Coordinated device-to-device communications

Abstract

In summary, the various aspects of the technologies, methods, and devices described in this case relate to enabling coexistence between WLAN and P2P networks, and specifically to coordinated D2D communication. Some aspects particularly relate to extending the capability of TWT elements sent by the AP to support periodic reserved fetch windows, during which D2D-enabled wireless devices are allowed to send direct wireless communication. Other aspects relate to sharing time and frequency resources via CAP TDMA or CAP OFDMA technologies, and more specifically to allocating at least some time and frequency resources specifically for D2D communication. Some other states relate to periodic coordinated access windows, during which the AP is scheduled for contention, but D2D devices are not allowed to contend for access during the periodic coordinated access window. More specifically, some other states relate to scheduling reserved access windows within the periodic coordinated access window, during which D2D devices can send direct communications to other D2D devices without regard to the permissions associated with the periodic coordinated access window.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This patent application claims priority to the following applications: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 942,292, filed by Cherian et al. on December 2, 2019 and entitled "COORDINATED DEVICE-TO-DEVICE COMMUNICATIONS"; and U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 16 / 951,873, filed by Cherian et al. on November 18, 2020 and entitled "COORDINATED DEVICE-TO-DEVICE COMMUNICATIONS", both of which are assigned to the assignee of this case and are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] Generally speaking, this invention relates to wireless communications, and more specifically, this invention relates to coordinated device-to-device communications. Prior Art

[0003] A wireless local area network (WLAN) can be formed by one or more wireless access points (APs) that provide a shared wireless communication medium for use by multiple client devices, also known as wireless stations (STAs). The basic building block of a WLAN that complies with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 series of standards is the basic service set (BSS), which is managed by the AP. Each BSS is identified by a basic service set identifier (BSSID) advertised by the AP. The AP periodically broadcasts a beacon frame to enable any STA within the wireless range of the AP to establish or maintain a communication link with the WLAN.

[0004] In addition to participating in a WLAN, STAs may also participate in peer-to-peer (P2P), ad hoc, or mesh networks. In such cases, STAs may communicate directly with each other via P2P wireless links without the use of an intermediate AP. In some deployments, general infrastructure traffic to and from an AP and associated set of STAs may interfere with P2P traffic between STAs, and vice versa. Techniques for achieving coexistence are desired. Summary of the invention

[0005] The systems, methods, and apparatus of the present disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

[0006] In general, the described subject matter is about enabling coexistence between WLAN and P2P or ad hoc networks, and in particular about coordinated device-to-device (D2D) communication. An innovative aspect of the subject matter described in the present invention can be implemented as a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless communication device operating in or as a first wireless access point, the wireless communication device including at least one modem, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one modem, and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code, the processor-readable code being configured to perform the method when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem. The method includes: sending a first wireless packet to at least a first wireless station set in a first basic service set (BSS) controlled by the first wireless access point, each wireless station in the first wireless station set being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations, the first wireless packet including an indication of a periodic reserved access window, the indication indicating to the first wireless station set that it is allowed to send direct wireless communication to other wireless stations in the first wireless station set on one or more wireless channels during the periodic reserved access window. The method further includes: avoiding sending wireless communication during the periodic reserved access window.

[0007] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in the present case can be implemented as a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless communication device operating in a first wireless station or operating as a first wireless station, the wireless communication device including at least one modem, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one modem, and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code, the processor-readable code being configured to perform the method when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem. The method includes: receiving a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS, the first BSS including a first wireless station set, the first wireless station set including the first wireless station, the first wireless station being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations, the first wireless packet including an indication of a periodic reserved access window, the indication indicating to the first wireless station that it is allowed to send direct wireless communication to one or more other wireless stations in the first wireless station set on one or more wireless channels during the periodic reserved access window. The method further includes: directly sending a second wireless packet to another wireless station during at least one periodic reserved access window in the periodic reserved access windows.

[0008] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in the present case can be implemented as a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless communication device operating in or as a first wireless access point, the wireless communication device including at least one modem, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one modem, and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code, the processor-readable code being configured to perform the method when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem. The method includes: obtaining a transmission opportunity for wireless communication via one or more wireless channels. The method also includes: selecting one or more other wireless access points to participate in the transmission opportunity. The method also includes: allocating a corresponding set of time and frequency resources from a plurality of sets of time and frequency resources of the transmission opportunity to each of the first wireless access point and the selected wireless access point. The method also includes: allocating a first subset of the set of time and frequency resources allocated to the first wireless access point to a first set of wireless stations in a BSS controlled by the first wireless access point for direct wireless communication with the other wireless stations. The method also includes: sending a first wireless packet to one or more selected wireless access points, the first wireless packet including, for each of the selected wireless access points, an indication of the set of time and frequency resources allocated to the corresponding wireless access point. The method further includes: sending a second wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the second wireless packet including an indication of the first subset of time and frequency resources. The method further includes: avoiding sending wireless communications in the first subset of time and frequency resources.

[0009] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in the present case can be implemented as a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless communication device operating in a first wireless access point or operating as a first wireless access point, the wireless communication device including at least one modem, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one modem, and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code, the processor-readable code being configured to perform the method when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem. The method includes: receiving a first wireless packet from a second wireless access point, the first wireless packet indicating that a plurality of time and frequency resources of a transmission opportunity owned by the second wireless access point can be shared by the second wireless access point. The method also includes: sending a second wireless packet to the second wireless access point, the second wireless packet indicating a desire to participate in the transmission opportunity. The method also includes: receiving a third wireless packet from the second wireless access point, the third wireless packet including an indication of a first set of time and frequency resources in the plurality of time and frequency resources, the first set of time and frequency resources being allocated to the first wireless access point and being usable by the first wireless access point to send data to or receive data from a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by the first wireless access point during the transmission opportunity. The method also includes: allocating a first subset of time and frequency resources of the first set of time and frequency resources allocated to the first wireless access point to the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The method further includes: sending a fourth wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the fourth wireless packet including an indication of the first subset of time and frequency resources. The method further includes: avoiding sending wireless communications in the first subset of time and frequency resources.

[0010] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in the present case can be implemented as a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless communication device operating in a first wireless station or operating as a first wireless station, the wireless communication device comprising at least one modem, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one modem, and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code, the processor-readable code being configured to perform the method when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem. The method comprises: receiving a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS, the first BSS comprising a first wireless station set, the first wireless station set comprising the first wireless station, the first wireless station set being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations, the first wireless packet comprising an indication of a first time and frequency resource subset of a first time and frequency resource set allocated to the first BSS from a plurality of time and frequency resource sets of transmission opportunities owned by the first wireless access point or the second wireless access point, the first time and frequency resource subset being allocated for use by the first wireless station set for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The method further includes: using the first subset of time and frequency resources to directly send a second wireless packet to another wireless station.

[0011] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in the present case can be implemented as a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless communication device operating in or as a first wireless access point, the wireless communication device including at least one modem, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one modem, and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code, the processor-readable code being configured to perform the method when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem. The method includes: exchanging one or more first wireless packets with a first set of wireless access points including the first wireless access point to coordinate the scheduling of a periodic coordinated access window, during which the first set of wireless access points is scheduled to contend for access to one or more wireless channels. The method also includes: sending a second wireless packet, the second wireless packet including a first indication of the periodic coordinated access window. The method also includes: determining that a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by the first wireless access point is operating a neighbor awareness network (NAN) network, each wireless station of the first set of wireless stations is configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations in the NAN network, and during the periodic coordinated access window, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to contend for access to the one or more wireless channels. The method further includes: sending a third wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the third wireless packet including a second indication of a reserved access window within one or more periodic coordinated access windows in the periodic coordinated access window, the second indication being used to indicate that the first set of wireless stations is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations in the NAN network on the one or more wireless channels regardless of the first indication. The method further includes: avoiding sending wireless communications during the reserved access window.

[0012] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in the present case can be implemented as a method of wireless communication. The method can be performed by a wireless communication device operating in a first wireless station or operating as a first wireless station, the wireless communication device including at least one modem, at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one modem, and at least one memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code, the processor-readable code being configured to perform the method when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem. The method includes: forming or joining a neighbor awareness network (NAN) network, the NAN network including a first wireless station set, the first wireless station set including the first wireless station, each wireless station of the first wireless station set being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations in the NAN network. The method also includes: receiving a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point that controls a first BSS that includes the first wireless station set, the first wireless packet including a first indication of a periodic coordinated access window, during which wireless access points including the first wireless access point are scheduled to contend for access to one or more wireless channels, and during which wireless stations including the first wireless station set are not allowed to contend for access to the one or more wireless channels. The method further includes: receiving a second wireless packet from the first wireless access point, the second wireless packet including a second indication of a reserved access window within one or more of the periodic coordinated access windows, the second indication being used to indicate that the first wireless station set is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations in the NAN network on the one or more wireless channels without considering the first indication. The method further includes: sending a third wireless packet directly to another wireless station during at least one of the reserved access windows. Simple diagram description

[0013] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in the present invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the following description. However, the accompanying drawings illustrate only some typical aspects of the present invention and should not be considered to limit its scope. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

[0014] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example wireless communication network.

[0015] 2A illustrates an example protocol data unit (PDU) that may be used for communication between an access point (AP) and a plurality of stations (STAs).

[0016] FIG. 2B illustrates example fields in the PDU of FIG. 2A .

[0017] FIG. 3A illustrates another example PDU that may be used for communication between an AP and a plurality of STAs.

[0018] FIG. 3B illustrates another example PDU that may be used for communication between an AP and a plurality of STAs.

[0019] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing another example wireless communication network.

[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device.

[0021] 6A illustrates a block diagram of an example access point (AP).

[0022] 6B illustrates a block diagram of an example station (STA).

[0023] 7 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process for wireless communications in support of coordinated device-to-device (D2D) communications, according to some implementations.

[0024] 8 illustrates a timing diagram of an example periodic reserved access window to support coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0025] 9 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process for wireless communications in support of coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0026] 10 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process for wireless communications in support of coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0027] 11 illustrates a timing diagram of example reserved time resources to support coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0028] 12 illustrates a timing diagram of example reserved frequency resources to support coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0029] 13 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process for wireless communications in support of coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0030] 14 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process for wireless communications in support of coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0031] 15 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process for wireless communications in support of coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0032] 16 illustrates a timing diagram of an example reserved access window to support coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0033] 17 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process for wireless communications in support of coordinated D2D communications, according to some implementations.

[0034] 18 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0035] 19 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0036] 20 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0037] 21 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0038] 22 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0039] 23 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0040] 24 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations.

[0041] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. Implementation

[0042] For the purpose of describing the innovative aspects of the present invention, the following description is directed to some specific implementations. However, it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the teachings herein can be applied in a variety of different ways. The described implementations can be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of sending and receiving radio frequency (RF) signals according to any of the following: the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, the IEEE 802.15 standard, the Bluetooth® standard as defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), or the Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3G, 4G, or 5G (New Radio (NR)) standards issued by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as well as other standards. The described implementations may also be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of sending and receiving RF signals according to any of the following techniques or methods: code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), single user (SU) multiple input multiple output (MIMO), and multi-user (MU) MIMO. The described implementations may also be implemented using other wireless communication protocols or RF signals suitable for use in one or more of the following: wireless personal area network (WPAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), wireless wide area network (WWAN), or Internet of Things (IOT) network.

[0043] Various aspects of the technology, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein generally relate to enabling coexistence between WLANs and peer-to-peer (P2P) or ad hoc networks, and more particularly to coordinated device-to-device (D2D) communications. Some aspects specifically relate to extending the capability of a target wake time (TWT) element sent by a wireless access point to support periodic reserved access windows during which D2D-enabled wireless devices are allowed to send direct wireless communications to other D2D-enabled wireless devices.

[0044] Some other aspects relate to sharing time and frequency resources of a wireless medium, and more specifically, to coordinated access point (CAP) time division multiple access (TDMA) or CAP orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) techniques for sharing time and frequency resources of transmission opportunities. According to such techniques, a wireless access point that wins contention and obtains access to a wireless medium during the duration of a TXOP may share its time and frequency resources with other coordinated access points. Subsequently, the coordinated access points may specifically allocate at least some of their respective time and frequency resources exclusively for D2D communication.

[0045] In some other aspects, a D2D-enabled wireless device may form or join a P2P network that also includes a first set of other D2D-enabled wireless devices. The D2D-enabled wireless device may receive a first indication from a wireless access point indicating a periodic coordinated access window during which the wireless access point is scheduled for contention access and during which the set of D2D-enabled wireless devices are not allowed to contention access. The D2D-enabled wireless device may also receive a second indication of a reserved access window within one or more of the periodic coordinated access windows during which at least some of the set of D2D-enabled wireless devices are allowed to send direct wireless communications to the network of other D2D-enabled wireless devices without regard to a permission associated with the first indication.

[0046] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication network 100. According to some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 may be an example of a wireless local area network (WLAN) such as a Wi-Fi network (and will be referred to as WLAN 100 hereinafter). For example, the WLAN 100 may be a network that implements at least one of the IEEE 802.11 series of wireless communication protocol standards (such as the standards defined by the IEEE 802.11-2016 specification or its amendments, including but not limited to 802.11ay, 802.11ax, 802.11az, 802.11ba, and 802.11be). The WLAN 100 may include a plurality of wireless communication devices, such as an access point (AP) 102 and a plurality of stations (STAs) 104. Although only one AP 102 is illustrated, the WLAN network 100 may also include a plurality of APs 102.

[0047] Each of the STAs 104 may also be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a mobile device, a mobile phone, a wireless phone, an access terminal (AT), a user equipment (UE), a subscriber station (SS), or a user unit, among other possibilities. The STAs 104 may represent a variety of devices, such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), other handheld devices, small notebooks, notebook computers, tablet computers, laptop computers, display devices (e.g., TVs, computer monitors, navigation systems, and other devices), music or other audio or stereo equipment, remote control devices ("remote devices"), printers, kitchen or other home appliances, key cards (e.g., for passive keyless entry and start (PKES) systems), and other possibilities.

[0048] A single AP 102 and the associated set of STAs 104 may be referred to as a basic service set (BSS) managed by the respective AP 102. FIG. 1 further illustrates an example coverage area 106 of the AP 102, which may represent a basic service area (BSA) of the WLAN 100. The BSS may be identified to a user via a service set identifier (SSID) and may also be identified to other devices via a basic service set identifier (BSSID), which may be a media access control (MAC) address of the AP 102. The AP 102 periodically broadcasts a beacon frame (“beacon”) including the BSSID to enable any STA 104 within the wireless range of the AP 102 to “associate” or re-associate with the AP 102 to establish or maintain a corresponding communication link 108 (hereinafter also referred to as a “Wi-Fi link”) with the AP 102. For example, the beacon may include an identification of a primary channel used by the corresponding AP 102 and a timing synchronization function for establishing or maintaining timing synchronization with the AP 102. The AP 102 may provide access to external networks to each STA 104 in the WLAN via a corresponding communication link 108.

[0049] To establish a communication link 108 with an AP 102, each of the STAs 104 is configured to perform passive or active scanning operations ("scanning") on frequency channels in one or more frequency bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, or 60 GHz bands). To perform passive scanning, the STA 104 listens for beacons transmitted by the corresponding AP 102 at periodic time intervals (measured in time units (TUs), one TU being equal to 1024 microseconds (µs)) called target beacon transmission times (TBTTs). To perform active scanning, the STA 104 generates probe requests and sequentially transmits probe requests on each channel to be scanned, and listens for probe responses from the AP 102. Each STA 104 may be configured to identify or select an AP 102 with which to associate based on the scanning information obtained via passive or active scanning, and perform authentication and association operations to establish a communication link 108 with the selected AP 102. The AP 102 assigns an association identifier (AID) to the STA 104 at the end of the association operation, and the AP 102 uses the AID to track the STA 104.

[0050] As wireless networks become more popular, a STA 104 may have the opportunity to select one of multiple BSSs within the STA's range, or multiple APs 102 that together form an extended service set (ESS) that includes multiple connected BSSs. Extended network stations associated with the WLAN 100 may be connected to a wired or wireless distribution system that allows multiple APs 102 to be connected in such an ESS. Thus, a STA 104 may be covered by more than one AP 102 and may associate with different APs 102 at different times for different transmissions. Additionally, after association with an AP 102, the STA 104 may also be configured to periodically scan its surroundings to find a more suitable AP 102 to associate with. For example, a STA 104 that is moving relative to its associated AP 102 may perform a "roaming" scan to find another AP 102 with more desirable network characteristics, such as a larger received signal strength indicator (RSSI) or reduced traffic load.

[0051] In some cases, the STAs 104 may form a network without the AP 102 or other devices other than the STAs 104 themselves. An example of such a network is an ad hoc network (or wireless ad hoc network). An ad hoc network may alternatively be referred to as a mesh network or a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. In some cases, an ad hoc network may be implemented within a larger wireless network, such as the WLAN 100. In such an implementation, although the STAs 104 are able to communicate with each other via the AP 102 using the communication link 108, the STAs 104 may also communicate directly with each other via a direct wireless link 110. In addition, two STAs 104 may communicate via the direct communication link 110 regardless of whether both STAs 104 are associated with and served by the same AP 102. In such an ad hoc system, one or more of the STAs 104 may assume the role played by the AP 102 in the BSS. Such STA 104 may be referred to as a group owner (GO) and may coordinate transmissions within an ad hoc network. Examples of direct wireless links 110 include Wi-Fi direct connections, connections established via a Wi-Fi Tunnel Direct Link Establishment (TDLS) link, and other P2P group connections.

[0052] The AP 102 and the STA 104 may perform and communicate (via corresponding communication links 108) in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless communication protocol standards (such as those defined by the IEEE 802.11-2016 specification or its amendments, including but not limited to 802.11ay, 802.11ax, 802.11az, 802.11ba, and 802.11be). Such standards define WLAN radio and baseband protocols for the PHY and media access control (MAC) layers. The AP 102 and the STA 104 send and receive wireless communications (hereinafter also referred to as "Wi-Fi communications") in the form of PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) (or physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) PDUs) to and from each other. The AP 102 and STA 104 in the WLAN 100 may send PPDUs on an unlicensed spectrum, which may be a portion of the spectrum that includes frequency bands traditionally used by Wi-Fi technology, such as the 2.4 GHz band, the 5 GHz band, the 60 GHz band, the 3.6 GHz band, and the 900 MHz band. Some implementations of the AP 102 and STA 104 described herein may also communicate in other frequency bands, such as the 6 GHz band, that may support both licensed and unlicensed communications. The AP 102 and STA 104 may also be configured to communicate in other frequency bands, such as shared licensed frequency bands, where multiple service providers may have authorization to operate in the same or overlapping frequency bands or bands.

[0053] Each of the frequency bands may include multiple sub-bands or multiple frequency channels. For example, a PPDU compliant with IEEE 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax, and 802.11be standard amendments may be sent on a 2.4, 5 GHz, or 6 GHz frequency band, each of which is divided into multiple 20 MHz channels. Thus, the PPDUs are sent on a physical channel with a minimum bandwidth of 20 MHz, but larger channels may be formed through channel constraining. For example, a PPDU may be sent on a physical channel with a bandwidth of 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160, or 320 MHz by constraining multiple 20 MHz channels together.

[0054] Each PPDU is a composite structure that includes a PHY preamble and a payload in the form of a PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU). A receiving device can use the information provided in the preamble to decode subsequent data in the PSDU. In instances where the PPDU is sent on a constrained channel, the preamble fields may be replicated and sent in each of a plurality of component channels. The PHY preamble may include both a legacy portion (or "legacy preamble") and a non-legacy portion (or "non-legacy preamble"). The legacy preamble may be used for packet detection, automatic gain control, and channel estimation, among other purposes. The legacy preamble may also be generally used to maintain compatibility with legacy devices. The format, encoding, and information provided therein of the non-legacy portion of the preamble are based on the specific IEEE 802.11 protocol to be used to send the payload.

[0055] FIG. 2A illustrates an example protocol data unit (PDU) 200 that may be used for wireless communication between an AP and a plurality of STAs. For example, the PDU 200 may be configured as a PPDU. As shown, the PDU 200 includes a PHY preamble 202 and a PHY payload 204. For example, the preamble 202 may include a legacy portion, which itself includes a legacy short training field (L-STF) 206 that may be composed of two BPSK symbols, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) 208 that may be composed of two BPSK symbols, and a legacy signal field (L-SIG) 210 that may be composed of two BPSK symbols. The legacy portion of the preamble 202 may be configured in accordance with the IEEE 802.11a wireless communication protocol standard. The preamble 202 may also include a non-legacy portion, which includes, for example, one or more non-legacy fields 212 that conform to an IEEE wireless communication protocol (such as IEEE 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11be, or a later wireless communication protocol standard).

