Solar device, modular apparatus and modular solar system

Abstract

The present invention provides an apparatus. The apparatus includes mechanically stacked layers. The mechanically stacked layers include a bottom layer and upper layers. Each upper layer includes a transmissive solar cell that converts light energy into electricity. Each upper layer transmits unconverted portions of the light energy toward the bottom layer. The bottom layer includes a solar cell that converts the unconverted portions of the light energy into electricity.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to solar power generation via a modular solar energy system. More specifically, the invention includes mechanically stacked solar transmission cells or modules for solar power generation. [Previous Technology]

[0002] Currently, there is no economically feasible conventional photovoltaic solar cell technology to achieve a power conversion efficiency greater than 25%. Therefore, at least 75% of the energy of the sun impacting the Earth's surface remains unused. [Summary of the Invention]

[0003] According to one or more embodiments, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes at least two mechanically stacked layers having a bottom layer and one or more upper layers. Each of the one or more upper layers includes at least one transmissive solar cell configured to convert light energy into electricity and to transmit an unconverted portion of the light energy toward the bottom layer. The bottom layer includes at least one solar cell configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portion of the light energy into electricity.

[0004] According to one or more embodiments, a modular device is provided. The modular device includes at least two mechanically stacked modules having a module layer and one or more upper modules. Each of the one or more upper modules includes a plurality of transmissive solar cells that convert light energy received on a first side into electricity and transfer unconverted portions of the light energy to a next module of one of the at least two mechanically stacked modules on a second side. The bottom module includes a plurality of solar cells configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portions of the light energy into electricity.

[0005] According to one or more embodiments, a system is provided. The system includes a plurality of modular devices. Each modular device includes at least two mechanically stacked modules. The at least two mechanically stacked modules include a bottom module and one or more upper modules. Each of the one or more upper modules includes a plurality of transmissive solar cells configured to convert light energy into electricity and transmit unconverted portions of the light energy toward the bottom modules. The bottom module includes a plurality of solar cells configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portions of the light energy into electricity. The system includes at least two strings. Each string corresponds to and is electrically connected to one of the at least two mechanically stacked modules to receive the electricity therefrom. Each string is electrically different from the other strings. The system includes a support structure that secures one of the at least two mechanically stacked modules to the mechanical stack such that the plurality of solar cells of the bottom module are vertically aligned with each of the plurality of transmissive solar cells of each of the one or more upper modules.

[0006] Additional features and advantages are achieved through the technology of the present invention. Other embodiments and configurations of the present invention are described in detail herein. For a better understanding of the advantages and features of the present invention, please refer to the description and drawings.

Implementation Method

[0017] Cross-Reference to Related Applications This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 211,263, filed June 16, 2021, entitled “MODULAR SOLAR SYSTEM,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0018] This document discloses a modular solar energy system. More specifically, the modular solar energy system relates to stacking multiple solar modules within a frame / device. These multiple solar modules possess transmittance qualities. Transmittance allows light energy (i.e., irradiance) to pass through an object. Subsequently, each of the multiple solar modules can absorb different light energies and can transfer other (unabsorbed) light energy. More specifically, for each solar module within the modular solar energy system, a certain amount of irradiance (from all directions and angles) is converted into electricity, while unused irradiance passes through it. The multiple solar modules are stacked as a collective group to provide a conversion percentage greater than that of conventional photovoltaic solar cells in terms of total radiation to electricity. That is, based on one or more technical effects, advantages, and benefits, the modular solar energy system achieves a total light energy to electricity conversion efficiency greater than that of conventional photovoltaic solar cells.

[0019] FIG1 depicts an apparatus 100 according to one or more embodiments. Apparatus 100 is an example of a modular solar energy system. More specifically, apparatus 100 is an example of a mechanically stacked solar transmission cell. Apparatus 100 in FIG1 is oriented according to an X1-X2 axis (e.g., generally horizontal, as shown in the figure, wherein the axis has a left-right direction, as shown in FIG1) and a Y1-Y2 axis (e.g., generally vertical, as shown in the figure, wherein the axis has a up-down direction, as shown in FIG1). The X1 direction is opposite to the X2 direction, and the Y1 direction is opposite to the Y2 direction. Other orientations may be made according to the X1-X2 and Y1-Y2 axes, which may be tilted or angled. Referring to the left side or left-facing surface of one of the described components may refer to the X1 side or an X1 surface of one of the components, and referring to the right side or right-facing surface of one of the described components may refer to the X2 side or an X2 surface of one of the components. Similarly, a lower or bottom side or a surface facing down of one of the components described herein may be referred to as a Y1 side or a Y1 surface, while a top or upper side or an upward-facing surface of one of the components described herein may be referred to as a Y2 side or a Y2 surface.

[0020] Device 100 receives light energy or light 102 from at least one sun 101 (in the Y2 direction). Light 102 can be considered as incident light or natural light (although other sources are taken into account). Device 100 converts one or more portions of light 102 into electricity or power by means of various batteries. Light 102 can be in the entire spectrum, including (but not limited to) ultraviolet (UV) light, visible light, and infrared light.

[0021] As shown in the figure, device 100 includes an upper layer 110, which includes a transparent segment 112 and a transmissive solar cell 114; a temporary segment 120; and a lower layer 130+, which includes a transparent segment 132, a solar cell 134, and a back segment 136. In this manner, device 100 may include at least two mechanically stacked layers (e.g., at least one of the upper layer 110 and the lower layer 130), wherein each upper layer 110 may include at least one transmissive solar cell 114 (e.g., in some cases, multiple transmissive solar cells 114) and the lower layer 130 may include at least one solar cell 134 (e.g., in some cases, multiple solar cells 134). According to one or more embodiments, device 100 may include two upper layers 110 as at least two mechanically stacked layers.

