband piezoelectric structures These developments involve mechanical systems whose frequency and amplitude can vary over time. It facilitates the conversion of energies into electrical energy. However, the aforementioned In these methods, broadband mechanical energy is generally obtained from existing environmental vibrations. and, unlike our invention, broadband mechanical energy originates from cavitation and flashing. generated from successive shock pulses and transmitted via a three-dimensional branching transmission network to multiple It is not planned to be distributed to piezoelectric harvesting points. More recent studies have focused on harnessing cavitation-derived energy for energy harvesting purposes. Technical solutions also exist. For example, the creation and collapse of cavitation bubbles. patent for utilizing the resulting energy in electricity production Solutions have been developed. In such systems, cavitation occurs through pressure changes within the fluid or It is created by establishing flow restrictions and is released as a result of bubble collapse. Energy is utilized through a thermoelectric or other energy conversion element. However, in these methods, the cavitation phenomenon primarily arises from the existing flow energy. and the energy released as a result of cavitation is brought into an energy converter. The transfer of heat is involved. Unlike our invention, which uses waste heat to pre-load metastable devices. or the controlled triggering of a superheated fluid, the next energy region of the initial shock The triggering process involves the re-transfer of thermal energy into shock energy at each new stage, and the resulting shock the chain is branched in three dimensions and distributed into multiple piezoelectric elements. The integrated structure is not being considered. Today, waste heat recovery, cavitation physics, and piezoelectric energy harvesting are considered separate fields. and have become advanced technology fields. In waste heat systems, heat is mostly used for work. To raise the temperature of the fluid, cavitation in cavitation systems mostly occurs in the fluid. to alter its behavior or to create mechanical effects, and in piezoelectric systems, mechanical effects are used. Vibration and deformation are used to convert them into electrical energy. In other words... In current methods, the conversion of thermal energy, cavitation energy, and piezoelectric energy is generally performed. These are considered as independent technical stages. Our invention brings these different technical fields together within a single energy conversion architecture. This is achieved by converting waste heat into a metastable or superheated state of the working fluid. It is used in the delivery of 35; flashing and / or cavitation are initiated with a controlled trigger; Shock energy is generated as a result of the formation and collapse of bubbles; the resulting shock The energy is transferred to subsequent metastable or superheated fluid regions, creating new cavitation. 5 This triggers events and thus shock energy is gradually replenished. The resulting shock its energy is then transmitted through specially configured two-dimensional and / or three-dimensional transmission channels. It is routed through a branching network to multiple energy harvesting points. This energy is distributed and ultimately converted into electrical energy in piezoelectric elements. Therefore, the technical difference of our invention is that it uses only cavitation, only waste heat. The invention's core technical aspect is not simply the use of piezoelectric energy harvesting or its application. The approach involves these technologies, which have been developed separately from the past to the present, starting from waste heat, generating mechanical shock through cavitation via metastable fluid, and repeating the shock in successive stages. powering, guiding in three dimensions, and finally electrically actuating with piezoelectric elements. It is the integration of energy within an integrated energy conversion system that converts it into usable energy. Our research has led us to invention number EP3497382A1. This invention, Generating hydrodynamic cavitation in a flowing liquid and cavitation bubbles It is an energy harvesting device designed to utilize the energy released as a result of a landslide. The fluid is passed through numerous flow-restricting elements such as Venturi or orifices; the pressure drops. As a result, cavitation bubbles are formed, and these bubbles restrict flow. The elements are settled downstream. This occurs as a result of the settling of bubbles. The resulting local heat increase is thermally coupled to a thermoelectric generator or thermophotovoltaic cell. It is converted into electrical energy via this method. In this patent, the fundamental energy input for cavitation is pressurized fluid flow. In our system, however, the fundamental energy input is... The energy input is waste heat, and the working fluid is pre-stable / superheated. In EP3497382, the heat generated from the collapse of the cavitation bubble is thermoelectric / thermophotovoltaic. While harvesting is done using this method, in our invention, the mechanical shock created by bubble collapse The aim is to transfer the wave directly to piezoelectric elements. Furthermore, this patent... The first cavitation event triggers the subsequent metastable zone, drawing from the thermal reserve at each stage. Adding new energy to the shock, 2B A feed segments, 3B A bifurcation segments and three-dimensional The fan-tree does not have a shock absorber. Therefore, although this document is very close prior art in terms of energy harvesting by cavitation, It doesn't explain our entire energy transition chain. Invention EP3331149A1 describes the simultaneous cooling of a heat source and the conversion of thermal energy into electricity. It is a system that enables the production of 35 energy. The system uses pulsating heat pipes, that is, vibrating / pulsating heat. Working fluid circulates and / or oscillates within the pipe. Two processes occur due to the effect of heat. Phase flow and pressure fluctuations, piezoelectric beam integrated into the heat exchanger or 6 This causes time-dependent mechanical deformation in the membranes, and this deformation is converted into electrical voltage. The patent specifically mentions the conversion of thermal energy into working fluid voltage. converting kinetic / mechanical energy, which is