[0056] The L-STF 206 generally enables the receiving device to perform automatic gain control (AGC) and coarse timing and frequency estimation. The L-LTF 208 generally enables the receiving device to perform fine timing and frequency estimation, and also to perform an initial estimation of the wireless channel. The L-SIG 210 generally enables the receiving device to determine the duration of the PDU and use the determined duration to avoid transmitting on the PDU. For example, the L-STF 206, L-LTF 208, and L-SIG 210 can be modulated according to a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation scheme. The payload 204 can be modulated according to a BPSK modulation scheme, a quadrature BPSK (Q-BPSK) modulation scheme, a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme, or another suitable modulation scheme. The payload 204 may include a PSDU including a data field (Data) 214, which in turn may carry higher layer data, for example, in the form of a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol data unit (MPDU) or an Aggregate MPDU (A-MPDU).

[0057] FIG. 2B illustrates an example L-SIG 210 in the PDU 200 of FIG. 2A. The L-SIG 210 includes a data rate field 222, a reserved bit 224, a length field 226, a parity bit 228, and a tail field 230. The data rate field 222 indicates the data rate (note that the data rate indicated in the data rate field 212 may not be the actual data rate of the data carried in the payload 204). The length field 226 indicates the length of the packet in units of, for example, symbols or bytes. The parity bit 228 may be used to detect bit errors. The tail field 230 includes tail bits that may be used by a receiving device to terminate the operation of a decoder (e.g., a Viterbi decoder). The receiving device may use the data rate and length indicated in the data rate field 222 and the length field 226 to determine the duration of the packet in units of, for example, microseconds (µs) or other time units.

[0058] 3A illustrates another example PDU 300 that can be used for wireless communication between an AP and a plurality of STAs. The PDU 300 can be used for MU-OFDMA or MU-MIMO transmission. The PDU 300 includes a PHY preamble signal, which includes a legacy portion 302 and a non-legacy portion 304. The PDU 300 can further include a PHY payload 306, for example, in the form of a PSDU including a data field 324, after the preamble signal. The legacy portion 302 of the preamble signal includes an L-STF 308, an L-LTF 310, and an L-SIG 312. The non-legacy portion 304 and the data field 374 of the preamble signal can be formatted as a high-efficiency (HE) WLAN preamble signal and a frame, respectively, according to the IEEE 802.11ax revision of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standard. The non-legacy portion 304 includes a repeating legacy signal field (RL-SIG) 314, a first HE signal field (HE-SIG-A) 316, a second HE signal field (HE-SIG-B) 318 that is encoded separately from the HE-SIG-A 316, a HE short training field (HE-STF) 320, and a plurality of HE long training fields (HE-LTF) 322. As with the L-STF 308, L-LTF 310, and L-SIG 312, in the case involving the use of the accompanying channel, the information in the RL-SIG 314 and HE-SIG-A 316 may be replicated and sent in each of the component 20 MHz channels. In contrast, the HE-SIG-B 318 may be unique to each 20 MHz channel and may be targeted to a specific STA 104.

[0059] The RL-SIG 314 may indicate to the HE-compatible STAs 104 that the PPDU is a HE PPDU. The AP 102 may use the HE-SIG-A 316 to identify and inform multiple STAs 104 that the AP has scheduled UL or DL ​​resources for them. The HE-SIG-A 316 may be decoded by each HE-compatible STA 104 served by the AP 102. The HE-SIG-A 316 includes information that may be used by each identified STA 104 to decode the associated HE-SIG-B 318. For example, the HE-SIG-A 316 may indicate the frame format, including the location and length of the HE-SIG-B 318, the available channel bandwidth, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and other possibilities. The HE-SIG-A 316 may also include HE WLAN signaling information that may be used by STAs 104 other than the multiple identified STAs 104.

[0060] The HE-SIG-B 318 may carry STA-specific scheduling information, such as per-user MCS values ​​and per-user RU allocation information. In the context of DL MU-OFDMA, such information enables each STA 104 to identify and decode the corresponding RU in the associated data field. Each HE-SIG-B 318 includes a common field and at least one STA-specific ("user-specific") field. The common field may indicate RU allocations for multiple STAs 104, indicate RU assignments in the frequency domain, indicate which RUs are allocated for MU-MIMO transmissions and which RUs correspond to MU-OFDMA transmissions, and the number of users in the allocation, among other possibilities. The common field may be encoded using common bits, CRC bits, and tail bits. The user-specific field is assigned to a specific STA 104 and may be used to schedule specific RUs and indicate the schedule to other WLAN devices. Each user-specific field may include multiple user block fields (which may be followed by padding). Each user block field may include two user fields containing information for two corresponding STAs to decode their respective RU payloads in the data field 324.

[0061] 3B illustrates an example PPDU 350 that may be used for wireless communication between an AP and a plurality of STAs according to some implementations. The PPDU 350 may be used for SU, MU-OFDMA, or MU-MIMO transmissions. The PPDU 350 includes a PHY preamble signal, the PHY preamble signal including a legacy portion 352 and a non-legacy portion 354. The PPDU 350 may further include a PHY payload 356 after the preamble signal, for example in the form of a PSDU including a data field 376. The legacy portion 352 includes an L-STF 358, an L-LTF 360, and an L-SIG 362. The non-legacy portion 354 of the preamble and the data field 376 may be formatted as an extremely high throughput (EHT) WLAN preamble and frame, respectively, in accordance with the IEEE 802.11be revision of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standard, or may be formatted as a preamble and frame, respectively, conforming to any later (post-HE) version of a new wireless communication protocol conforming to a future IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standard or other standards.

[0062] The non-legacy portion 354 of the preamble signal includes a second signal field (referred to herein as "Pre-SIG") 366, a third signal field (referred to herein as "EHT-SIG-A", but it may be constructed as other wireless communication protocol versions other than EHT and carry version-dependent information for it) 368, and a fourth signal field (referred to herein as "EHT-SIG-B", but it may be constructed as other wireless communication protocol versions other than EHT and carry version-dependent information for it) 370. The non-legacy portion 354 further includes an additional short training field (referred to herein as "EHT-STF", but it may be constructed as other wireless communication protocol versions other than EHT and carry version-dependent information for it) 372 and multiple additional long training fields (referred to herein as "EHT-LTF", but it may be constructed as other wireless communication protocol versions other than EHT and carry version-dependent information for it) 374. As with the L-STF 358, L-LTF 360, and L-SIG 362, where the use of the accompanying channels is involved, the information in the Pre-SIG 366 and EHT-SIG-A 368 may be duplicated and sent in each of the component 20 MHz channels. In some implementations, the EHT-SIG-A 368 may additionally or alternatively carry information in one or more non-primary 20 MHz channels that is different from the information carried in the primary 20 MHz channel. The EHT-SIG-B 370 may be unique for each 20 MHz channel and, as previously described, may be targeted to a specific STA 104. The non-legacy portion 354 of the preamble may or may not include a repeated legacy signal field (RL-SIG) 364 following the L-SIG 362 and preceding the Pre-SIG 366.

[0063] The EHT-SIG-A 368 may include one or more jointly coded symbols and may be coded in a different block than the block in which the Pre-SIG 366 is coded. The EHT-SIG-A 368 may be used by the AP to identify and inform multiple STAs 104 that the AP has scheduled UL or DL ​​resources. The EHT-SIG-A 368 may be decoded by each compatible STA 104 served by the AP 102. The EHT-SIG-A 368 includes information that may be used by the identified STA 104 to decode the associated EHT-SIG-B 370. The EHT-SIG-A 368 may generally be used by a receiving device to interpret the bits in the EHT-SIG-B 370 or the data field 376. For example, the EHT-SIG-A 368 may indicate the location and length of the EHT-SIG-B 370 in the various component channels, the available channel bandwidth, and the modulation and coding scheme (MCS), among other possibilities. The EHT-SIG-A 368 may further include a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) (eg, four bits) and a tail (eg, six bits) that may be used for a binary convolutional code (BCC).

[0064] The EHT-SIG-B 370 may include multiple symbols that may be encoded in a different block than the block in which the EHT-SIG-A 368 is encoded. In some other implementations, the EHT-SIG-A 368 may be jointly encoded with part or all of the EHT-SIG-B 370. For example, the EHT-SIG-A 368 may be jointly encoded with a first portion of the EHT-SIG-B 370 that includes information common to all users served by the PPDU 350. The EHT-SIG-B 370 may carry STA-specific scheduling information, such as per-user MCS values ​​and per-user RU allocation information. The EHT-SIG-B 370 may generally be used by a receiving device to interpret bits in the data field 376. In the context of DL MU-OFDMA, such information enables each STA 104 to identify and decode the corresponding RU in the associated data field 376. Each EHT-SIG-B 370 includes a common field and at least one STA-specific ("user-specific") field. The common field can indicate RU allocations for multiple STAs 104, indicate RU assignments in the frequency domain, indicate which RUs are allocated for MU-MIMO transmissions and which RUs correspond to MU-OFDMA transmissions, and the number of users in the allocation, among other possibilities. The common field can be encoded using common bits, CRC bits, and tail bits. The user-specific field is assigned to a specific STA 104 and can be used to schedule a specific RU and indicate the schedule to other WLAN devices. Each user-specific field can include multiple user block fields (which may be followed by padding). Each user block field can include, for example, two user fields that contain information for two corresponding STAs to decode their respective RU payloads.

[0065] The Pre-SIG 366 and the RL-SIG 364 (if present) may indicate to the STA 104 that is compliant with EHT or later versions that the PPDU 350 is an EHT PPDU or a PPDU that complies with another non-legacy wireless communication protocol version. For example, the receiving device may use the Pre-SIG 366 to interpret bits in one or more of the EHT-SIG-A 368, the EHT-SIG-B 370, or the data field 376. In some implementations, the Pre-SIG 366 may include reserved bits that indicate whether the PPDU 350 complies with, for example, an EHT or later version (e.g., after IEEE 802.11ax) of the IEEE 802.11 series of wireless communication protocol standards or other standards. In some implementations, the Pre-SIG 366 includes a version field that includes at least one bit that indicates a specific wireless communication protocol version that the PPDU 350 complies with.

[0066] Access to the shared wireless medium is typically controlled by a decentralized coordination function (DCF). For DCF, there is typically no centralized master device for allocating time and frequency resources for the shared wireless medium. Instead, before a wireless communication device (such as AP 102 or STA 104) is allowed to send data, it must wait for a specific time and then contend for access to the wireless medium. In some implementations, the wireless communication device may be configured to implement DCF by using a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) with collision avoidance (CA) (CSMA / CA) technique and timing intervals. Before sending data, the wireless communication device may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) and determine the appropriate wireless channel clear. CCA includes both physical (PHY layer) carrier detection and virtual (MAC layer) carrier detection. Physical carrier detection is accomplished by measuring the received signal strength of a valid frame and then comparing it to a threshold to determine whether the channel is busy. For example, if the received signal strength of the detected preamble signal is higher than a threshold, the medium is considered busy. Physical carrier detection further includes energy detection. Energy detection involves measuring the total energy received by the wireless communication device, regardless of whether the received signal represents a valid frame. If the detected total energy is above a threshold, the medium is considered busy. Virtual carrier detection is achieved through the use of a network allocation vector (NAV), which is an indicator of the time when the medium may next become idle. The NAV is reset each time a valid frame not addressed to the wireless communication device is received. The NAV effectively serves as a duration that must elapse before the wireless communication device can contend for access, even in the absence of detected symbols, or even if the detected energy is below an associated threshold.

[0067] As mentioned above, DCF is implemented by using time intervals. Such time intervals include slot time (or "slot interval") and inter-frame space (IFS). Slot time is the basic timing unit and can be determined based on one or more of transmit / receive turnaround time, channel detection time, propagation delay, and MAC processing time. Measurement of channel detection is performed for each slot. All transmissions can start at slot boundaries. There are different types of IFS, including short IFS (SIFS), distributed IFS (DIFS), extended IFS (EIFS), and arbitration IFS (AIFS). For example, DIFS can be defined as the sum of SIFS and twice the slot time. The values ​​of slot time and IFS can be provided by a suitable standard specification, such as one of the IEEE 802.11 series of wireless communication protocol standards (such as the standards defined by the IEEE 802.11-2016 specification or its amendments, including but not limited to 802.11ay, 802.11ax, 802.11az, 802.11ba, and 802.11be).

[0068] When the NAV reaches 0, the wireless communication device performs physical carrier sense. If the channel remains idle for an appropriate IFS (e.g., DIFS), the wireless communication device starts a back-off timer, which represents the duration of time that the device must detect that the medium is idle before it is allowed to transmit. The back-off timer is decremented by one slot each time the medium is detected to be idle during the corresponding slot interval. If the channel remains idle until the back-off timer expires, the wireless communication device becomes the holder (or "owner") of a transmit opportunity (TXOP) and can start transmitting. A TXOP is the duration of time that a wireless communication device can send a frame on a channel after winning contention for the wireless medium. On the other hand, if one or more carrier sense mechanisms indicate that the channel is busy, the MAC controller within the wireless communication device will not allow transmission.

[0069] Each time the wireless communication device generates a new PPDU to transmit in a new TXOP, it randomly selects a new backoff timer duration. The available distribution of bits that can be randomly selected for the backoff timer is called the contention window (CW). If the wireless communication device sends a PPDU when the backoff timer expires, but the medium is still busy, there may be a collision. In addition, if there is too much energy on the wireless channel resulting in a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the communication may be corrupted or otherwise not successfully received. In this case, the wireless communication device may not receive a communication acknowledging the transmitted PDU within the timeout interval. The MAC may then increase the CW exponentially, for example, by doubling it, and randomly select a new backoff timer duration from the CW before each attempt to retransmit the PPDU. Before each attempt to retransmit, the wireless communication device may wait for a duration of DIFS and continue to start a new backoff timer if the medium remains idle. For each of the four access categories (ACs) (voice (AC_VO), video (AC_VI), background (AC_BK), and best effort (AC_BE)), there are different CW and TXOP durations. This enables the prioritization of specific types of traffic in the network.

[0070] As described above, the AP 102 and the STA 104 may support multi-user (MU) communications; that is, concurrent transmissions from one device to each of multiple devices (e.g., multiple simultaneous downlink (DL) communications from the AP 102 to the corresponding STA 104), or concurrent transmissions from multiple devices to a single device (e.g., multiple simultaneous uplink (UL) transmissions from the corresponding STA 104 to the AP 102). To support MU transmissions, the AP 102 and the STA 104 may utilize multi-user multiple-input, multiple-output (MU-MIMO) and multi-user orthogonal frequency division multiple access (MU-OFDMA) techniques.

[0071] In the MU-OFDMA scheme, the available spectrum of a wireless channel may be divided into multiple resource elements (RUs), each RU including multiple different frequency subcarriers ("tones"). Different RUs may be allocated by the AP 102 at a specific time or to different STAs 104. The size and distribution of the RUs may be referred to as RU allocations. In some implementations, RUs may be allocated in 2 MHz intervals, and thus, the smallest RU may include 26 tones consisting of 24 data tones and 2 pilot tones. Thus, in a 20 MHz channel, up to 9 RUs (such as 2 MHz, 26 tone RUs) may be allocated (because some tones are reserved for other purposes). Similarly, in a 160 MHz channel, up to 74 RUs may be allocated. Larger 52 tone, 106 tone, 242 tone, 484 tone, and 996 tone RUs may also be allocated. Adjacent RUs may be separated via a zero subcarrier (such as a DC subcarrier), for example, to reduce interference between adjacent RUs, reduce receiver DC offset, and avoid transmit center frequency leakage.

[0072] For UL MU transmission, the AP 102 may send a trigger frame to initiate and synchronize UL MU-OFDMA or UL MU-MIMO transmissions from multiple STAs 104 to the AP 102. Such a trigger frame may thus enable multiple STAs 104 to send UL traffic to the AP 102 concurrently in time. The trigger frame may address one or more STAs 104 via corresponding association identifiers (AIDs), and may assign to each AID (and thus each STA 104) one or more RUs that may be used to send UL traffic to the AP 102. The AP may also specify one or more random access (RA) RUs that unscheduled STAs 104 may contend for.

[0073] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram of another example wireless communication network 400. According to some aspects, the wireless communication network 400 may be an example of a WLAN. For example, the wireless network 400 may be a network that implements at least one of the IEEE 802.11 series of standards. The wireless network 400 may include a plurality of STAs 404. As described above, each of the STAs 404 may also be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a mobile device, a mobile phone, a wireless phone, an access terminal (AT), a user equipment (UE), a subscriber station (SS), or a subscriber unit, among other possibilities. The STA 404 may represent a variety of devices, such as a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), other handheld devices, a small notebook, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a display device (e.g., a TV, a computer monitor, a navigation system, and other devices), a music or other audio or stereo device, a remote control device ("remote device"), a printer, a kitchen or other household appliance, a key card (e.g., for a passive keyless entry and start (PKES) system), and other possibilities.

[0074] The wireless network 400 is an example of a peer-to-peer (P2P), ad hoc, or mesh network. STAs 404 can communicate directly with each other via P2P wireless links 410 (without using an intermediate AP). In some implementations, the wireless network 400 is an example of a Neighbor Aware Network (NAN) network. NAN networks operate according to the Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA) Neighbor Aware Network (also referred to as NAN) standard specification. NAN-compliant STAs 404 (hereinafter also simply referred to as "NAN devices 404") use a packet routing communication protocol (such as the Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP)) for path selection to send and receive NAN communications (e.g., in the form of Wi-Fi packets, including frames that comply with IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standards (such as standards defined by the IEEE 802.11-2016 specification or its amendments, including but not limited to 802.11ay, 802.11ax, 802.11az, 802.11ba and 802.11be)) between each other via a wireless P2P link 410 (hereinafter also referred to as a "NAN link") .

[0075] A NAN network generally refers to a collection of NAN devices that share a common set of NAN parameters including: the time period between consecutive discovery windows, the duration of the discovery windows, the NAN beacon interval, and the NAN discovery channel). A NAN ID is an identifier that represents a specific set of NAN parameters for use within a NAN network. A NAN network is dynamically self-organizing and self-configuring. NAN devices 404 in the network automatically establish self-organizing networks with other NAN devices 404 so that network connectivity can be maintained. Each NAN device 404 is configured to relay data for the NAN network so that the various NAN devices 404 can cooperate in distributing data within the network. Thus, a message can be sent from a source NAN device to a destination NAN device by propagating along a path, hopping from one NAN device to another until it reaches the destination.

[0076] Each NAN device 404 is configured to send two types of beacons: NAN discovery beacons and NAN synchronization beacons. When a NAN device 404 is turned on, or when the NAN function is enabled, the NAN device periodically sends NAN discovery beacons (e.g., every 100 TUs, every 128 TUs, or another suitable period) and NAN synchronization beacons (e.g., every 512 TUs, or another suitable period). Discovery beacons are management frames sent between discovery windows that are used to facilitate the discovery of NAN clusters. A NAN cluster is a collection of NAN devices within a NAN network that are synchronized to the same clock and discovery window schedule using a time synchronization function (TSF). In order to join a NAN cluster, a NAN device 404 passively scans for discovery beacons from other NAN devices. When two NAN devices 404 come within each other's transmission range, they will discover each other based on such discovery beacons. The corresponding master preference value determines which of the NAN devices 404 will become the master device. If no NAN cluster is found, the NAN device 404 can start a new NAN cluster. When the NAN device 404 starts a NAN cluster, it assumes the master role and broadcasts a discovery beacon. In addition, a NAN device can choose to participate in more than one NAN cluster within a NAN network.

[0077] The links between NAN devices 404 in a NAN cluster are associated with discovery windows (i.e., the time and channel on which NAN devices converge). At the beginning of each discovery window, one or more NAN devices 404 may send a NAN sync beacon, which is a management frame used to synchronize the timing of NAN devices within the NAN cluster to that of the master device. Subsequently, the NAN device 404 may directly send a multicast or unicast NAN service discovery frame during the discovery window to other NAN devices within the service discovery threshold and in the same NAN cluster. The service discovery frame indicates the services supported by the corresponding NAN device 404.

[0078] In some cases, the NAN devices 404 may exchange service discovery frames to determine whether two devices support ranging operations. The NAN devices 404 may perform such ranging operations ("ranging") during a discovery window. Ranging may involve the exchange of fine timing measurement (FTM) frames, such as the FTM frames defined in IEEE 802.11-REVmc. For example, a first NAN device 404 may send a unicast FTM request to a plurality of peer NAN devices 404. Subsequently, the peer NAN devices 404 may send responses to the first NAN device 404. Subsequently, the first NAN device 404 may exchange a plurality of FTM frames with each of the peer NAN devices 404. Subsequently, the first NAN device 404 may determine the range between itself and each of the peer devices 404 based on the FTM frames, and send a range indication to each of the peer NAN devices 404. For example, the range indication may include a distance value or an indication as to whether the peer NAN device 404 is within a service discovery threshold (e.g., 3 meters (m)) of the first NAN device 404. NAN links between NAN devices within the same NAN cluster may be maintained over multiple discovery windows as long as the NAN devices remain within each other's service discovery threshold and synchronized to the anchor master device of the NAN cluster.

