Hypercapnic and CO2 Tolerance Training Methods, and Apparatus Therefor

Abstract

A hypercapnic training method optimizes cardiorespiratory fitness and includes initially providing a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus. The apparatus is configured to be received and held by a user's mouth for increasing breathing resistance through an oral cavity of the user's mouth. The apparatus is received and held at the user's mouth thereby increasing breathing resistance through the oral cavity. The breathing resistance is bidirectional during an inhalation process and an exhalation process. The user inhales through the apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a first direction thereby reducing oxygen intake through the oral cavity. The user exhales through the apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction thereby reducing carbon dioxide exhaust through the oral cavity. Carbon dioxide levels in a bloodstream of the user are thereby increased via the reduced oxygen intake and reduced carbon dioxide exhaust thereby optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness.

Description

PRIOR HISTORY

[0001] This application builds upon the subject matter disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 506,771 filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on 21 Oct. 2021, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 12,090,385.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The presently disclosed subject matter generally relates to a hypercapnic training method, and Respiratory Muscle Trainers or RMT devices for supporting the hypercapnic training method.BACKGROUND

[0003] The prior art teaches devices that allow for unrestricted airflow through mouthguards into and out of the lungs. As noted in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16 / 234,774, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,192,017 ('017 Patent) there is a perceived need in the art to protect the mouth, lips, teeth and jaw by way of the mouthguard, while also training the lungs, improving lung efficiency and muscles via adjustable airflow restriction into and out of lungs through both inspiration and expiration of lungs.

[0004] The subject matter of the '017 Patent addresses this perceived need in the art. State-of-the-art mouthguard systems are typically not designed to allow adjustable restriction of airflow to exercise the lungs. Further, currently available lung trainers, masks and lung exercisers are designed exclusively for lung training and are not designed to be protective of the mouth, nor will they fit under an athletic helmet facemask, with none affording mouth protection, comfort fit, two-way inspiration and expiration resistance lung training with ergo-dynamic fit, feel and low profile to fit under (behind) athletic protective facemasks.

[0005] The combination mouthguard and lung exerciser device of the '017 Patent meets a clear and present need previously unmet in the marketplace. Athletes and non-athlete users alike can employ both mouthguard protection and lung training utility in one combined device, allowing use during practices or other training events to help condition and improve lung function while protecting mouth, teeth, etc. while wearing under or behind an athletic helmet facemask, or not depending upon user need.

[0006] It is understood there are devices that restrict airflow into the lungs in order to activate respiratory muscle. There are also many mouthguard devices available for protecting teeth, mouth, gums and soft oral tissue from impact and injury. Mouthguards reduce the chance of injuries resulting from impacts of collisions during athletic competition and sporting events. Various types of mouthguards include: standard-stock-type fit, custom-fit molded to individual's teeth, and non-custom fit for general use.

[0007] There are also many lung conditioners, or cardiorespiratory exercisers available which improve overall lung efficiency, strength and stamina by restricting airflow into the lungs through the mouth and nose in order to increase inspiratory and / or expiratory muscle strength and endurance. Various cardiorespiratory training device types are available, some of which are medically specific, while others are sport specific. Some lung trainer devices only provide resistance in airflow upon inspiration while some only offer resistance upon exhalation. Others provide both inspiratory and expiratory resistance.

[0008] The restriction of airflow to the lungs through the mouth and nose during exercise enables the body to adjust to a higher level of efficiency of CO2 and O2 exchange and thereby maximizing oxygenation of muscle tissues via vasculature throughout the entire body. This increased lung efficiency, in part, is a function of improved inspiratory and or expiratory muscle strength. Short of training at high altitudes, it is difficult to improve lung function and strengthen respiratory muscles without restricted airflow during normal breathing or during exercise.

[0009] The subject matter of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 506,171, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 12,090,385 ('385 Patent) claimed the benefit of the '017 Patent and built thereupon by disclosing and claiming an improved Cardiorespiratory Fitness Optimizer Apparatus. The presently disclosed subject matter both builds upon and departs from the subject matter of the '017 Patent and the '385 Patent by focusing on certain methods for hypercapnic training. Hypercapnic training is a type of exercise that involves increasing the amount of carbon dioxide or CO2 in the blood. It can involve breathing exercises that involve holding your breath, inhaling, and exhaling. Hypercapnic training can improve endurance performance and muscle recovery; increase blood flow to the brain and other organs; improve cognitive function; strengthen the immune system; help with faster healing.

[0010] Traditional Respiratory Muscle Training or RMT devices were designed for use while the user remained stationary. Typically, the user would breathe into and out of the RMT device for several minutes at a time several times per week to several times per day. Traditional RMT devices were not designed to be used during cardiopulmonary exercise routines. To address the perceived need for a mouthpiece with integrated RMT device for enabling athletes to maximize their fitness levels by using the device while exercising, acting as a force multiplier over and above the exercise engaged in, the devices of the '017 Patent and the '385 Patent were developed. The MAXIMUS™ brand cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter provides Dual Airflow Restriction (i.e. restricted airflow during both inhalation and exhalation activity) (DAR) to be designed for use for supporting hypercapnic training exercises. The apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter provides adjustable airflow restriction into and out of lungs through both inspiration and expiration of lungs thereby enabling a build-up of CO2 in the blood stream and supporting a hypercapnic training method. Further, the apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter places a significant restricted airflow load on the cardiorespiratory system further exercising the heart, lungs and vasculature maximizing cardiorespiratory efficiency.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention generally involves a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus or combination mouthpiece and Respiratory Muscle Training or RMT device with optional fork-like plug component that may be swapped in and out in place of the RMT portion of the apparatus. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus made the focus of these specifications is designed to optimize cardiorespiratory. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus preferably comprises, in combination, a mouthpiece and a resistance module. In some embodiments, the resistance module comprises an upper wheel housing section, a lower wheel housing section, and a wheel element.

[0012] The mouthpiece preferably comprises a lower arcuate tooth bed, an upper arcuate tooth bed, and an anterior mouth or manifold interface. The anterior mouth or manifold interface preferably comprises or provides a valve-receiving orifice and a series of mouthpiece apertures situated posterior to the valve-receiving orifice that extend intermediate the valve-receiving orifice and the lower and upper arcuate tooth beds. Airflow is thereby enabled from the valve-receiving orifice through the series of mouthpiece apertures of the anterior mouth or manifold interface of the mouthpiece. The resistance module is attachable to or matable with the mouthpiece and is adjustable for increasing and / or decreasing airflow resistance therethrough for training muscles of the cardiorespiratory system.

[0013] The resistance module, receivable at or matable with the module-receiving portion of the mouthpiece, is preferably provided by way a wheel housing enclosing the wheel element. The resistance module may thus preferably comprise an upper wheel housing section and a lower wheel housing section with a wheel element therebetween. The upper wheel housing section preferably comprises an apertured anterior grill portion, a posterior upper housing edge, and a series of upper channel-forming formations. The upper channel-forming formations preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the apertured anterior grill portion and the posterior upper housing edge.

[0014] The lower wheel housing section preferably comprises an anterior window portion, a posterior lower housing edge, and a series of lower channel-forming formations. The series of lower channel-forming formations preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the anterior window portion and the posterior lower housing edge. The anterior window portion preferably comprises an arcuately shaped air-letting housing window. The wheel element preferably comprises an arcuately shaped air-letting wheel window and an axis of rotation. The wheel element is received intermediate the upper and lower wheel housing sections such that the air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window are in variable alignment with one another with the axis of rotation enabling the user to adjust the alignment.

[0015] The upper and lower wheel housing sections are attachable to one another for enclosing the wheel element and together form the resistance module, which resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a fork-like plug element. The upper channel-forming formations align with the lower channel-forming formations to form a series of air-letting channels through the resistance module. The posterior upper housing edge aligns with the posterior lower housing edge to form a channel outlet, which channel outlet is insertable into the module-receiving orifice or otherwise matable therewith such that the series of air-letting channels are placed into alignment with the series of mouthpiece apertures. The axis of rotation of the wheel element enables a user to selectively rotate the wheel element in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions for selectively maximizing or minimizing window-to-window alignment of the air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window for increasing and decreasing airflow resistance therethrough for working lung and respiratory muscles during both inhalation and exhalation activity.

[0016] The wheel element may further preferably comprise a radially extending arm for enabling the user to more easily and selectively rotate the wheel element in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. Further, the resistance module may preferably comprise laterally opposed arm-stop structures. A first arm-stop structure of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a first direction and signals maximal window-to-window alignment while a second arm-stop structure of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a second direction and signals minimal window-to-window alignment.