[0022] The transmission solar cell 114 of the upper layer 110 converts a portion of the light 102 into electricity and transmits the unconverted portion of the light 102 toward the lower layer 130 (in a Y1 direction). The solar cell 134 of the lower layer 130 converts at least a portion of the unconverted portion of the light 102 into electricity. According to one or more embodiments, each of the at least two mechanically stacked layers is electrically different from the other layers of the at least two mechanically stacked layers. Accordingly, the transmission solar cell 114 and the upper layer 110 are electrically different from the solar cell 134 and the lower layer 130 (for example, thereby providing an alternative design for series cells by means of a mechanically stacked configuration that is not joined with component portions that are not electrically dependent on each other). That is, the device 100 solves the problem of conventional series photovoltaic solar cells, because conventional series photovoltaic solar cells do not function independently when separated (i.e., conventional series photovoltaic solar cells are practically inseparable).

[0023] The transmission solar cell 114 may include (but is not limited to) cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (a-Si), perovskite, organic, and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). The transmission solar cell 114 may include (but is not limited to) other additives such as zinc, selenium, tin, oxygen, copper, aluminum, carbon, or sulfur. For example, CdTe, a-Si, and CIGS have a larger energy gap than c-Si. In this way, the upper layer 110 includes a material having a higher energy gap than that of conventional photovoltaic solar cells with crystalline silicon (c-Si) to improve the overall efficiency and power output of the device 100. For example, based on the energy gap of c-Si (e.g., 1.11 electron volts or eV), wavelengths in the orange and red visible regions, and near-infrared regions, light should be transmitted (in the Y1 direction) from the upper layer 110 to the lower layer 130, so that the c-Si of the solar cell 134 receives light energy and converts it into electricity. According to one or more embodiments, the solar cell 134 may be a transmission solar cell. Accordingly, the reflective nature of the rear section 136 allows unabsorbed portions of light leaving the solar cell 134 in the X1 direction to be reflected back to the device 136 in the X2 direction.

[0024] According to one or more embodiments, temporary section 120 is a region of device 100 in which the transmissive solar cell 114 of upper layer 110 and the transparent section 132 of bottom layer 130 are adjacent. In this context, adjacent includes two components that are adjacent, in contact, or connected (e.g., in effective contact) but not joined together, and in some cases directly stacked on top of each other. Temporary section 120 may be maintained by a seal or similar on the periphery of one of upper layer 110 and bottom layer 130. The seal may include (but is not limited to) one or more of an adhesive or other fastener, a gasket, a plastic component, and a gap filler. According to one or more embodiments, the seal is a combination of a gap filler and an adhesive or other fastener. According to one or more embodiments, temporary section 120 is sealed on a periphery to support the mechanical stacking of upper layer 110 and bottom layer 130 and to prevent foreign objects (e.g., dust, insects, rodents, or the like) from penetrating between upper layer 110 and bottom layer 130.

[0025] According to one or more embodiments, temporary section 120 is a region of device 100 in which the transmissive solar cell 114 of upper layer 110 and the transparent section 132 of bottom layer 130 are close to each other to form a space therebetween. In this context, closeness includes two components that are near, close to, or at a predefined distance without being joined together. Examples of closeness may include (but are not limited to) 1 mm, 5 mm, 1 cm, 5 cm, 1 dm, 5 dm or similar. The space (i.e., temporary section 120) may be maintained by one of the seals described herein and / or by a support structure. According to one or more embodiments, the support structure supports and secures the mechanical stack of upper layer 110 and bottom layer 130, and provides seals on one or more sides of upper layer 110 and bottom layer 130. Examples of seals for the support structure include (but are not limited to) a mesh screen, a waterproof membrane, or an air filter. Examples of mechanical stacking include (but are not limited to) horizontal stacking, stacking parallel to a horizontal plane (i.e., flat to the ground), and stacking parallel to a plane of an array (i.e., design decision).

[0026] According to one or more embodiments, the upper layer 110 may include, together with the transmissive solar cell 114, a transparent segment 112 on one Y2 side (e.g., a solar side) of the transmissive solar cell 114. The lower layer 130 may include, together with the solar cell 134, a transparent segment 132 on one Y2 side (e.g., a solar side) of the solar cell 134 and / or a rear segment 136 on one Y1 side (e.g., the side opposite to the solar side) of the solar cell 134. As described herein, the rear segment 136 may include a metal, plastic, or other opaque material to prevent light 102 or a portion thereof from leaving the device 100 in the Y1 direction or from reflecting light 102 or a portion thereof in the Y2 direction.

[0027] In some embodiments, the transparent portions 112 and 132 and the rear section 136 may comprise glass, plastic, or other transparent material that allows light 102 or a portion thereof to pass through without absorption. The rear section 136 may comprise metal, plastic, or other opaque material to prevent light 102 or a portion thereof from exiting the device 100 in the Y1 direction.

[0028] Figure 2 depicts an apparatus 200 according to one or more embodiments. Apparatus 200 is an example of a modular solar energy system. More specifically, apparatus 200 is an example of a mechanically stacked solar transmission cell.

[0029] It should be noted that components similar to those in the modular solar system example of Figure 2 in other figures are reused for simplicity (e.g., similar component symbols in the figures indicate similar components) and are not necessarily reintroduced. Therefore, as shown in the figures, the device 200 additionally includes a first upper layer 210 and a second upper layer 211 including a top transparent section 212, a transmissive solar cell 214 and a bottom transparent section 216, and a bottom layer 230 including a reflective section 250. The second upper layer 211 and the bottom layer 230 are separated by a distance 260. The amount of space in the temporary section 120 and / or the distance 260 can be determined based on the thermal coefficient of the device 200, since the spacing can be determined by an optimal distance value that balances the compactness of the device 200 and the thermal management of layers 210, 211 and 230. In this manner, device 200 may include at least two mechanically stacked layers (e.g., at least a first upper layer 210 or a second upper layer 211), each of which may include at least one transmissive solar cell 114 and 214 (e.g., in some cases, a plurality of transmissive solar cells 114 and 214). According to one or more embodiments, temporary sections 120 and / or distances 260 may designate adjacent surrounding components (e.g., they may be directly stacked on top of each other).