[0079] Some NAN devices 404 may also be configured for wireless communication with other networks, such as a Wi-Fi WLAN or a wireless (e.g., cellular) wide area network (WWAN), which in turn may provide access to external networks including the Internet. For example, a NAN device 404 may be configured to associate and communicate with an AP or base station 202 of a WLAN or WWAN network, respectively, via a Wi-Fi or cellular link 212. In such a case, the NAN device 404 may include software-enabled access point (SoftAP) functionality, enabling the STA to operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot to provide access to external networks to other NAN devices 404 via an associated WLAN or WWAN backhaul. Such NAN devices 404, referred to as NAN concurrent devices, are capable of operating in both a NAN network and another type of wireless network, such as a Wi-Fi BSS. In some such implementations, the NAN device 404 may advertise the ability to provide such access point services to other NAN devices 404 in a service discovery frame.

[0080] There are two general NAN service discovery messages: publish messages and subscribe messages. Generally, publish is a mechanism by which applications on a NAN device make selected information about the capabilities and services of the NAN device available to other NAN devices, while subscribe is a mechanism by which applications on a NAN device collect selected types of information about the capabilities and services of other NAN devices. A NAN device may generate and send a subscribe message when requesting other NAN devices operating within the same NAN cluster to provide a specific service. For example, in active user mode, a subscribe function executing within a NAN device may send a NAN service discovery frame to actively seek the availability of a specific service. For example, a publish function executing within a publishing NAN device that is capable of providing the requested service may send a publish message in response to satisfying the criteria specified in the subscribe message to reply to the subscribing NAN device. The publish message may include a range parameter indicating a service discovery threshold that represents the maximum distance at which a subscribing NAN device can utilize the services of the publishing NAN device. NAN may also use publish messages in an unsolicited manner, for example, a publishing NAN device may generate and send a publish message to make its services discoverable to other NAN devices operating within the same NAN cluster. In passive user mode, the subscription function does not initiate the transmission of any subscription messages. Instead, the subscription function checks for matches in the received publication messages to determine the availability of the desired service.

[0081] Following the discovery window is the transmission opportunity period. This period includes a number of resource blocks. A NAN Device Link (NDL) refers to a resource block negotiated between NAN devices for NAN operation. An NDL may include more than one "hop". The number of hops depends on the number of devices between the device providing the service and the device consuming or subscribing to the service. An example of an NDL including two hops includes three NAN devices: a provider, a subscriber, and an agent that relays information between the provider and the subscriber. In this configuration, the first hop refers to the communication of information between the provider and the agent, and the second hop is the communication of information between the agent and the subscriber. NDL can refer to a subset of NAN devices capable of single-hop service discovery, but NDL can also perform service discovery and subscription over multiple hops (multi-hop NDL).

[0082] There are two general types of NDL: paging NDL (P-NDL) and synchronization NDL (S-NDL). Each common resource block (CRB) of a P-NDL includes a paging window (PW) followed by a transmission window (TxW). All NAN devices participating in a P-NDL operate in a state of receiving frames during the paging window. Typically, participating NAN devices wake up during the paging window to listen to the paging channel to determine whether there is any traffic buffered for the corresponding device. For example, a NAN device with pending data for transmission to another NAN device may send a traffic notification message to the other NAN device during the paging window to notify the other NAN device of the buffered data. If there is data available, the NAN device remains awake during the transmission window to exchange data. If there is no data to send, the NAN device may transition back to a sleep state during the transmission window to save power. If a NAN device has buffered data available for its NDL peer device, it may send a paging message to the peer device during the paging window. The paging message includes, for example, the MAC address or identifier of the destination device for which data is available. A NAN device listed as a recipient in a received paging message sends a trigger frame to the sending device and remains awake during a subsequent transmission window to receive data. The NDL transmitter device sends buffered data to the recipient device from which the trigger frame was received during the transmission window. A NAN device that establishes an S-NDL with a peer NAN device can send data frames to the peer device from the beginning of each S-NDL CRB without sending a paging message in advance.

[0083] FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 500. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 500 may be an example of a device for use in a STA (such as one of the STAs 104 described above with reference to FIG. 1). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 500 may be an example of a device for use in an AP (such as the AP 102 described above with reference to FIG. 1). The wireless communication device 500 is capable of sending and receiving wireless communications (e.g., in the form of wireless packets). For example, the wireless communication device may be configured to send and receive packets in the form of physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data units (PPDUs) and media access control (MAC) protocol data units (MPDUs) that conform to IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standards (such as those defined by the IEEE 802.11-2016 specification or its amendments (including, but not limited to, 802.11ay, 802.11ax, 802.11az, 802.11ba, and 802.11be)).

[0084] The wireless communication device 500 may be or may include a chip, a system on chip (SoC), a chipset, a package, or a device, which includes one or more modems 502, such as a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 compliant) modem. In some implementations, the one or more modems 502 (collectively referred to as "modems 502") further include a WWAN modem (e.g., a 3GPP 4G LTE or 5G compliant modem). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 500 also includes one or more processors, processing blocks, or processing elements 504 (collectively referred to as "processors 504") coupled to the modem 502. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 500 further includes one or more radio units 506 (collectively referred to as "radio units 506") coupled to the modem 502. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 500 further includes one or more memory blocks or elements 508 (collectively referred to as "memory 508") coupled to the processor 504 or the modem 502.

[0085] Modem 502 may include intelligent hardware blocks or devices, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), among other possibilities. The modem 502 is generally configured to implement the PHY layer (and in some implementations, also implement a portion of the MAC layer (e.g., a hardware portion of the MAC layer). For example, the modem 502 is configured to modulate packets and output the modulated packets to the radio unit 504 for transmission on the wireless medium. The modem 502 is similarly configured to obtain modulated packets received by the radio unit 504 and demodulate the packets to provide demodulated packets. In addition to the modulator and demodulator, the modem 502 may further include digital signal processing (DSP) circuitry, automatic gain control (AGC) circuitry, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, and demultiplexers. For example, when in a transmit mode, data obtained from the processor 506 may be provided to an encoder, which encodes the data to provide encoded bits. The encoded bits may then be mapped to a number of spatial streams N SS for spatial multiplexing or a number of space-time streams N STS for space-time block coding (STBC) . The coded bits in the stream may then be mapped to points in the modulation constellation (using the selected MCS) to provide modulated symbols. The modulated symbols in the corresponding spatial or space-time stream may be overwritten, transformed via an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block, and then provided to the DSP circuitry (e.g., for Tx windowing and filtering). The digital signal may then be provided to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The resulting analog signal may then be provided to a frequency upconverter and ultimately to the radio unit 504. In an implementation involving beamforming, the modulated symbols in the corresponding spatial stream are precoded via a steering matrix before being provided to the IFFT block.

[0086] When in receive mode, the DSP circuit system is configured to acquire a signal including modulated symbols received from the radio unit 504, for example, by detecting the presence of the signal and estimating the initial timing and frequency offset. The DSP circuit system is further configured to digitally condition the signal, for example, using channel (narrowband) filtering and analog impairment conditioning (such as correcting I / Q imbalance), and to ultimately obtain a narrowband signal by applying digital gain. The output of the DSP circuit system may then be fed to an AGC, which is configured to use information extracted from the digital signal (e.g., in one or more received training fields) to determine an appropriate gain. The output of the DSP circuit system is also coupled to a demultiplexer, which demultiplexes the modulated symbols when multiple spatial streams or space-time streams are received. The demultiplexed symbols may be provided to a demodulator, which is configured to extract the symbols from the signal and, for example, calculate a logarithmic probability ratio (LLR) for each bit position of each subcarrier in each spatial stream. The demodulator is coupled to a decoder, which can be configured to process the LLRs to provide decoded bits. The decoded bits can then be descrambled and provided to the MAC layer (processor 506) for processing, evaluation, or interpretation.

[0087] The radio unit 504 typically includes at least one radio frequency (RF) transmitter (or "transmitter chain") and at least one RF receiver (or "receiver chain"), which may be combined into one or more transceivers. For example, each of the RF transmitter and receiver may include various analog circuit systems, including at least one power amplifier (PA) and at least one low noise amplifier (LNA), respectively. The RF transmitter and receiver may in turn be coupled to one or more antennas. For example, in some implementations, the wireless communication device 500 may include or be coupled to multiple transmit antennas (each antenna having a corresponding transmit chain) and multiple receive antennas (each antenna having a corresponding receive chain). The symbols output from the modem 502 are provided to the radio unit 504, which then transmits the symbols via the coupled antennas. Similarly, the symbols received via the antennas are obtained by the radio unit 504, which then provides the symbols to the modem 502.

[0088] The processor 506 may include an intelligent hardware block or device designed to perform the functions described herein, such as a processing core, a processing block, a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), individual gate or transistor logic, individual hardware components, or any combination thereof. The processor 506 processes information received via the radio unit 504 and the modem 502, and processes information to be output via the modem 502 and the radio unit 504 for transmission via a wireless medium. For example, the processor 506 may implement at least a portion of a control plane and a MAC layer configured to perform various operations related to the generation, transmission, reception, and processing of MPDUs, frames, or packets. In some implementations, the MAC layer is configured to generate MPDUs to provide to the PHY layer for encoding, and receive decoded information bits from the PHY layer as MPDUs for processing. The MAC layer may further be configured to allocate time and frequency resources, such as for OFDMA, as well as other operations or techniques. In some implementations, the processor 506 may generally control the modem 502 so that the modem performs the various operations described above.

[0089] The memory 504 may include tangible storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM), or a combination thereof. The memory 504 may also store non-transitory processor or computer executable software (SW) code containing instructions that, when executed by the processor 506, cause the processor to perform various operations for wireless communications described herein, including the generation, transmission, reception, and interpretation of MPDUs, frames, or packets. For example, various functions of the elements disclosed herein, or various blocks or steps of the methods, operations, processes, or algorithms disclosed herein may be implemented as one or more modules of one or more computer programs.

[0090] FIG6A illustrates a block diagram of an example AP 602. For example, the AP 602 may be an example implementation of the AP 102 described with reference to FIG1. ​​The AP 602 includes a wireless communication device (WCD) 610 (although the AP 602 itself may also be generally referred to as a wireless communication device, as used herein). For example, the wireless communication device 610 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 5000 described with reference to FIG5. The AP 602 also includes a plurality of antennas 620 coupled to the wireless communication device 610 for sending and receiving wireless communications. In some implementations, the AP 602 additionally includes an application processor 630 coupled to the wireless communication device 610 and a memory 640 coupled to the application processor 630. The AP 602 further includes at least one external network interface 650 that enables the AP 602 to communicate with a core network or a backhaul network to obtain access to an external network including the Internet. For example, the external network interface 650 may include one or both of a wired (e.g., Ethernet) network interface and a wireless network interface (such as a WWAN interface). Some of the above components may communicate directly or indirectly with other components on at least one bus. The AP 602 further includes a housing that includes the wireless communication device 610, the application processor 630, the memory 640, and at least a portion of the antenna 620 and the external network interface 650.

[0091] FIG6B illustrates a block diagram of an example STA 604. For example, the STA 604 may be an example implementation of the STA 104 described with reference to FIG1 . The STA 604 includes a wireless communication device 615 (although the STA 604 itself may also be generally referred to as a wireless communication device, as used herein). For example, the wireless communication device 615 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described with reference to FIG5 . The STA 604 also includes one or more antennas 625 coupled to the wireless communication device 615 for sending and receiving wireless communications. The STA 604 additionally includes an application processor 635 coupled to the wireless communication device 615 and a memory 645 coupled to the application processor 635. In some implementations, the STA 604 further includes a user interface (UI) 655 (such as a touch screen or keyboard) and a display 665, which may be integrated with the UI 655 to form a touch screen display. In some implementations, STA 604 may further include one or more sensors 675, such as one or more inertial sensors, accelerometers, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, or altitude sensors. Some of the above components may communicate directly or indirectly with other components on at least one bus. STA 604 further includes a housing that includes a wireless communication device 615, an application processor 635, a memory 645, and at least a portion of an antenna 625, a UI 655, and a display 665.

[0092] In addition to participating in a WLAN, STAs may also participate in peer-to-peer (P2P), ad hoc, or mesh networks. In such cases, STAs may communicate directly with each other via P2P wireless links without the use of an intermediate AP. In some deployments, general infrastructure traffic to and from an AP and associated set of STAs may interfere with P2P traffic between STAs, and vice versa. Techniques for achieving coexistence are desired.

[0093] In addition to or as an alternative to traditional DCF and EDCA techniques, recent wireless communication protocols (including IEEE 802.11be) may support scheduled access techniques to enable multiple APs and STAs to share and communicate on the wireless medium. Such wireless communication protocols may additionally or alternatively support the use of time and frequency resource sharing within a transmission opportunity.

[0094] Various aspects of the technology, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein generally relate to enabling coexistence between WLANs and peer-to-peer (P2P) or ad hoc networks, and more particularly to coordinated device-to-device (D2D) communications. Some aspects (described with reference to FIGS. 7-9, 18, and 19) specifically relate to extending the capability of a target wake time (TWT) element sent by a wireless access point to support periodic reserved access windows during which D2D-enabled wireless devices are allowed to send direct wireless communications to other D2D-enabled wireless devices.

[0095] Some other aspects (described with reference to FIGS. 10-14 and 20-22) are about sharing the time and frequency resources of the wireless medium, and more specifically, about coordinated access point (CAP) time division multiple access (TDMA) or CAP orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) techniques for sharing the time and frequency resources of transmission opportunities. According to such techniques, a wireless access point that wins contention and obtains access to the wireless medium for the duration of a TXOP may share its time and frequency resources with other coordinated access points. Subsequently, the coordinated access points may specifically allocate at least some of their respective time and frequency resources exclusively for D2D communication.

[0096] In some other aspects (described with reference to FIGS. 15-17 , 23 , and 24 ), a D2D-enabled wireless device may form or join a P2P network that also includes a first set of other D2D-enabled wireless devices. The D2D-enabled wireless device may receive a first indication from a wireless access point indicating a periodic coordinated access window during which the wireless access point is scheduled for contention access and during which the set of D2D-enabled wireless devices is not allowed to contention access. The D2D-enabled wireless device may also receive a second indication of a reserved access window within one or more of the periodic coordinated access windows during which at least some of the set of D2D-enabled wireless devices are allowed to send direct wireless communications to the network of other D2D-enabled wireless devices without regard to a permission associated with the first indication.

[0097] FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 700 for wireless communication in support of coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. The operations of process 700 may be implemented by a wireless access point or elements thereof as described herein. For example, process 700 may be performed by a wireless communication device such as the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . In some implementations, process 700 may be performed by a wireless access point such as one of APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively.

[0098] In block 702, a wireless communication device (hereinafter referred to as a first wireless access point with respect to FIG. 7) sends a first wireless packet to at least a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by the first wireless access point. Each wireless station in the first set of wireless stations is also configured for D2D communication (also generally referred to herein as direct wireless communication) with other wireless stations. In some implementations, the first wireless packet includes an indication of a periodic reserved access window. The indication of the periodic reserved access window indicates to the first set of wireless stations that it is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations on one or more wireless channels. In some implementations, in block 704, the first wireless access point avoids sending wireless communications during the periodic reserved access window.

[0099] 8 illustrates a timing diagram of an example periodic reserved access window 802 for supporting coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations. For example, the periodic reserved access window 802 is an example of the periodic reserved access window described with reference to process 700. The periodic reserved access window 802 recurs according to a time interval τ Res, which can be synchronized with the transmission of a beacon frame 806 by the first wireless access point according to a beacon interval τ Beacon.

[0100] In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations is not permitted to send direct wireless data communications to other wireless stations outside of the periodic reserved access windows 802 (but it is able to send other direct non-data wireless communications in, for example, discovery windows outside of the reserved access windows). In some implementations, the indication of the periodic reserved access windows 802 indicates to the first set of wireless stations that it is permitted to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations outside of the first set of wireless stations (e.g., in other BSSs managed by other wireless access points) during at least a portion of one or more of the periodic reserved access windows 802. In some implementations, the indication of the periodic reserved access windows 802 indicates to other wireless stations in other BSSs that it is permitted to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations (which may include the first set of wireless stations) on one or more wireless channels during at least a portion of one or more of the reserved access windows 802.

[0101] In some implementations, the first wireless access point periodically transmits wireless packets, such as the first wireless packet. For example, each of the first wireless packet and the other periodic wireless packets may include a beacon frame, such as one of the beacon frames 806. In some such implementations, each of the beacon frames includes one or more target wake-up time (TWT) information elements (IEs). Each TWT IE includes an indication of a schedule of wake-up periods for one or more wireless stations in the first BSS. For example, each TWT IE may be an individual TWT addressed to a single wireless station or a broadcast TWT addressed to a set of wireless stations, such as the first set of wireless stations. During each wake-up period, the wireless station or set of wireless stations identified in the corresponding TWT will wake up to receive wireless communications from the first wireless access point. In some implementations, the identified wireless stations may also contend for access to the wireless medium during the corresponding wake-up period. In some implementations, at least one of the TWT IEs includes an indication of a periodically reserved access window 802. For example, the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 may include an indication that each of the wake-up periods in the corresponding schedule of the wake-up periods is the reserved access window 802. In some other implementations, the first radio packet may be another type of frame, for example, another management frame, such as a probe response frame including an indication of the periodic reserved access window 802.

[0102] In some implementations, process 700 further includes exchanging one or more radio packets with one or more other wireless access points to coordinate the scheduling of the periodic reserved access window 802. For example, the exchanging of the one or more radio packets may include sending beacons and receiving beacons from the other wireless access points, each beacon including timing information for coordinating the scheduling of the periodic reserved access window 802.

[0103] In some implementations, the TWT IE indicating the periodic reserved access window 802 includes one or more other parameters for the periodic reserved access window 802. In some implementations, the one or more other parameters include a time slot schedule that defines a series of time slots in the periodic reserved access window 802. For example, FIG. 8 illustrates an implementation in which each of the reserved access windows 802 is divided into a plurality of time slots 804. In some implementations, each of the time slots 804 can be separated from each other by an inter-frame space (IFS), such as a short inter-frame space (SIFS). In the example shown, although each of the reserved access windows 802 includes four time slots 804 1-804 4, the number of time slots can be more or less than 4, and can be adjusted or distributed in different ways in different reserved access windows. In some such implementations, the process 700 further includes allocating each of one or more of the time slots 804 to a corresponding subset of the first set of wireless stations (e.g., two or more wireless stations) for direct wireless communication. For example, each subset of wireless stations of the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communication in another time slot allocated to a different subset of wireless stations of the first set of wireless stations.

[0104] In some implementations, at least some of the wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations may be allowed to send direct wireless communications to or receive direct wireless communications from other wireless stations associated with other BSSs controlled by other access points during at least one of the time slots 804. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may not be restricted to direct wireless communications to any single BSS during at least one of the time slots 804. Additionally or alternatively, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may exchange one or more wireless packets to further coordinate time slot scheduling for the time slots 804 within at least one of the reserved access windows 802. In some such implementations, the exchanging includes: sending identifiers of one or more wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations to at least one of the wireless access points. The exchanging further includes: receiving identifiers of one or more wireless stations associated with the wireless access point configured for direct wireless communications with other wireless stations from the wireless access point. The two wireless access points may coordinate which wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations associated with the other wireless access point during one or more time slots 804 allocated to the other wireless access point. Similarly, the coordination may include determining which wireless stations in the set of wireless stations associated with the other wireless access point are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations during one or more time slots 804 allocated to the first set of wireless stations.

[0105] In some implementations (e.g., simplex implementations), a wireless station that receives direct wireless communications from other wireless stations in a corresponding time slot 804 is allowed to send an acknowledgment during the next time slot 804 in the corresponding reserved access window, which confirms the direct wireless communications sent in the corresponding time slot 804.

[0106] In some implementations, the one or more other parameters identified in the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 may further include a frame type for direct wireless communications allowed to be sent during the periodic reserved access window 802 or any other control information for controlling direct wireless communications during the reserved access window 802.

[0107] In some implementations, the process 700 further includes: sending a trigger frame to the first set of wireless stations at the beginning of the reserved access window 802, the trigger frame triggering or initiating direct wireless communication by the wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations. For example, the trigger frame may indicate to the first set of wireless stations that they are allowed to contend for access during corresponding time slots in the reserved access window 802. In some other implementations, the process 700 may further include: sending a reverse direction grant (RDG) to one or more of the wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations to initiate direct wireless communication with other wireless stations.