[0017] The wheel element extends and traverses through a wheel-receiving depression formed in the lower wheel housing section posterior to the anterior window portion. The wheel-receiving depression preferably comprises an air-diverting lip. The air-diverting lip extends from below the air-letting housing window to the series of lower channel-forming formations for re-directing airflow intermediate the air-letting housing window and the series of air-letting channels. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus may further comprise at least one sensor preferably outfitted at or in adjacency to one or more of the air-letting channels. The sensor(s) sense or detect certain airflow activity within the resistance module and communicate data to an external device for displaying human readable output upon the external device.

[0018] As prefaced above, the resistance module is preferably removable from the mouthpiece. In this regard, the mouthpiece may be further outfitted with a separate fork or plug element. The fork or plug element may preferably comprise a series of tines or finger portions and a back portion. The series of tines are dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the series of mouthpiece apertures while the back portion is dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the module-receiving orifice and the anterior manifold section. The fork or plug element is designed to plug female structures of the mouthpiece and thereby maintain anterior formations or prevent deformations thereof when the valve housing assembly is removed therefrom as might be the case, for example, when the user may opt to boil and bite the mouthpiece to better form the mouthpiece to the user' mouth anatomy.

[0019] There is provided in accordance with one application according to the presently disclosed subject matter a hypercapnic training method for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness. In some applications, the hypercapnic training method comprises the steps of providing a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus configured to be received and held by a user's mouth for increasing breathing resistance through an oral cavity of the user's mouth. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is received and held at the user's mouth thereby increasing breathing resistance through the oral cavity. The breathing resistance being bidirectional during an inhalation process and an exhalation process.

[0020] The user may then inhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces oxygen intake through the oral cavity. The user may then exhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces carbon dioxide exhaust through the oral cavity. Carbon dioxide levels are increased in a bloodstream of the user via the reduced oxygen intake and reduced carbon dioxide exhaust thereby optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness.

[0021] In some applications, breathing resistance through the oral cavity is provided by a resistance module positioned externally relative to the oral cavity. The oral cavity comprises an air-letting dimension transverse to the first and second direction, and the resistance module comprises a window portion extending in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension. In some applications, the resistance module comprises an air-letting aperture. The resistance module is adjustable for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture for increasing or decreasing breathing resistance therethrough. In some applications, an inhalation force associated with the inhalation process differs from an exhalation force associated with the exhalation process. The resistance module provides static resistance during the inhalation and exhalation processes. In some applications, the air-letting aperture is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length when adjusted to a least resistance setting and a minimum arc length when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting. In some applications, the air-letting aperture comprises a radially inner aperture edge and a radially outer aperture edge. The radially aperture edge and the radially outer aperture edge are non-parallel for adjusting an edge with of the air-letting aperture during adjustment of the resistance module.

[0022] In some applications, the resistance module comprising a wheel housing and a wheel element enclosed within the wheel housing. At least one section of the wheel housing comprising the window portion, which window portion comprises an arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window. The wheel element comprises an axis of rotation and an arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window. The air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window are configured for variable alignment with respect to one another thereby forming the air-letting aperture. The wheel element is rotatable about the axis of rotation thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture as the air-letting wheel window is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window.

[0023] In some applications, the resistance module is usable in combination with a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece comprises a module interface and at least one mouthpiece aperture for enabling airflow through the mouthpiece. The resistance module is matable with the module interface. In some applications, the hypercapnic training method may comprise the step of sensing airflow activity within the resistance module and communicating data relating to the airflow activity to an external device for displaying human readable output relating to the airflow activity upon the external device. In some applications, the resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a plug element. The plug element comprises at least one aperture plug portion and a back portion. The at least one aperture plug portion is receivable in the at least one mouthpiece aperture, and the back portion is matable with the module interface.

[0024] There is provided in accordance with another application according to the presently disclosed subject matter a hypercapnic training method for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness. The hypercapnic training method may comprise the steps of providing a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is configured to increase breathing resistance through an oral cavity of the user's mouth. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is held at the user's mouth thereby increasing bidirectional breathing resistance through the oral cavity.

[0025] The user may then inhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces oxygen intake through the oral cavity. The user may then exhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces carbon dioxide exhaust through the oral cavity. Carbon dioxide levels in a bloodstream of the user are thereby increased via the reduced oxygen intake and reduced carbon dioxide exhaust thereby optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness.

[0026] In some applications, breathing resistance through the oral cavity is provided by a resistance module positioned externally relative to the oral cavity. The oral cavity comprises an air-letting dimension transverse to the first and second direction, and the resistance module comprises a window portion extending in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension. In some applications, the resistance module comprises an air-letting aperture. The resistance module is adjustable for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture for increasing or decreasing breathing resistance therethrough. In some applications, an inhalation force associated with the inhalation process differs from an exhalation force associated with the exhalation process. The resistance module provides static resistance during the inhalation and exhalation processes. In some applications, the air-letting aperture is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length when adjusted to a least resistance setting and a minimum arc length when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting. In some applications, the air-letting aperture comprises a radially inner aperture edge and a radially outer aperture edge. The radially aperture edge and the radially outer aperture edge are non-parallel.

[0027] In some applications, the resistance module comprising a wheel housing and a wheel element enclosed within the wheel housing. At least one section of the wheel housing comprising the window portion, which window portion comprises an arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window. The wheel element comprises an axis of rotation and an arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window. The air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window are configured for variable alignment with respect to one another thereby forming the air-letting aperture. The wheel element is rotatable about the axis of rotation thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture as the air-letting wheel window is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window.

[0028] In some applications, the resistance module is usable in combination with a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece comprises a module interface and at least one mouthpiece aperture for enabling airflow through the mouthpiece. The resistance module is matable with the module interface. In some applications, the hypercapnic training method may comprise the step of sensing airflow activity within the resistance module and communicating data relating to the airflow activity to an external device for displaying human readable output relating to the airflow activity upon the external device. In some applications, the resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a plug element. The plug element comprises at least one aperture plug portion and a back portion. The at least one aperture plug portion is receivable in the at least one mouthpiece aperture, and the back portion is matable with the module interface.

[0029] Other objects and advantages of the presently disclosed subject matter will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Other features and objectives of the presently disclosed subject matter will become more evident from a consideration of the following brief descriptions of patent drawings.

[0031] FIG. 1 is a first diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user including a nasal cavity, an oral cavity, a pharynx, a larynx, a trachea, a diaphragm and lungs with bronchi, alveoli and an enlarged alveolus with parts broken away to depict oxygen diffusion into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffusion from red blood cells.

[0032] FIG. 2 is a second diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user highlighting an inhalation process whereby the diaphragm is directed downwardly to create a negative pressure within the lungs for drawing in air during the inhalation process so as to support oxygen diffusion into red blood cells.

[0033] FIG. 3 is a third diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user highlighting an exhalation process whereby the diaphragm is directed upwardly to create a positive pressure within the lungs for exhausting air during the exhalation process so as to support carbon dioxide diffusion from red blood cells.

[0034] FIG. 4 is a first diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus under normal breathing conditions whereby an inhalation force directs oxygen into the alveolus and an exhalation force directs carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0035] FIG. 5 is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user holding a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth, which cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is operable to provide breathing resistance to both the inhalation process and the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0036] FIG. 5A is an enlarged diagrammatic depiction of a user's nasal cavity and oral cavity with the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter being held at the user's mouth for providing breathing resistance through the user's oral cavity.

[0037] FIG. 6A is a first diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a first resistance setting so as to provide a first level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0038] FIG. 6B is a second diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the first resistance setting so as to provide a first level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0039] FIG. 6C is a second diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B whereby a first level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0040] FIG. 7A is a third diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a second resistance setting so as to provide a second level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0041] FIG. 7B is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the second resistance setting so as to provide a second level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0042] FIG. 7C is a third diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B whereby a second level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0043] FIG. 8A is a fifth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a third resistance setting so as to provide a third level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0044] FIG. 8B is a sixth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the third resistance setting so as to provide a third level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0045] FIG. 8C is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 8A and 8B whereby a third level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0046] FIG. 9A is a seventh diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a fourth resistance setting so as to provide a fourth level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0047] FIG. 9B is an eighth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the fourth resistance setting so as to provide a fourth level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0048] FIG. 9C is a fifth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 9A and 9B whereby a fourth level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0049] FIG. 10A is a ninth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a fifth resistance setting so as to provide a fifth level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0050] FIG. 10B is an eighth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the fifth resistance setting so as to provide a fifth level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0051] FIG. 10C is a sixth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B whereby a fifth level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0052] FIG. 11 is a first perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0053] FIG. 12 is a first exploded perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a wheel element and a wheel housing.