[0030] According to one or more embodiments, the bottom transparent section 216 of the second upper layer 211 may be located on one Y1 side (e.g., the side opposite to the sun) of the transmissive solar cell 214. The first upper layer 210 may refer to one of the top layers of the two layers 210 and 211, and the second upper layer 211 may refer to one of the bottom layers of the two layers 210 and 211. The bottom layer 230 may be a reflective layer below the second upper layer 211. For example, the bottom layer 230 may at least include a reflective section 250 that reflects unabsorbed portions of the light 102 exiting from the bottom transparent section 216 in the Y1 direction back to the second upper layer 211 in the Y2 direction. The reflective section 250 may include a metal, plastic, or other opaque material having a reflective Y2 surface. According to one or more embodiments, the transmissive solar cell 114 of the first upper layer 210 and the top transparent section 212 of the second upper layer 211 may be adjacent or close to each other as described herein. Any part of the device 200 may be sealed or supported as described herein. Temporary section 120 can also represent the bottom transparent section of the first upper layer 210.

[0031] Figure 3 depicts a system 300 according to one or more embodiments. System 300 receives light 102 from at least the sun 101 (although other sources are contemplated). System 300 includes an optional module 310 having an optional transmissive solar cell 311; a transmissive module 330 having a transmissive solar cell 331; a module 340 having a visible transmissive solar cell 341 (e.g., module 340 may be a transmissive module); an optional reflective module 350; one or more boxes 370; and a bus 380. Note that the optionality of any component or feature is indicated by a dashed border. Optional module 310 may be a concentrator, a micro-concentrator, or a transmissive module. Each module is connected to one or more boxes 370, which can provide power generated by one or more modules 310, 330 and 340 to the power combiner box (e.g., a string corresponding to one of the support structures described herein) of bus 380 (e.g., PV bus connector and PV connector box).

[0032] One or more boxes 370 may provide wired electrical connections for receiving sockets, connections, or the like of one or more modules 310, 330, and 340. It should be noted that the wired electrical connections may include sensors, and the wired electrical connections may engage wiring from separate modules. For example, the wiring bundles of a module may protrude to the back of one of the sockets for easy installation, repair, and maintenance (e.g., in a plug-and-play manner). These wired electrical connections and sockets may be weatherproof, quick-connect hardware (e.g., for connecting wires to a junction box to simplify installation and reduce field quality errors). Each wired electrical connection may include a fuse with an indicator light to ensure power is cut off during module installation and maintenance. Additionally, as described herein, the operation of system 300 may be monitored by one or more sensors.

[0033] System 300 is an example of a modular solar energy system. More specifically, System 300 is an example of a mechanically stacked solar transmission cell or modular device. According to one or more embodiments, System 300 includes at least two mechanically stacked modules, such as Selective Module 310, Transmission Module 330, and Module 340. According to one or more embodiments, Selective Module 310, Transmission Module 330, and Module 340 may be bifacial (e.g., absorbing light energy from either side) and include clear wiring to allow light energy to pass through multiple times therein. Selective Module 310 and Transmission Module 330 may represent one or more upper modules. Module 340 may represent a module layer, which may be the same as or different from one or more upper modules. Selective module 310 and transmission module 330 include a plurality of transmission solar cells (e.g., selective transmission solar cell 311 and transmission solar cell 331), which convert light energy received on a Y2 side (or a sun or a first side) into electricity and transfer the unconverted portion of the light energy to the next module. For example, selective module 310 transfers the unconverted portion of the light energy in a Y1 direction to transmission module 330 on one Y2 side (or a sun or a second side) of selective module 310. Furthermore, transmission module 330 transfers the unconverted portion of the light energy in a Y1 direction to module 340 on one Y2 side (or a sun or a second side) of transmission module 330.

[0034] It should be noted that module 340 includes a plurality of solar cells (e.g., solar cell 341 may be transmissive), which convert at least a portion of the unconverted portion of light energy into electricity. System 300 mechanically stacks at least two mechanically stacked modules such that the plurality of solar cells of module 340 are perpendicularly aligned with the plurality of transmissive solar cells of each of selected module 310 and transmissive module 330. According to one or more embodiments, the mechanical stack of system 300 may be further sealed on one or more sides, such as by means of a mesh screen, a waterproof membrane, or an air filter as described herein. Examples of mechanical stacking include (but are not limited to) horizontal stacking (i.e., flat with respect to the ground) and stacking parallel to a plane of an array (i.e., design-determined). By maintaining mechanical and electrical separation of the battery / module, one or more modules 310, 330, and 340 may be designed to work together for electrical aggregation (e.g., which further enables a broader range of electrical components to achieve power aggregation).

[0035] In operation, sunlight 102 passes through one or more modules 310, 330, and 340. Module 310 can absorb light 102 of a first wavelength in a first spectral response. Light 391 of the first spectral response beyond the first wavelength (i.e., its irradiance) is further transmitted in the Y1 direction to the transmission module 330.

[0036] The transmission module 330 can absorb light 391 of a second wavelength in a second spectral response. According to one or more embodiments, the first and second wavelengths may be the same. According to one or more embodiments, the first and second spectral responses may also be the same. Light 393 of the second spectral response beyond the second wavelength (i.e., its irradiance) is further transmitted to the module 340 in the Y1 direction.

[0037] Turning to Figure 4, the figure depicts a graph 400 according to one or more embodiments. Graph 400 is an example spectral response graph of CdTe (e.g., transmission solar cell 331 and transmission module 330) and c-Si (e.g., solar cell 341 and module 340). Figure 4 also includes a key 401 identifying the lines within graph 400. Graph 400 includes an x-axis showing a nanometer-level wavelength, a left y-axis showing a spectral intensity, and a right y-axis showing spectral response and transmittance. It should be noted that the approximate absorption range of CdTe is 400 nm to 800 nm (e.g., a second wavelength). For example, in system 300, transmission module 330 absorbs irradiance of light 391 in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 800 nm and transmits unabsorbed light energy in the wavelength range greater than 800 nm.