[0108] As previously mentioned, in some implementations, for example, to reduce congestion caused by direct wireless communications outside of the reserved access window 802, the first wireless access point may instruct the first set of wireless stations not to send direct wireless communications outside of the periodic reserved access window 802 (except for direct wireless communications during the discovery window). In some such implementations, the first wireless packet or another wireless packet may include one or more quiet elements. Each quiet element may indicate to any wireless station within range (including the first set of wireless stations) that it is not allowed to transmit on one or more wireless channels during the quiet period associated with the quiet element. For example, each quiet element may include multiple fields, including an element identifier (ID), a length, a quiet count, a quiet period, a quiet duration, and a quiet offset, as defined, for example, in the IEEE 802.11 specification. Additionally or alternatively, to reduce congestion caused by direct wireless communications outside of the reserved access window 802, the first wireless access point may include in the first wireless packet an indication to the first wireless station set of instructions regarding compliance with one or more multi-user (MU) enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) parameters outside of the periodic reserved access window 802.

[0109] In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations may be enabled for NAN operation, and the direct wireless communication may include NAN communication. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point may only allow wireless stations in the NAN network to access one or more wireless channels during the periodic reserved access window 802. For example, the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 sent in block 702 may include an indication of a NAN cluster ID that identifies wireless stations that are assigned access to the one or more wireless channels during the reserved access window 802. In some implementations, except for direct wireless communication in the NAN discovery window, the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations outside the periodic reserved access window 802 (i.e., direct wireless data communication is not allowed outside the periodic reserved access window 802). The first set of wireless stations may operate the NAN network alone or in combination with other NAN-enabled wireless stations (which may be associated with other BSSs controlled by other wireless access points).

[0110] In some such implementations, process 700 may further include: receiving a wireless packet including an action frame from at least one wireless station in the first set of wireless stations, the wireless packet indicating one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of a periodic NAN discovery window. In some other implementations, process 700 may further include: scanning one or more NAN discovery channels and determining that the first set of wireless stations is operating the NAN network. Subsequently, the first wireless access point may identify one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window.

[0111] In some such implementations, the first wireless access point may send a wireless packet to each of the one or more other wireless access points, the wireless packet including an indication of one or more parameters associated with the NAN network. Subsequently, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may schedule a periodic reserved access window 802 based on the one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window. In some such implementations, the scheduling of the periodic reserved access window 802 includes synchronizing the periodic reserved access window with the periodic NAN discovery window.

[0112] FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 900 for wireless communication in support of coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. The operations of process 900 may be implemented by a wireless station or elements thereof as described herein. For example, process 900 may be performed by a wireless communication device such as the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . In some implementations, process 900 may be performed by a wireless communication device operating as a wireless station such as one of STAs 104 and 604 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6B , respectively, or within a wireless station.

[0113] In block 902, a wireless communication device (hereinafter referred to as a first wireless station with respect to FIG. 9) receives a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS, the first BSS including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including a first wireless station. The first wireless station is also configured for direct (D2D) wireless communication with other wireless stations. The first wireless packet includes an indication of a periodic reserved access window 802 during which the first wireless station is allowed to send direct wireless communication to one or more other wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations on one or more wireless channels. In block 904, the first wireless station directly sends a second wireless packet to another wireless station during at least one of the periodic reserved access windows 802.

[0114] As described above with reference to process 700 of FIG. 7 , in some implementations, the first set of wireless stations including the first wireless station is not allowed to send direct wireless data communications to other wireless stations outside of the periodic reserved access window 802 (but it can send other direct non-data wireless communications in, for example, discovery windows outside of the reserved access window 802). In some implementations, the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 indicates to the first set of wireless stations that it is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations outside of the first set of wireless stations (e.g., in other BSSs managed by other wireless access points) during at least a portion of one or more of the periodic reserved access windows 802. In some implementations, the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 indicates to other wireless stations in other BSSs that it is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations (which may include the first set of wireless stations) on one or more wireless channels during at least a portion of one or more of the reserved access windows 802.

[0115] As previously described, in some implementations, the first wireless station periodically receives wireless packets, such as the first wireless packet. For example, each of the first wireless packet and the other periodic wireless packets may include a beacon frame, such as one of the beacon frames 806. In some such implementations, each of the beacon frames includes one or more TWT IEs. As described with reference to process 700 of FIG. 7 , in some implementations, at least one of the TWT IEs includes an indication of a periodic reserved access window 802. For example, the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 may include an indication that each wake-up period of a corresponding schedule of wake-up periods is a reserved access window 802.

[0116] In some implementations, the TWT IE indicating the periodic reserved access window 802 includes one or more other parameters for the periodic reserved access window 802. As previously described, in some implementations, the one or more other parameters include a time slot schedule defining a series of time slots in the periodic reserved access window 802. In some such implementations, the process 900 further includes receiving an indication that at least one of the time slots is allocated to the first wireless station or a group of wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations that includes the first wireless station.

[0117] In some implementations, the one or more other parameters identified in the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 may further include a frame type for allowing direct wireless communications sent during the periodic reserved access window 802 or any other control information for controlling direct wireless communications during the reserved access window 802.

[0118] In some implementations, the process 900 further includes: receiving a trigger frame from the first wireless access point at the beginning of the reserved access window 802, the trigger frame triggering or initiating the first wireless station to send the second wireless packet in block 904. For example, the trigger frame may indicate to the first wireless station that it is allowed to contend for access during one or more time slots within the reserved access window 802. In some other implementations, the process 900 further includes: receiving a RDG frame from the first wireless access point, the RDG frame triggering or initiating the first wireless station to send the second wireless packet in block 904.

[0119] In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations may be enabled for NAN operation, and the direct wireless communication may include NAN communication. In some such implementations, wireless stations in the NAN network are only allowed to access one or more wireless channels during the periodic reserved access window 802. For example, the indication of the periodic reserved access window 802 received in block 902 may include an indication of a NAN cluster ID that identifies wireless stations that are assigned access to the one or more wireless channels during the reserved access window 802. In some implementations, except for direct wireless communication in the NAN discovery window, the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations outside the periodic reserved access window 802 (i.e., direct wireless data communication is not allowed outside the periodic reserved access window 802). The first set of wireless stations may operate the NAN network alone or in combination with other NAN-enabled wireless stations (which may be associated with other BSSs controlled by other wireless access points).

[0120] In some implementations, the first wireless station may form or join a NAN network including the first set of wireless stations prior to performing process 900. In some such implementations, the first wireless station sends a wireless packet including an action frame to the first wireless access point, the wireless packet indicating one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window. In some other implementations, the first wireless station may periodically broadcast a wireless packet including an action frame, the wireless packet indicating one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window.

[0121] In some implementations, the first wireless station sends a wireless packet to one or more wireless stations in the NAN network in each of one or more of the NAN discovery windows, the wireless packet including an indication of the periodic reserved access window 802. In some implementations, the first wireless station exchanges one or more wireless packets with at least one other wireless station in the NAN network to establish a NAN data link (NDL) during at least one of the access windows in the periodic reserved access windows 802. In such an implementation, the first wireless station sends a second wireless packet directly to another wireless station via the NDL in block 904.

[0122] In some other implementations, the first wireless station may establish a tunneled direct link setup (TDLS) link with each of one or more other wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations. In such an implementation, the first wireless station may directly send a second wireless packet to another wireless station via the TDLS link.

[0123] In general, various other aspects are related to sharing time or frequency resources of a wireless medium. More specifically, a specific implementation is related to a coordinated AP (CAP) time division multiple access (TDMA) or CAP orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technique for sharing time and frequency resources of transmission opportunities. According to such a technique, a wireless access point that wins contention and obtains access to a wireless medium for the duration of a TXOP can share its time and frequency resources with other coordinating access points. In order to share its time resources, the winning access point can divide the TXOP into a plurality of TXOP segments or bandwidth segments. For example, the winning access point can assign, grant or allocate (hereinafter interchangeably) one or more of the time periods and bandwidth segments to itself, and also allocate each of the one or more remaining time or frequency segments to one or more other coordinating access points among the coordinating access points. In some implementations, the wireless access points can further allocate at least some of the time and frequency resources in their respective time and bandwidth segments specifically for D2D communication.

[0124] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 1000 for wireless communication in support of coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. The operations of process 1000 may be implemented by a wireless access point or elements thereof as described herein. For example, process 1000 may be performed by a wireless communication device such as wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . In some implementations, process 1000 may be performed by a wireless access point such as one of APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively.

[0125] In block 1002, a wireless communication device (hereinafter referred to as a first wireless access point or TXOP owner with respect to FIG. 10) obtains a TXOP for wireless communication via one or more wireless channels. In block 1004, the first wireless access point selects one or more other wireless access points to participate in the TXOP. In block 1006, the first wireless access point allocates a corresponding set of time and frequency resources of a plurality of sets of time and frequency resources of the TXOP to itself and each of the selected wireless access points. In block 1008, the first wireless access point allocates a first subset of time and frequency resources of the set of time and frequency resources allocated to the first wireless access point to a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by the first wireless access point for direct (D2D) wireless communication with the other wireless stations. In block 1010, the first wireless access point sends a first wireless packet to the one or more selected wireless access points, the first wireless packet including, for each of the selected wireless access points, an indication of the set of time and frequency resources allocated to the corresponding wireless access point. In block 1012, the first wireless access point sends a second wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the second wireless packet including an indication of the first subset of time and frequency resources. In block 1014, the first wireless access point avoids sending wireless communications in the first subset of time and frequency resources.

[0126] FIG. 11 illustrates a timing diagram of an example reserved time resource to support coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. For example, a first wireless access point and a neighboring access point may be configured for coordinated access point (CAP) TDMA. The first wireless access point (AP1) obtains a TXOP 1102 in block 1002 and shares the TXOP 1102 with one or more other coordinated access points (e.g., AP2 and AP3) using TDMA. As shown in FIG. 11 , in some implementations, the TXOP 1102 includes multiple phases or stages, including a first TXOP indication phase 1104, a second schedule allocation phase 1106, and a third data transmission phase 1108.

[0127] In some embodiments, to obtain TXOP 1102 in block 1002, the first wireless access point uses, for example, CSMA / CA and Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) techniques to compete for access to one or more channels including a primary operating channel (e.g., a primary 20 MHz channel and one or more secondary 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 160 MHz channels). The TXOP 1102 for broadband wireless channels (such as accompanying channels formed by the primary channel and one or more secondary channels) can be obtained at time t 0 . For example, a broadband wireless channel can be a 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz, or 320 MHz channel.

[0128] In some embodiments, after obtaining the TXOP 1102 , and to ensure interference-free communication during the TXOP 1102 , the first wireless access point may further reserve a wireless channel by sending a request to send (RTS) box (not illustrated) to one or more of its associated radio stations. The RTS frame is configured such that at least one station in the station sends the Clear Send (CTS) frame. Any other wireless communication device (including wireless access points AP2 and AP3 and their associated wireless stations) that receives one or both of the RTS or CTS frames may set their respective NAVs for the duration indicated in the RTS or CTS frames.

[0129] In some embodiments, in order to select one or more other coordinating wireless access points in box 1004 to participate in TXOP 1102, the first wireless access point performs the TXOP availability indication process during the TXOP indication phase 1104. During the TXOP indication phase 1104, the first wireless access point learns the expectation or intent of the other access points participating in TXOP 1102 . For example, process 1000 may further include: the availability of time resources advertised in TXOP 1102 during the TXOP indication phase 1104 . Specifically, at time t For example, based on information in beacons or other management frames received from other access points, the first wireless access point may have previously been aware of other adjacent access points in its vicinity.

[0130] After sending the CTI frame 1110, the first wireless access point may receive a CAP TXOP request (CTR) frame 1112 from each of the one or more candidate APs at time t2, indicating the desire of the corresponding access point to participate in the TXOP 1102. In the example shown in FIG11, AP2 and AP3 are among the candidate APs that send corresponding CTR frames 11122 and 11123 to the first wireless access point. Based on the reception of the CTR frame 1112, the first wireless access point may then select one or more of the candidate APs to participate in the TXOP 1102.

[0131] In some implementations, the CTI frame 1110 includes at least one trigger frame configured to trigger one or more candidate access points to send a corresponding CTI frame 1112. To send the CTI frame 1110, the first wireless access point may send a PPDU including the same CTI trigger frame in each of a plurality of sub-channels of the wireless channel (e.g., in each of a plurality of 20 MHz channels). For example, the CTI frame 1110 may include a non-high throughput (non-HT) repetitive trigger frame in each 20 MHz channel. In this way, other access points do not need to operate on the same primary 20 MHz channel to receive and process the CTI frame 1110. In some implementations, a source address field and a BSSID field (e.g., in a MAC header) associated with the CTI frame 1110 are set to the MAC address of the first wireless access point, and a destination address field (e.g., in a MAC header) associated with the CTI frame 1110 is set to a broadcast address.

[0132] For each of the plurality of access points that may participate in the TXOP 1102, each repetitive triggering frame of the CTI frame 1110 may include an indication of one or both of a frequency resource or a spatial resource that may be used by the corresponding access point to send its corresponding CTR frame 1112. For example, each triggering frame of the CTI frame 1110 may include a user information field for each of the access points, the user information field including a corresponding indication of a frequency resource or a spatial resource that the access point will use to send its CTR frame 1112. Each user information field may include a corresponding AP identifier (APID) of the corresponding access point. For example, the APID may be a MAC address of the access point, a BSSID associated with the access point, or a BSS color associated with the access point. In some other implementations where the first wireless access point may not be aware of some or all of the neighboring access points, the CTI frame 1110 may include an indication of a random access resource that may be used by the access point to send its corresponding CTR frame 1112.

[0133] In response to the CTI frame 1110, a CTR frame 1112 may be received from the candidate access point in a corresponding trigger-based PPDU using the frequency or spatial resources allocated by the CTI frame 1110. For example, the CTR frame 1112 may be sent via MU OFDMA or MU MIMO technology and may be received at time t4 (SIFS duration after the CTI frame 1110). It is worth noting that for access points capable of CAP TDMA, the CTI frame 1110 is configured such that the access point responds with a corresponding CTR frame 1112 regardless of their respective NAVs.

[0134] In some implementations, the first wireless access point may sequentially send each of the plurality of CTI frames 1110 to a corresponding one of the access points on an AP-by-AP basis. The access points that desire to participate in the TXOP 1102 may, in response to receiving a corresponding one of the CTI frames 1110, send a CTR frame 1112 before sending the next CTI frame 1110 to the next one of the APs. For example, each CTI frame 1110 may be a polling frame, and each CTR frame 1112 may be a polling response frame. Such CTI frames 1110 and CTR frames 1112 may be sent as a single user (SU) transmission. In some other implementations, the first wireless access point may send a single CTI frame 1110 and then sequentially send a polling frame (poll) to each of the access points, AP by AP, which requests a response CTR frame 1112 from the corresponding access point before sending the poll to the next access point in the access points.

[0135] In some implementations, each of the CTR frames 1112 may include an indication of a buffer status of a corresponding AP or a duration of a time resource requested by the corresponding AP. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point may select a candidate access point to participate in the TXOP 1102 in block 1004 based on the indication of the buffer status or the desired duration of the time resource received in the CTR frame 1112.

[0136] As described above, in block 1006, the first wireless access point may allocate to itself and each of the selected wireless access points a corresponding set of time and frequency resources for TXOP 1102. In some implementations, the frequency resources in each set of time and frequency resources completely overlap over the entire bandwidth, while the time resources do not overlap at all during the duration of TXOP 1202. In some other implementations or situations, the frequency resources may also not overlap in at least some portions of the bandwidth. Thus, in some implementations, in addition to different time resources, the first wireless access point may further allocate different frequency resources.

[0137] For example, the first wireless access point may divide the available time resources of the TXOP 1102 into a plurality of time periods 1120, each time period 1120 including one or more time resources for itself or one of the selected access points, and each time period 1120 does not overlap with any other time period 1120. For example, each time period may include one or more symbols, time slots, or other time units. In some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the TXOP 1102 into equal time periods 1120, wherein the number of equal time periods 1120 is equal to the number of access points sharing the TXOP 1102. For example, as shown in FIG. 11 , the first wireless access point may divide the TXOP 1102 into three equal time periods 1120: one time period 1120 1 for the first wireless access point, one time period 1120 2 for the selected access point AP2, and one time period 1120 3 for the third access point AP3. In some other implementations or situations, the first wireless access point may divide the time resources into unequal time periods 1120. For example, the first wireless access point may select for itself a longer time period 1120 1 of the TXOP 1102 that includes more time resources than the time resources in other time periods 1120 allocated to other selected access points. In some implementations where the CTR frame 1112 includes an indication of a buffer status or a desired duration of the time resources, the first wireless access point may allocate the time resources to the selected access points based on their respective buffer status or requested time resources.

[0138] As previously described, in block 1008, the first wireless access point may allocate a subset of time and frequency resources of TXOP 1102 to at least a first set of wireless stations in a BSS controlled by the first wireless access point for direct wireless communication. For example, in some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the available time resources of time period 1120 1 into a plurality of portions, including a portion 1122 1 of the first wireless access point reserved for general infrastructure BSS traffic from itself to the first set of wireless stations or from the first set of wireless stations to itself. Time period 1120 1 further includes a portion that may be reserved for direct wireless communication between the first set of wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs, including the subset of time resources. In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to send direct wireless data communication to other wireless stations outside the subset of time and frequency resources reserved for direct wireless communication.

[0139] In some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into one or more time slots 1124 1, each time slot 1124 1 including one or more time resources. For example, each of the time slots may represent one symbol, multiple symbols, or other time units. In some implementations, each of the time slots 1124 1 may be separated from each other time slot 1124 1 by an IFS (e.g., SIFS). In some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into time slots 1124 1 of equal length. In some other implementations or situations, the first wireless access point may divide the time resources into unequal time slots 1124. In the example shown, the time period 11201 includes three time slots 11241A, 11242B, and 11243C, but the number of time slots may be more or less than three and may be adjusted or distributed differently in different time periods 1120 within the same TXOP 1102 or subsequent TXOPs 1102.

[0140] In some such implementations, block 1008 of process 1000 may further include allocating each of one or more of the time slots 1124 1 to a corresponding subset (e.g., two or more wireless stations) of the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication. For example, each of the wireless station subsets of the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communication in another time slot 1124 1 of the time slots 1124 1 allocated to a different wireless station subset of the first set of wireless stations. In some implementations, during at least one of the time slots 1124 1 of the time slots 1124 1 (e.g., the last time slot 1124 1C), at least some (or all) of the first set of wireless stations may be allowed to send direct wireless communication to or receive direct wireless communication from other wireless stations associated with other BSSs controlled by other access points (including AP2 and AP3). In some such implementations, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may not be restricted to direct wireless communication to any individual BSS in the time slot 1124 1C.

[0141] Additionally or alternatively, the first wireless access point and the selected wireless access points (including AP2 and AP3) may exchange one or more wireless packets to further coordinate the time slot scheduling of the time slot 1124 in the time period 1120. For example, the exchange may include: sending identifiers of one or more wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations to at least one of the selected access points. For example, each wireless station may be uniquely identified via a combination of a BSS color and an associated identifier (AID). The exchange may further include: receiving from the wireless access point identifiers of one or more wireless stations associated with the wireless access point that are configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may coordinate which wireless stations of the first set of wireless stations are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations associated with another wireless access point during one or more time slots (e.g., time slots 1124 2 and 1124 3 assigned to the other wireless access points AP2 and AP3, respectively). Similarly, coordination may include determining which wireless stations in the set of wireless stations associated with the other wireless access points are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations during one or more of the time slots 1124 1 allocated to the first set of wireless stations.

[0142] Similarly, each of the selected access points AP2 and AP3 can divide its allocated time period 1120 2 or 1120 3 into a portion 1122 2 or 1122 3 reserved for general infrastructure BSS traffic of wireless stations associated with its BSS. As previously described, each of the time periods 1120 2 and 1120 3 further includes a portion that can be reserved for direct wireless communication between the corresponding wireless stations or between other wireless stations associated with other BSSs including the first set of wireless stations, which includes a subset of time resources. As previously described, each of the access points AP2 and AP3 can divide the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into one or more time slots 1124 2 or 1124 3, each time slot including one or more time resources. In some implementations, as further described below, the first wireless access point and the selected access points AP2 and AP3 can be configured to synchronize the timing of at least the overlapping time slots of the time slots 1124 1, 1124 2, and 1124 3.

[0143] Each of the access points AP2 and AP3 may allocate each of one or more of the time slots 1124 2 and 1124 3, respectively, to a corresponding subset of wireless stations associated with the corresponding access point for direct wireless communication. In some implementations, at least some of the time slots 1124 may be coordinated or correspond to each other. For example, during at least one of the time slots 1124 1, 1124 2, and 1124 3 (e.g., corresponding common time slots 1124 1C, 1124 2B, and 1124 3A, respectively) in each of the time periods 1120 1, 1120 2, and 1120 3, at least some (or all) of the wireless stations associated with the corresponding access point may be allowed to send direct wireless communications to or receive direct wireless communications from other wireless stations associated with other BSSs controlled by other access points. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point and the selected access points AP2 and AP3 may not be restricted from direct wireless communication to any individual BSS in the shared time slot.