then converted into electrical energy using piezoelectric elements It anticipates. This document approaches our system from a different angle than EP3497382 because here... There is indeed a chain of heat → two-phase flow / pressure change → piezoelectricity → electricity. However... The system utilizes shock-triggered, metastable / superheated fluid and controlled cavitation bubbles. It is not resistant to collapse. Heat naturally circulates through the working fluid within the pulsating heat pipe. It creates a circulatory / oscillatory movement; piezoelectric elements also react to this oscillatory pressure. It collects energy from the field. Our invention, on the other hand, involves controlled flashing / cavitation of the thermal reserve. the conversion of the event into pulsed shock energy, this shock triggering subsequent thermal regions, and Transporting shock energy from a 2D / 3D bifurcated network to piezoelectric harvesting points It anticipates. Invention number US20240116783A1 is primarily intended for the purification of polluted water, not for electricity generation. The system utilizes piezoelectric catalytic / active structures and mechanical effects within the liquid. It presents a mechanism for breaking down pollutants by utilizing this technology. Therefore... In our previous conversation, we mentioned that this is very close to a patent for "direct electricity generation from cavitation shock". We had evaluated it; upon reviewing the full text, this classification needs to be corrected. The aim of our invention is to convert waste thermal energy into electrical energy. The primary purpose of US20240116783A1 is the purification of contaminated liquid. In our system, thermal loaded metastable / superheated working fluid, controlled triggering, cavitation / flashing mechanical shock, sequential shock feeding, and ultimately piezoelectric electricity generation. Therefore, this document is located in the "closest patent" group rather than... It would be more accurate to consider this as a secondary prior art related to cavitation / piezoelectric fluid systems. It is possible. Invention number US20260142592A1 combines electrohydraulic and piezoelectric effects to enlarge liquids. electrical energy is generated from the cavitation and resulting pressure / shock waves produced within it. It describes an energy conversion system aimed at achieving pressure induced by cavitation. By applying shocks to piezoelectric conversion elements, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. It is planned to be translated. 35 The most critical common point in this document for us is cavitation → pressure / shock wave → Piezoelectricity is an electrical chain. Therefore, "converting cavitation shock into electricity with piezoelectricity" is the answer. 7 It cannot be left solely to our element of innovation. In contrast, the initial energy of our system... The source is waste heat; the working fluid is used as a metastable / superheated energy reserve and a The shock is used not only for harvesting but also to trigger the subsequent thermal energy zone. Following this, the energy generated from the new cavitation / flashing event is transferred to the existing shock chain. It is being added and distributed in three dimensions with a 2D A / 3D A structure. In the initial examination, this integrated structure... I don't see any mention of the concept of a hierarchical architecture in that document. Invention US8552617B2 describes the use of thermal energy, in particular body heat and heat from electronic devices. pyroelectric materials are used to convert sources such as waste heat into electrical energy. The patent concerns energy harvesting devices that utilize traditional thermoelectric conversion. As an alternative to some efficiency limitations, temperature variation in pyroelectric materials It is envisioned that electrical energy can be obtained from the change it causes in polarization. Both systems agree on the idea of ​​utilizing low-value or waste thermal energy. However, in US8552617B2, thermal energy directly affects the electrical behavior of the pyroelectric material. It is harvested from the working fluid. Metastabilization of the working fluid, flashing, cavitation, bubble collapse shock, mechanical shock transmission, or piezoelectric shock harvesting There is no such patent. Therefore, this patent is more about "electricity generation from waste heat" for us. It is a priori art form in its field. Invention number US20160054031A1 describes the use of hydrodynamic and / or hydrosonic methods in a liquid. It describes a generator system for creating cavitation. The pressurized fluid is used in a special way. Pressure pulses and cavitation are created by passing the material through geometries; document systems that generate shock waves with orifice and similar cavitation systems in the previous technique They are arguing. The main goal here is to create cavitation and to benefit from the physical / procedural effects of cavitation. The goal is to utilize thermal energy. In our invention, however, cavitation alone is not the ultimate goal; it is to utilize thermal energy. It is an intermediate energy conversion stage leading to electrical energy. Furthermore, cavitation is also present in our system. The source is not the continuous passage of pressurized fluid through a Venturi / orifice, but rather a thermally charged one. It is the controlled triggering of metastable / superheated working fluid. In addition, mechanical shock. The key is to trigger the next stage and achieve piezoelectric electricity generation. These are the differences. Invention number 35 WO2014106035A1 / EP2938428B1 describes a device capable of generating cavitation in a controlled manner. It describes the apparatus and its use in various applications. The cavitation zone is 8. The geometry and the formation / collapse of bubbles within the liquid are fundamental elements of the system. Patent This family of techniques is an important earlier example demonstrating that cavitation can be produced in a controlled manner. In our invention, rather than the cavitation generator itself, the cavitation phenomenon is analyzed as an energy conversion mechanism. It is used as an active stage in the chain. The second metastable stage is the shock resulting from the first event. triggering the region, the second region adding new mechanical energy from its own thermal reserve, this The repetition of the process and the distribution of the generated