Gas generating compositions
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- US · United States
- Patent Type
- Applications(United States)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-29
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-13
Smart Images
Figure US20260234080A1-D00000_ABST
Abstract
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications 63 / 493,485, filed Mar. 31, 2023, and 63 / 494,028, filed Apr. 4, 2023, the contents of each are hereby incorporated in their entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates to safety devices for passenger vehicles. In particular, the disclosure relates to gas generating compositions for use in inflatable protection devices, such as airbags. Passenger vehicles may include, for example, automobiles, motorcycles, boats, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft.BACKGROUND
[0003] Inflatable protection devices, such as airbags, have been widely adopted in passenger vehicles for improving the safety of occupants. An inflator is operated by an ignition signal received from the vehicle when a vehicle sensor detects an emergency event, such as a collision, and inflates the inflatable protection device to a position between an occupant and a portion of the vehicle. The inflator is typically required to produce a sufficient amount of inflation gas to inflate the inflatable protection device in a very short period of time. In some inflators, pyrotechnic gas generating compositions are used which can rapidly combust and produce the required inflation gas.
[0004] The particular components selected for a gas generating composition, and the amounts and ratios of these components relative to each other, can greatly affect the properties of the gas generating composition and thus the suitability for use in a vehicle environment. For example, in a closed vehicle environment, such as an automobile, it is important that the inflation gas does not include undesirable levels of certain effluent gases (e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), and various nitrogen oxides (NOx), including nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)). Therefore, it is important to tune the gas generating composition to achieve the goal of occupant safety during an accident while optimizing other properties.SUMMARY
[0005] Various implementations include a gas generating composition comprising melamine nitrate and basic copper nitrate. In some implementations, the gas generating composition also comprises ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate, wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a ratio with respect to each other of anywhere between 3:1 and 1:3, respectively. In some implementations, the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
[0006] In some implementations, the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
[0007] In some implementations, the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 10% of the gas generating composition.
[0008] In some implementations, the gas generating composition further comprises guanidine nitrate.
[0009] In some implementations, the gas generating composition further comprises a lubricant. The lubricant can be selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof. In some implementations, the lubricant is calcium stearate.
[0010] In some implementations, the gas generating composition further comprises a slagging agent. The slagging agent can be selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof. In some implementations, the slagging agent comprises aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide.
[0011] In other implementations, the gas generating composition comprises melamine nitrate, guanidine nitrate, and basic copper nitrate. The gas generating composition also comprises aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, as well as ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate, wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a ratio with respect to each other of anywhere between 3:1 and 1:3. The total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
[0012] In some implementations, the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
[0013] In some implementations, the gas generating composition further comprises a lubricant. The lubricant can be selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof. In some implementations, the lubricant is calcium stearate.
[0014] In some implementations, the gas generating composition comprises 15 to 25% by weight of melamine nitrate, 15 to 25% by weight of guanidine nitrate, 45 to 55% by weight of basic copper nitrate, 1 to 3% by weight of aluminum oxide, 1 to 3% by weight of titanium dioxide, 1 to 7% by weight of ammonium perchlorate, and 1 to 7% by weight of potassium perchlorate.
[0015] In some implementations, the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
[0016] In some implementations, the gas generating composition further comprises a lubricant. The lubricant can be selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof. In some implementations, the lubricant is calcium stearate.
[0017] In other implementations, the gas generating composition consists essentially of 15 to 25% by weight of melamine nitrate, 15 to 25% by weight of guanidine nitrate, 45 to 55% by weight of basic copper nitrate, 1 to 3% by weight of aluminum oxide, 1 to 3% by weight of titanium dioxide, 1 to 7% by weight of ammonium perchlorate, 1 to 7% by weight of potassium perchlorate, and 0.1 to 1% by weight of calcium stearate. The ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a ratio with respect to each other of anywhere between 3:1 and 1:3, respectively. The total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
[0018] In some implementations, the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] The drawings are merely exemplary to illustrate structure and certain features that can be used singularly or in combination with other features. The disclosure should not be limited to the implementations shown.
[0020] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an inflator for use with gas generating compositions disclosed herein.