[0054] FIG. 13 is a top plan view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0055] FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0056] FIG. 15 is a resistance module end view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0057] FIG. 16 is a mouthpiece end view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0058] FIG. 17 is a first lateral view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0059] FIG. 18 is a second lateral view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0060] FIG. 19 is an anterior view of a portion of a resistance module of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter with parts removed to show a fixed air-letting housing window formed in a window portion of the resistance module.

[0061] FIG. 20 is an anterior view of a wheel element of the resistance module of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing a displaceable air-letting wheel window.

[0062] FIG. 21 is an anterior view of a portion of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter with parts removed to show the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a maximum resistance setting.

[0063] FIG. 22A is a first diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a first, least resistance setting and depicting five air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a first net inhalation force.

[0064] FIG. 22B is a second diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a second resistance setting and depicting four air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a second net inhalation force.

[0065] FIG. 22C is a third diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a third resistance setting and depicting three air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a third net inhalation force.

[0066] FIG. 22D is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a fourth resistance setting and depicting two air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a fourth net inhalation force.

[0067] FIG. 22E is a fifth diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a fifth, maximum resistance setting and depicting one air-letting vector directed into the page to provide a fifth net inhalation force.

[0068] FIG. 23A is a posterior perspective view of a first wheel element according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing a relatively large air-letting wheel window for relatively decreased airflow resistance.

[0069] FIG. 23B is a posterior perspective view of a second wheel element according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing a relatively small air-letting wheel window for relatively increased airflow resistance.

[0070] FIG. 23C is a posterior perspective view of a third wheel element according to the according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing an air-letting wheel window having non-parallel inner and outer window edges such that a trailing window edge comprises a different edge width as compared to an edge width of a leading window edge.

[0071] FIG. 24 is a second perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter.

[0072] FIG. 25 is a second exploded perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right an upper wheel housing section, a wheel element, a lower wheel housing section and a mouthpiece.

[0073] FIG. 26 is a third exploded perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a lower wheel housing section, a wheel element and an upper wheel housing section.

[0074] FIG. 27 is an exploded bottom perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a lower wheel housing section, a wheel element and an upper wheel housing section.

[0075] FIG. 28 is an exploded top perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a lower wheel housing section, a wheel element and an upper wheel housing section.

[0076] FIG. 29 is an exploded resistance module end perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from top to bottom an upper wheel housing section, a wheel element, a mouthpiece and an upper wheel housing section.

[0077] FIG. 30 is a front plan view of a mobile communications device outfitted with proprietary software to communicate with the sensors otherwise shown in FIG. 31B and present physiological data derived from sensor data upon the visual display of the mobile communications device.

[0078] FIG. 31A is a first cross-sectional view of a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter without sensors.

[0079] FIG. 31B is a second cross-sectional view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus otherwise shown in FIG. 31A presented in side-by-side relation thereto to show the embodiment outfitted with sensors.

[0080] FIG. 32 is an exploded perspective view of an alternative cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus arrangement according to the presently disclosed subject showing from left to right a mouthpiece and a plug element for preventing breathing through the oral cavity.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

[0081] Referring now to the drawings with more specificity, the presently disclosed subject matter is directed to a hypercapnic training method and cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus therefor. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus that supports the hypercapnic training methodology according to the presently disclosed subject matter is generally depicted and referenced at 10 and introduced in FIGS. 5-6B and 11-18.

[0082] Hypercapnic training is essentially a breathing exercise that involves temporarily increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, which has been shown to help improve endurance, strength, and power. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is configured to provide breathing resistance during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101 so as to gradually increase of the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

[0083] Diagrammatic depictions of a respiratory system 200 are introduced in FIGS. 1-3 with the inhalation process being depicted in FIG. 2 and the exhalation process being depicted in FIG. 3. Referencing FIG. 1, the reader will there consider a generic diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user 200. The respiratory system diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 1 shows a nasal cavity 13, an oral cavity 14, a pharynx 15, a larynx 16, a pleural layer 17, a trachea 18, primary bronchi 19, secondary bronchi 20, tertiary bronchi 21, bronchioles 22, alveolar sacs 23, alveolar ducts 24, alveoli 25, a pulmonary artery 26, capillaries 27, red blood cells 28, a diaphragm 29 and lungs as at 30. When inhaling through the mouth 201, air enters the oral cavity 14, travels through the pharynx 15, down the trachea 18, and into the lungs 30 via the bronchial tubes 19, 20, 21 and 22, reaching the alveoli 25 where gas exchange occurs; essentially bypassing the nasal cavity 13 the passages of which normally filter and humidify the air during inhalation 100. Oxygen or O2 enters the red blood cells 28 moving through capillaries 27 at the alveoli 25 and carbon dioxide or CO2 is released from the red blood cells 28 into the alveoli 25. Oxygen or O2 delivery to the red blood cells 28 occurs primarily during the inhalation process 100 as generally depicted in FIG. 2 and carbon dioxide or CO2 delivery from the red blood cells 28 occurs primarily during the exhalation process 101 as generally depicted in FIG. 3.

[0084] During the inhalation process 100 as generally depicted in FIG. 2, the diaphragm 29 is contracted and directed downwardly as at arrow 104 thereby creating a negative pressure inside the lungs 30 that is lower than atmospheric pressure thereby drawing air into the lungs 30 as at arrow or vector 102 hereinafter referred to as the inhalation force 102. During the exhalation process 101 as generally depicted in FIG. 3, the diaphragm 29 is relaxed, returning upwardly as at arrow 105 thereby creating a positive pressure inside the lungs 30 that is higher than atmospheric pressure thereby exhausting air as at arrow or vector 103 hereinafter referred to as the exhalation force 103. Essentially, the inhalation process 100 is a negative pressure process and the exhalation 101 process is a positive pressure process. A human actively uses the respiratory muscles during the inhalation process 100 and relaxes the respiratory muscles during the exhalation process 101. According to the literature, the diaphragm 29 and related thoracic muscles can exert maximum exhalation pressures of 44 to 88 mmHg and maximum inhalation pressures of negative 29 to 74 mmHg.

[0085] It generally takes more effort and time, however, to fill the lungs 30 with air than it takes to exhaust air from the lungs 30 when the diaphragm 29 simply relaxes to push out the air. In general, the inhalation force 102 is typically considered slightly greater than the exhalation force 103 during normal breathing because the primary muscle used for inhalation, the diaphragm 29, actively contracts as at 104 to create a vacuum thereby drawing air into the lungs 30, while exhalation largely relies on the passive relaxation of the diaphragm 29 and lung elasticity to push air from the lungs 30 as at 105. Noting that during normal breathing, less muscular effort is needed during the exhalation process 101 as compared to the inhalation process 100, the magnitude of the inhalation force 102 is greater than the magnitude of the exhalation force 103 as comparatively and diagrammatically depicted in FIGS. 2-4. It will thus be understood the inhalation force 102 often differs from the exhalation force 103 under normal breathing conditions.

[0086] A normal oxygen-carbon dioxide respiratory exchange is diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 4 and refers to the process where oxygen or O2 as at 31 moves from the air in the lungs 30 into the bloodstream 12 as at arrow 106, while carbon dioxide or CO2 as at 32 simultaneously moves from the bloodstream 12 into the lungs 30 as at arrow 107 to be exhaled. This respiratory exchange occurs primarily within the alveoli 25 of the lungs 30 through a process called diffusion during which gases naturally move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. During normal breathing, the body takes in oxygen 31 and releases carbon dioxide 32 with each breath as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 4. Carbon dioxide 32 is released 107 from venous blood 33 and oxygen 31 is directed into arterial blood 34 as further referenced in FIG. 4.

[0087] Hypercapnic devices are designed to increase CO2 retention by altering normal breathing mechanics, typically by increasing expiratory resistance or rebreathing exhaled air. The hypercapnic cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 provides expiratory resistance as at arrows 111, 115, 119, 123, and 127 respectively referenced in FIGS. 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B, and 10B.

