Method and device for normalizing log-likelihood ratios for bits of transport block

Abstract

This invention discloses a system and method for normalizing the log-likelihood ratio of bits in a transport block. For narrow-band channel estimation (NBCE), a normalization factor is selected based on the estimated delay spread, cyclic prefix, estimated Doppler spread, hierarchy, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the transport block. The normalization factor is then used to proportionally adjust the input of individual bits in the transport block to form the output of individual bits in the transport block. For wide-band channel estimation, a normalization factor is selected based on the hierarchy / MCS / SNR of the transport block. The normalization factor is then used to proportionally adjust the input of individual bits in the transport block to form the output of individual bits in the transport block.

Description

Apparatus and Method for Normalizing Log-Likelihood Ratios of Bits in a Transport Block The subject matter disclosed herein relates to wireless communication. More particularly, the subject matter disclosed herein relates to a system and method for providing normalization of soft bits based on transport block parameters and channel characteristics. [Cross-Reference to Related Applications] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 324,634, filed Mar. 28, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The legacy log-likelihood ratio ( ) quantization strategy based on hierarchical level / modulation and coding scheme / SNR level (hierarchical / MCS / SNR) designed for Long-Term Evolution (LTE) may not be sufficient to cover all possible scenarios in New Radio (NR). The NR new digital scheme and NR channel estimation structure significantly affect the detector LL distribution, which may vary depending on the channel estimation (CE) mode: Narrow-Band CE (NBCE) and Wideband CE (WBCE). For NBCE, channel characteristics such as delay and Doppler spread further affect the quantization method. The choice of quantization method may also be based on several channel characteristics such as hierarchical level, MCS, SNR level, estimated Doppler spread, estimated delay spread, subcarrier spacing, and channel estimation type (narrow-band CE or wide-band CE). An example embodiment provides a method for normalizing bits of a transport block, where the method may include: receiving, by a User Equipment (UE) via a channel of a wireless network, a transport block; selecting, by the UE, a normalization factor at least in part based on a narrow-band channel estimation being used ; and scaling, by the UE, the corresponding input of each bit by to proportionally adjust the input of each bit of the transport block to respectively form the output of each bit of the transport block . In one embodiment, the normalization factor may be further selected at least in part based on one of the following : the estimated delay spread of the transport block, the cyclic prefix of the transport block, the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the normalization factor is selected may be further at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold value, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold value, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the normalization factor may be further at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold value, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the normalization factor is selected may be further at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold value, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold value, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the normalization factor is selected may be at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold value, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. An exemplary embodiment provides a method for normalizing bits of a transport block, where the method may include: receiving, by a UE, a transport block via a channel of a wireless network; selecting, by the UE, a normalization factor at least partially based on an estimate of a broadband channel being used ; and scaling, by the UE, the input of the individual bits of the transport block by multiplying by to form outputs of the individual bits of the transport block, respectively . In one embodiment, the normalization factor may be further selected at least partially based on one of the following : the rank associated with the transport block, the modulation and coding scheme of the transport block, the signal-to-noise ratio associated with the transport block, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, scaling the input of the individual bits of the transport block may further include multiplying the absolute value of the corresponding of the individual bits by by . An exemplary embodiment provides a method for normalizing bits of a transport block, where the method may include: receiving, by a UE, a transport block via a channel of a wireless network; determining, by the UE, the input of the individual bits of the transport block ; and scaling, by the UE, the corresponding inputs of the individual bits of the transport block using a normalization factor , the normalization factor can be at least partially based on the narrowband channel estimate that is being used to estimate the channel. In one embodiment, the normalization factor can further be at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transmission block is greater than a first predetermined threshold value, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transmission block is greater than a second predetermined threshold value, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transmission block is greater than a third predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the normalization factor can further be at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transmission block is greater than a first predetermined threshold value, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transmission block is less than or equal to a second predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the normalization factor can further be at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transmission block is less than or equal to a first predetermined threshold value, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transmission block is greater than a fourth predetermined threshold value, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transmission block is greater than a fifth predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In still another embodiment, the normalization factor can further be at