[0021] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the inflator of FIG. 1 taken along the line A-A.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONGas Generating Compositions
[0022] Disclosed herein are pyrotechnic gas generating compositions that contain at least one oxidizer, at least one fuel, at least two combustion modifiers, and optional additives. In some implementations, the gas generating compositions contain a metal nitrate as the oxidizer and a triazine or triazine derivative as the fuel. The gas generating compositions contain ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate as the combustion modifiers which can limit the formation of undesirable effluent gases such as CO, NH3, and NOx compared to similar compositions without ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate. Also, various additives can be present in the gas generating compositions, such as lubricants and slagging agents, to provide additional beneficial properties.
[0023] Gas generating compositions can be formulated with varying oxygen balances by changing the components and / or their relative amounts. Oxygen balance is a term known in the pyrotechnic arts and refers to the degree to which a gas generating composition can be oxidized. In other words, an oxygen balance of 0% means, theoretically, all the atoms of the gas generating composition could be fully oxidized by the oxygen contained in the gas generating composition. A negative oxygen balance means there is not enough oxygen in the gas generating composition for full oxidation while a positive oxygen balance means there is more than enough. For example, carbon atoms will fully oxidize to carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen atoms will fully oxidize to water (H2O). In practical applications, a 0% oxygen balance will not actually result in complete combustion. Nonetheless, by tuning the oxygen balance of a gas generating composition, one can affect the properties of the gas generating composition, such as the amount of undesirable effluent gases created during combustion. In some implementations, the gas generating compositions disclosed herein are formulated with an oxygen balance between −2% and +2%, wherein any value within the range, inclusive of the end points of the range, can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In some implementations, the gas generating composition is formulated with an oxygen balance of 0%.Oxidizers
[0024] In some implementations, the at least one oxidizer comprises a metal nitrate. For example, the oxidizer may be a basic metal nitrate. A suitable basic metal nitrate can be chosen from basic copper nitrate, basic cobalt nitrate, basic zinc nitrate, basic manganese nitrate, basic iron nitrate, basic molybdenum nitrate, basic bismuth nitrate, and basic cerium nitrate. Among these, basic copper nitrate is preferable. In some implementations, the gas generating composition includes the metal nitrate as a first oxidizer, optionally in combination with one or more other oxidizers.
[0025] The metal nitrate can be present in the gas generating compositions at an amount from 39 to 56% by weight, wherein any value within the range, inclusive of the end points of the range, can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In some implementations, the metal nitrate is present in an amount from 38 to 55% by weight, for example from 51 to 54% by weight, from 47 to 52% by weight, from 44 to 48% by weight, from 42 to 45% by weight, or from 39 to 43% by weight of the gas generating composition. In some implementations, the metal nitrate is basic copper nitrate and is present in an amount from 38 to 55% by weight, for example from 51 to 54% by weight, from 47 to 52% by weight, from 44 to 48% by weight, from 42 to 45% by weight, or from 39 to 43% by weight of the gas generating composition. In one specific example, the basic copper nitrate is present at 49.0% by weight of the gas generating composition.Fuels
[0026] In some implementations, the at least one fuel comprises a nitrogen containing organic compound. The fuel can be present in an amount from 15 to 55% by weight, for example from 15 to 30% by weight, from 20 to 40% by weight, from 25 to 45 % by weight, from 25 to 50% by weight, from 30 to 50% by weight, from 35 to 45% by weight, from 40 to 50% by weight, from 40 to 55% by weight, or from 45 to 55% by weight of the gas generating composition. The fuel can include a triazine or a triazine derivative such as melamine and salts thereof, including melamine nitrate and melamine perchlorate, or cyanuric acid. For example, the fuel can include melamine nitrate. The triazine or triazine derivative can be present in the gas generating compositions from 15 to 40% by weight, for example from 20 to 34% by weight, from 15 to 21% by weight, from 31 to 35% by weight, or from 22 to 29% by weight of the gas generating composition wherein any value within the range, inclusive of the end points of the range, can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In some implementations, the nitrogen containing organic compound is melamine nitrate and is present from 15 to 40% by weight, for example 15 to 21% by weight, from 18 to 24% by weight, from 22 to 29% by weight, from 27 to 32% by weight, or from 31 to 35% by weight of the gas generating composition. In one specific example, the melamine nitrate is present at 20.4% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0027] In other implementations, the at least one fuel comprises a second nitrogen containing organic compound chosen from guanidine and guanidine derivatives such as nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine, aminoguanidine nitrate, or aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate. For