[0038] Module 340 can absorb light 393 of a third wavelength in a third spectral response. According to one or more embodiments, the third wavelength may include and / or be wider than the second wavelength. Referring back to Figure 4, it should be noted that the approximate absorption range of c-Si is 400 nm to 1200 nm (e.g., the second wavelength). Module 340 absorbs the irradiance of light 393 in a wavelength range of at least 800 nm to 1200 nm and can transmit light energy in a wavelength range greater than 1200 nm. Module 340 can also absorb the irradiance of light 393 in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 1200 nm, wherein the wavelength range of 400 nm to 800 nm includes the remaining light 393 (i.e., its irradiance) across the second wavelength that exceeds the second spectral response. In addition, the remaining light 395 (i.e., its irradiance) beyond the third wavelength and across the third wavelength that exceeds the third spectral response is further transmitted to the reflective module 350 in the Y1 direction.

[0039] The reflective module 350 reflects light 395 back to module 340 in the Y2 direction. Any remaining irradiance of light 395 may be further absorbed by module 340 or transmitted as light 397 to the transmission module 330 (e.g., light 397 continues in the Y2 direction). Then, any remaining irradiance of light 397 may be further absorbed by the transmission module 330 or transmitted as light 399 to module 310 (e.g., light 399 continues in the Y2 direction). Note the faded arrows representing light 102, 391, 393, 395, 397, and 399, illustrating the absorption of irradiance and the description of energy, as light 102 is converted into electricity transmitted to box 370. It should also be noted that a particular irradiance, or a portion thereof, may not be absorbed during the first pass but may be absorbed during the second pass (i.e., in the Y2 direction).

[0040] Figure 5 depicts modules 501 and 502 according to one or more embodiments. Modules 501 and 502 may be an example configuration of any of the modules 330 and 340 (or layers) discussed herein. Module 501 includes one or more batteries 510 configured in an xy grid, where both x and y are integers greater than 0. Module 502 includes one or more batteries 520 configured in an xy grid, where x is 1 and y is an integer greater than 0. The width, wiring, and configuration of batteries 510 and 520 can be managed and operated to control power generation on a per-battery basis.

[0041] FIG6 depicts a frame 600 according to one or more embodiments. The frame 600 is shown from a perspective view and a side view through its sidewalls. The frame 600 includes a housing 605, a ventilation grille or opening 610, a hole 615 (e.g. for receiving a fastener for attaching the frame 600 to a frame), and one or more supports 632, 634, 636 and 638.

[0042] One or more supports 632, 634, 636, and 638 may serve as spacers for modules 330 and 340 and housing 380 to hold these components in a vertical stack, with the space 640 allowing airflow, cooling, etc. One or more supports 632, 634, 636, and 638 may be supports, L-shaped flanges, or the like, providing multiple layers (such as a top layer 632, a top-middle layer 634, a bottom-middle layer 636, and a bottom layer 638) within the frame 600. It should be noted that supports 632, 634, 636, and 638 enable the space 640 between modules 330 and 340. Furthermore, it should be noted that each of modules 330 and 340 includes a connector 642 for electrically coupling modules 330 and 340 to a corresponding housing 380.

[0043] According to one or more embodiments, the frame 600 secures one of the mechanical stacks of modules 330 and 340 (e.g., thereby providing an alternative design to a series battery by configuring an unjoined mechanical stack). According to one or more embodiments, the frame 600 is a frame and rail system in which one or more supports 632, 634, 636, and 638 act as a frame and rail system against which modules 330 and 340 abut. It should be noted that the frame 600 may include an open top (e.g., so that light 102 can be projected onto any of the modules 330 and 340) and an open bottom, as well as ventilation grilles or openings 610 or open walls to allow airflow. The frame 600 or any part thereof may be made of metal, wood, plastic, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or other structural materials as described herein.

[0044] Figure 7 illustrates a support structure 700 according to one or more embodiments. The support structure 700 is shown from a perspective view and a front view through its sidewalls. The support structure 700 includes a frame 705 having one or more arms 706 and one or more retainers 707. The support structure 700 includes a cover 710, a beam configuration 720, and a column 730. The support structure 700 includes one or more fasteners 740 (e.g., cotter pins and / or screws), a conduit 750, and one or more strips 760.

[0045] One or more retainers 707 secure one or more arms 706 in place. One or more retainers 707 may be secured to arms 705 and beam configuration 720 by fasteners 740. Beam configuration 720 may be one or more beams. One or more beams of beam configuration 720 may be square beams, circular beams, I-beams or other structural members with variable angles. As discussed herein, beam configuration 720 supports further support one or more frames 705 of modules 310, 330, 340 and 350. Accordingly, one or more modules 310, 330, 340 and 350 (e.g., modules 501 and / or 501 of FIG. 5) may be mounted within arms 706 of support structure 700 of FIG. 7 such that one or more modules 310, 330, 340 and 350 are mechanically stacked in an adjacent and / or close configuration. The support structure 700 may include wedges 770 (such as metal, plastic or rubber wedges) to hold one or more modules 310, 330, 340 and 350 in proper position within the arm 706.

[0046] The strip 760 is adjustable to hold the beam configuration 720 in proper position on the cover 710. The cover 710 may be a cap of the column 730 and includes a U-shaped bracket set at an angle to the column 730, as shown in Figure 7. The column 730 may be a square beam, round pipe, channel member, or I-beam fixed to, mounted on, and / or partially embedded in the ground or other surface. The conduit 750 may accommodate electrical wires, such as strings as described herein. If a channel is used to support one or more components or portions of the structure 700, the electrical wires may be placed directly in the channel.

[0047] According to one or more embodiments, the support structure 700 secures one of the mechanical stacks of modules 310, 330, 340, and 350 (e.g., thereby providing an alternative design for series batteries through an unjoined mechanical stack configuration). According to one or more embodiments, one or more frames 705 may be a button and slot system or a peripheral molding system, wherein arms 706 and holders 707 secure or clamp modules 310, 330, 340, and 350 in place. Holders 707 may be spacer clips having the space 640 as described herein for holding modules 310, 330, 340, and 350 in a vertical stack. Wedges 770 may be transparent and / or rubber components supporting the insertion of modules 310, 330, 340, and 350. According to one or more embodiments, the peripheral mold system may include a peripheral mold along the outer edge of one of the modules 310, 330, 340, and 350, each peripheral mold being configured to stack with an adjacent peripheral mold. The support structure 700 may also include wedges (such as rubber wedges) to hold the beam 720 in place within the cover 710. It should be noted that any components of the support structure 700, as well as modules 310, 330, 340, and 350, can be shipped separately and assembled on-site.