energy to piezoelectric tips is what sets this patent family apart. This is our fundamental architectural approach. Purpose of the Invention The purpose of the invention is to convert waste heat sources, especially those at low and medium temperatures, into electricity. The aim is to ensure that its energy is converted into usable energy. This includes motors, industrial processes, furnaces, emissions from boilers, exhaust systems and similar sources that are insufficient in existing systems Waste heat that cannot be utilized economically can be converted into mechanical energy, directly or indirectly. and then the aim is to convert it into electrical energy. Another purpose of the invention is to utilize low-temperature waste heat in the conversion of it into electrical energy. The aim is to provide an alternative energy conversion method to classic thermoelectric generators. For this purpose, heat is converted... Instead of directly converting waste heat into a temperature difference on a thermoelectric material, firstly, thermal energy is stored in the working fluid, and then this energy is released in a controlled phase. conversion of mechanical shock energy into short-term mechanical shock energy through change and cavitation event and The aim is to convert it into electrical energy afterwards. Thus, the energy conversion is heat → The aim is to achieve this through a combination of mechanical shock and electrical shock. Another aim of the invention is to create a closed system using water as the working fluid, with low efficiency. The advantage is that water can be kept in a metastable or superheated state under pressure conditions. For this purpose, water is thermally heated under conditions of temperature and pressure close to its boiling point. loading and storing energy within the system before a bulk phase change occurs. This ensures that the working fluid serves not only as a heat carrier, but also... its use as a thermal energy reserve that can be released in a controlled manner that is intended. Another objective of the invention is to reduce the size of the working fluid in a metastable or superheated state. 35 and forcing a phase change with a controlled trigger pulse, thereby causing a sudden or explosive The goal is to initiate the flashing event, which is defined as boiling. This is how the beginning starts. The triggering energy should be kept as small as possible, while the main energy source should be 9. utilization of thermal energy previously stored in the working fluid via waste heat The aim is to ensure that the trigger pulse is the main source that continuously supplies energy to the system. not, but merely an initiation mechanism that releases stored thermal energy. It is intended to be used. Another purpose of the invention is to address bubble formation resulting from flashing and / or cavitation. and by exploiting bubble collapse events, high-pressure and short-duration mechanical shock The aim is to create pulses. In this context, the rapid phase change occurring in the working fluid and the mechanical energy generated by the collapse of cavitation bubbles in a controlled manner The aim is to capture it and transfer it to the next stage of the energy conversion system. Thus, the shock and pressure pulses that normally occur as a result of cavitation are lost or Instead of being considered as a damage mechanism, it could be used in electricity generation. The aim is to evaluate it as a source of mechanical energy. One of the key aims of the invention is to ensure that the first mechanical shock pulse generated is not just a single one. Instead of being transmitted to the energy harvesting point, the energy is transferred to subsequent metastable or superstructures within the system. The aim is to trigger the heated working fluid zones. For this purpose, the path along which the initial shock progresses inducing a new phase change and cavitation event on it, as a result of this new event the mechanical energy generated is transferred to the shock, and thus the shock energy is recycled in successive stages. The aim is to provide nourishment. Thanks to this structure, each level in the system is not merely a passive element. not only as a transmission zone, but also as an active energy source capable of transferring additional energy to the existing shock. It functions as a transformation stage. This structure is particularly known as a "shock-amplification chain". It is defined. Another objective of the invention is to transmit the sequential shock energy along only a single linear path. Instead of transmitting it all at once, the goal is to deliver energy to multiple harvesting points by branching it out in a controlled manner. This The purpose is to create a transmission system consisting of straight feed segments and branching segments within the system. the creation of a topology and the transfer of shock energy, initiated at the center, to the outer regions of the system. The aim is to distribute it gradually. Thus, it consists of a single initial event. Transfer of mechanical shock energy to multiple piezoelectric energy harvesting elements is the goal. Another aim of the invention is to transfer shock energy in a three-dimensional fan-tree or similar branching pattern. The aim is to ensure its orientation within the geometry. In this context, a two-dimensional planar shock transmission system is used. In the 35-chain, the energy components in the axial and vertical directions, which are difficult to access, should also be evaluated. The aim is to increase the volumetric usable energy harvest of the system. The system uses 2B A segments that perform the straight feed function and distribute the shock to two or more arms. The combined use of 3B A segments separating them and an energy transmission that multiplies from the center outwards. The goal is to create a topology. Another aim of the invention is to transfer shock energy to piezoelectric energy harvesting elements as much as possible. The aim is to ensure controlled and efficient transmission of the shock. For this purpose, the shock is transmitted directly via piezoelectricity. Instead of impacting the element, mechanical impedance transition regions, energy routing and The shock wave is transferred to the piezoelectric element using focusing structures when necessary. The aim is to minimize reflection and scattering that may occur during the transmission of shock energy. and reduction of mechanical losses and more effective mechanical