example, the second nitrogen containing organic compound may be guanidine nitrate. The guanidine or guanidine derivative can be present in the gas generating compositions from 10 to 25% by weight, for example from 10 to 12% by weight, from 11 to 16% by weight, from 15 to 17% by weight, from 17 to 20% by weight, from 19 to 21% by weight, or from 20 to 25% by weight, wherein any value within the range, inclusive of the end points of the range, can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In some implementations, the second nitrogen containing organic compound is guanidine nitrate and is present from 10 to 12% by weight, from 11 to 16% by weight, from 15 to 17% by weight, from 17 to 20% by weight, or from 19 to 21% by weight of the gas generating composition. In one specific example, the guanidine nitrate is present at 20.4% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0028] In implementations where the at least one fuel comprises two nitrogen containing organic compounds, the at least one fuel can be present in the gas generating compositions from 25 to 55% by weight, wherein any value within the range, inclusive of the end points of the range, can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In certain implementations, the fuel includes at least one triazine compound and at least one guanidine compound. In some implementations the triazine may be provided in an amount greater than the guanidine, for example, the fuel may include the triazine in an amount that is at least 51% by weight, at least 55% by weight, at least 60% weight, at least 70% weight, at least 80% by weight, or at least 90% by weight, relative to the combined amount of the triazine compound and guanidine compound. In one specific example, the at least one fuel comprises melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate each at 20.4% by weight of the gas generating composition. In another example, the ratio of melamine nitrate to guanidine nitrate is not 1:1.Combustion Modifiers
[0029] In some implementations, the at least two combustion modifiers comprise ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate. It has been found that including both ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate in the gas generating composition limits the formation of undesirable effluent gases such as CO, NH3, and NOx when using the gas generating compositions in an inflator 100 (as shown in FIGS. 1-2 and discussed in detail below). When gas generating compositions are used for inflating automobile airbags, for example, strict requirements are placed upon the generation of undesirable effluent gases in order to ensure optimum occupant safety and comfort. Such limits can be required by automobile manufacturers, trade groups, and government regulatory bodies, for example.
[0030] By using both ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate, undesirable effluent gases can be reduced as compared to gas generating compositions using only one or the other or neither. Additionally, it has been found that certain ratios of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate advantageously optimize the levels of undesirable effluent gases as compared to other ratios. Finally, it has been found that the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined should not exceed a threshold amount in order to further optimize the levels of undesirable effluent gases.
[0031] Ammonium perchlorate can be present in the gas generating compositions from 1 to 7% by weight, wherein any value within the range, inclusive of the end points of the range, can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In some implementations, the ammonium perchlorate is present from 1 to 4% by weight, from 3 to 6% by weight, or from 5 to 7% by weight of the gas generating composition. In one specific example, the ammonium perchlorate is present at 3% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0032] Potassium perchlorate can be present in the gas generating compositions from 1 to 7% by weight, wherein any value within the range, inclusive of the end points of the range, can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In some implementations, the potassium perchlorate is present from 1 to 4% by weight, from 3 to 6% by weight, or from 5 to 7% by weight of the gas generating composition. In one specific example, the potassium perchlorate is present at 3% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0033] In some implementations, the gas generating composition can include ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate in a weight ratio of anywhere from 7:1 to 1:7, respectively. In one particular example, the ammonium perchlorate is present in the gas generating composition at 7% by weight and the potassium perchlorate is present at 1% by weight, for a weight ratio of 7:1 ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate. In another particular example, the ammonium perchlorate is present at 2% by weight of the gas generating composition and the potassium perchlorate is present at 6% by weight of the gas generating composition, for a weight ratio of 1:3 ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate. In some implementations, the gas generating composition can include ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate in a weight ratio of anywhere from 3:1 to 1:3, respectively. In some implementations, the gas generating composition can include ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate in a weight ratio of anywhere from 7:1 to 1:1, from 7:1 to 3:1, from 5:1 to 1:1, from 3:1 to 1:1, from 2:1 to 1:2, from 1:1 to 1:3, from 1:1 to 1:5, from 1:3 to 1:7, or from 1:1 to 1:7. In one specific example, the ratio is 1:1.