[0048] Turning now to Figure 8, which illustrates an environment 800 according to one or more embodiments. As discussed herein, environment 800 may include one or more modular solar energy systems. More specifically, environment 800 may include one or more mechanically stacked solar transmission modules within one or more devices to receive light (e.g., from at least the sun 101, although other light sources are considered). In this way, embodiments of environment 800 include devices, systems, methods, and / or computer program products at any level of technical detail that may be integrated.

[0049] According to one or more embodiments, environment 800 may represent a modular solar energy system located within a site 801 and include one or more support structures 810.n (where n is an integer). Site 801 may be any terrain or open or vacant land to support one or more support structures 810.n, as well as rooftops and / or other property areas.

[0050] Each support structure 810 includes at least one inverter 815, one switch 817, one string 820, and one or more modular devices 830 (where m is an integer). Each modular device 830 (e.g., devices 100 and 200 of Figures 1 and 2) may include one or more modules 832 (e.g., layers 110, 130, 230, and 250 of Figures 1 and 2).

[0051] Inverter 815 can be any power electronic device or circuit system that changes current between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). Switch 817 can be a power-off switch that grounds each support structure 810. According to one or more embodiments, when the support structure 810 is energized, switch 817 provides an electrical latch and prevents ejection. Series 820 can be any electronic configuration that connects one or more electrical components (e.g., one or more modules 832), whether in series or in parallel to a particular electrical component (e.g., inverter 815).

[0052] Each module 832 is connected to a corresponding string 820 (e.g., via a pin connection, a pigtail connection, or the like) and separated from at least one other module 832 by space 640 (e.g., temporary segment 120 in FIG. 1 or distance 250 in FIG. 2), and has at least one sensor 836 and a code 838. Additionally, additional sensors 836 can be positioned via support structure 810 and environment 800. Environment 800 and its components (e.g., any of the sensors 836) can be managed by a device 860. Furthermore, environment 800 can be connected to a grid 870 and can be managed by a maintenance robot, a drone, a technician, or the like.

[0053] According to one or more embodiments, the support structure 810 and the modular device 830 can be assembled in a factory setup (including pre-wiring) to reduce field assembly costs in the field 801 while improving quality. When the modular device 830 is shipped to the field 801, the modular device 830 can be connected together and then erected relative to the support structure 810 like a puzzle piece. One or more modular devices 830 may have dimensions to accommodate modules 832 (e.g., length and width of 1 × 2 meters) and provide spacing to accommodate cooling and energy distribution. According to one or more embodiments, 1-inch high modules with 1-inch spacing provide an 8-inch high module (e.g., it can look like a stack of pancakes). Subsequently, the support structure 810 provides lateral side-by-side stability, while the modules 830 provide front-to-back stability. According to one or more embodiments, the modules 832 can be adjacent (e.g., they can be directly stacked on top of each other without gaps).

[0054] According to one or more embodiments, the environment 800 is a system having a support structure 810 in a field 801 with a sensor 836, a modular device 830, and one of at least two mechanical modules 832. The environment 800 illustrates at a macroscopic level how components and things are connected within a larger network for alarm purposes, and how power is supplied to a grid 870 or other loads (e.g., one or more batteries). As described herein, the at least two mechanical modules 832 include a bottom module and one or more top modules. Each string 820 corresponds to and is electrically connected to one of the at least two mechanically anchored modules 832 to receive power from it. Each string 820 is electrically different from the other strings 820. The support structure 810 secures one of the mechanically stacked modules 832 to a mechanical stack for vertical alignment of a plurality of solar cells and / or transmissive solar cells of the at least two mechanical modules 832.

[0055] According to one or more embodiments, the environment 800 may also include a uniform design in which modules 832 are connected in series or in parallel. For example, each battery in a module 832 can provide a voltage of 1.5 volts. Furthermore, up to 32 batteries can be connected in series within each string 820 to each module 832 (e.g., 18 modules 832 in series per string 820 to provide 864 volts). Inverters 815 can be connected in parallel to combine 32 strings 820 to generate a high current supplied to a grid 870. According to one or more embodiments, the environment 800 may also include a layered design in which one or more strings 820 modules 832 are connected in parallel, one or more strings 820 modules 832 are connected in series, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., a set of layers managed in a hybrid environment).

[0056] The support structure 810 may be a pre-wired modular rack system incorporating one or more of the technical forms described herein (e.g., a modular DC optimizer). According to one or more embodiments, the support structure 810 may be an aggregation of one or more modular devices 830. The structure of the support structure 810 may be made of carbon fiber, steel, metal, alloy, wood, plastic, fiberglass, or any combination thereof. According to one or more embodiments, the support structure 810 may be a "smart rack" system providing the sensor 836 and the ability to communicatively couple to the device 860.

[0057] The modular device 830 (e.g., a frame or stacked structure) can be any integrated system providing a three-dimensional solar energy system application. Based on one or more technical effects, advantages, and benefits, the modular device 830 allows modules 832 to be easily moved, replaced, and / or exchanged, such as for future generations of modules 832. The modular device 830 vertically stacks modules 832 to maximize solar energy capture per square meter of surface area. Furthermore, ordering a vertical configuration of modules 832 within the modular device 830 enables capture of individual energy pockets, cooling, spacing, etc. According to one or more embodiments, the modular device 830 can utilize a housing or enclosure of multiple solar modules fixed on top of another, with a space 640 between them allowing for airflow for cooling or eliminating the need for a space. According to one or more embodiments, a top solar module can be a concentrator or micro-concentrator, one or more intermediate modules can be one or more transmission modules, and a bottom module can capture any remaining light energy (e.g., infrared radiation) or reflect it. It should be noted that in one instance, the modular device 830 stacks four layers of modules 832, each module 832 corresponding to one of the strings 820.