[0088] In other words, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 make it harder to exhale by adding resistance 111, 115, 119, 123 or 127 to the outflow or exhalation of air respectively as at arrows 109, 113, 117, 121 and 125. This increases intrathoracic pressure, reducing the efficiency of carbon dioxide 32 elimination. Carbon dioxide 32 that would normally be expelled remains in the lungs 30 longer, leading to higher arterial carbon dioxide 32 levels in the bloodstream 12. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 further creates dead space within the oral cavity 14, causing the user 200 to inhale a portion of their previously exhaled air as generally depicted in FIG. 5A. Since exhaled air contains higher concentrations of carbon dioxide 32 than fresh ambient air, this leads to progressive carbon dioxide 32 accumulation in the bloodstream 12.

[0089] As the level of carbon dioxide 32 in the bloodstream 12 rises, the body normally increases ventilation to compensate. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 blunts the body hyperventilation response, making it more tolerant to higher blood carbon dioxide 32 over time. Under normal conditions, carbon dioxide 32 diffuses down its concentration gradient from the lungs 30 into the ambient air. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 increases airway pressure and limits exhalation thereby reducing this gradient and leading to carbon dioxide 32 retention in the bloodstream 12. Increased blood carbon dioxide 32 (hypercapnia) leads to a drop in blood pH (respiratory acidosis). The body attempts to compensate with deeper or more frequent breaths.

[0090] Carbon dioxide 32 is a potent vasodilator, particularly in the brain, which can increase cerebral blood flow. Higher blood carbon dioxide 32 promotes oxygen 31 unloading from hemoglobin, which can help delivery of oxygen 31 to tissues in some cases. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 provides a number of practical applications, including Respiratory Muscle Training (RMT); Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Training; and certain other therapeutic uses. Respiratory Muscle Training strengthens expiratory muscles, which can be useful for athletes, free divers, or patients with respiratory conditions. Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Training can be used in performance training for apnea divers, military personnel, and high-altitude adaptation. Further, certain conditions, like COPD or asthma, may benefit from controlled resistance training to improve breathing efficiency.

[0091] Increased carbon dioxide 32 production in the lungs 30 plays a crucial role in the body's ability to metabolize lactate (lactic acid). The ability of the body to burn lactate as fuel is at the heart of hypercapnic training. Lactic acid, also known as lactate, is a substance the body produces mainly by the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic conditions (i.e., without oxygen), like anaerobic glycolysis. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to the main pathway responsible for supplying the cells with energy, both in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The tissues that produce the most lactic acid include muscle cells and red blood cells, with lesser production from brain tissue, skin, and in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Lactic acid is subsequently released into the bloodstream 12 to be metabolized by the liver and kidneys, where it can be used in gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis refers to glucose and energy synthesis from noncarbohydrate substrates, such as lactate.

[0092] Increased carbon dioxide 32 production in the lungs 30 plays a crucial role in the body's ability to metabolize lactate (lactic acid) through several physiological mechanisms. One such mechanism is referred to as the Bohr Effect that generally involves enhanced oxygen delivery. Increased blood carbon dioxide 32 leads to a drop in blood pH due to the formation of carbonic acid and subsequent dissociation into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. This pH reduction shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right (i.e., the Bohr effect), meaning hemoglobin releases more oxygen to tissues. Increased oxygen availability enhances aerobic metabolism, which facilitates the oxidation of lactate in mitochondria. Under normal conditions, lactate is not just a waste product-it serves as an essential fuel source, particularly for the heart, brain, and slow-twitch muscle fibers. Increased blood oxygen availability from the Bohr effect accelerates the conversion of lactate to pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation, where it is fully metabolized for energy.

[0093] During intense exercise or conditions of elevated metabolic demand, higher carbon dioxide 32 production leads to increased ventilation. Hypercapnic (high CO2) conditions stimulate ventilatory drive, improving oxygen uptake and removing excess hydrogen ions (H+) via bicarbonate buffering. This helps maintain the acid-base balance, preventing metabolic acidosis and enhancing the rate of lactate clearance. The Cori Cycle (lactate shuttle) allows lactate from muscles to be transported to the liver, where it is converted back into glucose via gluconeogenesis. The process requires ATP, which is more efficiently produced when CO2-driven oxygenation is optimized. Higher carbon dioxide 32 production can improve oxygen 31 utilization, indirectly facilitating the conversion of lactate to usable fuel.

[0094] Summarizing, increased carbon dioxide 32 in the lungs 30 enhances oxygen 31 delivery to tissues via the Bohr Effect. More oxygen 31 allows lactate to be used as an oxidative fuel rather than accumulating as an acid. Increased ventilation from higher carbon dioxide 32 production clears lactate faster by removing acid and supporting aerobic metabolism. The Cori Cycle benefits from improved oxygen-driven ATP production, further aiding lactate metabolism. Increased carbon dioxide 32 production supports lactate clearance and oxidation, allowing the body to utilize lactate as an efficient fuel source rather than letting it accumulate and contribute to muscle fatigue.

[0095] In some embodiments, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is adjustable for varying resistance to both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101. In this regard, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 comprises at least a least resistance setting and a maximum resistance setting. For ease of reference, a least resistance setting is diagrammatically depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B with a corresponding respiratory exchange diagram presented in FIG. 6C for ease of comparison. A maximum resistance setting is comparatively shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B with a corresponding respiratory exchange diagram presented in FIG. 10C for ease of comparison. The reader will note from a comparison of the least resistance setting and the maximum resistance setting that resistances 110 and 111 of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 while in the least resistance setting are equal and opposite. Similarly, the resistances 126 and 127 of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 while in the maximum resistance setting are equal and opposite. The resistances 110 and 111 are lesser than the resistances 126 and 127.

[0096] Comparatively referencing FIG. 4 versus FIG. 6C, the reader will there consider the alveolus 25 contains equal amounts of oxygen 31 and carbon dioxide 32 in FIG. 4 representing a normal breathing condition while the alveolus 25 in FIG. 6C representing a least resistance setting contains an increased amount of carbon dioxide 32 as compared to the amount of oxygen 31. As resistance of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 increases from the least resistance setting as depicted in FIGS. 6A to 6C to the maximum resistance setting as depicted in FIGS. 10A to 10C, the amount of carbon dioxide 32 in the alveoli 25 and bloodstream 12 gradually increases. This increasing amount of blood carbon dioxide 32 is at the heart of the presently disclosed subject matter and is roughly dependent on the adjustable breathing resistance provided by the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10.

[0097] In some embodiments, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may be configured to include any number of resistance settings. In other embodiments, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may be configured to include a series of five resistance settings. Referencing FIG. 14, for example, the reader will there note a series of numbered indicia 33 numbered from resistance setting 1 to resistance setting 5 with resistance setting 5 representing the maximum resistance setting and setting 1 representing the least resistance setting. The resistance vectors 110 and 111 depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 1 and the resistance vectors 114 and 115 depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 2.

[0098] The resistance vectors 118 and 119 depicted in FIGS. 8A and 8B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 3; the resistance vectors 122 and 123 depicted in FIGS. 9A and 9B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 4; and the resistance vectors 126 and 127 depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 5. Resistance vectors 110 and 111 are less than resistance vectors 114 and 115; resistance vectors 114 and 115 are less than resistance vectors 118 and 119; resistance vectors 118 and 119 are less than resistance vectors 122 and 123; and resistance vectors 122 and 123 are less than resistance vectors 126 and 127.

[0099] The hypercapnic training method according to the presently disclosed subject matter optimizes cardiorespiratory fitness and may be said to comprise a series of steps, including the initial provision of a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is configured to be received and held by a user's mouth 201 for increasing breathing resistance through an oral cavity 14 at the user's mouth 201 as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 5A. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is received and held at the user's mouth 201 thereby increasing breathing resistance through the oral cavity 14. The breathing resistance is bidirectional including a first direction during the inhalation process 100 as depicted in FIGS. 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A and 10A and a second direction during the exhalation process 101 as depicted in FIGS. 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B and 10B.

[0100] The user 200 may inhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 against resistance provided thereby in a first direction as at vectors 110, 114, 118, 122 and 126. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 reduces or slows oxygen 31 intake through the oral cavity 14 during the inhalation process 100. The user further exhales through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction as referenced at vectors 111, 115, 119, 123 and 127. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 thereby reduces or slows carbon dioxide 32 exhaust through the oral cavity 14 during the exhalation process 101. The reduced oxygen 31 intake and reduced carbon dioxide 32 exhaust increases carbon dioxide 32 levels in the bloodstream 12 of the user 200 for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness as comparatively and respectively depicted in FIGS. 6C, 7C, 8C, 9C and 10C.