[0034] In some implementations, the combined amount of ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate does not exceed 14% by weight of the gas generating composition. In some implementations, the combined amount of ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate does not exceed 12% by weight of the gas generating composition. In some implementations, the combined amount of ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate does not exceed 8% by weight of the gas generating composition. In one specific example, ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are each present at 3% by weight of the gas generating composition, for a combined total of 6%.Additives
[0035] The gas generating compositions can also optionally contain one or more additives. For example, additives can provide a variety of features: cooler inflation gas temperature, slagging, improved binding, burn-rate moderation, anti-caking, and improved processing through lubrication. In some implementations, the gas generating compositions can include a slagging agent and a lubricant.
[0036] Slagging agents help to encourage solids formation during and after combustion of the gas generating compositions. Most gas generating compositions will produce some solid particulate matter during combustion, and it can be important to enhance the solids formation process in order to make it easier to filter unwanted solids from the inflation gas. Slagging agents ensure the gas generating compositions produce molten material that can act as a binding site for other materials that are close to their liquid / vapor transition points in the inflation gas. Contact with this molten material will cause certain of these materials to cool and solidify, forming larger solid clumps that can be more easily filtered.
[0037] In some implementations, the gas generating compositions can include one or more slagging agents which can be chosen from silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof. In some implementations, the gas generating compositions can contain up to 3% by weight of each of the one or more slagging agents, wherein any value up to and including 3% can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In one specific example, the one or more slagging agents comprise aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, each at 2% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0038] In some implementations, the gas generating compositions can include one or more lubricants which can be chosen from calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof. In some implementations, the gas generating compositions can contain up to 1% by weight of each of the one or more lubricants, wherein any value up to and including 1% can be an upper or lower end point of a range for a particular implementation. In one specific example, the one or more lubricants comprise polyethylene at 0.20% by weight of the gas generating composition.Articles
[0039] The gas generating compositions can be prepared by mixing the various components disclosed herein in the described amounts. For example, the individual components can begin as powders and be mixed and milled together in a pin mill, vibratory mill, or jet mill, or be separately milled and then blended together in a ribbon blender or tumble blender. The milled and blended powder mixture can be compacted and granulated on a roll compactor and subsequent granulator. The resulting granules, or a subset of them (i.e., a range of particle size distribution as achieved via a sieve), can be compressed on a traditional tableting press to form molded articles. The lubricants disclosed above provide for improved flow of the powder and granules on the roll compactor and tablet press, respectively, thus leading to improved manufacturing rates and lower cost.
[0040] The molded articles of the gas generating compositions disclosed herein can take the form of a desired shape, for example a cylinder, a single-perforated cylinder, a multi-perforated cylinder, a doughnut, or a tablet (e.g., similar to pharmaceutical pills). Alternatively, the molded articles can be produced by adding water or an organic solvent to the milled and blended powder mixture, then mixing them and extrusion-molding the mixture to create a molded product (e.g., in the form of a single-perforated cylinder or a multi-perforated cylinder).Methods of Use
[0041] The gas generating compositions in the molded articles form can be introduced in a loose bulk fashion or in an oriented fashion into appropriate pressure-proof containers. The molded articles are ignited according to conventional methods with the aid of initiator charges or thermal charges wherein the thus-formed combustion gases, optionally after flowing through a suitable filter, lead to inflation of an inflatable protection device within fractions of a second. The gas generating compositions disclosed herein are especially suited for automobile airbags. In case of an automobile impact, the airbag must fill up within a minimum time period and to a volume of about 50 to 300 liters, depending on the type of airbag, location of the airbag, and automobile size, for example. The gas generating compositions are likewise suitable for use in seat belt tightening devices, for example retractors or pretensioners.