stress in the piezoelectric element. The aim is to create. Another aim of the invention is to detect a single dominant wave that may occur as a result of cavitation and flashing. Mechanical shock with variable frequency and amplitude characteristics, regardless of resonance frequency. The goal is to convert piezoelectric energy into electrical energy. For this purpose, piezoelectric energy harvesting Instead of its section operating based on a single resonance point, it uses multimode and / or broadband. It is envisioned that piezoelectric elements can be used. Thus, cavitation and precipitation phenomena can be reduced. more effectively utilize the wide frequency distribution it naturally creates The aim is to achieve the ultimate performance through shock waves generated by cavitation collapse in the invention. It is related to λ, which is the length / frequency distribution, and different piezo structures vary depending on whether the distribution is narrow or wide. It is stated that it can be used. Another purpose of the invention is to convert energy into mechanical systems that are constantly moving or rotating. The goal is to create a structure that reduces or eliminates the need for individual parts. In this context... The system's fundamental energy conversion mechanism is the thermal conductivity of the working fluid within a closed volume. behavior, controlled phase change, cavitation-induced mechanical shock, and piezoelectric transformation. The aim is to achieve this through a conventional turbine, piston, or similar continuous process. a system different from energy conversion architectures based on moving mechanical elements The aim is to create a new invention. In the current description, the invention is described as having a movable or rotating part. It is described as an energy harvesting system that does not currently exist. Another aim of the invention is to reduce the need for an active cooling system and to improve the operation of the system. The temperature differences that occur during this process create a passive thermal balance and reset mechanism within the system. The aim is to ensure that the system is managed by controlling the temperature and pressure of the working fluid. the conditions can be restored to a metastable state and successive energy production cycles The aim is to make this possible. Thus, energy harvesting is not just a one-time event. not remaining in this form, but in repeatable cycles when suitable thermal conditions are provided. The aim is to make it possible. 11 Another objective of the invention is to ensure that the working fluid is metastable or superheated within the working window. The goal is to passively support its retention, without requiring any active control mechanisms. In this context, within a closed working volume, a vapor and / or gas is present above the working fluid. It is planned to include a buffer volume. Another objective of the invention is to enable the system to be created in a modular structure. In this context... Shock generation, shock delivery, bifurcation, and piezoelectric energy harvesting sections in a single integrated system. It can be arranged within it in different numbers and with different geometries. The aim is to achieve the following: Thus, the temperature of the energy source, the amount of usable waste heat, and the targeted... depending on different application conditions such as electrical power and available space, the system The aim is to make it scalable. Another aim of the invention is to make the working fluid and the energy conversion mechanism as precise as possible. The goal is to keep it simple and accessible. In this context, water is used as the primary working fluid in the current design. the use and energy conversion depend on a complex or specialized organic working fluid. The aim is to achieve this without requiring any additional fluid. Thus, in terms of the system's working fluid... The aim is to make it more readily available, manageable, and modular. In conclusion, the main objective of the invention is to recover waste heat first in a metastable / superheated working fluid. accumulating thermal energy, and then using controlled triggering to release this energy through flashing and / or cavitation. converting the resulting mechanical shock energy into energy, then converting that shock energy into subsequent energy. by triggering and gradually re-feeding the regions, the shock energy in question is transferred to two and / or to distribute energy to multiple energy harvesting points via a three-dimensional branching transmission network and Ultimately, it converts energy into electrical energy via piezoelectric elements. This integrated system... The structure utilizes low and medium temperature waste heat as an energy source different from classical thermodynamic cycles. The aim is to evaluate it through the transformation chain. Another objective of the invention is to enable the working fluid to undergo a phase change through controlled triggering. to facilitate, from dissolved gas nuclei pre-dispersed in the working fluid The aim is to utilize this. In this context, the working fluid should contain substances that facilitate nucleation and lower the triggering threshold. It is anticipated that a certain amount of gas and / or air bubbles may be included beforehand to reduce the flow rate. Detailed description of the invention.

35. The invention generally describes the use of thermal energy obtained from a waste heat source in a closed operating system. It operates by transferring heat to the working fluid inside. The working system uses a waste heat source. One or more thermally coupled heat transfer zones, containing a working fluid. or more energy loading zones, metastable and / or superheated working fluid one or more shock-generating zones where the shock energy can be contained, transmission where the shock energy is directed piezoelectric energy harvesting zones that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. It can be composed of its elements. At the beginning of the process, thermal energy is extracted from the waste heat source to be used. The subject is waste heat; exhaust gas from an engine, industrial process gas, furnace, boiler, hot fluid, process. The waste heat can come from a line, compressor, machine, or similar source. Waste heat is directly transferred to the operation. The heat can be transferred to the fluid, or to one or more heat transfer surfaces, heat exchangers, or