[0101] In some embodiments, breathing resistance through the oral cavity 14 is provided by a resistance module 36 of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10. The resistance module 36 is positioned externally relative to the oral cavity 14, which oral cavity 14 comprises an air-letting dimension 35 transverse to the first direction as at vectors 110, 114, 118, 122 and 126 and the second direction as at vectors 111, 115, 119, 123 and 127. Referencing FIG. 5A the reader will there see that the air-letting dimension 35 extends along the Y axis extending vertically on the page and the Z axis extending into the page.

[0102] In some embodiments, the resistance module 36 provides an air-letting aperture 37 through which air is inhaled during the inhalation process 100 and exhaled during the exhalation process 101. The air-letting aperture 37 is configured to generally alter or restrict an air-letting pathway relative to the air-letting dimension 35 for reducing or slowing oxygen 31 intake and reducing or slowing carbon dioxide 32 exhaust. Breathing resistance through the oral cavity 14 is provided by the resistance module 36 as positioned externally relative to the oral cavity 14.

[0103] The oral cavity 14 comprises an air-letting dimension 35 generally transverse to the first and second directions. The resistance module 36 comprises an apertured window portion 41, which window portion 41 extends in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension 35 in some embodiments.

[0104] As introduced above, the resistance module 36 is adjustable in some embodiments for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture 37 for increasing or decreasing the air-letting pathway. In some applications, the inhalation force 102 associated with the inhalation process 100 differs from the exhalation force 103 associated with the exhalation process 101. In some applications, the inhalation force 102 associated with the inhalation process 100 is greater than the exhalation force 103 associated with the exhalation process 101. For example, in some applications, the inhalation force 108 can be greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 109 in the least resistance setting as generally depicted in FIGS. 6A to 6C.

[0105] Further, the inhalation force 112 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 113 as generally depicted in FIGS. 7A to 7C. The inhalation force 116 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 117 as generally depicted in FIGS. 8A to 8C. The inhalation force 120 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 121 as generally depicted in FIGS. 9A to 9C. The inhalation force 124 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 125 as generally depicted in FIGS. 10A to 10C. For any given resistance setting, the resistance module 36 provides static resistance through a chosen air-letting aperture 37 during the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation processes 101.

[0106] In some embodiments, the air-letting aperture 37 is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length 38 when adjusted to a least resistance setting as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 22A. The arcuate air-letting aperture 37 comprises a minimum arc length 58 when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 22E. In some embodiments, the arcuate air-letting aperture 37 is oriented so as to extend in a concave orientation relative to the user's nasal cavity 13. The resistance module 36 comprises a wheel housing 39 and a wheel element 40 enclosed within the wheel housing 39. At least one section of the wheel housing 39 comprises the window portion 41 comprising a fixed size, arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window 42. In some embodiments, the housing window is bifurcated with a rib element 43 separating the housing window 42 in a left window portion 42L and a right window portion 42R as referenced in FIG. 19. The wheel element 40 comprises an axis of rotation 128 and an arcuately-shaped and displaceable air-letting wheel window 44.

[0107] In some embodiments, the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 are configured for variable alignment with respect to one another as the wheel element 40 is rotated as at 129 about the axis of rotation 128 during adjustment of the resistance module 36. The wheel element 40 is rotatable about the axis of rotation 128 thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture 37 as the air-letting wheel window 44 is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window 42 during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101. In this regard, the reader is directed to FIGS. 22A through 22E respectively and diagrammatically depicting the air-letting aperture 37 in various configurations. When in the least resistance setting as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 22A, a periphery 45 of the air-letting wheel window 44 is peripherally within a periphery 46 of the air-letting housing window 42.

[0108] The air-letting aperture 37 is shown in the least resistance setting in FIG. 22A. Referencing FIG. 22A, the reader will there note the maximum arc length 38 and a series of air-letting vectors 130 directed into the page corresponding to the least resistance setting 1 of the numbered indicia 33. When in the least resistance setting, five air-letting vectors 130 have been depicted to denote a net vector directed into the page corresponding to inhalation force 108. Referencing FIG. 22B, the reader will there consider the resistance setting 2 having four air-letting vectors 130 depicted to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 112. Referencing FIG. 22C, the reader will there consider the resistance setting 3 having three air-letting vectors 130 to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 116. Referencing FIG. 22D, the reader will there consider the resistance setting 4 having two air-letting vectors 130 depicted to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 120. Referencing FIG. 22E, the reader will there consider the maximum resistance setting 5 having one air-letting vector 130 to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 124. The reader will further note minimum arc length 58 of the air-letting aperture 37 when in the maximum resistance setting 5.

[0109] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter further includes a mouthpiece 47 that protects lips, teeth, gums, and soft tissue while simultaneously providing a lung exerciser used for breathing exercises through airflow resistance to both inspiration and expiration of the user's lungs 30 thus improving lung efficiency and inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 with mouthpiece 47 can be configured and / or adjusted to provide a least resistance setting and multiple resistance levels which offer varying levels of airflow to and from the user's lungs 30 depending upon the level of conditioning and desired needs of the user 200. As with other resistance training exercises, inhalation and exhalation resistance training can improve lung performance, cardiorespiratory efficiency and overall athletic performance.

[0110] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may comprise, in combination, a mouthpiece as at 47 and a resistance module as at 36. The resistance module 36 may, in some embodiments, comprise an upper module housing section as at 48, a lower module housing section as at 49, and wheel element 40. In some embodiments, the upper module housing section 48 is separable from the lower housing section 49 so as to enable a user to interchange wheel elements 40. In this regard, the reader is directed to FIGS. 23A through 23B each of which show a basic wheel element 40. The size of the air-letting wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40′ depicted in FIG. 23A is bigger than the size of the air-letting wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40 depicted in FIG. 23B. The air-letting wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40″ depicted in FIG. 23C comprises a hybrid air-letting wheel window 44.

[0111] The air-letting aperture 37 is provided by the overlaid relationship of the air-letting wheel window 44 and the air-letting housing window 42. In some embodiments, the air-letting wheel window 44 may comprises a radially inner aperture edge 51, a radially outer aperture edge 52, a trailing aperture edge 53 and a leading aperture edge 54. In some embodiments, the radially inner aperture edge 51 and the radially outer aperture edge 52 parallel to one another as generally depicted in FIGS. 23A and 23B. In other embodiments, the radially inner aperture edge 51 and the radially outer aperture edge 52 are non-parallel to one another as generally depicted in FIG. 23C. In those embodiments having a non-parallel radially inner aperture edge 51 and radially outer aperture edge 52, breathing resistance can be more particularly refined.

[0112] In some embodiments, additional resistance levels can thereby be provided such that various levels may provide varying levels of breathing resistance as follows: Level 1=20%; Level 2=30%; Level 3=40%; Level 4=50%; Level 5=60%; Level 6=70%; Level 7=80%; Level 8=90%; Level 9=95%. Alternatively, in some embodiments, additional resistance levels can thereby be provided such that various levels may provide varying levels of breathing resistance as follows: Level 1=35%; Level 2=50%; Level 3=65%; Level 4=80%; Level 5=90%; Level 6=95%; Level 7=98%.

[0113] The wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40′ shown in FIG. 23A provides less breathing resistance than the wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40 shown in FIG. 23B. The wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40″ shown in FIG. 23C may provide breathing resistance levels intermediate the breathing resistance levels of either the wheel element 40′ and the wheel element 40. In some embodiments the edge width of the leading aperture edge 54 may be greater than the edge width of the trailing aperture edge 53 as generally depicted in FIG. 23C. In some embodiments, the edge width of the leading aperture edge 54 may be lesser than the edge width of the trailing aperture edge 53.

[0114] In some embodiments, the hypercapnic training method may comprise the step of adjusting an aperture edge width of the air-letting aperture 37 while rotating the wheel element 40 about the axis of rotation 128. The non-parallel radially inner aperture edge 51 and the radially outer aperture edge 52, as shown in FIG. 23C for example, reduces the edge width 55 of the air-letting aperture 37 as the wheel element 40 is rotated about axis of rotation 128 as the trailing edge 53 approaches the edge width 55 as referenced in FIG. 22E. The edge width 55 remains constant of the embodiments reflected in FIGS. 22A through 22E for comparison purposes. The dimensioning of the air-letting wheel window 44 may dictate module resistance with decreasing window dimensions contributing to increased airflow resistance and increasing window dimensions contributing to decreased airflow resistance. In some embodiments, the wheel element 44 is not removable from the resistance module 36. In these embodiments, multiple resistance modules 36 may be provided and the user may interchange the resistance modules 36 with the mouthpiece 47 as needed to adjust breathing resistance.