[0144] After selecting access points to participate in the TXOP 1102 in block 1004 and allocating a set of time (and, in some implementations, frequency) resources in blocks 1004 and 1006, the first wireless access point then grants, schedules, or otherwise actually allocates the corresponding time resources to the selected access points (e.g., indicates an allocation of the corresponding time resources) in a schedule allocation phase 1106. For example, the first wireless access point may send a CAP TXOP AP Schedule (CTAS) frame 1114 at time t3, which includes, for each of the selected access points, an indication of the time (and, in some implementations, frequency) resources allocated to the corresponding access point and usable by the corresponding access point and its BSS to send data to or receive data from one or more corresponding associated wireless stations during the TXOP 1102. For example, the CTAS frame 1114 may be sent at t3 (a SIFS duration after the CTR frame 1112). In this implementation, the first wireless packet sent by the first wireless access point in block 1010 of process 1000 includes a CTAS frame 1114 .

[0145] To send the CTAS frame 1114, the first wireless access point may send a PPDU including the same CTAS trigger frame in each of the multiple sub-channels of the wireless channel (e.g., in each of the multiple 20 MHz channels). For example, the CTAS frame 1114 may include a non-HT repeating trigger frame in each 20 MHz channel. In this way, other access points do not need to operate on the same primary 20 MHz channel to receive and process the CTAS frame 1114. In some implementations, the source address field and the BSSID field associated with the CTAS frame 1114 (e.g., in the MAC header) are set to the MAC address of the first wireless access point, and the destination address field associated with the CTAS frame 1114 (e.g., in the MAC header) is set to the broadcast address.

[0146] Each repetitive trigger frame of the CTAS frame 1114 may include, for each of the selected access points, an indication of the time resources allocated to the corresponding access point and its BSS. For example, each trigger frame of the CTAS frame 1114 may include a user information field for each of the selected access points. Each user information field may include a corresponding APID for the corresponding access point. For example, the APID may be a MAC address of the access point, a BSSID associated with the access point, or a BSS color associated with the access point. Each user information field includes, for the corresponding access point, an indication of the start time of the corresponding allocated time resource. For example, the user information field may include an indication of a symbol, a time slot, or an absolute or relative time at which the allocated time resource starts. The user information field may also include a duration of the corresponding allocated time resource, for example, in symbols, time slots, or milliseconds (ms). In some implementations, the CTAS frame 1114 further includes, for example, in one or more user information fields, an indication of a time slot schedule, and in some cases, further includes an identifier of a wireless station that is assigned use of the corresponding time slot. Each user information field may further include, for a corresponding selected access point, an indication of frequency resources available for use by the corresponding access point when using the corresponding allocated time resources. For example, the user information field may indicate one or more channels or subchannels (e.g., one or more 20 MHz channels) or one or more resource elements (RUs) that may be used by the corresponding access point and its BSS when using the allocated time resources. As described elsewhere herein, in some implementations or cases, the first wireless access point and one or more of AP2 and AP3 may be configured for communication via CAP TDMA and CAP OFDMA simultaneously. As previously described, in other implementations or cases, the CTAS frame 1114 may allocate all available frequency resources to each of the selected access points for use when using its corresponding allocated time resources.

[0147] After sending the CTAS frame 1114, the first wireless access point sends a CAP TXOP Local Schedule (CTLS) frame 1116 1 to the first set of wireless stations in its BSS at time t 4. Similarly, each of the selected access points AP2 and AP3 can also send corresponding CTLS frames 1116 2 and 1116 3 to the associated wireless stations in their corresponding BSSs at time t 4. In some implementations, the CTAS frame 1114 includes at least one trigger frame configured to trigger the selected access points AP2 and AP3 to send corresponding CTLS frames 1116 2 and 1116 3 to their associated BSSs simultaneously with the first wireless access point sending the CTLS frame 1116 1 to their associated BSSs at time t 4 (e.g., a SIFS duration after the CTAS frame 1114). Each of the CTLS frames 1116 may identify time (and frequency) resources allocated to the corresponding access point and its associated BSS, and may indicate that the identified time resources are reserved for use by or otherwise allocated to the corresponding BSS. It is noteworthy that for access points capable of CAP TDMA, the CTAS frame 1114 is configured to cause the selected access point to send the corresponding CTLS frame 1116 regardless of its respective NAV.

[0148] In some implementations, the second wireless packet sent by the first wireless access point in block 1012 of process 1000 includes a CTLS frame 1116 1. In such implementations, the CTLS frame 1116 1 includes an indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated to the first set of wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs for direct wireless communication. As described above, the indication may include, for each of one or more stations in the first set of wireless stations, an indication of one or more specific time slots 1124 1 allocated to the corresponding wireless station for direct wireless communication. For example, in some implementations, the CTLS frame 1116 1 includes a time slot schedule that defines the time slots and an identifier (e.g., based on the BSS color and AID) of the associated wireless station that is allocated use of the corresponding time slot 1124 1. In some other implementations, the second radio packet may include an indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated for direct radio communication in another frame, and may be sent, for example, after sending the radio packet including the CTLS frame 1216 1. In some implementations, the CTLS frame 1116 1 or other frames may include one or more other parameters for the time slot 1124 1, such as the frame type of direct radio communication allowed to be sent during the time slot 1124 1 or any other control information for controlling direct radio communication during the time slot.

[0149] In some implementations, the CTLS frames 1116 sent by the first wireless access point and the selected access points AP2 and AP3 are non-HT repeat frames. That is, in some implementations, each of the CTLS frames 1116 is identical to the other CTLS frames 1116. In addition, each of the CTLS frames 1116 sent by the first wireless access point and the selected access points can be sent simultaneously via all available frequency resources of the wireless channel. In this way, the CTLS frames 1116 will not interfere destructively with each other, and stations receiving the CTLS frames 1116 can correctly decode them. In some implementations, the source address field associated with each of the CTLS frames 1116 (e.g., in the MAC header) is set to the same multicast address or other predefined address associated with CAP TDMA transmission. A wireless station supporting CAP TDMA may be configured such that when it receives a frame with a multicast address, it decodes and parses the corresponding frame. In some implementations, a BSSID field (e.g., in a MAC header) associated with each of the CTLS frames 1116 is set to the BSSID of the first wireless access point. In some such implementations, a destination address field (e.g., in a MAC header) associated with each of the CTLS frames 1116 is set to the same broadcast address.

[0150] In some implementations, each of the CTLS frames 1116 sent by the first wireless access point and the selected access points AP2 and AP3 includes an information element (IE) for each of the access points AP1, AP2, and AP3, the IE including, for the corresponding access point, an indication of a start time of a corresponding allocated time resource. For example, each IE may include an indication of a symbol, a time slot, or an absolute or relative time at which the allocated time resource starts. The IE may also include a duration of the corresponding allocated time resource, for example, in symbols, time slots, or ms. In some implementations, each of the CTLS frames 1116 further includes, for example, in one or more IEs, an indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated for direct wireless communication. For example, the IE may include a time slot schedule and an identifier of a wireless station allocated to use the corresponding time slot. As described elsewhere herein, each IE may further include an indication of frequency resources (e.g., one or more channels, subchannels, or RUs) available for use when using the corresponding allocated time resource. Since stations associated with the selected access point may not be within range of or otherwise unable to receive and process the CTAS frame 1114, the use of the CTLS frame 1116 ensures that the stations are aware of the allocated time (and frequency) resources.

[0151] After the AP and local scheduling during the schedule allocation phase 1106, a data transmission phase 1108 may begin. During the data transmission phase 1108, the BSSs controlled by the first wireless access point and the selected access points AP2 and AP3 may share the time and frequency resources of the TXOP 1102, as described above. For example, in a first portion 1122 1 of the first time period 1120 1, the first wireless access point may use any of the above-described single-user (SU) or multi-user (MU) techniques (e.g., MU MIMO or MU OFDMA) during the first portion 1122 1 to send downlink (DL) communications to the first set of wireless stations or receive uplink (UL) communications therefrom.

[0152] During the time slot 1124 1, the first set of wireless stations may send or receive direct wireless communications to or from other wireless stations within the BSS controlled by the first wireless access point, and in some implementations or situations, to or from other wireless stations associated with other BSSs controlled by, for example, access points AP2 and AP3. In some implementations, the first wireless access point avoids transmitting on one or more wireless channels associated with TXOP 1102 during the time slot 1124 1. However, as an exception, in some such implementations, the first wireless access point may send a trigger frame at the beginning of one or more of the time slots 1124 1 in the time slots 1124 1, the trigger frame initiating direct wireless communications by wireless stations that are assigned use of the corresponding time slot 1124 1. For example, the trigger frame may indicate to the first set of wireless stations that they are allowed to contend for access during the corresponding time slot 1124 1. In some other such implementations, the first wireless access point may send a RDG frame at the beginning of one or more of the time slots 1124 1 that initiates direct wireless communication by the wireless stations that are assigned use of the corresponding time slots 1124 1 .

[0153] In some implementations, there may be a guard (or “non-transmission”) interval (e.g., of SIFS duration) between time periods 1120 allocated to respective access points to buffer and prevent interference that may be caused by overlapping communications (which may be caused by timing errors).

[0154] To ensure that the first wireless access point and the selected access points AP2 and AP3 or their respective wireless stations only transmit or receive their respective data communications during their allocated time resources (so that they do not interfere with each other), the first wireless access point can synchronize the selected access points and, in some cases, their respective wireless stations in time. For example, in some implementations, in the beginning portion of the data transmission phase 1108, the first wireless access point transmits a trigger frame (referred to herein as a CAP TXOP trigger (CTTRIG) frame) at time t 5 after transmitting the CTLS frame 1116 to synchronize the selected access point with the first wireless access point in time. In some implementations, the data communication can begin after a SIFS duration after the CTTRIG frame. It is noteworthy that the access points capable of CAP TDMA are configured to transmit and receive data communications, acknowledgment (ACK) frames, and trigger frames during their allocated time resources, regardless of their respective NAVs. In addition, a CAP TDMA-compliant wireless station may be configured to be in an active listening mode at least during the corresponding allocated time resources, and to enable it to send and receive data communications, ACK frames, and trigger frames regardless of its respective NAV.

[0155] As described above, in some implementations (e.g., simplex implementations), a wireless station that receives direct wireless communications from other wireless stations in a corresponding time slot is allowed to send an acknowledgment during the next time slot that confirms the direct wireless communications sent in the corresponding time slot.

[0156] FIG. 12 illustrates a timing diagram of an example reserved frequency resource to support coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. For example, a first wireless access point and a neighboring access point may be configured for coordinated access point (CAP) OFDMA. Still referring back to process 1000 described with reference to FIG. 10 , a first wireless access point (AP1) obtains a TXOP 1202 in block 1002 and shares the TXOP 1202 with one or more other coordinated access points (e.g., AP2) using OFDMA. As shown in FIG. 12 , in some implementations, the TXOP 1202 includes multiple phases or stages, including a first TXOP indication phase 1204, a second schedule allocation phase 1206, and a third data transmission phase 1208.

[0157] As described above with reference to FIG MHz or 320 MHz channels after obtaining the TXOP 1202 and to ensure interference-free communication during the TXOP 1202, the first wireless access point may further reserve the wireless channel by sending an RTS frame (not illustrated) to one or more of its associated radio stations.

[0158] As described above with reference to FIG 1202 expectations or intentions, for example, the process 1000 may further include: announcing the availability of frequency resources in the TXOP 1202 during the TXOP indication phase 1204 Specifically, at time t The frequency resources of the 1202 may be shared by the first wireless access point, for example, based on information received from beacons or other management frames from other access points, the first wireless access point may have previously known to other adjacent access points in its vicinity.

[0159] As further described above, after sending the CTI frame 1210 , the first wireless access point may receive the CTR frame 1212 from each of one or more candidate APs at time t 2 , which indicates that the corresponding access point participates in the expectation of the TXOP 1202 , in the instance shown in FIG 3 Among the candidate APs based on the reception of the CTR frame 1212 , the first wireless access point may then select one or more candidate APs among the candidate APs to participate in the TXOP 1202 .

[0160] As previously described, in block 1006 of the process 1000 described with reference to FIG. 10 , the first wireless access point may allocate respective sets of time and frequency resources of the TXOP 1202 to itself and each of the selected access points. In some implementations, the time resources in each set of time and frequency resources completely overlap over the entire duration of the TXOP 1202, while the frequency resources do not overlap over at least a portion of the bandwidth. In some other implementations or situations, the time resources may also not overlap over at least some portions of the duration. Thus, in some implementations, in addition to different frequency resources, the first wireless access point may further allocate different time resources.

[0161] For example, the first wireless access point may divide the available frequency resources of the TXOP 1202 into a plurality of bandwidth segments 1220, each bandwidth segment 1220 including one or more frequency resources for itself or one of the selected access points, and each bandwidth segment 1220 does not overlap with any other bandwidth segment 1220. For example, each of the bandwidth segments 1220 may include one or more channels (e.g., 20 MHz subchannels) or resource elements (RUs) in the accompanying wireless channel. In some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the TXOP 1202 into equal bandwidth segments 1220, wherein the number of equal bandwidth segments 1220 is equal to the number of access points sharing the TXOP 1202. For example, as shown in FIG. 12 , the first wireless access point may divide the TXOP 1202 into two equal bandwidth segments 1220: one bandwidth segment 1220 1 for the first wireless access point and one bandwidth segment 1220 2 for the selected access point AP2. In some other implementations or situations, the first wireless access point may divide the frequency resources into unequal bandwidth segments 1220. For example, the first wireless access point may select for itself a wider bandwidth segment 1220 1 of the TXOP 1202 that includes more frequency resources than the frequency resources in the other bandwidth segments 1220 allocated to the other selected access points. In some implementations where the CTR frame 1212 includes an indication of a buffer status or a desired number of frequency resources, the first wireless access point may allocate frequency resources to the selected access points based on their respective buffer status or requested frequency resources.

[0162] As described above, in block 1008, the first wireless access point may allocate a subset of time and frequency resources of TXOP 1202 to at least a first set of wireless stations in a BSS controlled by the first wireless access point for direct wireless communication. For example, in some implementations, the first wireless access point divides available frequency resources of bandwidth segment 1220 1 into a plurality of portions, including a portion 1222 1 of the bandwidth segment 1220 1 reserved for general infrastructure BSS traffic from itself to the first set of wireless stations or from the first set of wireless stations to itself. The bandwidth segment 1220 1 further includes a portion that may be reserved for direct wireless communication between the first set of wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs, including the subset of frequency resources. In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to send direct wireless data communications to other wireless stations outside the subset of time and frequency resources reserved for direct wireless communication.

[0163] In some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into one or more frequency bands 1224 1, each frequency band 1224 1 including one or more frequency resources. For example, each of the frequency bands may represent a set of subcarriers (or tones), RUs, or other frequency units. In some implementations, each of the frequency bands 1224 1 may be separated from each other frequency band 1224 1 by a guard band. In some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into frequency bands 1224 1 of equal width. In some other implementations or situations, the first wireless access point may divide the frequency resources into unequal frequency bands 1224. In the example shown, the frequency segment 1220 1 includes two frequency segments 1224 1A and 1224 2B, but the number of frequency segments 1224 1 may be more or less than two and may be adjusted or distributed in different manners in different frequency bandwidth segments 1220 within the same TXOP 1202 or subsequent TXOPs 1202.

[0164] In some such implementations, block 1008 of process 1000 may further include allocating each of one or more of the frequency bands 1224 1 to a corresponding subset (e.g., two or more wireless stations) of the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication. For example, each wireless station subset of the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communication in another frequency band 1224 1 of the frequency bands 1224 1 that is allocated to a different wireless station subset of the first set of wireless stations. In some implementations, during at least one frequency band 1224 1 of the frequency bands 1224 1 (e.g., frequency band 1224 1B), at least some (or all) of the first set of wireless stations may be allowed to send direct wireless communication to or receive direct wireless communication from other wireless stations associated with other BSSs controlled by other access points (including AP2 and AP3). In some such implementations, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may not be restricted to direct wireless communication to any individual BSS in frequency band 1224 1B.

[0165] As similarly described above with respect to FIG. 11 , the first wireless access point and the selected wireless access point (including AP2) may exchange one or more wireless packets to further coordinate the frequency segment schedule of frequency segment 1224 in frequency segment 1220. For example, the exchange may include: sending identifiers of one or more wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations to the selected access point. The exchange may further include: receiving identifiers of one or more wireless stations associated with the wireless access point AP2 that are configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations from the wireless access point. The first wireless access point and the selected wireless access point may coordinate which wireless stations of the first set of wireless stations are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations associated with another wireless access point during one or more frequency segments (e.g., frequency segment 1224 2 assigned to the selected access point AP2). Similarly, coordination may include determining which wireless stations in the set of wireless stations associated with access point AP2 are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations during one or more time slots in frequency band 1224-1 allocated to the first set of wireless stations.

[0166] Similarly, the selected access point AP2 may divide its allocated frequency band 1220 2 into a portion 1222 2 reserved for general infrastructure BSS traffic of wireless stations associated with its BSS. As mentioned above, the frequency band 1220 2 further includes a portion that may be reserved for direct wireless communication between corresponding wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs including the first set of wireless stations, which includes a subset of frequency resources. As mentioned above, the selected access point AP2 may divide the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into one or more frequency bands 1224 2, each frequency band including one or more frequency resources.

[0167] As described above, the selected access point AP2 may allocate each of the one or more frequency bands 1224 2 to a corresponding subset of wireless stations associated with the corresponding access point for direct wireless communication. In some implementations, at least some of the frequency bands 1224 may be coordinated or correspond to each other. For example, in corresponding common frequency bands 1224 1B and 1224 2B in bandwidth segment 1220 1, at least some (or all) of the wireless stations associated with the corresponding access point may be allowed to send direct wireless communications to or receive direct wireless communications from other wireless stations associated with other BSSs controlled by other access points. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point and the selected access point may not be restricted to direct wireless communications to any individual BSS in the common frequency band.

[0168] As described above with reference to FIG. 11 , after selecting access points to participate in the TXOP 1202 in block 1004 and allocating a set of frequency (and, in some implementations, time) resources in blocks 1004 and 1006, the first wireless access point then grants, schedules, or otherwise actually allocates the corresponding frequency resources to the selected access points (e.g., indicates an allocation of the corresponding frequency resources) in a schedule allocation phase 1206. For example, the first wireless access point may transmit a CTAS frame 1214 at time t 3 that includes, for each of the selected access points, an indication of the frequency (and, in some implementations, time) resources allocated to the corresponding access point and usable by the corresponding access point and its BSS to transmit data to or receive data from one or more corresponding associated wireless stations during the TXOP 1202. In such an implementation, the first wireless packet transmitted by the first wireless access point in block 1010 of process 1000 includes the CTAS frame 1214.

[0169] Similar to the above description, the CTAS frame 1214 may include, for each of the selected access points, an indication of the frequency resources allocated to the corresponding access point and its BSS. For example, each trigger frame of the CTAS frame 1214 may include a user information field for each of the selected access points. Each user information field includes, for the corresponding access point, an indication of the allocated frequency resources. For example, the user information field may include an indication of a set of subcarriers, RUs, or channels allocated to the corresponding access point. In some implementations, the CTAS frame 1214 further includes, for example, in one or more user information fields, an indication of a frequency band schedule, and in some cases, further includes an identifier of a wireless station that is allocated to use the corresponding frequency band. As described above, each user information field may further include, for the corresponding selected access point, an indication of time resources available for use by the corresponding access point when using the corresponding allocated frequency resources. In other implementations or situations, the CTAS frame 1214 may allocate all available time resources to each of the selected access points for use when using its corresponding allocated frequency resources.

[0170] After sending the CTAS frame 1214, the first wireless access point sends a CTLS frame 1216 1 to the first set of wireless stations in its BSS at time t 4. Similarly, the selected access point AP2 may also send a corresponding CTLS frame 1216 2 to the associated wireless stations in its corresponding BSS at time t 4. Each of the CTLS frames 1216 may identify the frequency (and time) resources allocated to the corresponding access point and its associated BSS, and may indicate that the identified frequency resources are reserved for use by the corresponding BSS or otherwise allocated to the corresponding BSS.

[0171] In some implementations, the second wireless packet sent by the first wireless access point in block 1012 of process 1000 includes a CTLS frame 1216 1. In such implementations, the CTLS frame 1216 1 includes an indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated to the first set of wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs for direct wireless communication. As described above, the indication may include, for each of one or more stations in the first set of wireless stations, an indication of one or more specific frequency bands 1224 1 allocated to the corresponding wireless station for direct wireless communication. For example, in some implementations, the CTLS frame 1216 1 includes a frequency band schedule that defines frequency bands and identifiers of associated wireless stations that are allocated use of the corresponding frequency bands 1224 1 (e.g., based on BSS colors and AIDs). In some other implementations, the second radio packet may include an indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated for direct radio communication in another frame, and may be sent, for example, after sending the radio packet including the CTLS frame 1216 1. In some implementations, the CTLS frame 1216 1 or other frames may include one or more other parameters for the frequency band 1224 1, such as the frame type of direct radio communication allowed to be sent during the frequency band 1224 1 or any other control information for controlling direct radio communication in the frequency band.