least partially based on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transmission block is less than or equal to a first predetermined threshold value, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transmission block is less than or equal to a fifth predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the normalization factor can further be at least partially based on the estimated Doppler spread of the transmission block being less than or equal to a fifth predetermined threshold value. Example embodiments provide a method for normalizing bits of a transmission block, where the method can include: receiving, by a UE, a transmission block via a channel of a wireless network; determining, by the UE, inputs of individual bits of the transmission block ; and scaling, by the UE, corresponding inputs of the individual bits of the transmission block using a normalization factor , the normalization factor can be at least partially based on a wideband channel estimate that is being used to estimate the channel. In one embodiment, the corresponding inputs of the individual bits can be scaled respectively by multiplying by the second power of the normalization factor to form outputs of the individual bits of the transmission block . In another embodiment, scaling the inputs of the individual bits of the transmission block can further include multiplying the absolute value of the corresponding of the individual bits by the second power of the normalization factor. Example embodiments provide a device that can include a receiver and a processor. The receiver can be configured to receive a transmission block via a channel of a wireless network. The processor can be coupled to the receiver, and the processor can be configured to normalize bits of the transmission block by : The normalization factor is selected based at least in part on the narrowband channel estimate being used and one of the following : The estimated delay spread of the transport block, the cyclic prefix of the transport block, the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block, or a combination thereof; and by multiplying the corresponding input of each bit by to scale the input of each bit of the transport block to respectively form the output of each bit of the transport block . In one embodiment, the processor may be further configured to scale the input of each bit of the transport block by multiplying the absolute value of the corresponding input of each bit by to scale the input of each bit of the transport block , and the normalization factor may be further selected based at least in part on the hierarchy associated with the transport block, the modulation and coding scheme of the transport block, the signal-to-noise ratio associated with the transport block, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the processor may be further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following : The estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold value, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold value, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the processor may be further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following : The estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold value, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In still another embodiment, the processor may be further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following : The estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold value, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold value, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the processor may be further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following : The estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold value, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold value, or a combination thereof. An exemplary embodiment provides a device including a receiver and a processor. The receiver may be configured to receive a transport block via a channel of a wireless network. The processor may be coupled to the receiver, and the processor may be configured to normalize the bits of the transport block by the following operations : Select a normalization factor based at least in part on a broadband channel estimate being used ; and scale the input of an individual bit of a transmission block by multiplying the corresponding input of the individual bit by to form an output of the individual bit of the transmission block, respectively In one embodiment, the normalization factor may further be based at least in part on one of the following: a hierarchy associated with the transmission block, a modulation and coding scheme of the transmission block, a signal-to-noise ratio associated with the transmission block, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the processor may further be configured to scale the input of an individual bit of a transmission block by multiplying the absolute value of the corresponding input of the individual bit by to form an output of the individual bit of the transmission block . In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the disclosed aspects may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the subject matter disclosed herein. Throughout this specification, reference to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment disclosed herein. Thus, the appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment," "in an embodiment," "according to one embodiment," or other phrases with similar meanings throughout the specification at various places may not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In this regard, as used herein, the term "exemplary" means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" should not be construed as necessarily being preferred or better than other embodiments. Additionally, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Moreover, depending on the context of the discussion herein, singular terms may include the corresponding plural forms, and plural terms may include the corresponding singular forms. Similarly, hyphenated terms (e.g., "two-dimensional," "pre-determined," "pixel-specific," etc.) may be used interchangeably with the corresponding non-hyphenated versions (e.g., "two dimensional," "predetermined," "pixel specific," etc.), and capitalized terms (e.g., "Counter Clock," "Row Select," "PIXOUT," etc.) may be used interchangeably with the corresponding non-capitalized versions (e.g., "counter clock," "row select," "pixout," etc.). Such occasional interchangeability should not be regarded as inconsistent with each other. Moreover, depending on the context of the discussion herein, singular terms may include the corresponding plural forms, and plural terms may include the corresponding singular forms. It should be further noted that the various diagrams (including component diagrams) illustrated and discussed herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not drawn to scale. For example, for clarity, the sizes of some components may be enlarged relative to other components. Additionally, where considered appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated in the diagrams to indicate corresponding and / or similar components. The terms used herein are for the purpose of describing some example embodiments only and are not intended to limit the claimed subject matter. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms "a / an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well. It should be further understood that the terms "comprises / comprising" when used in this specification specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. As used herein, the terms "first", "second", etc. are used as labels for the nouns that precede them and do not imply any type of ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.), unless so explicitly defined. In addition, the same reference numerals may be used across two or more figures to refer to parts, components, blocks, circuits, units, or modules having the same or similar functionality. However, this usage is for simplicity of illustration and ease of discussion only; it does not imply that the construction or architectural details of such components or units are the same across all embodiments, or that such commonly referenced parts / modules are the only way to implement some of the example embodiments disclosed herein. It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being on, "connected to" or "coupled to" another element or layer, the element or layer can be directly on, directly connected to or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on" another element or layer, "directly connected to" or "directly coupled to" another element or layer, no intervening elements or layers are present. The same numerals throughout the text refer to the same elements. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, the terms "first", "second", etc. are used as labels for the nouns that precede them and do not imply any type of ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.), unless so explicitly defined. In addition, the same reference numerals may be used across two or more figures to refer to parts, components, blocks, circuits, units, or modules having the same or similar functionality. However, this usage is for simplicity of illustration and ease of discussion only; it does not imply that the construction or architectural details of such components or units are the same across all embodiments, or that such commonly referenced parts / modules are the only way to implement some of the example embodiments disclosed herein. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this subject matter belongs. It should be further understood that terms such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless explicitly so defined. As used herein, the term "module" refers to any combination of software, firmware, and / or hardware configured to provide the functionality described herein in connection with the module. For example, the software may be implemented as a software package, code, and / or instruction set or instructions, and the term "hardware" as used in any of the embodiments described herein may include, alone or in any combination, for example, an assembly, a hardwired circuit system, a programmable circuit system, a state machine circuit system, and / or firmware storing instructions executed by the programmable circuit system. The modules may be implemented jointly or individually as a circuit system forming part of a larger system, such as, but not limited to, an integrated circuit (IC), a system on-chip (SoC), and an assembly, etc. The subject matter disclosed herein provides a system and method for normalization of soft bits based on transport block parameters and channel characteristics. In one embodiment, the subject matter disclosed herein provides a normalization method based on combined channel estimation (NBCE or WBCE), delay spread, cyclic prefix length, Doppler spread, modulation order, MCS, signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR), and a digital scheme that provides decoding gain and block error rate (BLER) enhancement in NR. In any practical soft decision decoding, the LLR determined by the demodulator is quantified before being input to the decoder. The normalization factor represents the number of fractional bits in the quantized demodulated LLR, where the choice of determines the effective quantization level. An effective LLR quantization scheme (i.e., the selection technique) for a new radio (NR) system is disclosed herein, where the value is adaptively selected to vary with measurements and configurations, such as, but not limited to, modulation order, modulation, SINR, delay spread, Doppler spread, cyclic prefix length, and subcarrier spacing (SCS). FIG. 1 depicts determining the normalization factor Block diagram of a user equipment (UE) 100. The UE 100 includes an antenna 101 and a modem 102. The UE 100 may also include other components and / or modules not shown in FIG. 1. In one embodiment, the antenna 101 may be a Multiple-In, Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna. The antenna 101 may receive wireless communications, such as one or more transport blocks, via a wireless channel (not indicated) and may input the received communications to the modem 102. The modem 102 may include a detector circuit 103, an LLR calculator circuit 104, a symbol processor circuit 105, and a symbol decoder circuit 106. The detector circuit 103 detects the received communications (i.e., one or more transport blocks) as affected by the wireless channel and noise. The LLR calculator circuit 104 calculates or determines the value of each bit of the transport block. In one embodiment, the value of each of the bits of the transport block stored in the memory 107 of the symbol processor circuit 105. As described herein, the symbol processor circuit 105 determines or selects a normalization factor . The normalization factor is used by the symbol processing circuit to scale the value to form the value of each individual bit of the transport block. The value is input to the symbol decoder circuit 106, which decodes the bits of the transport block to form the transmitted message and outputs an indication of transmission through or not through at 108. Although the functionality described with respect