[0042] As shown in FIGS. 1-2, an exemplary inflator 100 for providing inflation gas to an inflatable protection device comprises a combustion chamber 114 which includes a main gas generant 200. The inflator 100 also comprises a booster chamber 115 which includes a booster gas generant 300. To deploy the inflator 100, an ignition signal is sent by a vehicle to an initiator 110 when a vehicle sensor detects an emergency event. The initiator 110 then ignites the booster gas generant 300 in the booster chamber 115. The booster chamber 115 is defined by a booster tube 108 and a bore seal 111. Hot combustion gases and solid particulates from the combustion of the booster gas generant 300 then flows through booster tube orifices 109, defined by the booster tube 108, and into the combustion chamber 114, thus igniting the main gas generant 200. The gas generating compositions described herein may be used for either the main gas generant 200 or the booster gas generant 300, or both. Preferably, the gas generating compositions described herein are used as the main gas generant 200.
[0043] The main gas generant 200 will combust to produce the inflation gas for the inflatable protection device. Inflation gas will flow from the combustion chamber 114 through a filter 103 which cools the inflation gas and captures solid particulates. The filter 103 is disposed between an inner baffle 104 and an outer baffle 105, and between a base 101 and a cap 102. The inflation gas flows through the filter 103 and into a plenum 117 between the cap 102 and the outer baffle 105, and then breaks through seal 106 and exits the inflator 100 and enters into the inflatable protection device via cap orifices 116. A flange 112 defines a fastener opening 113 for mounting the inflator 100 to the inflatable protection device or other structure adjacent the inflatable protection device. An optional cushion 107 can be disposed within the combustion chamber 114 adjacent the main gas generant 200 to prevent the main gas generant 200 from suffering structural damage due to impacts to, and vibrations of, the inflator 100.Examples
[0044] The following Examples are set forth below to illustrate the methods, compositions, and results according to the disclosed subject matter. These Examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, and are not intended to exclude equivalents and variations of the present disclosure which will be apparent to one skilled in the art. These Examples are not exhaustive of all possible gas generating compositions contemplated by the present disclosure.
[0045] In all of the following Examples, the individual components began as powders and were mixed and milled in a vibratory mill. The milled powder was compacted on a roll compactor and then granulated using a granulator. A subset of the granules (e.g., the granules were passed through a sieve to separate desirable larger granules from undesirable smaller granules) were then compressed on a tablet press and the resulting tablets were added to the inflator 100 for testing of combustion gas composition. Each of the following Examples were formulated with an oxygen balance of 0%.
[0046] To test combustion gas composition, the inflators 100 were individually deployed in a 100 ft3 test chamber that was sealed, except that the combustion gases could be extracted and passed through an FTIR sensor wherein the gas composition could be determined in parts per million (ppm). In the following Examples, of particular interest are the levels of the undesirable effluent gases CO, NH3, NO, and NO2. Preferably, the levels of CO would be less than or equal to 7500 ppm, the levels of NH3 would be less than or equal to 12.5 ppm, and the levels of NO and NO2 would be less than or equal to 18.75 ppm and 1.25 ppm, respectively. In the following Examples, three inflators 100 were tested with each gas generating composition and the reported effluent gas results are averages.