intermediate thermal interfaces. It can also be transferred to the working fluid via the transmission element. The aim at this stage is to transfer the working fluid to the working fluid. by raising the temperature of the liquid in a controlled manner, for later use within the liquid The goal is to enable the accumulation of thermal energy. Water is particularly suitable as the working fluid. Thermal energy obtained from waste heat is used for the work. As it is transferred to the working fluid, the temperature of the working fluid and, consequently, its thermodynamic energy level increases. The working fluid is being increased by controlling the pressure and temperature conditions within the system. metastable and / or superheated before reaching normal and stable boiling conditions This ensures that the working fluid is kept in this state. Thus, the working fluid, while still in a concentrated phase, remains in this state. Although it has not changed, it undergoes a rapid phase change as a result of appropriate triggering. It is in a state of thermal energy that can be transmitted. At this stage, the energy stored in the working fluid constitutes the system's initial primary energy reserve. It creates. The task of the trigger pulse that will be applied to the system later is to provide the main energy. not to create a source, but to control the metastable and / or superheated state of the working fluid. The goal is to trigger the rapid release of stored thermal energy by disrupting the flow of heat. The process involves a mechanical impact, pressure change, local pressure drop, nucleation effect, and fluid flow. with the movement or another triggering mechanism suitable to the operating conditions of the system It can be accomplished. When triggered, rapid flow occurs in the metastable and / or superheated working fluid. A phase change is initiated. This phase change leads to flashing and / or cavitation formation. It can open up and cause bubble formation and growth in the working fluid within a very short time interval. Subsequently, the bubbles may collapse. This event occurs during the previous study. Thermal energy stored in the fluid is transferred mechanically through rapid volume and pressure changes. 35 is transferred to energy. 13 The rapid growth and especially the collapse of bubbles within the working fluid Pressure pulses and mechanical shock waves are generated. This initial shock wave is the energy of the invention. It constitutes the first mechanical energy carrier in the transformation process. Thus, the first step of the process... The thermal energy present in this phase is not transmitted directly through a turbine or thermoelectric element, short-duration, high-intensity mechanical shock energy through flashing / cavitation events It is being transformed. The initial shock energy generated is transferred from the shock generation region to the energy transfer region afterwards. It is directed in this region, either along the path of the initial shock's propagation or along the shock transmission line. Depending on the situation, a new metastable and / or superheated working fluid zone may be found. First When the shock reaches this area, the metastable state of the working fluid located there deteriorates. This creates a pressure change or triggering effect and triggers a second flashing and / or cavitation event can be initiated. New bubble formation as a result of flashing and / or cavitation occurring in the second stage. and bubble collapses occur, resulting in the release of new mechanical shock energy. This new shock is added to the shock energy from the previous stage, increasing the energy within the system. It re-feeds the total mechanical energy flow. Thus, each stage only absorbs the existing shock. It is not a passive channel carrying energy, but also has its own thermal energy reserve within it. an active energy source that adds energy to the existing energy flow by converting it into mechanical shock energy. It is becoming a transformation zone. By repeating this process sequentially, the shock energy, starting from the initial trigger zone, is transferred to the next It progresses through the stages, and at each stage a new thermal energy reserve is converted into mechanical energy. It is re-fed by being converted. Thus, the shock-amplification or A stepped shock-feed chain is created. The geometry and operation of the system... Depending on the conditions, it can be configured with more than one level and shock Multiple energy conversion zones can be created along the path of energy propagation. Shock energy does not necessarily have to propagate in only one linear direction. The invention has a In this application, the shock transmission system uses straight-feed where the initial shock progresses from the center outwards. It can be made up of segments. In another application, a main shock transmission a bifurcated system by allowing two or more secondary shock transmission segments to branch off from a single segment. A structure can be formed in which a single shock flow is divided into multiple branches, and mechanical energy is transferred. It can be transported to energy harvesting areas located in 35 different directions. 14 If the shock transmission system is configured in three dimensions, the secondary shock line branching off from the main shock line and The tertiary arms can be directed in different spatial directions. This structure represents a planar energy transmission system. Unlike the line, the system volume is used in three dimensions and a greater number of energy harvests This allows the point to be positioned within the same system. Forking Its geometry can be arranged in different ways, such as having two arms, three arms, or more arms. It can also be configured to use different branching ratios at different levels. Before shock energy is transferred to piezoelectric elements, the conditions for mechanical energy transfer must be determined. One or more impedance transition regions can be used for improvement purposes. This In regions where shock is transmitted, the cross-section, material, or mechanical properties are gradually altered to improve shock absorption. transfer of energy to the region where the piezoelectric element is located in a more controlled manner. This ensures that mechanical shock is mitigated by reflection and scattering that may occur at the interfaces. or the aim is to reduce energy losses. When the shock energy reaches the piezoelectric