[0115] The mouthpiece 47 preferably comprises a lower arcuate tooth bed as at 65, an upper arcuate tooth bed as at 66, and an anterior module interface as at 67. The anterior module interface 67 preferably comprises a module-receiving orifice as at 68 and a series of mouthpiece apertures 69 situated posterior to the module-receiving orifice 68 that extend intermediate the module-receiving orifice 68 and the lower and upper arcuate tooth beds 65 / 66. Airflow is thereby enabled from the module-receiving orifice 68 through the series of mouthpiece apertures 69.

[0116] The resistance module 36 is matable with the module-receiving orifice 68 and may comprise upper and lower housing sections 48 and 49 enclosing the wheel element 40. The upper module housing section 48 of the resistance module 36 may comprise an apertured anterior grill portion as at 71, a posterior upper housing edge as at 72, and a series of upper channel-forming formations as at 73. The upper channel-forming formations 73 preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the apertured anterior grill portion 71 and the posterior upper housing edge 72. The apertured anterior grill portion 71 comprises a series of air-letting apertures as at 99 in some embodiments.

[0117] The lower valve housing section 49 may comprise an anterior window portion as at 41; a posterior lower housing edge as at 75; and a series of lower channel-forming formations as at 76. The series of lower channel-forming formations 76 preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the anterior window portion 41 and the posterior lower housing edge 75. The window portion 41 comprises arcuately shaped air-letting housing window 42. The wheel element 40 preferably comprises an arcuately shaped air-letting wheel window 44 and an axis of rotation as at 128. The wheel element 40 is received intermediate the upper and lower valve housing sections 48 and 49 such that the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 are in variable alignment with one another with the axis of rotation 128 enabling said variable alignment.

[0118] In other words, the upper and lower module housing sections 48 and 49 are attachable to one another in some embodiments for enclosing the wheel element 40 and together form the resistance module 36, which resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece 47. The upper channel-forming formations 73 align with the lower channel-forming formations 76 to form a series of air-letting channels (as at 81U at the upper module housing section 48 and at 81L at the lower module housing section 49) through the resistance module 36. The posterior upper housing edge 72 aligns with the posterior lower housing edge 75 to form a channel outlet, which channel outlet is insertable into the module-receiving orifice 68 such that the series of air-letting channels 81 are placed into alignment with the series of mouthpiece apertures 69. The axis of rotation 128 enables a user to selectively rotate the wheel element 40 in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions for selectively maximizing or minimizing window-to-window alignment of the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 for increasing and decreasing airflow resistance therethrough for working lung muscles during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101.

[0119] To help the user 200 more easily rotate the wheel element 40, the wheel element 40 may preferably further comprise a radially extending arm as at 82. In other words, the radially extending arm 82 enables the user to more easily selectively rotate the wheel valve 40 element in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. Further, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may further provide a resistance module 36 comprising laterally opposed arm-stop structures 83 and 84. A first arm-stop structure 83 of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a first direction and signals maximal window-to-window alignment. A second arm-stop structure 84 of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a second direction and signals minimal window-to-window alignment.

[0120] Referencing FIGS. 14 and 27, the reader will there note numbered indicia 33 on the ventral side of the lower module housing section 49. The embodiment there shown preferably provides roughly 25% resistance at resistance setting 1 with increasing resistance (and minimizing window-to-window alignment) up to roughly 75% resistance at resistance setting 5. Various embodiments are contemplated that alter the resistance levels. For example, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may provide a starting resistance setting 1 at roughly 75% resistance up to a resistance setting 5 at roughly 95% resistance for more advanced users. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may also be provided as a beginner apparatus having breathing resistance ranging from 20% to 60% at resistance setting 5.

[0121] Referencing FIG. 29, the reader will there consider the wheel element 40 preferably further comprises a wheel diameter as at 85, and that the apertured anterior grill portion 71 preferably further comprises a dorsal-to-ventral grill height as at 86 and a lateral-to-lateral grill width as at 87. The wheel diameter 85 is preferably lesser than the dorsal-to-ventral grill height 86 and lateral-to-lateral grill width 87 such that the apertured anterior grill portion 71 grill conceals the wheel element 40. The reader will recall the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 are each preferably arcuately shaped or resemble an arc length aperture. The arcuately shaped air-letting housing window 42 and the arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window 44 preferably arc or extend through an arc length in radial inferior adjacency to a wheel axle formation 88 of the wheel element 40, which wheel axle formation 88 seats in an axle-receiving notch formation 89 formed in the lower module housing section 49.

[0122] The wheel diameter 85 extends and traverses through a wheel-receiving depression formed in the lower module housing section 49 posterior to the window portion 41, which depression may comprise an air-diverting lip 91. The air-diverting lip 91 extends from below the air-letting housing window42 to the series of lower channel-forming formations 76 for re-directing airflow intermediate the air-letting housing window 42 and the series of air-letting channels as at 81U / L. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may further comprise at least one sensor as at 94 preferably outfitted at or in adjacency to one or more of the air-letting channels as at 81U / L. The at least one sensor 94 senses airflow activity within the resistance module 36 and communicates data to an external device 95 for displaying human readable output upon the external device 95.

[0123] FIGS. 31A and 31B depict a sectioned apparatus 10 has lower arcuate tooth bed and upper arcuate tooth bed, between which airflow channels 81 pass. Comparatively referencing FIG. 31A versus FIG. 31B, the reader will there consider an optional feature according to the present invention whereby the airflow channels 81 may be outfitted with one or more sensors as at 94. Sensors 94 preferably sense pressure waves during inhalation and exhalation events and a propriety software application outfitted upon a separate computing device (exemplified by a mobile communications device as at 95) receives data wirelessly transmitted thereto (as at wireless signal 97) from the sensors 94, translating data into meaningful output.

[0124] Referencing Figure No. 30, the reader will there consider a mobile communications device as at 95 outfitted with the propriety software application for receiving wireless signals 97 transmitting data from the sensors 94 for translating the incoming data into meaningful data points for output upon the visual display 79 of the mobile communications device 95. The propriety software application is configured to communicate with other peripheral hardware and together with the sensors 94 is able to output meaningful physiological data points such as heart rate as at 91, respiratory rate as at 93, Maximal Inspiratory Pressure or Max ISP as at 96, Maximal Expiratory Pressure or Max EXP as at 97, deep breathing percentage as at 98; CO2 levels as at 131; and O2 saturation as at 133. Sensors 94 in combination with the software application thereby help users monitor their physiological data in a more meaningful, proactive manner.

[0125] As described above, the resistance module 36 is preferably removable from the mouthpiece 47. In this regard, the mouthpiece 47 may be further outfitted with a fork or plug element as at 92. The fork or plug element 92 may preferably comprise a series of tines or aperture plug portions as at 74 and a back portion as at 94. The series of tines or aperture plug portions 74 are dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the series of mouthpiece apertures 69 while the back portion 94 is dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the module-receiving orifice 68. The fork or plug element 92 is designed to maintain anterior formations of the mouthpiece 47 when the resistance module 36 is removed therefrom as might be the case, for example, when the user 200 may opt to boil and bite the mouthpiece 47 to better form the mouthpiece 47 to the user's mouth anatomy. The fork-like plug element 92 may be used to retain anterior portions of the mouthpiece 47 for more properly receiving the resistance module 36, but may also be used by athletes focusing on nasal breathing. In other words, the fork-like plug element 92 may also be used by athletes training to breathe exclusively through the nose, as this is often preferred method for athletes. In this regard, it is noted nasal breathing during moderate intensity aerobic exercise can also promote hypercapnia.

[0126] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 works as a force multiplier over every exercise. When airflow is restricted during exercise, a greater load is placed on one's lungs 30, which in turn causes heart rate to increase to meet exercise oxygen demands. Because of this increase in heart rate, it is much more difficult to complete a full round of exercise with the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 particularly at higher resistance levels. Over time, however, the body works to adapt to increased lactate in the blood by utilizing lactate for fuel. Over time the lactate threshold is rapidly increased as is VO2 Max (i.e. the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise; that is, exercise of increasing intensity).