[0047] Example 1: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 51.31% basic copper nitrate, 20.25% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 2% ammonium perchlorate, and 2% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 78.0 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 23.6 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0048] Example 2: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 46.21% basic copper nitrate, 20.79% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 1% ammonium perchlorate, and 7% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 98.1 ppm CO, 12.1 ppm NH3, 14.3 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0049] Example 3: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 46.39% basic copper nitrate, 20.71% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 2% ammonium perchlorate, and 6% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 84.3 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 11.9 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0050] Example 4: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 46.56% basic copper nitrate, 20.62% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 3% ammonium perchlorate, and 5% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 78.8 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 10.0 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0051] Example 5: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 46.90% basic copper nitrate, 20.45% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 5% ammonium perchlorate, and 3% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 59.9 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 10.7 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0052] Example 6: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 47.08% basic copper nitrate, 20.36% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 6% ammonium perchlorate, and 2% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 75.7 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 9.9 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0053] Example 7: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 47.25% basic copper nitrate, 20.28% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 7% ammonium perchlorate, and 1% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 74.2 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 11.2 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0054] Example 8: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 46.73% basic copper nitrate, 20.53% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 4% ammonium perchlorate, and 4% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 71.8 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 10.2 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0055] Example 9: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 44.44% basic copper nitrate, 20.68% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 5% ammonium perchlorate, and 5% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 81.4 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 8.5 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0056] Example 10: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 42.16% basic copper nitrate, 20.82% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 6% ammonium perchlorate, and 6% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 96.6 ppm CO, <5 ppm NH3, 8.4 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0057] Example 11: A gas generating composition was prepared comprising 39.87% basic copper nitrate, 20.97% each of melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate, 2% each of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, 7% ammonium perchlorate, and 7% potassium perchlorate. When tested, this gas generating composition generated 121.8 ppm CO, 12.1 ppm NH3, 5.9 ppm NO, and <0.5 ppm NO2.
[0058] A number of implementations have been described. The description in the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the implementations disclosed. It will be understood that various modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. The implementations described were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the gas generating compositions and their practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the gas generating compositions and how they may be used for various implementations with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
[0059] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,”“an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and / or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated steps, features, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other steps, features, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. When describing ratios, it should be understood that a ratio chosen should be reduced to its lowest value relative to 1, such that a ratio of 6:3 should be read as 2:1, or a ratio of 3:2 should be read as 1.5:1, for example. Similarly, a ratio of 3:6 should be read as 1:2, or a ratio of 2:3 should be read as 1:1.5. When describing ranges of components, any value within the range can be chosen, regardless of decimal points. For example, a range of 1 to 10 includes 3.14, or further includes a sub-range of 2.6 to 7.88.Additional Implementations1. A gas generating composition comprising:
[0061] a fuel;
[0062] an oxidizer;
[0063] ammonium perchlorate; and
[0064] potassium perchlorate,wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are together present in an amount from 2 to 14% combined by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0065] 2. The gas generating composition of implementation 1, wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 7:1 to 1:1, from 7:1 to 3:1, from 5:1 to 1:1, from 3:1 to 1:1, from 2:1 to 1:2, from 1:1 to 1:3, from 1:1 to 1:5, from 1:3 to 1:7, or from 1:1 to 1:7.
[0066] 3. The gas generating composition of implementation 1 or implementation 2, wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 3:1 to 1:3.
[0067] 4. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-3, wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio of 1:1.
[0068] 5. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 15 to 55% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0069] 6. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 15 to 30% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0070] 7. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 20 to 40% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0071] 8. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 25 to 45 % by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0072] 9. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 25 to 50% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0073] 10. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 30 to 50% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0074] 11. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 35 to 45% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0075] 12. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 40 to 50% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0076] 13. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 40 to 55% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0077] 14. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-4, wherein the fuel is present in an amount from 45 to 55% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0078] 15. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-5, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine or triazine derivative.
[0079] 16. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-15, wherein the composition comprises a triazine or triazine derivative in an amount from 15 to 40% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0080] 17. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-15, wherein the composition comprises a triazine or triazine derivative in an amount from 20 to 34% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0081] 18. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-15, wherein the composition comprises a triazine or triazine derivative in an amount from 15 to 21% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0082] 19. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-15, wherein the composition comprises a triazine or triazine derivative in an amount from 31 to 35% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0083] 20. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-15, wherein the composition comprises a triazine or triazine derivative in an amount from 22 to 29% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0084] 21. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-20, wherein the triazine or triazine derivative comprises melamine or a salt thereof.
[0085] 22. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-21, wherein the triazine or triazine derivative comprises melamine nitrate.
[0086] 23. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the fuel comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative.
[0087] 24. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the composition comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative in an amount from 10 to 25% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0088] 25. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the composition comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative in an amount from 10 to 12% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0089] 26. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the composition comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative in an amount from 11 to 16% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0090] 27. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the composition comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative in an amount from 15 to 17% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0091] 28. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the composition comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative in an amount from 17 to 20% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0092] 29. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the composition comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative in an amount from 19 to 21% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0093] 30. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-23, wherein the composition comprises a guanidine or guanidine derivative in an amount from 20 to 25% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0094] 31. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-30, wherein the guanidine or guanidine derivative comprises guanidine nitrate.