energy harvesting element, the pressure created by the mechanical shock... and / or stress causes mechanical deformation on the piezoelectric material. This deformation of the piezoelectric material results in electrical charge separation. and an electrical voltage is generated between the electrical terminals of the piezoelectric element. Thus, the energy initially present as waste heat in the system is converted into... thermal energy, phase change energy, mechanical shock energy and ultimately electrical energy forms It is being transformed. The shock energy generated by cavitation and flashing events consists of a single frequency component. Due to the absence of formation, the piezoelectric energy harvesting section has a wideband range depending on the application. and / or can be constructed from multimode piezoelectric elements. They can be adapted to different natural frequencies or When multiple piezoelectric elements with different mechanical modes are used together, shock the evaluation of different frequency components of its energy in separate or shared energy harvesting channels It is possible. The electrical energy generated in piezoelectric elements is used for rectification, filtering, and voltage regulation. Energy can be transferred to energy storage and / or load supply circuits. In this context, piezoelectric Alternating or pulsed electrical output obtained from the components, a suitable power electronics circuit can be converted to direct current and stored in an energy storage element. It can be stored. The stored energy can be used to directly power an electrical load, a sensor, or 35 electronic devices for operation or storage for later use. can be evaluated. In order for the energy conversion cycle to continue, the working fluid must be returned to the appropriate temperature and It is possible to bring the system to the desired pressure conditions. At this stage, the thermal components within the system... The working fluid can be re-metastable and / or reset using management and / or passive reset mechanisms. It is possible to bring it to a superheated state. Thus, a suitable waste heat source can be used. successive energy conversion cycles of the system if continuously available The aim is to achieve this. In summary, the process involves extracting thermal energy from a waste heat source and transferring this energy to the working fluid. accumulation, bringing the working fluid to a metastable and / or superheated state, controlled triggering and initiating flashing and / or cavitation, creating the initial mechanical shock, this shock triggering subsequent energy zones, creating new shock energy at each stage, thereby increasing the existing shock. re-feeding, within the two and / or three-dimensional transmission and branching network of the shock. The shock energy is directed by passing it through impedance transition regions to piezoelectric elements. by transferring and generating electrical energy as a result of piezoelectric deformation It is happening. In order to achieve equilibrium with a single adjustable heat barrier, the work must be carried out within a closed working volume. A buffer volume of vapor and / or gas can be maintained above the liquid. The buffer volume is not a separate device added externally to the system, but rather a closed volume filled with working fluid. by not filling it completely and leaving some space above the liquid level This void is created by the vapor of the working fluid and / or a gas introduced into the system. It is filled with. Since the working fluid is incompressible, the entire enclosed volume must be filled with the fluid. In this situation, even a small change in temperature can lead to a sudden and sharp increase in pressure. The metastable / superheated state of the working fluid depends not only on temperature, but also on temperature and... Since it is dependent on a working window determined by pressure, uncontrolled pressure spikes This can lead to disruption of the window and undesirable premature phase change. Liquid The buffer volume left above the level reduces the liquid's tendency to expand, making it a compressible gas / vapor. By absorbing pressure changes through the gap, it smooths out the pressure variations of the working fluid. This helps to keep temperature conditions more stable within the operating window. The pressure buffer volume in question is derived from the thermal mass of the working fluid and the shell structure. It is different from, and complementary to, the thermal buffering effect caused by temperature. While 35 relates to slowing down changes, the pressure buffer volume relates to pressure changes. It relates to softening. These two effects operate on different physical quantities and are mutually reinforcing. It does not replace, but rather contributes to the stability of the working window. 16 To limit the operating pressure to a specific reference value in the face of prolonged temperature increases, An optional, adjustable and passively operating pressure limiting element can be used. The element in question is mechanically referenced and does not require electronic control or motor drive. It can be in a (for example, spring-loaded) configuration and only activate when a specified pressure threshold is exceeded. It is entering. The presence of gaseous nuclei in the working fluid, which facilitates nucleation, requires controlled It facilitates the initiation of phase change through triggering. However, free gas bubbles... Because it has a lower density than the working fluid, it degrades over time due to the effect of buoyancy. It tends to move upwards and collect at the liquid surface. Therefore, the core gas, Present in the liquid only as free bubbles, the nuclei's function It does not guarantee its permanent retention in the region. Therefore, the core gas is preferably mixed in the working fluid by one or more of the following ways: is provided: (a) As dissolved gas: The core gas is dissolved in the working fluid. It can be stored. The dissolved gas is distributed throughout the volume of the liquid and is carried by buoyancy. It is not moving upwards. Dissolved by reducing pressure during controlled triggering. The solubility of the gas decreases, and the gas forms in-situ core bubbles in the regions where the liquid is present. This behavior is particularly evident in applications where the system operates at low pressure. It facilitates simultaneous nucleation in every region of the fluid at the moment of triggering. (b) As surface-attached nuclei: Core gas on surfaces that limit the working volume. and / or micro-pores located on surfaces specifically arranged for nucleation, micro- They can be found adhering to cracks or irregularities. These surface cores are used for lifting. Despite the force, it adheres to the surface, remaining permanently in the working area, and triggers They function as nucleation points during this process. (c) As dispersed fine bubbles: Core gas in sufficiently small bubbles It can also be kept in place, and as the bubble size decreases, the effect of the buoyancy force decreases, and The time the bubbles remain suspended in the liquid is prolonged.