[0127] The mouthpiece 47 is preferably formed for a molded silicone version, but may also be provided as a boil-n-bite version of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is not designed to provide mouth protection as a primary function, but rather to be used during non-contact practice sessions, 2-minute drills, conditioning drills, HIIT or HIT training, and any other exercise when there is no or low risk of being physically impacted (e.g. tackling in football or checking in hockey). The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 should preferably not be used during extended practice sessions or during physical contact sessions. Because the state of the art provides for more advanced athletic protective mouth-guards, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter may more preferably be classified or regarded as an Advanced Exercise Cardio-Respiratory Training Device, with secondary functionality to allow basic mouth protection when used without the resistance module 36.

[0128] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter provides benefits to heart and lung function at least in the following areas of concern: (a) increased heart rate; (b) increased respiratory rate; and (c) over time using the apparatus 10, resting heart rate is decreased along with decreased respiratory rate because cardiorespiratory fitness is significantly increased. Further, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter rapidly increase lactate threshold and VO2 Max. Further, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 has numerous known medical device applications including and not limited to treatment for (a) asthma; (b) COPD; (c) interstitial lung disease; (d) ALS; (e) cardiac surgery rehabilitation; (f) anxiety prevention; and (g) stress management.

[0129] In the evolving landscape of fitness and athletic training, hypercapnic training has become a highly effective method for improving strength, endurance, and metabolic efficiency. This training involves controlled breathing that leads to an intentional carbon dioxide (CO2) 32 buildup in the bloodstream 12. The innovative cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 described herein leverages this principle through a dual-resistance system, which controls both inspiratory and expiratory airflow, leading to significant improvements in performance. Early studies show users have experienced a 30-40% increase in strength and a 15-25% increase in endurance when using the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10.

[0130] During resistance breathing, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 limits air flow during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101, creating a situation where blood carbon dioxide 32 levels rise. This condition is known as hypercapnia. As blood carbon dioxide 32 levels increase, the body adapts by becoming more efficient in utilizing the available oxygen 31. This process forces the respiratory system to work harder, strengthening the respiratory muscles and improving endurance through better oxygen management.

[0131] One of the significant benefits of hypercapnic training is the body's improved ability to metabolize lactate. Lactate, a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, can accumulate during intense exercise, leading to fatigue. Hypercapnic training enhances the body's ability to use lactate as a fuel source, which delays fatigue and improves athletic performance. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 facilitates this by creating resistance that gradually increases blood carbon dioxide 32 during exercise, forcing the body to become more efficient in clearing and utilizing lactate.

[0132] Including expiratory resistance is critical because the buildup of blood carbon dioxide 32 is more effective when the exhalation process 101 is restricted. This is primarily completed via exhalation resistance, the primary cause of gradual blood carbon dioxide 32 buildup. Because the user 200 is breathing against resistance, upon exhalation, the user's body cannot exhaust as much carbon dioxide 32 as it otherwise would without resistance, thereby providing a gradual build-up of carbon dioxide 32 in the bloodstream 12. By increasing the difficulty of exhalation, carbon dioxide 32 is retained longer in the body, enhancing the hypercapnic state. This allows for more pronounced respiratory muscle adaptations and more significant overall benefits. Without expiratory resistance, the effects of hypercapnic training would be diminished, making it harder to achieve the metabolic and endurance benefits that this device delivers.

[0133] Breathing against resistance strengthens the diaphragm 29 and intercostal muscles, much like lifting weights strengthens skeletal muscles. These respiratory muscles are vital for airflow during exertion, especially during endurance sports or high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The added workload on the respiratory muscles forces them to adapt, resulting in greater endurance and reduced fatigue during prolonged physical activities. Carbon dioxide tolerance is crucial for delaying the onset of fatigue. As athletes train under hypercapnic conditions, their bodies adapt to the higher levels of carbon dioxide and become less sensitive to its presence. This improved tolerance means they can continue to perform at high intensities without experiencing the usual shortness of breath or rapid onset of fatigue.

[0134] The design of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 further intentionally prioritizes lightweight construction and adjustability to ensure it is suitable for a broad range of users 200. Whether someone is using it for light cardio or high-intensity interval training (HIIT), the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 and its adjustable levels of resistance (ranging from 25% to 75%, or up to 94% in the Pro model) allow for incremental progression as the user's 200 fitness level improves. A device used during exercise must not become a hindrance or distraction; at less than 1 oz, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is practically unnoticeable, allowing athletes to perform various exercises-from running to weightlifting-without any cumbersome weight or awkwardness.

[0135] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 represents a significant advancement in sports training technology, leveraging the science of hypercapnic training to deliver substantial performance benefits. Its lightweight construction, dual resistance capability, and multiple adjustable settings make it accessible to athletes at all levels, allowing for progressive training that targets respiratory muscle strength, endurance, and lactate metabolism. Hypercapnic training represents a cutting-edge approach to athletic performance improvement by targeting the respiratory system and metabolic efficiency. With the help of the specialized the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10, athletes and others can push their physical limits, increase strength, boost endurance, and improve their ability to metabolize lactate during high-intensity efforts.

[0136] While the invention has been described in detail as supported by the drawings, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only preferred embodiments have been shown and / or described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. Accordingly, although the invention has been described by reference to certain embodiments, and certain associated methodologies, it is not intended that the novel arrangement and methods be limited thereby, but that modifications thereof are intended to be included as falling within the broad scope and spirit of the foregoing disclosures and the appended drawings. Insofar as the description above and the accompanying drawings disclose any additional subject matter that is not within the scope of the claims below, the embodiments are not dedicated to the public and the right to file one or more applications to claim such additional embodiments is reserved.

Examples

Embodiment Construction

[0081]Referring now to the drawings with more specificity, the presently disclosed subject matter is directed to a hypercapnic training method and cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus therefor. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus that supports the hypercapnic training methodology according to the presently disclosed subject matter is generally depicted and referenced at 10 and introduced in FIGS. 5-6B and 11-18.

[0082]Hypercapnic training is essentially a breathing exercise that involves temporarily increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, which has been shown to help improve endurance, strength, and power. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is configured to provide breathing resistance during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101 so as to gradually increase of the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

[0083]Diagrammatic depictions of a respiratory system 200 are introduced in FIGS. 1-3 with th...

PRIOR HISTORY

[0001] This application builds upon the subject matter disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 506,771 filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on 21 Oct. 2021, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 12,090,385.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The presently disclosed subject matter generally relates to a hypercapnic training method, and Respiratory Muscle Trainers or RMT devices for supporting the hypercapnic training method.BACKGROUND

[0003] The prior art teaches devices that allow for unrestricted airflow through mouthguards into and out of the lungs. As noted in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16 / 234,774, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,192,017 ('017 Patent) there is a perceived need in the art to protect the mouth, lips, teeth and jaw by way of the mouthguard, while also training the lungs, improving lung efficiency and muscles via adjustable airflow restriction into and out of lungs through both inspiration and expiration of lungs.

[0004] The subject matter of the '017 Patent addresses this perceived need in the art. State-of-the-art mouthguard systems are typically not designed to allow adjustable restriction of airflow to exercise the lungs. Further, currently available lung trainers, masks and lung exercisers are designed exclusively for lung training and are not designed to be protective of the mouth, nor will they fit under an athletic helmet facemask, with none affording mouth protection, comfort fit, two-way inspiration and expiration resistance lung training with ergo-dynamic fit, feel and low profile to fit under (behind) athletic protective facemasks.

[0005] The combination mouthguard and lung exerciser device of the '017 Patent meets a clear and present need previously unmet in the marketplace. Athletes and non-athlete users alike can employ both mouthguard protection and lung training utility in one combined device, allowing use during practices or other training events to help condition and improve lung function while protecting mouth, teeth, etc. while wearing under or behind an athletic helmet facemask, or not depending upon user need.

[0006] It is understood there are devices that restrict airflow into the lungs in order to activate respiratory muscle. There are also many mouthguard devices available for protecting teeth, mouth, gums and soft oral tissue from impact and injury. Mouthguards reduce the chance of injuries resulting from impacts of collisions during athletic competition and sporting events. Various types of mouthguards include: standard-stock-type fit, custom-fit molded to individual's teeth, and non-custom fit for general use.

[0007] There are also many lung conditioners, or cardiorespiratory exercisers available which improve overall lung efficiency, strength and stamina by restricting airflow into the lungs through the mouth and nose in order to increase inspiratory and / or expiratory muscle strength and endurance. Various cardiorespiratory training device types are available, some of which are medically specific, while others are sport specific. Some lung trainer devices only provide resistance in airflow upon inspiration while some only offer resistance upon exhalation. Others provide both inspiratory and expiratory resistance.