[0172] In some implementations, each of the CTLS frames 1216 sent by the first wireless access point and the selected access point AP2 includes an IE for each access point, the IE including, for the corresponding access point, an indication of a subcarrier, RU, or channel of the frequency resources allocated to it. In some implementations, each of the CTLS frames 1216 further includes, for example, in one or more IEs, an indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated for direct wireless communication. For example, the IE may include a frequency band schedule and an identifier of a wireless station allocated to use the corresponding time slot. As described elsewhere herein, each IE may further include an indication of time resources (e.g., one or more symbols or time slots) available for use when using the corresponding allocated frequency resources.

[0173] After the access point and local scheduling during the schedule allocation phase 1206, the data transmission phase 1208 can begin. During the data transmission phase 1208, the BSS controlled by the first wireless access point and the selected access points AP2 and AP3 can share the time and frequency resources of the TXOP 1202, as described above. For example, in the first portion 1222 1 of the first bandwidth segment 1220 1, the first wireless access point can use any of the above-mentioned SU or MU technologies (e.g., MU MIMO or MU OFDMA) in the first portion 1222 1 to send DL communications to the first wireless station set or receive UL communications from it.

[0174] In frequency band 1224 1, the first set of wireless stations may send or receive direct wireless communications to or from other wireless stations in a BSS controlled by the first wireless access point, and in some implementations or circumstances, to or from other wireless stations associated with other BSSs controlled, for example, by the selected access point AP2 or other selected or non-selected access points. In some implementations, the first wireless access point avoids transmitting in one or more frequency bands 1224 1.

[0175] As previously described, the first wireless access point may synchronize the selected access point in time, and in some cases, synchronize their respective wireless stations. For example, in some implementations, in the beginning portion of the data transmission phase 1208, the first wireless access point sends a CTTRIG frame at time t5 after sending the CTLS frame 1216 to synchronize the selected access point in time with the first wireless access point. In some implementations, data communication may begin after a SIFS duration after the CTTRIG frame.

[0176] In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations may be enabled for NAN operation, and the direct wireless communication may include NAN communication. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point may only allow wireless stations in the NAN network to access one or more wireless channels in the time slot 1124 or frequency band 1224 allocated for direct wireless communication. For example, the indication of the subset of time and frequency resources sent in block 1012 may include an indication of a NAN cluster ID that identifies wireless stations that are allocated access to the one or more wireless channels in the time slot 1124 or frequency band 1224. In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations outside of the time slot 1124 or frequency band 1224. The first set of wireless stations may operate the NAN network alone or in combination with other NAN-enabled wireless stations (which may be associated with other BSSs controlled by other wireless access points).

[0177] In some such implementations, process 1000 may further include: receiving a wireless packet including an action frame from at least one wireless station in the first set of wireless stations, the wireless packet indicating one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the periodic NAN discovery window. In some other implementations, process 1000 may further include: scanning one or more NAN discovery channels and determining that the first set of wireless stations is operating the NAN network. Subsequently, the first wireless access point may identify one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point may send a wireless packet to each of the one or more other wireless access points, the wireless packet including an indication of the one or more parameters associated with the NAN network. Subsequently, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may synchronize or schedule time slots 1124 or frequency bands 1224 based on the one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window.

[0178] FIG. 13 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 1300 for wireless communication in support of coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. The operations of process 1300 may be implemented by a wireless access point or elements thereof as described herein. For example, process 1300 may be performed by a wireless communication device such as wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . In some implementations, process 1300 may be performed by a wireless access point such as one of APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively.

[0179] In some implementations, in block 1302, a wireless communication device (hereinafter referred to as a first wireless access point with respect to FIG. 13) receives a first wireless packet from a second wireless access point (TXOP owner) that has acquired a TXOP. The first wireless packet indicates that a plurality of time resources and frequency resources of the TXOP may be shared by the TXOP owner. In block 1304, the first wireless access point may send a second wireless packet to the TXOP owner, the second wireless packet indicating a desire to participate in the TXOP. In block 1306, the first wireless access point may receive a third wireless packet from the TXOP owner, the third wireless packet including an indication of a first set of time and frequency resources of the TXOP that have been allocated to the first wireless access point and its BSS and may be used by the first wireless access point to send data to or receive data from a first set of wireless stations associated with the first wireless access point during the TXOP. In block 1308, the first wireless access point allocates a first subset of time and frequency resources of a first set of time and frequency resources allocated to the first wireless access point to the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. In block 1310, the first wireless access point sends a fourth wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the fourth wireless packet including an indication of the first subset of time and frequency resources. Subsequently, in block 1312, the first wireless access point may refrain from transmitting wireless communications in the first subset of time and frequency resources.

[0180] As described above with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12 , in block 1302, during a TXOP availability indication process of a TXOP indication phase of a TXOP, a first wireless access point may receive a first wireless packet from a second wireless access point. The first wireless packet may announce the availability of time and frequency resources in the TXOP. For example, the first wireless packet may include a CTI frame as described above. After receiving the CTI frame, the first wireless access point may send a second wireless packet in 1304, the second wireless packet indicating a desire to participate in the TXOP. For example, the second wireless packet may include a CTR frame as described above. In block 1306, the first wireless access point receives a third wireless packet, the third wireless packet including an indication of a first set of time and frequency resources allocated by the second wireless access point to the first wireless access point. For example, the third wireless packet may include a CTAS frame as described above.

[0181] As previously described, in block 1308, the first wireless access point may allocate a subset of time and frequency resources of the first set of time and frequency resources to at least a first set of wireless stations in a BSS controlled by the first wireless access point for direct wireless communication. For example, in some implementations, the first wireless access point divides one or both of the available time resources and available frequency resources allocated to it into a plurality of portions, including a portion reserved by it for general infrastructure BSS traffic and a portion (including the subset of time and frequency resources) reserved for direct wireless communication between the first set of wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs. As described above with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12, in some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into one or more time slots or frequency bands.

[0182] As described above, after sending the CTAS frame, the first wireless access point may send a CTLS frame to the first set of wireless stations in its BSS. The CTLS frame identifies the time and frequency resources allocated to the corresponding access point and its associated BSS, and may indicate that the identified time and frequency resources are reserved for use by the corresponding BSS or are otherwise allocated to the corresponding BSS. In some implementations, the fourth wireless packet sent by the first wireless access point in block 1310 includes a CTLS frame. In such an implementation, the CTLS frame includes an indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated to the first set of wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs for direct wireless communication. As described above, the indication may include, for each of one or more stations of the first set of wireless stations, an indication of one or more specific time slots or frequency bands allocated to the corresponding wireless station for direct wireless communication. The first wireless access point and other wireless access points may avoid transmitting in the indicated time slots and frequency bands.

[0183] As previously described, the first set of wireless stations may be enabled for NAN operation, and the direct wireless communication may include NAN communication. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point may only allow wireless stations in the NAN network to access one or more wireless channels in time slots or frequency bands allocated for direct wireless communication. In some such implementations, process 1300 may further include: receiving a wireless packet from a second wireless access point, the wireless packet including an indication of one or more parameters associated with the NAN network. Subsequently, the first wireless access point and the second wireless access point may synchronize or schedule time slots or frequency bands based on one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window.

[0184] FIG. 14 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 1400 for wireless communication in support of coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. The operations of process 1400 may be implemented by a wireless station or elements thereof as described herein. For example, process 1400 may be performed by a wireless communication device such as the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . In some implementations, process 1400 may be performed by a wireless station such as one of STAs 104 and 604 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6B , respectively.

[0185] In some implementations, in block 1402, a wireless communication device (hereinafter referred to as a first wireless station with respect to FIG. 14) receives a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS, the first BSS including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including a first wireless station. The first set of wireless stations is configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The first wireless packet includes an indication of a first subset of time and frequency resources of a first set of time and frequency resources allocated to the first BSS. As described above with respect to FIGS. 11 and 12, the first set of time and frequency resources may be one of a plurality of sets of time and frequency resource sets of a TXOP owned by the first wireless access point or by a second wireless access point controlling a second BSS. As further described above, the first wireless access point may allocate the subset of time and frequency resources to the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication with the other wireless stations. In block 1402, the first wireless station directly sends a second wireless packet to another wireless station using one or more time and frequency resources in the first subset of time and frequency resources allocated to the first wireless station. For example, the second wireless packet may be a SU PPDU that may be sent in accordance with 802.11be or a later revision to the IEEE 802.11 specification.

[0186] As described above with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12, in some implementations, the first wireless access point divides one or both of the first available time resources and the first available frequency resource set allocated to the first BSS into a plurality of portions, including a portion thereof reserved for general infrastructure BSS traffic and a portion thereof reserved for direct wireless communication between the first wireless station set or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs (including a subset of time and frequency resources). As further described above, in some implementations, the first wireless access point divides the portion reserved for direct wireless communication into one or more time slots or frequency bands.

[0187] In some implementations, the first wireless packet may be a wireless packet carrying a CTLS frame to the first set of wireless stations. As described above, the CTLS frame may include a first identification of a first set of time and frequency resources allocated to the corresponding BSS for direct wireless communication, and a second indication of a subset of time and frequency resources allocated to the first set of wireless stations or other wireless stations associated with other BSSs for direct wireless communication. As described above, the indication may include, for the first wireless station, an indication of one or more specific time slots or frequency bands allocated to the first wireless station and other wireless stations inside or outside the first BSS for direct wireless communication. Subsequently, the first wireless station may contend for access to the wireless medium during the corresponding time slot.

[0188] As previously described, the first set of wireless stations may be enabled for NAN operation, and the direct wireless communication may include NAN communication. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point may only allow wireless stations in the NAN network to access one or more wireless channels in time slots or frequency bands allocated for direct wireless communication. The first wireless station may form or join the NAN network before or after associating with the first wireless access point. In some implementations, the first wireless station is configured to send a wireless packet including an action frame to the first wireless access point, the wireless packet indicating one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window. In some other implementations, the first wireless station may periodically broadcast a wireless packet indicating one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window. In some implementations, except for direct wireless communication in the NAN discovery window, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to send direct wireless communication to other wireless stations outside the first subset of time and frequency resources allocated to the first set of wireless stations. In other words, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to send direct wireless data communications outside of the allocated time slots and frequency bands.

[0189] In some implementations, in one or more allocated time slots and frequency bands, the first wireless station may exchange one or more wireless packets with at least one other wireless station in the NAN network to establish a NAN data link (NDL) in the allocated time slots and frequency bands. In such an implementation, the first wireless station may directly send a second wireless packet to the other wireless station via the NDL.

[0190] Some wireless communication protocols, including those supporting the IEEE 802.11 standard, support the use of quiet periods. Each quiet period refers to a duration during which wireless communication devices (including APs and STAs) are generally not allowed to access an indicated one or more wireless channels of a shared frequency band. One initial motivation for supporting quiet periods is to allow an AP to perform measurements without interference, such as measurements for dynamic frequency selection (DFS). In some implementations, for example, based on a given beacon interval, the quiet period may repeat. In addition, more than one quiet period may be defined for each beacon interval.

[0191] In general, various other aspects relate to synchronous channel access techniques. Each synchronous coordinated access window may include a scheduled contention period during which multiple synchronous access points contend for access, followed by a communication period during which the successful AP holds the TXOP. In some implementations, the synchronous access point may schedule periodically repeating, synchronized coordinated access windows by periodically sending quiet elements. The quiet elements establish repeating quiet periods during which legacy devices are not allowed to transmit. The wireless access point may also send one or more quiet override elements associated with a corresponding quiet element. The quiet override element indicates to the synchronous access point (and in some cases, its associated wireless station) that the quiet period established by the corresponding quiet element will be used for synchronous channel access, and therefore, the synchronous AP is allowed to contend for access during the corresponding contention period 1604. In some implementations, the wireless access point may schedule a reserved access window within the coordinated access window during which D2D-enabled wireless devices are allowed to send direct wireless communications to other D2D-enabled wireless devices.

[0192] FIG. 15 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 1500 for wireless communications in support of coordinated D2D communications according to some implementations. The operations of process 1500 may be implemented by a wireless access point or elements thereof as described herein. For example, process 1500 may be performed by a wireless communications device such as wireless communications device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . In some implementations, process 1500 may be performed by a wireless access point such as one of APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively.

[0193] In block 1502, a wireless communication device (hereinafter referred to as a first wireless access point with respect to FIG. 15) exchanges one or more first wireless packets with a first set of wireless access points including a first wireless access point to coordinate scheduling of a periodic coordinated access window during which the first set of wireless access points are scheduled to contend for access to one or more wireless channels. In block 1504, the first wireless access point sends a second wireless packet, the second wireless packet including a first indication of the periodic coordinated access window. In block 1506, the first wireless access point determines that a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by the first wireless access point is operating a NAN network, each wireless station of the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations in the NAN network. In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to contend for access to the one or more wireless channels during the periodic coordinated access window. In block 1508, the first wireless access point sends a third wireless packet to the first wireless station set, the third wireless packet including a second indication of a reserved access window in one or more periodic coordinated access windows in the periodic coordinated access windows. The second indication is used to indicate that the first wireless station set is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations in the NAN network on one or more wireless channels without considering the first indication. Subsequently, in block 1510, the first wireless access point may avoid sending wireless communications during the reserved access window.

[0194] FIG. 16 illustrates a timing diagram of an example reserved access window supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. For example, FIG. 16 illustrates synchronized, repeating coordinated access windows 1602 (e.g., including a first coordinated access window 1602 1, a second coordinated access window 1602 2, and a third coordinated access window 1602 3). The coordinated access windows 1602 repeat according to a period indicated by a time interval τ Access. Each coordinated access window 1602 includes a corresponding contention period 1604 (e.g., contention periods 1604 1, 1604 2, and 1604 3) having a duration τ Cntd at the beginning of the coordinated access window. Each coordinated access window 1602 also includes a corresponding communication period 1606 (e.g., communication periods 1606 1, 1606 2, and 1606 3) having a duration τ Comm. In some implementations, the first set of wireless access points enabled for synchronous channel access and desiring to communicate on the wireless medium contend for access only during the contention period 1604 at the beginning of the scheduled coordinated access window 1602. The first set of wireless stations is not allowed to contend for access to one or more wireless channels during any portion of the periodic coordinated access window 1602. In some implementations, between adjacent coordinated access windows 1602, there may be an open period of duration τ Open during which the wireless medium is open for contention-based general access by other wireless communication devices (and optionally also by synchronous APs) controlled, for example, by CSMA / CA and EDCA techniques.

[0195] The second wireless packet sent in block 1504 includes channel access information that establishes one or more recurring synchronized coordinated access windows 1602. In some implementations, the channel access information is conveyed by one or more quiet elements and one or more quiet override elements included in the first wireless packet. Each quiet element indicates to the second set of wireless communication devices (which may include the first set of wireless access points and the first set of wireless stations) that it is not allowed to transmit on the wireless channel during a quiet period defined by the quiet element. In some implementations, for each of the one or more quiet elements, the quiet override element indicates to the first set of wireless access points whether it is allowed to contend for access to the wireless channel during a contention period of the quiet period defined by the corresponding quiet element. In this way, the first set of wireless access points can schedule periodically recurring, synchronized coordinated access windows, such as the synchronized coordinated access windows 1602 described with reference to FIG. 16, by establishing periodic quiet periods.

[0196] If the quiet coverage element indicates that the first wireless access point set is allowed to contend for access during a corresponding contention period 1604 in each of one or more upcoming quiet periods, each wireless access point of the first wireless access point set may contend for access to the wireless channel during one or more contention periods 1604 in the contention periods 1604 indicated by the corresponding quiet element and the quiet coverage element. If the first wireless access point wins the contention during one of the contention periods 1604, it is the owner of the TXOP on the wireless channel during the corresponding communication period 1606 of the corresponding coordinated access window 1602. Subsequently, the first wireless access point may exchange one or more wireless data packets on the wireless channel during the TXOP.

[0197] As previously described, a quiet element establishes a repetitive quiet period during which a compatible device receiving the quiet element is generally not allowed to transmit. In this manner, synchronous channel access may be protected. For example, the compatible devices may include a first set of wireless access points and a first set of wireless stations. The first set of wireless access points are access points that support synchronous channel access (synchronous access points). However, although no device is generally allowed to contend for access during the quiet period, the quiet coverage element indicates to the first set of wireless access points (and the first set of wireless stations) that the quiet period established by the corresponding quiet element is to be used for synchronous channel access, and therefore, the first set of wireless access points is allowed to contend for access during the corresponding contention period 1604. In addition, the first set of wireless stations that support synchronous channel access may also understand the quiet coverage element, and therefore, may be configured to receive DL communications from the first wireless access point during the quiet period, and in response to receiving a trigger frame from the first wireless access point, send UL communications to the first wireless access point during the quiet period.

[0198] The second set of wireless communication devices may also include legacy devices, which may be devices configured to operate in accordance with IEEE 802.11ax or an earlier revision or version of the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, but not configured to operate in accordance with IEEE 802.11be or a later revision or version of the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. The second set of wireless communication devices may also include devices that do not otherwise support, or have disabled or not implemented isochronous channel access. The second set of wireless communication devices may be configured to interpret quiet elements, but not configured to interpret quiet override elements.

[0199] For example, exchanging one or more first wireless packets including channel access information in block 1502 may include broadcasting, multicasting, otherwise sending or receiving a frame including or indicating a quiet element and a quiet coverage element, such as a management frame. For example, the channel access information including the quiet element and the quiet coverage element may be shared in beacons 1608 (including beacons 1608 1, 1608 2, and 1608 3) or in a probe response frame. For example, beacon 1608 1 may include a first quiet element and a quiet coverage element, which identifies a first quiet period to be used by the first wireless access point set as coordinated access window 1602 1.

[0200] In some implementations or situations where the first wireless access point may or may not be a master (or control) access point (or may or may not be configured to operate within it), in block 1502, the first wireless access point may send a first wireless packet including channel access information to other synchronization access points in the first set of wireless access points. Alternatively, in some other implementations or situations, again, in some implementations or situations where the first wireless access point may or may not be a master (or control) access point (or may or may not be configured to operate within it), in block 1502, the first wireless access point may receive a first wireless packet including channel access information from at least one other synchronization access point in the first set of wireless access points.

[0201] The channel access information exchanged in block 1502 may include various channel access parameters associated with the repeating coordinated access windows 1602, such as one or more of the following: one or more related wireless channels for which scheduled channel access is defined, the start time of the next coordinated access window 1602, the time interval τ Access between the start of consecutive coordinated access windows 1602, the duration τ Cntd of each contention period 1604, the duration τ Comm of each communication period 1606, or the total duration of each coordinated access window 1602. As previously mentioned, the quiet period, and therefore each of the coordinated access windows 1602, may repeat according to a TBTT or other time interval.

[0202] As previously mentioned, although devices are generally not allowed to contend for access during quiet periods, the quiet coverage element indicates to the first set of wireless access points (and in some cases, the first set of wireless stations) that the quiet period established by the corresponding quiet element will be used for synchronous channel access, and therefore, the first set of wireless access points is allowed to contend for access during the corresponding contention period 1604 of the corresponding synchronous coordinated access window 1602. The quiet coverage element may include multiple fields, including an element ID, a length, and a quiet coverage map, and in some implementations, a duration field or a reserved field. The quiet coverage map may include a bit map, where each bit is associated with a corresponding quiet element. The value of each bit of the bit map may indicate whether the quiet period defined by the corresponding quiet element will be used as a synchronous coordinated access window 1602, and therefore, whether the first set of wireless access points is allowed to contend for access during the contention period 1604 of the corresponding coordinated access window 1602 defined by the quiet element associated with the bit. The duration field may indicate the duration of each contention period 1604. For example, the duration field may include a 4-bit value indicating the duration to be used for all contention periods (and in some other implementations, the duration field may include multiple subfields, each subfield indicating the duration of a corresponding contention period for a corresponding quiet period). In some other examples, another field in a beacon or other management frame shared by synchronization access points may be used to signal the duration of the contention period.

[0203] As described above, if the first wireless access point wins contention during one of the contention periods 1604, it is the owner of the TXOP on the wireless channel during the corresponding communication period 1606 of the corresponding coordinated access window 1602. Subsequently, the first wireless access point may exchange one or more wireless data packets with the first set of wireless stations on the wireless channel during the TXOP. For example, the first wireless access point may send DL data to one or more wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations. Additionally or alternatively, the first wireless access point may receive UL data from one or more wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations.

[0204] In some implementations, the first set of wireless access points may signal other wireless access points in the first set of wireless access points (and to associated wireless stations) of their support for synchronous channel access in management frames (such as beacon frames and probe response frames) or other frames sent between synchronous access points. For example, the first set of wireless access points may signal their support for synchronous channel access in an operational element included in a beacon, probe response, or other frame. The first set of wireless access points may also receive management frames (such as probe requests) from associated wireless stations including the first set of wireless stations, indicating that the stations support synchronous channel access. For example, the wireless stations may signal their support for synchronous channel access in a capability element included in a probe request frame.