[0058] Based on one or more technological effects, advantages, and benefits, the modular device 830 can layer single pn-junction cells (which are cost-effective compared to other technologies) in a stacked structure that mimics the concept of a series-connected cell without joining modules 832 and maintains different layer electrical properties. Furthermore, based on one or more technological effects, advantages, and benefits, the modular device 830 provides improved modularity that facilitates easy on-site installation to reduce the cost structure of a nuclear power plant's building-on-plant (BOP). For example, in the United States, the current cost of a solar module for a utility-scale solar power project corresponds to approximately US$0.40 per watt, including diminishing returns to cost reductions in solar cells. Additionally, BOP cost reductions have made very little progress compared to conventional solar technologies and have not decreased proportionally with advancements in conventional solar technologies. Various government agencies have set a total cost threshold of US$0.50 per watt (DC) for a solar power plant to be cost-competitive with conventional fossil fuels. This goal can only be achieved if there is a significant improvement in BOP cost. One way to achieve this goal is by increasing the density of sunlight captured per unit of land surface, thereby reducing electricity production costs by spreading BOP costs across higher kWh of electricity production. Furthermore, based on one or more technological effects, advantages, and benefits, the modular device 830 is more suitable for residential and commercial buildings with limited roof and property areas. Subsequently, the modular device 830 enables buildings to become net-zero electricity consumers and effectively off-grid 870. Moreover, based on one or more technological effects, advantages, and benefits, the environment 800 can save infrastructure while having the flexibility to utilize future technological improvements (e.g., an average solar lifespan of 15 years; conversely, the environment 800 can now extend that lifespan to over 50 years).

[0059] Turning now to Figure 9, a computing system 900 is illustrated according to one or more embodiments. The computing system 900 may represent any computing device, computing apparatus, and / or computing environment including hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, embodiments of the disclosed computing system 900 may include devices, systems, methods, and / or computer program products at any possible level of technical detail. Generally, the computing system 900 of Figure 9 operates to at least monitor the device 100 of Figure 1 and its components. For example, the computing system 900 may detect anomalies, degrade, operate similarly, and coordinate with other systems and data from such systems (e.g., weather data) to receive, process, and extrapolate (e.g., using big data operations relative to machine learning and artificial intelligence) the health of at least one of the devices 100 of Figure 1 and its components.

[0060] The computing system 900 includes a device 905 (e.g., device 860 of FIG. 8) comprising one or more central processing units (CPUs) collectively referred to as a processor 910. The processor 910 (also referred to as processing circuitry) is coupled to a system memory 920 and various other components via a system bus 915. The computing system 900 and / or device 905 may be adapted or configured to function as an online platform, a server, an embedded computing system, a personal computer, a console, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a quantum computing device, a cloud computing device, a mobile device, a smartphone, a fixed mobile device, a smart display, a wearable computer, or the like.

[0061] The processor 910 may be any type of general-purpose or special-purpose processor, including a central processing unit (CPU), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), graphics processing unit (GPU), controller, multi-core processing unit, three-dimensional processor, quantum computing device, or any combination thereof. The processor 910 may also have multiple processing cores, and at least some cores may be configured to perform specific functions. Multi-parallel processing may also be configured. In addition, at least the processor 910 may be a neuromorphic circuit containing a processing element that simulates a biological neuron.

[0062] The system bus 915 (or other communication mechanism) is configured to transmit information or data to the processor 910, system memory 920 and various other components, such as a connector 925.

[0063] System memory 920 is an example of a (non-transitory) computer-readable storage medium, wherein software 930 may be stored as a software component, module, engine, instruction, or the like thereof, as described herein, for execution by processor 910 to cause operation of device 905. System memory 920 may include any combination of a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), internal or external flash memory, embedded static RAM (SRAM), solid-state memory, cache, static storage (such as a magnetic disk or optical disk), or any other type of volatile or non-volatile memory. Non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may be any medium accessible by processor 910 and may include volatile media, non-volatile media, or the like thereof. For example, ROM is coupled to system bus 915 and may include a basic input / output system (BIOS) that controls certain basic functions of device 905, and RAM is read-write memory coupled to system bus 915 for use by processor 910. Non-transitory computer-readable storage media may include any media that is removable, non-removable, or similar.

[0064] According to one or more embodiments, software 930 may be configured in hardware, software, or a hybrid implementation. Software 930 may consist of modules that operate and communicate with each other and exchange information or instructions. According to one or more embodiments, software 930 may provide one or more user interfaces, such as representing an operating system or other application and / or provided directly as needed. User interfaces include (but are not limited to) graphical user interfaces, windowed interfaces, internet browsers and / or applications, operating systems, folders, and other visual interfaces like these. Thus, user activity may include any interaction or manipulation of the user interfaces provided by software 930. Software 930 may further include custom modules for executing application-specific programs or derivatives thereof, such that computing system 900 may include additional functionality. For example, according to one or more embodiments, software 930 may be configured to store information, instructions, commands, or data to be executed or processed by processor 910 to logically implement the methods described herein (e.g., big data operations relative to machine learning and artificial intelligence). The software 930 in Figure 9 may also represent an operating system, a mobile application, a client application, and / or similar applications used in the device 905 of the computing system 900.

[0065] Adapter 925 may represent one or more adapters of device 905, such as an input / output (I / O) adapter, a device adapter, and / or a communication adapter. According to one or more embodiments, adapter 925 may be connected to one or more I / O buses connected to system bus 915 via an intermediate bus bridge. Suitable I / O buses for connecting peripheral devices (such as hard drive controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters) typically include common protocols such as Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI).

[0066] According to one or more embodiments, considering Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), the I / O adapter can be configured to support a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), CDMA2000, or Broadband CDMA. (W-CDMA), High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), 802.11x, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Ultra Wideband (UWB), 802.16x, 802.15, Home Node-B (HnB), Bluetooth, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Infrared Data Association (IrDA), Near Field Communication (NFC), 5G, New Radio (NR), or any other wireless or wired device / transceiver used for communication.