[0095] 32. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-31, wherein the fuel comprises:
[0096] a triazine or triazine derivative; and
[0097] a guanidine or guanidine derivative.
[0098] 33. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-32, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine compound and a guanidine compound, wherein the triazine compound is present in an amount greater than the guanidine compound.
[0099] 34. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-33, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine compound and a guanidine compound, wherein the triazine component is present in an amount that is at least 51% by weight, relative to the combined amount of the triazine and guanidine compounds.
[0100] 35. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-33, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine compound and a guanidine compound, wherein the triazine compound is present in an amount that is at least 55% by weight, relative to the combined amount of the triazine and guanidine compounds.
[0101] 36. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-33, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine compound and a guanidine compound, wherein the triazine compound is present in an amount that is at least 60% weight, relative to the combined amount of the triazine and guanidine compound.
[0102] 37. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-33, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine compound and a guanidine compound, wherein the triazine compound is present in an amount that is at least 70% weight, relative to the combined amount of the triazine and guanidine compounds.
[0103] 38. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-33, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine compound and a guanidine compound, wherein the triazine compound is present in an amount that is at least 80% by weight, relative to the combined amount of the triazine and guanidine compounds.
[0104] 39. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-33, wherein the fuel comprises a triazine compound and a guanidine compound, wherein the triazine compound is present in an amount that is at least 90% by weight, relative to the combined amount of the triazine and guanidine compounds.
[0105] 40. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-39, wherein the fuel comprises melamine nitrate and guanidine nitrate.
[0106] 41. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-40, wherein the oxidizer comprises a metal nitrate.
[0107] 42. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-41, wherein the composition comprises the oxidizer in an amount from 38 to 55% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0108] 43. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-41, wherein the composition comprises the oxidizer in an amount from 51 to 54% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0109] 44. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-41, wherein the composition comprises the oxidizer in an amount from 47 to 52% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0110] 45. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-41, wherein the composition comprises the oxidizer in an amount from 44 to 48% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0111] 46. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-41, wherein the composition comprises the oxidizer in an amount from 42 to 45% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0112] 47. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-41, wherein the composition comprises the oxidizer in an amount from 39 to 43% by weight of the gas generating composition.
[0113] 48. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic copper nitrate, basic cobalt nitrate, basic zinc nitrate, basic manganese nitrate, basic iron nitrate, basic molybdenum nitrate, basic bismuth nitrate, basic cerium nitrate, or a combination thereof.
[0114] 49. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-19, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic copper nitrate.
[0115] 50. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic cobalt nitrate.
[0116] 51. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic zinc nitrate.
[0117] 52. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic manganese nitrate.
[0118] 53. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic iron nitrate.
[0119] 54. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic molybdenum nitrate.
[0120] 55. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic bismuth nitrate.
[0121] 56. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-47, wherein the oxidizer comprises basic cerium nitrate.
[0122] 57. A gas generating composition comprising:
[0123] melamine nitrate;
[0124] basic copper nitrate; and
[0125] ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate,wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 3:1 and 1:3, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
[0126] 58. The gas generating composition of implementation 57, wherein the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
[0127] 59. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 57-58, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 10% of the gas generating composition.
[0128] 60. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 57-59, comprising guanidine nitrate.
[0129] 61. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-60, comprising a lubricant.
[0130] 62. The gas generating composition of implementation 61, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof.
[0131] 63. The gas generating composition of implementation 61 or 62, wherein the lubricant is calcium stearate.
[0132] 64. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 1-63, comprising a slagging agent.
[0133] 65. The gas generating composition of implementation 64, wherein the slagging agent is selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
[0134] 66. The gas generating composition of implementation 64 or 65, wherein the slagging agent comprises aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide.