to FIG. 1 has been described as being performed by the modem 102, it should be understood that some or all of the functionality may be performed by other components and / or modules not depicted in FIG. 1. Let represent the value of the LLR corresponding to a single bit contained in one transport block (TB) after MIMO detection, and let represent the corresponding input to the decoder circuit 106 after bit quantization. A normalization factor that can be dynamically specified for each transport block and used to select bits from an initial set of bits representing . That is, the normalization factor can be used to scale as appropriate. The normalization factor The number of fractional bits among the M bits is as follows: . (1) Value can be selected based on a combination of the following criteria, which include but are not limited to channel estimation type (narrowband CE or wideband CE), cyclic prefix length, estimated delay spread, estimated Doppler spread, subcarrier spacing, grading level, and SINR level. In one embodiment, for determining the normalization factor The standard evaluation can follow the sequence before the factor is continuously applied to value and is selected from, for example, a look-up table (LUT). FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a sequence or method 200 for evaluating the standard for determining the normalization factor for 256 QAM of grading 2. The standard for evaluating the determined normalization factor 1 for other gradings is similar. At 201, the UE determines or calculates the LLR value corresponding to each bit of the transport block allocated to the current transmission . At 202, the UE determines whether to use narrowband channel estimation (NBCE) or wideband channel estimation (WBCE). Additionally, the UE can determine the number of physical resource block groups (PRGs) for channel estimation. In one embodiment, the UE can determine whether the number of PRGs for channel estimation is less than 4. If at 202, WBCE is to be used and the number of PRGs for channel estimation is greater than a predetermined number of PRGs, the process continues to 203, where the grading, MCS, and SINR of the transport block are used by the UE to access and select the normalization factor from LUT0 at 204. For example, if at 202, the number of PRGs for channel estimation is greater than a predetermined number of PRGs, the UE can directly use the grading, MCS, and SINR of the transport block to access and select the normalization factor from LUT0. The process continues to 205, where, for example, a symbol processor circuit calculates or determines the of each bit of the transport block using equation (1) based on the normalization factor selected from LUT0 at 204 . If at 202, NBCE is to be used and if the size of the PRG is less than a threshold value (i.e., PRG size < 4), the process continues to 206, where the UE determines whether the estimated delay spread is greater than the threshold value 。In one embodiment, for a very large estimated delay spread, the threshold value can be 4000 nanoseconds. If so, the process continues to 207, where the UE determines whether the delay divided by the length of the cyclic prefix is greater than a first threshold value 。In one embodiment, the first threshold value can be 0.8. If so, the process continues to 208, where the UE determines whether the estimated Doppler spread is greater than a first estimated Doppler spread threshold value 。In one embodiment, for a very large Doppler scenario, the first estimated Doppler spread threshold value can be 200 Hertz. If so, the process continues to 209, where the grading / MCS / SINR of the transport block is used by the UE to access and select a normalization factor from LUT1 at 210 。The process continues to 205, where, for example, a symbol processor circuit uses Equation (1) to determine the bits of the transport block based on the normalization factor selected from LUT1 at 210 。 If at 208, the UE determines that the estimated Doppler spread is less than or equal to the first estimated Doppler spread threshold value ,then the process continues to 211, where the grading / MCS / SINR of the transport block is used by the UE to access and select a normalization factor from LUT2 at 212 。The process continues to 205, where, for example, a symbol processor circuit uses Equation (1) to determine the bits of the transport block based on the normalization factor selected from LUT2 at 212 。 If at 207, the UE determines that the length of the cyclic prefix is less than or equal to a first cyclic prefix length threshold value ,then the process continues to 211, where the grading / MCS / SINR of the transport block is used by the UE to access and select a normalization factor from LUT2 at 212 。The process continues to 205, where, for example, a symbol processor circuit uses Equation (1) to determine the bits of the transport block based on the normalization factor selected from LUT2 at 212 。 If at 206, the UE determines that the delay spread is less than or equal to the delay spread threshold value , the process then continues to 213, where the UE determines whether the delay divided by the length of the cyclic prefix is greater than a second threshold value . In one embodiment, the second threshold value can be the same as the first threshold value , which is 0.8 in one embodiment, but it should be understood that the second threshold value can be different from the first threshold value . If so, the process then continues to 214, where the UE determines whether the estimated Doppler spread is greater than a second estimated Doppler spread threshold value . In one embodiment, the second estimated Doppler spread threshold value can be the same as the first estimated Doppler spread threshold value , which is 200 Hz in one embodiment, but it should be understood that the second estimated Doppler spread threshold value can be different from the first estimated Doppler spread threshold value . If so, the process then continues to 215, where the classification / MCS / SINR of the transport block is used by the UE to access and select a normalization factor from LUT3 at 216 . The process then continues to 205, where, for example, a symbol processor circuit uses Equation (1) to determine the bits of the transport block based on the normalization factor selected from LUT3 at 216 . If, at 214, the UE determines that the estimated Doppler spread is less than or equal to the second estimated Doppler spread threshold value , the process then continues to 217, where the classification / MCS / SINR of the transport block is used by the UE to access and select a normalization factor from LUT4 at 218 . The process then continues to 205, where, for