[0205] In some implementations, the first set of wireless access points may receive one or more explicit synchronization signals from a dedicated controller or another access point operating as a master (or controlling) access point. The first set of wireless access points may synchronize their respective clocks based on the synchronization signals to facilitate implementation of repeated coordinated access windows. In some other implementations, the first set of wireless access points may synchronize their clocks based on reception of various frames (e.g., beacons or other management frames, control frames, or data frames) from other wireless access points in the first set of wireless access points participating in the repeated coordinated access windows.

[0206] As described above, each wireless station of the first set of wireless stations is also configured for D2D communication (also generally referred to herein as direct wireless communication) with other wireless stations. In certain implementations, the first set of wireless stations operates a NAN network alone or in combination with other NAN-enabled wireless stations associated with other wireless access points. As described above, in block 1506, the first wireless access point determines that the first set of wireless stations is operating a NAN network. For example, in some implementations, the determination in block 1506 includes: scanning one or more NAN discovery channels to determine whether the first set of wireless stations is operating a NAN network. Additionally or alternatively, the determination in block 1506 may be based on receiving a wireless packet including an action frame from one or more wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations, the wireless packet indicating one or more parameters associated with the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window.

[0207] In some implementations, in response to determining that the first set of wireless stations is operating a NAN network, in block 1508, the first wireless access point sends a third wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the third wireless packet including a second indication of a reserved access window 1610 within one or more periodic coordinated access windows 1602 (e.g., during a portion of a corresponding communication period 1606 (such as an end portion of the communication period 1606, as shown)). In some implementations, the second packet and the third wireless packet can be the same packet; that is, a single wireless packet can include both the first indication of the coordinated access window 1602 and the second indication of the reserved access window 1610. The second indication is used to indicate that the first set of wireless stations is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations in the NAN network on one or more wireless channels without regard to the first indication. Subsequently, the first set of wireless stations can contend for access to the wireless medium during one or more portions of the reserved access window 1610. The first wireless access point may avoid sending wireless communications during the reserved access window 1610 .

[0208] In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations is not permitted to send direct wireless data communications to other wireless stations outside of the reserved access windows 1610 (but it is able to send other direct non-data wireless communications in discovery windows, e.g., outside of the coordinated access windows 1602). In some implementations, the indication of the periodic reserved access windows 1610 indicates to the first set of wireless stations that it is permitted to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations outside of the first set of wireless stations (e.g., in other BSSs managed by other wireless access points) during at least a portion of one or more of the reserved access windows 1610. In some implementations, the indication of the reserved access windows 1610 indicates to other wireless stations in other BSSs that it is permitted to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations (which may include the first set of wireless stations) on one or more wireless channels during at least a portion of one or more of the reserved access windows 1602.

[0209] In some implementations, the process 1600 further includes exchanging one or more radio packets with one or more other access points in the first set of wireless access points to coordinate the scheduling of the periodic reserved access windows 1602. For example, the exchange of the one or more radio packets may include sending beacons and receiving beacons from the other wireless access points, each beacon including timing information for coordinating the scheduling of the periodic reserved access windows 1610.

[0210] In some implementations, the indication of the reserved access window 1610 includes one or more other parameters for the reserved access window 1610. In some implementations, the one or more other parameters include a time slot schedule that defines a series of time slots in the reserved access window 1610. In some implementations, each of the time slots can be separated from each other by an IFS (e.g., SIFS). The number of time slots can vary and can be adjusted or distributed in different ways in different reserved access windows 1610 in different coordinated access windows 1602. In some such implementations, the process 1500 further includes: allocating each of the one or more time slots in the time slots to a corresponding subset (e.g., two or more wireless stations) of the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication. For example, each of the wireless station subsets of the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communication in another time slot allocated to a different wireless station subset of the first set of wireless stations.

[0211] In some implementations, at least some of the wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations may be allowed to send or receive direct wireless communications to or from other wireless stations in a NAN network associated with other BSSs controlled by other access points during at least one of the time slots. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may not restrict direct wireless communications to any single BSS during at least one of the time slots. Additionally or alternatively, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may exchange one or more wireless packets to further coordinate time slot scheduling for time slots within at least one of the reserved access windows. In some such implementations, the exchanging includes: sending identifiers of one or more wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations to at least one of the wireless access points. The exchanging further includes: receiving identifiers of one or more wireless stations associated with the wireless access point configured for direct wireless communications with other wireless stations from the wireless access point. The two wireless access points may coordinate which wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations associated with the other wireless access point during one or more time slots assigned to the other wireless access point. Similarly, the coordination may include determining which wireless stations in the set of wireless stations associated with the other wireless access point are allowed to send direct wireless communications to wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations during one or more time slots assigned to the first set of wireless stations.

[0212] In some implementations, the one or more other parameters identified in the indication of the reserved access window 1610 may further include a frame type for direct wireless communications allowed to be sent during the reserved access window 1610 or any other control information for controlling direct wireless communications during the reserved access window 1610.

[0213] In some implementations, the process 1500 further includes: sending a trigger frame to the first set of wireless stations at the beginning of the reserved access window 1610, the trigger frame triggering or initiating direct wireless communication by the wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations. For example, the trigger frame may indicate to the first set of wireless stations that they are allowed to contend for access during corresponding time slots in the reserved access window 1610. In some other implementations, the process 1500 may further include: sending a RDG frame to one or more of the wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations to initiate direct wireless communication with other wireless stations.

[0214] FIG. 17 illustrates a flow chart of an example process 1700 for wireless communication in support of coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. The operations of process 1700 may be implemented by a wireless station or elements thereof as described herein. For example, process 1700 may be performed by a wireless communication device such as the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . In some implementations, process 1700 may be performed by a wireless station such as one of STAs 104 and 604 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6B , respectively.

[0215] In block 1702, a wireless communication device (hereinafter referred to as a first wireless station with respect to FIG. 17) forms or joins a NAN network, the NAN network including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including a first wireless station. Each wireless station of the first set of wireless stations is configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations in the NAN network. In block 1704, the first wireless station receives a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS including the first set of wireless stations. The first wireless packet includes a first indication of a periodic coordinated access window during which wireless access points including the first wireless access point are scheduled to contend for access to one or more wireless channels, and during which wireless stations including the first set of wireless stations are not allowed to contend for access to the one or more wireless channels. In block 1706, the first wireless station receives a second wireless packet from the first wireless access point, the second wireless packet including a second indication of a reserved access window in one or more periodic coordinated access windows in the periodic coordinated access windows, the second indication being used to indicate that the first wireless station set is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations in the NAN network on one or more wireless channels without regard to the first indication. In block 1708, the first wireless station sends a third wireless packet directly to another wireless station during at least one of the reserved access windows.

[0216] The first wireless packet received in block 1704 includes channel access information that establishes one or more repeated synchronous coordinated access windows 1602, as described above with respect to FIG. 16. During any portion of the periodic coordinated access windows 1602, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to contend for access to the one or more wireless channels. As previously described, in some implementations, the channel access information is conveyed by one or more quiet elements and one or more quiet override elements included in the first wireless packet. Each quiet element indicates to the set of wireless communication devices (which may include the first set of wireless access points and the first set of wireless stations) that it is not allowed to transmit on the wireless channel during a quiet period defined by the quiet element. In some implementations, for each of the one or more quiet elements, the quiet override element indicates to the first set of wireless access points whether it is allowed to contend for access to the wireless channel during a contention period of the quiet period defined by the corresponding quiet element. In this manner, the first set of wireless access points may schedule periodically repeating, synchronized coordinated access windows, such as synchronized coordinated access windows 1602 described with reference to FIG. 16 , by establishing periodic quiet periods.

[0217] As previously described, a quiet element establishes a repetitive quiet period during which a compliant device receiving the quiet element is generally not allowed to transmit. In this manner, synchronous channel access may be protected. For example, the compliant devices may include a first set of wireless access points and a first set of wireless stations. The first set of wireless access points are access points that support synchronous channel access (synchronous access points). However, although devices are generally not allowed to contend for access during the quiet period, the quiet coverage element indicates to the first set of wireless access points (and the first set of wireless stations) that the quiet period established by the corresponding quiet element will be used for synchronous channel access, and therefore, the first set of wireless access points is allowed to contend for access during the corresponding contention period 1604. In addition, the first set of wireless stations that support synchronous channel access may also understand the quiet coverage element, and therefore, may be configured to receive DL communications from the first wireless access point during the quiet period, and in response to receiving a trigger frame from the first wireless access point, send UL communications to the first wireless access point during the quiet period.

[0218] As described above, each wireless station of the first set of wireless stations is also configured for D2D communication with other wireless stations. In certain implementations, the first set of wireless stations operates a NAN network alone or in combination with other NAN-enabled wireless stations associated with other wireless access points. In some implementations, the first wireless station sends a wireless packet to the first wireless access point, the wireless packet including one or more parameters for the NAN network, including the timing of the NAN discovery window. In some other implementations, the first wireless station may schedule the NAN discovery window for the NAN network to periodically start at a fixed duration after each periodic coordinated access window 1602. In some implementations, the first wireless station may also send an indication of the periodic coordinated access window 1602 to other wireless stations in the NAN network in the NAN discovery window.

[0219] As described above, in block 1706, the first wireless station receives a second wireless packet from the first wireless access point, the second wireless packet including a second indication of a reserved access window 1610 within one or more periodic coordinated access windows 1602. As described above, the second indication is used to indicate that the first wireless station set is allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations in the NAN network on one or more wireless channels without considering the first indication. In some implementations, the second packet and the third wireless packet can be the same packet; that is, a single wireless packet can include both the first indication of the coordinated access window 1602 and the second indication of the reserved access window 1610.

[0220] In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations is not permitted to send direct wireless data communications to other wireless stations outside of the reserved access windows 1610 (but is able to send other direct non-data wireless communications in discovery windows, e.g., outside of the coordinated access window 1602). In some implementations, the second indication of the reserved access windows 1610 received in block 1706 indicates to the first set of wireless stations that it is permitted to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations outside of the first set of wireless stations (e.g., in other BSSs managed by other wireless access points) during at least a portion of one or more of the reserved access windows 1610. In some implementations, the indication of the reserved access windows 1610 received at block 1706 indicates to other wireless stations in other BSSs that they are allowed to send direct wireless communications to other wireless stations (which may include the first set of wireless stations) on one or more wireless channels during at least a portion of one or more of the reserved access windows 1610.

[0221] In some implementations, the indication of the reserved access window 1610 received in block 1706 includes one or more other parameters for the reserved access window 1610. In some implementations, the one or more other parameters include a time slot schedule defining a series of time slots in the reserved access window 1610. In some implementations, each of the time slots may be separated from each other by an IFS (e.g., SIFS). The number of time slots may vary and may be adjusted or distributed differently in different reserved access windows 1610 in different coordinated access windows 1602. In some such implementations, each of one or more of the time slots may be allocated to a corresponding subset (e.g., two or more wireless stations) of the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication. For example, each of the wireless station subsets of the first set of wireless stations may not be allowed to send direct wireless communication in another time slot allocated to a different wireless station subset of the first set of wireless stations. In some implementations, at least some of the wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations may be allowed to send direct wireless communications to or receive direct wireless communications from other wireless stations in the NAN network associated with other BSSs controlled by other access points during at least one of the time slots. In some such implementations, the first wireless access point and the other wireless access points may not restrict direct wireless communications to any individual BSS during at least one of the time slots.

[0222] In some implementations, the one or more other parameters identified in the indication of the reserved access window 1610 may further include a frame type for direct wireless communications allowed to be sent during the reserved access window 1610 or any other control information for controlling direct wireless communications during the reserved access window 1610.

[0223] In some implementations, the process 1700 further includes: receiving a trigger frame from the first wireless access point at the beginning of the reserved access window 1610, the trigger frame triggering or initiating direct wireless communication by the first wireless station. For example, the first wireless station may contend for access during a corresponding time slot within the reserved access window 1610 based on receiving the trigger frame. In some other implementations, the process 1700 may further include: receiving a RDG frame from the first wireless access point to initiate direct wireless communication with other wireless stations.

[0224] FIG. 18 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 1800 supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1800 is configured to perform the process 1100 described above with reference to FIG. 11 . The wireless communication device 1800 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . For example, the wireless communication device 1800 may be a chip, SoC, chipset, package, or device including at least one modem (e.g., a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) modem or a cellular modem, such as modem 502 ), at least one processor (such as processor 504 ), and at least one memory (such as memory 508 ). The wireless communication device 1800 may further include at least one radio unit (such as radio unit 506 ). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1800 may be a device for use in an AP (such as one of the APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively). In some other implementations, the wireless communication device 1800 may be an AP including such a chip, SoC, chipset, package or device and at least one antenna (such as antenna 620).

[0225] The wireless communication device 1800 includes a receiving component 1810, a communication manager 1820, and a transmitting component 1830. The communication manager 1820 further includes a coordinated access component 1822. Portions of the coordinated access component 1822 may be implemented at least in part in hardware or firmware. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 1822 is implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of the coordinated access component 1822 may be implemented as non-transitory instructions (or "code") executable by a processor to perform a function or operation of the corresponding component.

[0226] The receiving component 1810 is configured to receive an RX signal representing an uplink communication from a wireless station or a communication from another AP. The transmitting component 1830 is configured to transmit a TX signal representing a downlink communication to a wireless station or a communication to another AP. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 1822 is configured to generate a first wireless packet and cause the transmitting component 1830 to transmit the first wireless packet to at least a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by a first wireless access point, each wireless station in the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The first wireless packet includes an indication of a periodic reserved access window, which indicates to the first set of wireless stations that it is allowed to transmit direct wireless communication to other wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations on one or more wireless channels during the periodic reserved access window. The coordinated access component 1822 is further configured to avoid causing the transmitting component 1830 to transmit wireless communication during the periodic reserved access window.

[0227] FIG. 19 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 1900 supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1900 is configured to perform the process 1200 described above with reference to FIG. 12 . The wireless communication device 1900 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . For example, the wireless communication device 1900 may be a chip, SoC, chipset, package, or device including at least one modem (e.g., a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) modem or a cellular modem, such as modem 502 ), at least one processor (such as processor 504 ), and at least one memory (such as memory 508 ). The wireless communication device 1900 may further include at least one radio unit (such as radio unit 506 ). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1900 may be a device for use in a STA (such as one of the STAs 104 and 604 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively). In some other implementations, the wireless communication device 1900 may be a STA including such a chip, SoC, chipset, package or device and at least one antenna (such as antenna 625).

[0228] The wireless communication device 1900 includes a receiving component 1910, a communication manager 1920, and a transmitting component 1930. The communication manager 1920 further includes a coordinated access component 1922. Portions of the coordinated access component 1922 may be implemented at least in part in hardware or firmware. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 1922 is implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of the coordinated access component 1922 may be implemented as non-transitory instructions (or "code") executable by a processor to perform the functions or operations of the corresponding component.

[0229] The receiving component 1910 is configured to receive an RX signal representing a downlink communication from a wireless access point or a communication directly from other wireless stations. The transmitting component 1930 is configured to transmit a TX signal representing an uplink communication to the wireless access point or a communication directly to other wireless stations. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 1922 is configured to receive a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS via the receiving component 1910, the first BSS including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including a first wireless station, the first wireless station being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The first wireless packet may include an indication of a periodic reserved access window, the indication indicating to the first wireless station that it is allowed to send direct wireless communication to one or more other wireless stations in the first set of wireless stations on one or more wireless channels during the periodic reserved access window. The coordinated access component is further configured to: generate a second wireless packet, and enable the sending component 1930 to directly send the second wireless packet to another wireless station during at least one periodic reserved access window in the periodic reserved access windows.

[0230] FIG. 20 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 2000 supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2000 is configured to perform the process 1300 described above with reference to FIG. 13 . The wireless communication device 2000 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . For example, the wireless communication device 2000 may be a chip, SoC, chipset, package, or device including at least one modem (e.g., a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) modem or a cellular modem, such as modem 502 ), at least one processor (such as processor 504 ), and at least one memory (such as memory 508 ). The wireless communication device 2000 may further include at least one radio unit (such as radio unit 506 ). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2000 may be a device for use in an AP (such as one of the APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively). In some other implementations, the wireless communication device 2000 may be an AP including such a chip, SoC, chipset, package or device and at least one antenna (such as antenna 620).

[0231] The wireless communication device 2000 includes a receiving component 2010, a communication manager 2020, and a sending component 2030. The communication manager 2020 further includes a coordinated access component 2022. Portions of the coordinated access component 2022 may be implemented at least in part in hardware or firmware. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 2022 is implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of the coordinated access component 2022 may be implemented as non-transitory instructions (or "codes") executable by a processor to perform the functions or operations of the corresponding component.

[0232] The receiving element 2010 is configured to receive an RX signal representing an uplink communication from a wireless station or a communication from other APs. The transmitting element 2030 is configured to transmit a TX signal representing a downlink communication to a wireless station or a communication to other APs. In some implementations, the coordinated access element 2022 is configured to contend for access to a medium to obtain a transmission opportunity for wireless communication via one or more wireless channels. The coordinated access element 2022 is also configured to select one or more other wireless access points to participate in the transmission opportunity. The coordinated access element 2022 is also configured to allocate a corresponding set of time and frequency resources from a plurality of sets of time and frequency resources for the transmission opportunity to each of the first wireless access point and the selected wireless access point. The coordinated access element 2022 is also configured to allocate a first subset of the time and frequency resources allocated to the set of time and frequency resources of the first wireless access point to a first set of wireless stations in a BSS controlled by the first wireless access point for direct wireless communication with the other wireless stations. The coordinated access component 2022 is also configured to generate a first wireless packet and cause the transmitting component 2030 to transmit the first wireless packet to one or more selected wireless access points, the first wireless packet including, for each of the selected wireless access points, an indication of a set of time and frequency resources allocated to the corresponding wireless access point. In addition, the coordinated access component 2022 is also configured to generate a second wireless packet and cause the transmitting component 2030 to transmit the second wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the second wireless packet including an indication of the first subset of time and frequency resources. The coordinated access component 2022 is further configured to avoid causing the transmitting component 1030 to transmit wireless communications in the first subset of time and frequency resources.

[0233] FIG. 21 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 2100 supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2100 is configured to perform the process 1400 described above with reference to FIG. 14 . The wireless communication device 2100 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . For example, the wireless communication device 2100 may be a chip, SoC, chipset, package, or device including at least one modem (e.g., a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) modem or a cellular modem, such as modem 502 ), at least one processor (such as processor 504 ), and at least one memory (such as memory 508 ). The wireless communication device 2100 may further include at least one radio unit (such as radio unit 506 ). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2100 may be a device for use in an AP (such as one of the APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively). In some other implementations, the wireless communication device 2100 may be an AP including such a chip, SoC, chipset, package or device and at least one antenna (such as antenna 620).

[0234] The wireless communication device 2100 includes a receiving component 2110, a communication manager 2120, and a transmitting component 2130. The communication manager 2120 further includes a coordinated access component 2122. Portions of the coordinated access component 2122 may be implemented at least in part in hardware or firmware. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 2122 may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of the coordinated access component 2122 may be implemented as non-transitory instructions (or "codes") executable by a processor to perform the functions or operations of the corresponding component.

[0235] The receiving element 2110 is configured to receive an RX signal representing an uplink communication from a wireless station or a communication from other APs. The transmitting element 2130 is configured to transmit a TX signal representing a downlink communication to a wireless station or a communication to other APs. In some implementations, the coordinated access element 2122 is configured to receive a first wireless packet from a second wireless access point via the receiving element 2110, the first wireless packet indicating that a plurality of time and frequency resources of a transmission opportunity owned by the second wireless access point can be shared by the second wireless access point. The coordinated access element 2122 is also configured to generate a second wireless packet and cause the transmitting element 2130 to transmit the second wireless packet to the second wireless access point, the second wireless packet indicating a desire to participate in the transmission opportunity. The coordinated access component 2122 is also configured to receive a third wireless packet from the second wireless access point via the receiving component 2110, the third wireless packet including an indication of a first set of time and frequency resources in a plurality of time and frequency resources, the first set of time and frequency resources being allocated to the first wireless access point and being usable by the first wireless access point to send data to or receive data from a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by the first wireless access point during a transmission opportunity. The coordinated access component 2122 is also configured to allocate a first subset of time and frequency resources of the first set of time and frequency resources allocated to the first wireless access point to the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The coordinated access component 2122 is further configured to generate a fourth wireless packet and cause the sending component 2130 to send the fourth wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the fourth wireless packet including an indication of the first subset of time and frequency resources. The coordinated access component 2122 is further configured to avoid causing the sending component 2130 to send wireless communications in the first subset of time and frequency resources.