[0135] 67. A gas generating composition comprising:
[0136] melamine nitrate;
[0137] guanidine nitrate;
[0138] basic copper nitrate;
[0139] aluminum oxide;
[0140] titanium dioxide; and
[0141] ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate, wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 3:1 and 1:3, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
[0142] 68. The gas generating composition of implementation 67, wherein the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
[0143] 69. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 67 or 68, comprising a lubricant.
[0144] 70. The gas generating composition of implementation 69, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof.
[0145] 71. A gas generating composition, comprising:
[0146] 15 to 25% by weight of melamine nitrate;
[0147] 15 to 25% by weight of guanidine nitrate;
[0148] 45 to 55% by weight of basic copper nitrate;
[0149] 1 to 3% by weight of aluminum oxide;
[0150] 1 to 3% by weight of titanium dioxide;
[0151] 1 to 7% by weight of ammonium perchlorate; and
[0152] 1 to 7% by weight of potassium perchlorate.
[0153] 72. The gas generating composition of implementation 71, wherein the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
[0154] 73. The gas generating composition of any of implementations 71-72, further comprising a lubricant.
[0155] 74. The gas generating composition of implementation 73, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof.
[0156] 75. A gas generating composition consisting essentially of:
[0157] 15 to 25% by weight of melamine nitrate;
[0158] 15 to 25% by weight of guanidine nitrate;
[0159] 45 to 55% by weight of basic copper nitrate;
[0160] 1 to 3% by weight of aluminum oxide;
[0161] 1 to 3% by weight of titanium dioxide;
[0162] 1 to 7% by weight of ammonium perchlorate;
[0163] 1 to 7% by weight of potassium perchlorate; and
[0164] 0.1 to 1% by weight of calcium stearate;wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 3:1 and 1:3, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
[0165] 76. The gas generating composition of implementation 75, wherein the weight ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
Claims
1. A gas generating composition comprising:melamine nitrate;basic copper nitrate; andammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate,wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 3:1 and 1:3, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
2. The gas generating composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
3. The gas generating composition of claim 1, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 10% of the gas generating composition.
4. The gas generating composition of claim 1, comprising guanidine nitrate.
5. The gas generating composition of claim 1, comprising a lubricant.
6. The gas generating composition of claim 5, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof.
7. The gas generating composition of claim 5, wherein the lubricant is calcium stearate.
8. The gas generating composition of claim 1, comprising a slagging agent.
9. The gas generating composition of claim 8, wherein the slagging agent is selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
10. The gas generating composition of claim 8, wherein the slagging agent comprises aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide.
11. A gas generating composition comprising:melamine nitrate;guanidine nitrate;basic copper nitrate;aluminum oxide;titanium dioxide; andammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate, wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 3:1 and 1:3, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
12. The gas generating composition of claim 11, wherein the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
13. The gas generating composition of claim 11, comprising a lubricant.
14. The gas generating composition of claim 13, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof.
15. The gas generating composition of claim 11, comprising:15 to 25% by weight of melamine nitrate;15 to 25% by weight of guanidine nitrate;45 to 55% by weight of basic copper nitrate;1 to 3% by weight of aluminum oxide;1 to 3% by weight of titanium dioxide;1 to 7% by weight of ammonium perchlorate; and1 to 7% by weight of potassium perchlorate.
16. The gas generating composition of claim 15, wherein the ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.
17. The gas generating composition of claim 15, further comprising a lubricant.
18. The gas generating composition of claim 17, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, stearic acid, polyethylene, paraffin, and combinations thereof.
19. A gas generating composition consisting essentially of:15 to 25% by weight of melamine nitrate;15 to 25% by weight of guanidine nitrate;45 to 55% by weight of basic copper nitrate;1 to 3% by weight of aluminum oxide;1 to 3% by weight of titanium dioxide;1 to 7% by weight of ammonium perchlorate;1 to 7% by weight of potassium perchlorate; and0.1 to 1% by weight of calcium stearate;wherein the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a weight ratio from 3:1 and 1:3, wherein the total weight percent of the ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate combined does not exceed 12% of the gas generating composition.
20. The gas generating composition of claim 19, wherein the weight ratio of ammonium perchlorate to potassium perchlorate is 1:1.