35. The amount of core gas, the dissolved / attached ratio, distribution, and size range determine the operation of the system. These are parameters dependent on the window, and if the number of cores is very low, the trigger will be 17. It should be taken into consideration that it may become more difficult, and if it is too high, the shock energy generated may weaken. Appropriate values ​​are determined by prototype measurement. The work being done is to keep the water in the circle within the limit, even though the source in the pipe is 80–250°C. the temperature of the liquid, any active control, sensor or moving regulation mechanism without requiring any intervention, by passively balancing the heat entering and leaving the system. It is able to maintain a certain work value. This balance is bilateral and self-regulating. It is based on a (negative feedback) structure. A thermal barrier, determined by geometry and material, exists between the waste heat source and the working fluid. It is located there. The heat that passes through this barrier to the working fluid is transferred between the two sides of the barrier. It depends on the temperature difference. As the temperature of the working fluid increases, the inner surface of the barrier also heats up. The temperature difference between the two sides of the barrier decreases, and as a result, the fluid entering the working fluid... The heat is automatically reduced. Thus, even if the temperature of the waste heat source is high (for example even when the source temperature is well above the operating window), barrier limiting the heat flux entering the working fluid and maintaining the working fluid temperature at the source temperature It prevents it from rising correctly. The working fluid continuously dissipates heat through thermal conduction between the system housing and the environment. As the working fluid temperature increases, the temperature difference between the housing and the surroundings increases, and the discharge The heat generated also increases. This behavior indicates a second spontaneous regulation on the outlet side. It constitutes. On the inlet side, the heat barrier reduces the incoming heat, while on the outlet side, the shell discharge reduces the outgoing heat. When the increasing pressure is applied simultaneously, the temperature of the working fluid is limited from both sides, and with the incoming heat... It is stabilized at an equilibrium temperature where the heat released equals the heat output. This equilibrium temperature is... The barrier geometry is determined by the shell heat dissipation capacity and environmental conditions, and the system's... When the components are sized appropriately for the working window, the equilibrium temperature is reached during operation. It remains within the window. The working fluid temperature falls below the working window. In this state, the system does not produce a phase change, and when adequate heat input is restored, operation resumes. It is starting. Sudden changes in the temperature of the waste heat source can cause thermal damage to the heat barrier and the working fluid. It is softened by delay through the thermal buffering effect created by its mass; thus, the source A sudden temperature change on the 35 side does not immediately affect the working fluid. Therefore... The system is particularly suitable for waste heat sources with large and slowly changing thermal mass (furnaces, boilers, process furnaces, etc.). (The pipeline, geothermal resources, and similar sources) ensures stable operation. 18 In this way, the invention, without relying on a single energy conversion mechanism, utilizes waste heat → metastable / superheated fluid → flashing / cavitation → mechanical shock → staged shock delivery → 2D / 3D shock transmission network → piezoelectric conversion → electrical energy, following one another. It presents an integrated energy conversion process. WASTE HEAT SOURCE ▼ HEAT TRANSFER Hot water / heat exchanger ▼ WATER IN A CLOSED VOLUME Metastable / superheated ▼ TRIGGER / FOCUS ▼ FLASHING / CAVITATION BUBBLE COLLAPSE ▼ FIRST SHOCK WAVE ▼ 2B A FEEDING ▼ 3B A BIFURCATION ▼ ▼ 2B A 2B A ▼ ▼ 3B A 3B A ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ PIEZO PIEZO. PIEZO PIEZO └─────┴─────┴─────┘ ▼ 35. STRAIGHTENING / ENERGY STORAGE ▼ ELECTRICAL LOAD 19 ▼ PASSIVE THERMAL - RESET / RE-PREPARATION └──────────► NEW TRANSLATION FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON TABLES Table 1 – Functions of segments 2B A and 3B A Feature 2B A straight feed segment 3B A branching segment The primary function is to transmit the shock through the compartment and distribute the incoming shock to at least two arms. separating new in the feeding zone to enable energy contribution Shock splitting: No Yes Thermal energy contribution exists depending on the application and is related to the shock supply zone. exists as Main functions: Feed / damping compensation, Replication / distribution. Role in the network: Pre / post branching, three-dimensional fan-tree. feed path node Table 2 – Piezoelectric harvesting architectures Architectural Structure Advantages Use Case Narrow band Single dominant resonance Pointed spectrum Alternating Tuned piezo high local response Multimode broadband Thickness + radial Wide / stochastic shock Basic design tolerance to the modes spectrum zoom piezo Hybrid Selective reflector + narrow Measured pointed Conditional upgrade band + additional harvesting in multimode spectrum piezo capability 20 Feature 2B A 3B A The main task is to feed and transmit the shock, to branch the shock. No shock splitting. Two or more arms. Thermal energy contribution Yes Yes Main function: Boost / fade compensation, Replication. Position in the structure, Feeding stages, Branching nodes Result: Shock resistance; Increased harvest points. Therefore, if the invention's architecture is composed solely of 2D A segments, the shock will be a single unit. It will even be transported, but it won't be able to be distributed to numerous harvesting points. Only 3D A If it is formed from segments, the energy generated as a result of each fork The splitting of the shock could cause it to dissipate if sufficient new energy supply is not available. The hybrid 2D A + 3D A architecture aims to solve both problems simultaneously. In alternative working environments, the working fluid in the invention is preferably water, although the application... Equivalent working fluids according to temperature, pressure, safety and material compatibility requirements. available. The bifurcation segment can split the incoming shock into two arms, or even three or more arms. They can also be arranged in this way. Successive branching planes can be in the same plane or at different angles to each other. It can be positioned. Shock transmission segments can be circular, radial, linear, spiral, annular, or a combination thereof. They can be arranged in this way. Multiple energy harvesting modules can be arranged in series, parallel, or a modular matrix. It can be used in this way. Impedance transfer structures can be stepped, continuous conical, porosity gradient, cross-sectional area gradient, or It can consist of a gradual combination of different materials. The initial trigger area can be located in a single central region, or in different operational areas. Multiple trigger zones can be used to initiate cycles or modules. Piezoelectric elements can be arranged singly or in multiples; multimode broadband structure is fundamental. While there are applications, narrowband or hybrid harvesting architectures are preferred depending on the measured shock spectrum. applicable. 21 Waste heat is transferred to the working fluid directly through the metal casing, via a hot water line, or a heat exchanger. This can be transferred via a converter or through a thermally equivalent intermediate circuit. In summary, the working method of the invention primarily involves closed-loop operation from a waste heat source. Thermal energy is transferred to the working fluid volume and the working fluid is transformed into the targeted metastable / superheated working fluid. It is brought to the window. The metastable balance of the working fluid is disrupted in the initial trigger region. Rapid phase change and / or cavitation is generated in the cavitation / explosive boiling zone. The initial mechanical shock occurs as a result of the bubble collapsing. The initial shock is transferred to the 2B A flat feed segment. The next thermal energy region reached by the shock. is triggered and the mechanical energy obtained from the new flashing / cavitation event is transferred to the shock supply zone. It is added to the existing shock wave propagation via this route. When the shock absorber reaches the 3B A branching segment, it splits into at least two arms. The new arms contain 2B A feed and... A three-dimensional fan-tree shock network is created by repeating 3D A branching operations sequentially. Shocks in the outer / end regions are passed through stepped impedance transition layers and then piezoelectrically The electrical pulses generated in piezoelectric elements are rectified and stored, and then transferred to the elements. and / or is transferred to a load circuit. After the energy conversion event, the working areas are affected by waste heat input and passive thermal equilibrium. it approaches the metastable / superheated operating window again and under suitable conditions a new cycle It is started. The invention describes the storage of low and medium temperature waste heat as thermal energy in the working fluid. then converted into pulsed mechanical shock and finally into piezoelectric electrical energy. This provides an energy source that differs from classic turbine-based or temperature difference-based conversion methods. It provides harvest architecture. The shock energy is not limited to a single cavitation event, but emerges from successive thermal energy regions. It can be fed with mechanical energy contributions, and this feeding can be done with branching stages. Its use makes it possible to reach numerous external harvesting points.

35. A three-dimensional fan-tree topology allows shock energy to be distributed through a single plane or linear line. It allows for the distribution of piezoelectric harvesting elements in different spatial directions without limitation. 22 Gradual impedance transfer, expanding bridge entrance, reflection surface and isolation zones, shock structural improvements aimed at reducing interface losses and unwanted backpropagation during transmission. It provides tools. The multimode broadband piezoelectric harvesting approach involves varying the frequency and time of cavitation shocks. A design that is more tolerant to uncertainties in distribution compared to a single narrow resonance point. It provides the opportunity. Passive thermal equilibrium and modular architecture make the system suitable for industrial applications where a suitable waste heat source is available. This allows for adaptation to repetitive energy harvesting cycles in various environments. The quantitative magnitudes of these technical effects include power output, efficiency, shock amplitude, and optimum operating ranges. This must be verified by prototype measurement; the specification must define these values ​​as the finalized performance result. He does not make such a claim. The invention relates to industrial furnaces, boilers, drying lines, compressors, motor and generator exhausts, process fluids, hot water circuits, marine engines, heavy commercial vehicle systems, geothermal plants, data center cooling systems, HVAC systems, solar-thermal or hybrid solar systems, and It can be applied to similar waste / low-grade heat sources. The system is particularly suitable for applications where waste heat does not necessarily have to replace the main power generation plant. sensors, control electronics, wireless communication, IoT devices, monitoring systems or at this point It can be adapted to modular applications that provide distributed energy harvesting for auxiliary power lines. Multiple energy harvesting modules, depending on the available waste heat capacity and targeted electrical output. They can be arranged in series and / or parallel. 35