example, a symbol processor circuit uses Equation (1) to determine the bits of the transport block based on the normalization factor selected from LUT4 at 218 . If, at 213, the UE determines that the length of the cyclic prefix is less than or equal to a second cyclic prefix length threshold value , the process then continues to 217, where the classification / MCS / SINR of the transport block is used by the UE to access and select a normalization factor from LUT4 at 218 . The process then continues to 205, where, for example, a symbol processing circuit uses Equation (1) to determine the to determine the bits of the transport block . Table 1 illustrates example pseudocode of the flowchart of FIG. 2 corresponding to the normalization factors for selecting examples for hierarchical 2 256 QAM according to the subject matter disclosed herein. Table 1. Q-factor selection varying with delay, CP length, and Doppler spread. of the flowchart of FIG. 2. Table 1. Q-factor selection varying with delay, CP length, and Doppler spread. Table 2 illustrates example pseudocode of a LUT for value selection based on SINR based on examples according to the subject matter disclosed herein. Table 2 FIG. 3 depicts an electronic device 300 that may include an interface in one embodiment according to the subject matter disclosed herein, the interface including functionality for normalizing soft bits based on transport section parameters and channel characteristics. The electronic device 300 and various system components of the electronic device 300 may be formed by one or more modules. The electronic device 300 may include a controller (or CPU) 310, an input / output device 320 (such as but not limited to a keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen display, 2D image sensor, 3D image sensor), a memory 330, an interface 340, a GPU 350, an imaging processing unit 360, a neural processing unit 370, and a TOF processing unit 380 that are coupled to each other via a bus 390. The controller 310 may include, for example, at least one microprocessor, at least one digital signal processor, at least one microcontroller, or the like. The memory 330 may be configured to store commands to be used by the controller 310 and / or to store user code. Interface 340 can be configured to include a wireless interface that is configured to transmit data to or receive data from a wireless communication network, such as a wireless communication network, using RF signals. In one embodiment, interface 340 includes functionality for normalizing soft bits based on transport block parameters and channel characteristics according to the subject matter disclosed herein. The wireless interface 340 may also include, for example, an antenna. The electronic system 300 can also be used in communication interface protocols of communication systems, such as but not limited to Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), North American Digital Communications (NADC), Extended Time Division Multiple Access (E-TDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, Municipal Wi-Fi (Muni Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Wireless Universal Serial Bus (Wireless USB), Fast low-latency access with seamless handoff Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (Flash-OFDM), IEEE 802.20. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), iBurst, Wireless Broadband (WiBro), WiMAX, Advanced WiMAX, Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service-Time Division Duplex (UMTS-TDD), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Evolution Data Optimized (EVDO), Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-Advanced), Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), Fifth-Generation Wireless (5G), Sixth-Generation Wireless (6G), etc. The embodiments of the subject matter and the operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry or in computer software, firmware, or hardware (including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents) or in a combination of one or more of them. The embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer programs, that is, one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer storage medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, a data processing apparatus. Alternatively or additionally, the program instructions can be encoded on an artificially generated propagated signal (for example, a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal) that is generated to encode information for transmission to a suitable receiver apparatus for execution by the data processing apparatus. The computer storage medium can be or be included in a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or a combination thereof. In addition, when the computer storage medium is not a propagated signal, the computer storage medium can be a source or destination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificially generated propagated signal. The computer storage medium can also be one or more separate physical components or media (for example, multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices) or be included in one or more separate physical components or media. Additionally, the operations described in this specification can be implemented as operations performed by a data processing apparatus on data stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources. Although this specification may contain many specific implementation details, the implementation details should not be regarded as limitations on the scope of any claimed subject matter, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments. Certain features described in the context of individual embodiments in this specification may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, the various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented separately in multiple embodiments or in any suitable sub-combination. In addition, although the features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from the claimed combination may in some cases be deleted from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or a variant of a sub-combination. Similarly, although operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be construed as requiring that the operations be performed in the particular order shown or in a sequential order, or that all of the illustrated operations be performed to achieve a desirable result. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. In addition, the separation of the various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood to require such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. Accordingly, specific embodiments of the subject matter have been described herein. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the acts recited in the claims may be performed in a different order and still achieve a desirable result. Additionally, the processes depicted in the accompanying drawings do not necessarily require the particular order or sequential order shown to achieve a desirable result. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the novel concepts described herein can be modified and varied over a wide range of applications. Accordingly, the scope of the claimed subject matter should not be limited to any of the particular illustrative teachings discussed above, but is in fact defined by the following claims. 100: User Equipment 101: Antenna 102: Modem 103: Detector Circuit 104: LLR Calculator Circuit 105: Symbol Processor Circuit 106: Symbol Decoder Circuit 107, 330: Memory 200: Method 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218: Steps 300: Electronic Device 310: Controller 320: Input / Output Device 340: Interface 350: GPU 360: Imaging Processing Unit 370: Neural Processing Unit 380: TOF Processing Unit 390: Bus In the following sections, aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein will be described with reference to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 depicts a user equipment for determining a normalization factor according to the subject matter disclosed herein of FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a sequence or method for evaluating a criterion for determining a normalization factor for 256 QAM of order 2 according to the subject matter disclosed herein . FIG. 3 depicts an electronic device that may include an interface in one embodiment according to the subject matter disclosed herein, the interface including functionality for normalizing soft bits based on transmission section parameters and channel characteristics. 100: User equipment 101: Antenna 102: Modem 103: Detector circuit 104: LLR calculator circuit 105: Symbol processor circuit 106: Symbol decoder circuit 107: Memory

Claims

1. A method for normalizing the log-likelihood ratio (LPR) of bits in a transport block, the method comprising: The transport block is received by the user equipment (UE) via a channel of the wireless network; The UE selects a normalization factor based at least in part on the narrow-band channel estimation in use; and the UE proportionally adjusts the input of the individual bits of the transport block by multiplying the corresponding input of the individual bits to form the output of the individual bits of the transport block respectively.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selection of the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block, the cyclic prefix of the transport block, the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block, or a combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the selection of the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the selection of the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the selection of the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein the selection of the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

7. A method for normalizing the log-likelihood ratio of bits in a transport block, the method comprising: The transport block is received by the user equipment (UE) via a channel of the wireless network; The UE determines the input of individual bits of the transmission block; The UE uses a normalization factor to proportionally adjust the corresponding input of each individual bit of the transport block, the normalization factor being at least partially based on a narrowband channel estimate being used to estimate the channel.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than or equal to a second predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than or equal to a first predetermined threshold, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a fourth predetermined threshold, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a fifth predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the normalization factor is further based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than or equal to a first predetermined threshold, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than or equal to a fifth predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the normalization factor is further based at least in part on the estimated Doppler extension of the transport block being less than or equal to a fifth predetermined threshold.

13. An apparatus for normalizing the log-likelihood ratio of bits in a transport block, the apparatus comprising: The receiver is configured to receive transmitted blocks via a wireless network channel; and a processor, coupled to the receiver, the processor being configured to normalize the log-likelihood ratio of the bits of the transport block by: selecting a normalization factor at least in part based on the narrowband channel estimation being used and one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block, the cyclic prefix of the transport block, the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block, or a combination thereof, and by proportionally adjusting the inputs of the individual bits of the transport block by multiplying the corresponding inputs of the individual bits to form the outputs of the individual bits of the transport block respectively.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to proportionally adjust the input of the individual bits of the transport block by multiplying the absolute value of the corresponding input of the individual bits, and wherein the normalization factor is further based at least in part on a classification associated with the transport block, a modulation and coding scheme of the transport block, a signal-to-noise ratio associated with the transport block, or a combination thereof.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is greater than a first predetermined threshold, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold, the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is greater than a second predetermined threshold, and the estimated Doppler spread of the transport block is greater than a third predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to select the normalization factor based at least in part on one of the following: the estimated delay spread of the transport block is less than a first predetermined threshold, and the estimated delay spread divided by the cyclic prefix of the transport block is less than a second predetermined threshold, or a combination thereof.

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