[0236] FIG. 22 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 2200 supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2200 is configured to perform the process 1500 described above with reference to FIG. 15 . The wireless communication device 2200 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . For example, the wireless communication device 2200 may be a chip, SoC, chipset, package, or device including at least one modem (e.g., a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) modem or a cellular modem, such as modem 502 ), at least one processor (such as processor 504 ), and at least one memory (such as memory 508 ). The wireless communication device 2200 may further include at least one radio unit (such as radio unit 506 ). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2200 may be a device for use in a STA (such as one of the STAs 104 and 604 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively). In some other implementations, the wireless communication device 2200 may be a STA including such a chip, SoC, chipset, package or device and at least one antenna (such as antenna 625).

[0237] The wireless communication device 2200 includes a receiving component 2210, a communication manager 2220, and a sending component 2230. The communication manager 2220 further includes a coordinated access component 2222. Portions of the coordinated access component 2222 may be implemented at least in part in hardware or firmware. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 2222 is implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of the coordinated access component 2222 may be implemented as non-transitory instructions (or "codes") executable by a processor to perform the functions or operations of the corresponding component.

[0238] The receiving element 2210 is configured to receive an RX signal representing a downlink communication from a wireless access point or a communication directly from another wireless station. The transmitting element 1930 is configured to transmit a TX signal representing an uplink communication to a wireless access point or a communication directly to another wireless station. In some implementations, the coordinated access element 2222 is configured to receive a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS via the receiving element 2210, the first BSS including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including the first wireless station, the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The first wireless packet may include an indication of a first time and frequency resource subset of a first set of time and frequency resources allocated to the first BSS from among a plurality of sets of time and frequency resources of a transmission opportunity owned by the first wireless access point or the second wireless access point, the first time and frequency resource subset being allocated for use by the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations. The coordinated access component 2222 is further configured to: generate a second wireless packet, and enable the sending component 2230 to directly send the second wireless packet to another wireless station using the first subset of time and frequency resources.

[0239] FIG. 23 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 2300 supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2300 is configured to perform the process 1600 described above with reference to FIG. 16 . The wireless communication device 2300 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . For example, the wireless communication device 2300 may be a chip, SoC, chipset, package, or device including at least one modem (e.g., a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) modem or a cellular modem, such as modem 502 ), at least one processor (such as processor 504 ), and at least one memory (such as memory 508 ). The wireless communication device 2300 may further include at least one radio unit (such as radio unit 506 ). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2300 may be a device for use in an AP (such as one of the APs 102 and 602 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively). In some other implementations, the wireless communication device 2300 may be an AP including such a chip, SoC, chipset, package or device and at least one antenna (such as antenna 620).

[0240] The wireless communication device 2300 includes a receiving component 2310, a communication manager 2320, and a transmitting component 2330. The communication manager 2320 further includes a coordinated access component 2322. Portions of the coordinated access component 2322 may be implemented at least in part in hardware or firmware. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 2322 is implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of the coordinated access component 2322 may be implemented as non-transitory instructions (or "codes") executable by a processor to perform the functions or operations of the corresponding component.

[0241] The receiving element 2310 is configured to receive an RX signal representing an uplink communication from a wireless station or a communication from other APs. The transmitting element 2330 is configured to transmit a TX signal representing a downlink communication to the wireless station or a communication to other APs. In some implementations, the coordinated access element 2322 is configured to exchange one or more first radio packets with a first set of radio access points including a first radio access point via the receiving element 2310 and the transmitting element 2330 to coordinate the scheduling of a periodic coordinated access window during which the first set of radio access points is scheduled to contend for access to one or more radio channels. The coordinated access element 2322 is also configured to generate a second radio packet and cause the transmitting element 2330 to transmit the second radio packet, the second radio packet including a first indication of the periodic coordinated access window. The coordinated access component 2322 is also configured to determine that a first set of wireless stations in a first BSS controlled by a first wireless access point is operating a NAN network, each wireless station of the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations in the NAN network. In some implementations, the first set of wireless stations is not allowed to contend for access to one or more wireless channels during the periodic coordinated access window. The coordinated access component 2322 is further configured to generate a third wireless packet and cause the sending component 2330 to send the third wireless packet to the first set of wireless stations, the third wireless packet including a second indication of a reserved access window within one or more periodic coordinated access windows in the periodic coordinated access window, the second indication being used to indicate that the first set of wireless stations is allowed to send direct wireless communication to other wireless stations in the NAN network on one or more wireless channels without regard to the first indication. The coordinated access component 2322 is further configured to avoid causing the sending component 2330 to send wireless communication during the reserved access window.

[0242] FIG. 24 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication device 2400 supporting coordinated D2D communication according to some implementations. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2400 is configured to perform the process 1700 described above with reference to FIG. 17 . The wireless communication device 2400 may be an example implementation of the wireless communication device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5 . For example, the wireless communication device 2400 may be a chip, SoC, chipset, package, or device including at least one modem (e.g., a Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) modem or a cellular modem, such as modem 502 ), at least one processor (such as processor 504 ), and at least one memory (such as memory 508 ). The wireless communication device 2400 may further include at least one radio unit (such as radio unit 506 ). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 2400 may be a device for use in a STA (such as one of the STAs 104 and 604 described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 6A , respectively). In some other implementations, the wireless communication device 2400 may be a STA including such a chip, SoC, chipset, package or device and at least one antenna (such as antenna 625).

[0243] The wireless communication device 2400 includes a receiving component 2410, a communication manager 2420, and a transmitting component 2430. The communication manager 2420 further includes a coordinated access component 2422. Portions of the coordinated access component 2422 may be implemented at least in part in hardware or firmware. In some implementations, the coordinated access component 2422 is implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of the coordinated access component 2422 may be implemented as non-transitory instructions (or "code") executable by a processor to perform the functions or operations of the corresponding component.

[0244] The receiving element 2410 is configured to receive RX signals representing downlink communications from a wireless access point or communications directly from other wireless stations. The transmitting element 2430 is configured to transmit TX signals representing uplink communications to a wireless access point or communications directly to other wireless stations. In some implementations, the coordinated access element 2422 is configured to form or join a NAN network, the NAN network including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including a first wireless station, each wireless station of the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communications with other wireless stations in the NAN network. The coordinated access element 2422 is also configured to receive a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first BSS including the first set of wireless stations via the receiving element 2410. The first radio packet may include a first indication of a periodic coordinated access window, during which the radio access points including the first radio access point are scheduled to contend for access to one or more radio channels, and during which the radio stations including the first set of radio stations are not allowed to contend for access to the one or more radio channels. The coordinated access component 2422 is further configured to: receive a second radio packet from the first radio access point via the receiving component 2410, the second radio packet including a second indication of a reserved access window within one or more periodic coordinated access windows in the periodic coordinated access window, the second indication being used to indicate that the first set of radio stations is allowed to send direct radio communications to other radio stations in the NAN network on the one or more radio channels without regard to the first indication. The coordinated access component 2422 is further configured to: generate a third radio packet, and cause the sending component 2430 to send the third radio packet directly to another radio station during at least one of the reserved access windows.

[0245] Unless expressly indicated otherwise, "or" as used herein is intended to be inclusive. For example, "a or b" may include only a, only b, or a combination of a and b. As used herein, phrases referring to "at least one of" or "one or more of" a list of items represent any combination of those items, including single members. For example, "at least one of a, b, or c" is intended to cover the following possibilities: only a, only b, only c, a combination of a and b, a combination of a and c, a combination of b and c, and a combination of a, b, and c.

[0246] The various illustrative elements, logic, logic blocks, modules, circuits, operations, and algorithmic processes described in conjunction with the implementations disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, firmware, software, or a combination of hardware, firmware, or software, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents. The interchangeability of hardware, firmware, and software has been described overall around functionality and illustrated in the various illustrative elements, blocks, modules, circuits, and processes described above. Whether such functionality is implemented in hardware, firmware, or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0247] Various modifications to the implementations described in this case may be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of this case. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the implementations illustrated herein, but are to be given the broadest scope consistent with this case, the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0248] In addition, various features described in this specification in the context of separate implementations may also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single implementation may also be implemented in multiple implementations individually or in any suitable subgroup combination. Furthermore, although features may be described above as acting in a particular combination, and even initially claimed as such, in some cases one or more features from a claimed combination may be removed from the combination, and a claimed combination may be directed to a subgroup combination or a variation of a subgroup combination.

[0249] Similarly, although the operations are illustrated in a particular order in the drawings, this should not be understood as requiring the specific order illustrated or the sequential order to be performed, or requiring the execution of all illustrated operations to achieve the desired result. In addition, the drawings may schematically illustrate one or more example processes in the form of a flow chart or a flowchart. However, other operations not illustrated may be incorporated into the schematically illustrated example processes. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, at the same time, or between any of the illustrated operations. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. In addition, the segmentation of various system elements in the described implementation should not be understood as requiring such segmentation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program elements and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product, or packaged into multiple software products.

[0250] 100: Wireless communication network / WLAN 102: Access Point (AP) 104: Station (STA) 106: Coverage area 108: Communication link 110: Direct wireless link 200: Protocol Data Unit (PDU) 202: Preamble signal 204: Payload 206: Traditional Short Training Field (L-STF) 208: Traditional Long Training Fence (L-LTF) 210: Traditional signal field (L-SIG) 212: Non-legacy field / Data rate field / Cellular link 214: Data field (data) 222: Data rate field 224: Reserved bit 226: Length field 228:Parity Bit 230: tail column 300:PDU 302: Traditional part 304: Non-traditional part 306:PHY payload 308:L-STF 310:L-LTF 312:L-SIG 314: Repeated Legacy Signal Field (RL-SIG) 316: First HE signal field (HE-SIG-A) 318: Second HE signal field (HE-SIG-B) 320:HE Short Training Field (HE-STF) 322:HE Long Training Field (HE-LTF) 324: Data Field 350:PPDU 352: Traditional part 354: Non-traditional part 356:PHY payload 358:L-STF 360:L-LTF 362:L-SIG 364: Repeated Legacy Signal Field (RL-SIG) 366:Pre-SIG 368:EHT-SIG-A 370:EHT-SIG-B 372: Short Training Column 374: Long Training Column 376: Data Field 400: Wireless communication network 404:STA 410: P2P wireless link 500: Wireless communication equipment 502: Modem 504: Processor / Radio Unit 506: Processor 508: Memory 602:AP 604:STA 610: Wireless communication equipment 615: Wireless communication equipment 620: Antenna 625: Antenna 630: Processor 635: Application Processor 640: Memory 645:Memory 650: External network interface 655: User Interface (UI) 665: Display 675:Sensor 700: Process 702: Block 704: Block 802: Periodic reserved access window 804 1: Time slot 804 2: Time slot 804 3: Time slot 804 4: Time slot 806: Beacon frame 900: Process 902: Block 904: Block 1000: Process 1002: Block 1004: Block 1006: Block 1008: Block 1010: Block 1012: Block 1014: Block 1102:TXOP 1104: First TXOP indication phase 1106: Second scheduling allocation stage 1108: Third data transmission phase 1110: CAP TXOP indication (CTI) frame 1112 2: CTR frame 1112 3: CTR frame 1114: CAP TXOP AP Scheduling (CTAS) frame 1116 1: CAP TXOP local scheduling (CTLS) frame 1116 2:CTLS frame 1116 3:CTLS frame 1120 1: First time period 1120 2: Time period 1120 3: Time period 1122 1: Part 1 1122 2: Part 1122 3: Part 1124 1A: Time slot 1124 1C: Time slot 1124 2B: Time slot 1124 3A: Time slot 1202:TXOP 1204: First TXOP indication phase 1206: Second scheduling allocation stage 1208: Third data transmission phase 1210:CTI frame 1212 2:CTI frame 1214:CTI frame 1216 1:CTLS frame 1216 2:CTLS frame 1220 1: First bandwidth segment 1220 2:Bandwidth 1222 1: Part 1 1222 2: Part 1224 1A: Frequency band 1224 1B: Frequency band 1224 2B: Frequency band 1300: Process 1302: Block 1304: Block 1306: Block 1308: Block 1310: Block 1312: Block 1400: Process 1402: Block 1404: Block 1500: Process 1502: Block 1504: Block 1506: Block 1508: Block 1510: Block 1602 1: First coordinated access window 1602 2: Second coordinated access window 1602 3: Third coordination access window 1604 1: Contention period 1604 2: Contention period 1604 3: Contention Period 1606 1: Communication cycle 1606 2: Communication cycle 1606 3: Communication cycle 1608 1: Beacon 1608 2: Beacon 1608 3: Beacon 1610 1: Reserved access window 1610 2: Reserved access window 1610 3: Reserved access window 1700: Process 1702: Blocks 1704: Blocks 1706: Blocks 1708: Blocks 1800: Wireless communication equipment 1810: Receiving element 1820: Communications Manager 1822: Coordinated access element 1830: Sending component 1900: Wireless communication equipment 1910: Receiving Components 1920: Communications Manager 1922: Coordinated Access Components 1930: Sending element 2000: Wireless communication equipment 2010: Receiving components 2020: Communications Manager 2022: Coordinated Access Components 2030: Sending component 2100: Wireless communication equipment 2110: Receiving element 2120: Communications Manager 2122: Coordinated access element 2130: Sending component 2200: Wireless communication equipment 2210: Receiving element 2220:Communication Manager 2222: Coordinated access element 2230: Sending component 2300: Wireless communication equipment 2310: Receiving element 2320: Communications Manager 2322: Coordinated access element 2330: Sending component 2400: Wireless communication equipment 2410: Receiving element 2420: Communications Manager 2422: Coordinated access element 2430: Sending component

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication by a first wireless station, the method comprising the steps of: receiving a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first basic service set (BSS), the first BSS including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including the first wireless station, the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations, the first wireless packet including an indication of a first time and frequency resource subset allocated to a first time and frequency resource subset of a plurality of time and frequency resource subsets of a transmission opportunity owned by the first wireless access point or a second wireless access point, the first time and frequency resource subset being allocated for use by the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless data communication with other wireless stations; and transmitting a second wireless packet including data directly to another wireless station among the other wireless stations using the first time and frequency resource subset.

2. The method as described in claim 1, wherein: The frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in the time and frequency resource sets allocated to the first BSS include a plurality of time slots, and the first time and frequency resource subset includes one or more of the plurality of time slots; and the indication to the first time and frequency resource subset includes an indication to a time slot scheduling for the plurality of time slots.

3. The method as described in claim 2, wherein during at least one of the one or more time slots included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first radio station is allowed to contend for access to send or receive direct radio communications to or from other radio stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

4. The method as described in claim 2, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that instructs the time slot scheduling and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station, wherein the transmission of the second wireless packet is in response to the trigger frame.

5. The method as described in request item 1, wherein: The time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets of the transmission opportunity include a plurality of frequency bands, and the first subset of time and frequency resources includes one or more of the plurality of frequency bands; and the corresponding indication of the time and frequency resource set includes an indication of a bandwidth schedule for the plurality of frequency bands.

6. The method as described in claim 5, wherein in at least one of the one or more frequency bands included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first radio station is allowed to contend for access to send direct radio communications to or receive direct radio communications from other radio stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

7. The method as described in claim 5, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that indicates the bandwidth schedule and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station, wherein the transmission of the second wireless packet is in response to the trigger frame.

8. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the first time and frequency resource subset is available for direct wireless data communication with other wireless stations solely by the first set of wireless stations based on contention-based use.

9. A wireless communication device, comprising: At least one memory cell; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory and operable to cause the wireless communication device to: receive a first wireless packet from a first wireless access point controlling a first basic service set (BSS), the first BSS including a first set of wireless stations, the first set of wireless stations including the first wireless station, the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations, the first wireless packet including an indication of a first time and frequency resource subset allocated to the first BSS from a plurality of time and frequency resource subsets of a transmission opportunity owned by the first wireless access point or a second wireless access point, the first time and frequency resource subset being allocated for use by the first set of wireless stations for direct wireless data communication with other wireless stations; and transmit a second wireless packet including data directly to another wireless station among the other wireless stations using the first time and frequency resource subset.

10. The wireless communication device as described in claim 9, wherein: The frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in the time and frequency resource sets allocated to the first BSS include a plurality of time slots, and the first time and frequency resource subset includes one or more of the plurality of time slots; and the indication to the first time and frequency resource subset includes an indication to a time slot scheduling for the plurality of time slots.

11. The wireless communication device as claimed in claim 10, wherein during at least one of the one or more time slots included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first wireless station is allowed to contend for access to send direct wireless communication to or receive direct wireless communication from other wireless stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

12. The wireless communication device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that instructs the time slot scheduling and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station, wherein the transmission of the second wireless packet is in response to the trigger frame.

13. The wireless communication device as described in claim 9, wherein: The time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets of the transmission opportunity include a plurality of frequency bands, and the first subset of time and frequency resources includes one or more of the plurality of frequency bands; and the corresponding indication of the time and frequency resource set includes an indication of a bandwidth schedule for the plurality of frequency bands.

14. The wireless communication device as claimed in claim 13, wherein in at least one of the one or more frequency bands included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first wireless station is allowed to contend for access to send direct wireless communication to or receive direct wireless communication from other wireless stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

15. The wireless communication device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that indicates the bandwidth schedule and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station, wherein the transmission of the second wireless packet is in response to the trigger frame.

16. The wireless communication device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first time and frequency resource subset is available for direct wireless data communication with other wireless stations solely by the first set of wireless stations based on contention-based use.

17. A method for wireless communication by a first radio access point controlled by a first basic service set (BSS), the method comprising the steps of: sending a first radio packet to a first set of radio stations including a first radio station, the first radio packet including an indication of a first time and frequency resource subset of a plurality of time and frequency resource sets of a transmission opportunity owned by the first radio access point, the first set of radio stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other radio stations, the first time and frequency resource subset being allocated for such direct wireless communication by the first set of radio stations with the other radio stations; and avoiding transmitting wireless communication in the first time and frequency resource subset.

18. The method as described in claim 17, wherein: The frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in the time and frequency resource sets allocated to the first BSS include a plurality of time slots, and the first time and frequency resource subset includes one or more of the plurality of time slots; and the indication to the first time and frequency resource subset includes an indication to a time slot scheduling for the plurality of time slots.

19. The method as described in claim 18, wherein during at least one of the one or more time slots included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first radio station is permitted to send direct radio communications to or receive direct radio communications from other radio stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

20. The method as described in claim 18, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that indicates the time slot scheduling and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station.

21. The method as described in claim 17, wherein: The time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets of the transmission opportunity include a plurality of frequency bands, and the first subset of time and frequency resources includes one or more of the plurality of frequency bands; and the corresponding indication of the time and frequency resource set includes an indication of a bandwidth schedule for the plurality of frequency bands.

22. The method as described in claim 21, wherein in at least one of the plurality of frequency bands included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first radio station is permitted to send direct radio communications to or receive direct radio communications from other radio stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

23. The method as described in claim 21, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that indicates the bandwidth schedule and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station.

24. A wireless access point for wireless communication, comprising: At least one memory cell; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one memory and operable to cause the wireless communication access point to perform the following operations: transmit a first wireless packet to a first set of wireless stations, including a first wireless station, of a first basic service set (BSS) controlled by the wireless access point, the first wireless packet including an indication of a first time and frequency resource subset of a plurality of time and frequency resource sets of a transmission opportunity owned by the first wireless access point, the first set of wireless stations being configured for direct wireless communication with other wireless stations, the first time and frequency resource subset being allocated for such direct wireless communication by the first set of wireless stations with such other wireless stations; and avoid transmitting wireless communication in the first time and frequency resource subset.

25. A wireless access point as described in claim 24, wherein: The frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the time resources in the time and frequency resource sets allocated to the first BSS include a plurality of time slots, and the first time and frequency resource subset includes one or more of the plurality of time slots; and the indication to the first time and frequency resource subset includes an indication to a time slot scheduling for the plurality of time slots.

26. The wireless access point as described in claim 25, wherein during at least one of the one or more time slots included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first wireless station is permitted to send or receive direct wireless communications to or from other wireless stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

27. The wireless access point as described in claim 25, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that instructs the time slot scheduling and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station.

28. A wireless access point as described in claim 24, wherein: The time resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets overlap with the time resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets do not overlap with any frequency resources in other time and frequency resource sets; the frequency resources in each of the plurality of time and frequency resource sets of the transmission opportunity include a plurality of frequency bands, and the first subset of time and frequency resources includes one or more of the plurality of frequency bands; and the corresponding indication of the time and frequency resource set includes an indication of a bandwidth schedule for the plurality of frequency bands.

29. The wireless access point as described in claim 28, wherein in at least one of one or more frequency bands included in the first time and frequency resource subset, the first wireless station is permitted to send direct wireless communications to or receive direct wireless communications from other wireless stations associated with one or more other BSSs.

30. The wireless access point as described in claim 28, wherein the first wireless packet includes a trigger frame that indicates the bandwidth schedule and initiates direct wireless communication by the first wireless station.

Images