[0067] According to one or more embodiments, the device adapter interconnects input / output devices to system bus 915, such as a display 941, a sensor 942, a controller 943 or the like (e.g. a camera, a speaker, etc.).

[0068] Display 941 is configured to provide one or more UIs or graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that can be captured and analyzed by software 930 when a user interacts with device 905. Examples of display 941 may include (but are not limited to) a plasma, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED), a field-emitting diode (FED), an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), a flexible OLED, a flexible substrate display, a projection display, a 4K display, a high-definition (HD) display, a retina© display, an in-switching in-line display (IPS), or the like. Display 941 may be configured to use one of the following: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave (SAW) capacitor, infrared, optical imaging, dispersive signal technology, acoustic pulse identification, suppressed total internal reflection, or the like for touch, three-dimensional (3D) touch, multi-input touch, or multi-touch display, as understood by those skilled in the art for input / output (I / O).

[0069] Sensor 942 (such as any transponder configured to convert one or more environmental conditions into an electrical signal) may be further coupled to system bus 915 for input to device 905. Additionally, one or more inputs may be provided remotely to computing system 900 via another computing system (e.g., computing system 955) with which it communicates, or device 905 may operate autonomously. For example, sensor 942 may include one or more of an electrode, a temperature sensor (e.g., a thermocouple), a current sensor, a light sensor, an accelerometer, a microphone, a radiation sensor, a proximity sensor, a position sensor, and a long-range (LoRa) sensor (e.g., any low-power wide-area network modulation sensor). According to one or more embodiments, sensor 942 may be mounted at various levels and integrated into an environment (e.g., sensor 845 of environment 800 in FIG. 8) to monitor operation therein, such as identifying when a particular module (e.g., module 832 of environment 800 in FIG. 8) is not functioning correctly. For example, when the current of a module falls below a defined threshold, sensor 942 (e.g., a current sensor) sends a signal to software 930 to identify the precise location of a faulty module. Each sensor 942 includes a serial number that matches a corresponding level of the module / modular device / framework (e.g., as identified on a scannable code) and the environment (e.g., environment 800 in FIG8).

[0070] Controller 943 (such as a computer mouse, a touchpad, a touch screen, a keyboard, a keypad, or the like) may be further coupled to system bus 915 for input to device 905. Additionally, one or more inputs may be provided remotely to computing system 900 via another computing system (e.g., computing system 955) in communication with it, or device 905 may operate autonomously. Controller 943 may also represent one or more actuators or the like for moving, locking, or unlocking parts of an environment (e.g., environment 800 in FIG8).

[0071] According to one or more embodiments, the communication adapter interconnects the system bus 915 with a network 950, which may be an external network, so that the device 905 can communicate data with other such devices (e.g., through the computing system 955 of the network 950).

[0072] According to one or more embodiments, the functionality of device 905 relative to software 930 may also be implemented on computing system 955, as represented by a separate execution entity of software 990. It should be noted that software 990 may be stored in a common storage repository of device 905 and / or computing system 955 and may be downloaded (as needed) to and / or from each of device 995 and / or computing system 955.

[0073] According to one or more embodiments, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes at least two mechanically stacked layers having a bottom layer and one or more upper layers. Each of the one or more upper layers includes at least one transmissive solar cell configured to convert light energy into electricity and to transmit an unconverted portion of the light energy toward the bottom layer. The bottom layer includes at least one solar cell configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portion of the light energy into electricity.

[0074] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the at least one solar cell of the underlying layer may include a transmission solar cell.

[0075] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the device may include a reflective layer beneath the underlying layer.

[0076] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, each of the at least two mechanical stacked layers may be electrically different from the other layers of the at least two mechanical stacked layers.

[0077] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the one or more upper layers may include a first upper layer that includes the at least one transmissive solar cell and a transparent segment on the solar side of one of the transmissive solar cells.

[0078] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the underlying layer may include: a top transparent section on the solar side of one of the at least one solar cell; and a rear section on the side opposite to the solar side.

[0079] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the at least one transmissive solar cell of the first upper layer may be adjacent to the top transparent section of the lower layer.

[0080] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the first upper layer and the bottom layer may be sealed around one of the at least two mechanically stacked layers.

[0081] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the first upper layer may include a bottom section on one side opposite to the solar side.

[0082] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the bottom section of the first upper layer may be adjacent to the top transparent section of the bottom layer.

[0083] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the bottom layer and the first upper layer may be close to each other to form a space therebetween.

[0084] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the space may be sealed around one of the at least two mechanically stacked layers by a gap filler and an adhesive.

[0085] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the space may be sealed around one of the at least two mechanically stacked layers by a mesh screen, a waterproof membrane or an air filter.

[0086] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the device may further include a support structure that secures one of the at least two mechanically stacked layers to the mechanical stack.

[0087] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the support structure may include a frame and a track system.

[0088] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the support structure may include a button and slot system.

[0089] According to one or more embodiments or any of the device embodiments herein, the support structure may include a peripheral mold along one of the outer edges of the at least two mechanical stacked layers, each peripheral mold being configured to stack with an adjacent peripheral mold.

[0090] According to one or more embodiments, a modular device is provided. The modular device includes at least two mechanically stacked modules having a module layer and one or more upper modules. Each of the one or more upper modules includes a plurality of transmissive solar cells configured to convert light energy received on a first side into electricity and to transfer unconverted portions of the light energy to a next module of one of the at least two mechanically stacked modules on a second side. The bottom module includes a plurality of solar cells configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portions of the light energy into electricity.

[0091] According to one or more embodiments or any of the modular device embodiments herein, the mechanical stacking of the at least two mechanically stacked modules allows the plurality of solar cells of the bottom module to be vertically aligned with the plurality of transmissive solar cells of each of the one or more upper modules.

[0092] According to one or more embodiments, a system is provided. The system includes a plurality of modular devices. Each modular device includes at least two mechanically stacked modules. The at least two mechanically stacked modules include a bottom module and one or more top modules. Each of the one or more top modules includes a plurality of transmissive solar cells configured to convert light energy into electricity and transmit unconverted portions of the light energy toward the bottom modules. The bottom modules include a plurality of solar cells configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portions of the light energy into electricity. The system includes at least two strings. Each string corresponds to and is electrically connected to one of the at least two mechanically stacked modules to receive the electricity therefrom. Each string is electrically different from the other strings. The system includes a support structure that secures one of the at least two mechanically stacked modules to the mechanical stack such that the plurality of solar cells of the bottom module are vertically aligned with each of the plurality of transmissive solar cells of each of the one or more top modules.

[0093] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. Accordingly, each block in the flowchart or block diagram may represent a portion of a module, segment, or instruction, including one or more executable instructions for implementing one or more specified logical functions. In some alternative implementations, the functions marked in the blocks may occur in the order indicated in the figures. For example, in fact, two blocks shown consecutively may be executed substantially simultaneously, or sometimes may be executed in reverse order depending on the functionality involved. It will also be noted that the blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, may be implemented by a dedicated hardware-based system that performs the specified functions or behaviors or implements a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions.

[0094] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used separately or in any combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. As used herein, a computer-readable medium itself should not be construed as a transient signal, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission medium (e.g., an optical pulse through an optical fiber cable), or an electrical signal transmitted through a conductor.

[0095] Examples of computer-readable media include electrical signals (transmitted via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include (but are not limited to) a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory device, magnetic media (such as internal hard disks and removable optical discs), magneto-optical media, optical media (such as optical discs (CDs) and digital versatile discs (DVDs)), random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), and a memory stick. A processor associated with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a terminal, base station, or any host computer.

[0096] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms "a" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well. It will be further understood that when the term "comprising" is used in this specification, it specifies the presence of the stated feature, integral, step, operation, element, and / or component, but does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integrals, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0097] This document has been presented for illustrative purposes and not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein has been chosen to best explain the principles, practical applications, or technical improvements of the embodiments relative to those found in the market, or to enable those skilled in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein. [Simplified Explanation of the Diagram]

[0007] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein similar element symbols in the drawings indicate similar elements, and wherein:

[0008] FIG1 depicts an apparatus according to one or more embodiments;

[0009] FIG2 depicts an apparatus according to one or more embodiments;

[0010] Figure 3 depicts a system according to one or more embodiments;

[0011] Figure 4 depicts a diagram according to one or more embodiments;

[0012] Figure 5 depicts a module according to one or more embodiments;

[0013] Figure 6 depicts a framework according to one or more embodiments;

[0014] Figure 7 depicts a support structure according to one or more embodiments;

[0015] Figure 8 depicts an environment according to one or more embodiments; and

[0016] Figure 9 depicts a system according to one or more embodiments.

Claims

1. A solar energy device, wherein: at least Two electrically distinct layers, mechanically stacked, wherein the at least two electrically distinct layers are configured to be moved, replaced, or exchanged from the device, the at least two electrically distinct layers are not electrically connected, and operate independently within the device, and the at least two electrically distinct layers include: a bottom layer comprising silicon and including a transparent top surface; and one or more upper layers, wherein each of the one or more upper layers includes at least one transmissive solar cell comprising a cadmium alloy, configured to convert light energy into a first electrical power, and configured to transmit unconverted portions of the light energy toward the bottom layer, and wherein the bottom layer includes at least one solar cell configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portions of the light energy into a second electrical power.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus includes a reflective layer beneath the underlying layer.

3. A modular device, comprising: At least two electrically distinct modules, mechanically stacked, wherein the at least two electrically distinct modules are configured to be moved, replaced, or exchanged from the modular device, the at least two electrically distinct modules are not electrically connected, and each of the at least two electrically distinct modules generates power independently of the other of the at least two electrically distinct modules in the modular device, and the at least two electrically distinct modules include: a silicon module including silicon, a transparent top surface, and a plurality of solar cells; and a transmission module including a plurality of transmission solar cells, wherein each of the plurality of transmission solar cells includes a cadmium alloy, wherein the transmission module is configured to convert light energy received on a first side adjacent to one of the transparent top surfaces into a first power, and is configured to transmit an unconverted portion of the light energy to the silicon module, and wherein the silicon module is configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portion of the light energy into a second power.

4. The modular apparatus of claim 3, wherein the mechanical stacking of the at least two electrically different modules aligns each of the plurality of solar cells perpendicularly with each of the plurality of transmissive solar cells.

5. The modular apparatus of claim 3, wherein the mechanical stacking of the plurality of solar cells perpendicularly aligned with the plurality of transmissive solar cells reduces a negative effect caused by the mechanical stacking of the transmissive module on the power conversion efficiency of the silicon module.

6. A modular solar energy system, comprising: A plurality of modular devices, each modular device comprising at least two electrically distinct modules mechanically stacked therein, wherein the at least two electrically distinct modules are configured to be moved, replaced, or exchanged from the modular device; wherein the at least two electrically distinct modules are not electrically connected within the modular device and operate independently; and wherein the at least two electrically distinct modules comprise: a bottom module; and one or more upper transmission modules; wherein each of the one or more upper transmission modules is configured to convert light energy into a first electrical power and transmit an unconverted portion of the light energy toward the bottom module, wherein each bottom module is configured to convert at least a portion of the unconverted portion of the light energy into a second electrical power; the system further comprises at least two strings, wherein each of the at least two strings corresponds to and is electrically connected to a layer spanning across the plurality of modular devices and remaining strings electrically distinct from the at least two strings.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the mechanical stacking of the at least two electrically different modules causes a plurality of solar cells of the bottom module to be vertically aligned with a plurality of transmissive solar cells of the one or more upper transmissive modules.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the mechanical stacking of the plurality of solar cells perpendicularly aligned with the plurality of transmissive solar cells reduces a negative effect caused by the mechanical stacking of one or more upper transmissive modules on one of the lower modules in terms of power conversion efficiency.

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