[0008] The restriction of airflow to the lungs through the mouth and nose during exercise enables the body to adjust to a higher level of efficiency of CO2 and O2 exchange and thereby maximizing oxygenation of muscle tissues via vasculature throughout the entire body. This increased lung efficiency, in part, is a function of improved inspiratory and or expiratory muscle strength. Short of training at high altitudes, it is difficult to improve lung function and strengthen respiratory muscles without restricted airflow during normal breathing or during exercise.

[0009] The subject matter of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 506,171, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 12,090,385 ('385 Patent) claimed the benefit of the '017 Patent and built thereupon by disclosing and claiming an improved Cardiorespiratory Fitness Optimizer Apparatus. The presently disclosed subject matter both builds upon and departs from the subject matter of the '017 Patent and the '385 Patent by focusing on certain methods for hypercapnic training. Hypercapnic training is a type of exercise that involves increasing the amount of carbon dioxide or CO2 in the blood. It can involve breathing exercises that involve holding your breath, inhaling, and exhaling. Hypercapnic training can improve endurance performance and muscle recovery; increase blood flow to the brain and other organs; improve cognitive function; strengthen the immune system; help with faster healing.

[0010] Traditional Respiratory Muscle Training or RMT devices were designed for use while the user remained stationary. Typically, the user would breathe into and out of the RMT device for several minutes at a time several times per week to several times per day. Traditional RMT devices were not designed to be used during cardiopulmonary exercise routines. To address the perceived need for a mouthpiece with integrated RMT device for enabling athletes to maximize their fitness levels by using the device while exercising, acting as a force multiplier over and above the exercise engaged in, the devices of the '017 Patent and the '385 Patent were developed. The MAXIMUS™ brand cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter provides Dual Airflow Restriction (i.e. restricted airflow during both inhalation and exhalation activity) (DAR) to be designed for use for supporting hypercapnic training exercises. The apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter provides adjustable airflow restriction into and out of lungs through both inspiration and expiration of lungs thereby enabling a build-up of CO2 in the blood stream and supporting a hypercapnic training method. Further, the apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter places a significant restricted airflow load on the cardiorespiratory system further exercising the heart, lungs and vasculature maximizing cardiorespiratory efficiency.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention generally involves a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus or combination mouthpiece and Respiratory Muscle Training or RMT device with optional fork-like plug component that may be swapped in and out in place of the RMT portion of the apparatus. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus made the focus of these specifications is designed to optimize cardiorespiratory. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus preferably comprises, in combination, a mouthpiece and a resistance module. In some embodiments, the resistance module comprises an upper wheel housing section, a lower wheel housing section, and a wheel element.

[0012] The mouthpiece preferably comprises a lower arcuate tooth bed, an upper arcuate tooth bed, and an anterior mouth or manifold interface. The anterior mouth or manifold interface preferably comprises or provides a valve-receiving orifice and a series of mouthpiece apertures situated posterior to the valve-receiving orifice that extend intermediate the valve-receiving orifice and the lower and upper arcuate tooth beds. Airflow is thereby enabled from the valve-receiving orifice through the series of mouthpiece apertures of the anterior mouth or manifold interface of the mouthpiece. The resistance module is attachable to or matable with the mouthpiece and is adjustable for increasing and / or decreasing airflow resistance therethrough for training muscles of the cardiorespiratory system.

[0013] The resistance module, receivable at or matable with the module-receiving portion of the mouthpiece, is preferably provided by way a wheel housing enclosing the wheel element. The resistance module may thus preferably comprise an upper wheel housing section and a lower wheel housing section with a wheel element therebetween. The upper wheel housing section preferably comprises an apertured anterior grill portion, a posterior upper housing edge, and a series of upper channel-forming formations. The upper channel-forming formations preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the apertured anterior grill portion and the posterior upper housing edge.

[0014] The lower wheel housing section preferably comprises an anterior window portion, a posterior lower housing edge, and a series of lower channel-forming formations. The series of lower channel-forming formations preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the anterior window portion and the posterior lower housing edge. The anterior window portion preferably comprises an arcuately shaped air-letting housing window. The wheel element preferably comprises an arcuately shaped air-letting wheel window and an axis of rotation. The wheel element is received intermediate the upper and lower wheel housing sections such that the air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window are in variable alignment with one another with the axis of rotation enabling the user to adjust the alignment.

[0015] The upper and lower wheel housing sections are attachable to one another for enclosing the wheel element and together form the resistance module, which resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a fork-like plug element. The upper channel-forming formations align with the lower channel-forming formations to form a series of air-letting channels through the resistance module. The posterior upper housing edge aligns with the posterior lower housing edge to form a channel outlet, which channel outlet is insertable into the module-receiving orifice or otherwise matable therewith such that the series of air-letting channels are placed into alignment with the series of mouthpiece apertures. The axis of rotation of the wheel element enables a user to selectively rotate the wheel element in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions for selectively maximizing or minimizing window-to-window alignment of the air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window for increasing and decreasing airflow resistance therethrough for working lung and respiratory muscles during both inhalation and exhalation activity.

[0016] The wheel element may further preferably comprise a radially extending arm for enabling the user to more easily and selectively rotate the wheel element in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. Further, the resistance module may preferably comprise laterally opposed arm-stop structures. A first arm-stop structure of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a first direction and signals maximal window-to-window alignment while a second arm-stop structure of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a second direction and signals minimal window-to-window alignment.

[0017] The wheel element extends and traverses through a wheel-receiving depression formed in the lower wheel housing section posterior to the anterior window portion. The wheel-receiving depression preferably comprises an air-diverting lip. The air-diverting lip extends from below the air-letting housing window to the series of lower channel-forming formations for re-directing airflow intermediate the air-letting housing window and the series of air-letting channels. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus may further comprise at least one sensor preferably outfitted at or in adjacency to one or more of the air-letting channels. The sensor(s) sense or detect certain airflow activity within the resistance module and communicate data to an external device for displaying human readable output upon the external device.

[0018] As prefaced above, the resistance module is preferably removable from the mouthpiece. In this regard, the mouthpiece may be further outfitted with a separate fork or plug element. The fork or plug element may preferably comprise a series of tines or finger portions and a back portion. The series of tines are dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the series of mouthpiece apertures while the back portion is dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the module-receiving orifice and the anterior manifold section. The fork or plug element is designed to plug female structures of the mouthpiece and thereby maintain anterior formations or prevent deformations thereof when the valve housing assembly is removed therefrom as might be the case, for example, when the user may opt to boil and bite the mouthpiece to better form the mouthpiece to the user' mouth anatomy.

[0019] There is provided in accordance with one application according to the presently disclosed subject matter a hypercapnic training method for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness. In some applications, the hypercapnic training method comprises the steps of providing a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus configured to be received and held by a user's mouth for increasing breathing resistance through an oral cavity of the user's mouth. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is received and held at the user's mouth thereby increasing breathing resistance through the oral cavity. The breathing resistance being bidirectional during an inhalation process and an exhalation process.

[0020] The user may then inhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces oxygen intake through the oral cavity. The user may then exhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces carbon dioxide exhaust through the oral cavity. Carbon dioxide levels are increased in a bloodstream of the user via the reduced oxygen intake and reduced carbon dioxide exhaust thereby optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness.

[0021] In some applications, breathing resistance through the oral cavity is provided by a resistance module positioned externally relative to the oral cavity. The oral cavity comprises an air-letting dimension transverse to the first and second direction, and the resistance module comprises a window portion extending in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension. In some applications, the resistance module comprises an air-letting aperture. The resistance module is adjustable for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture for increasing or decreasing breathing resistance therethrough. In some applications, an inhalation force associated with the inhalation process differs from an exhalation force associated with the exhalation process. The resistance module provides static resistance during the inhalation and exhalation processes. In some applications, the air-letting aperture is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length when adjusted to a least resistance setting and a minimum arc length when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting. In some applications, the air-letting aperture comprises a radially inner aperture edge and a radially outer aperture edge. The radially aperture edge and the radially outer aperture edge are non-parallel for adjusting an edge with of the air-letting aperture during adjustment of the resistance module.

[0022] In some applications, the resistance module comprising a wheel housing and a wheel element enclosed within the wheel housing. At least one section of the wheel housing comprising the window portion, which window portion comprises an arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window. The wheel element comprises an axis of rotation and an arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window. The air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window are configured for variable alignment with respect to one another thereby forming the air-letting aperture. The wheel element is rotatable about the axis of rotation thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture as the air-letting wheel window is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window.

[0023] In some applications, the resistance module is usable in combination with a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece comprises a module interface and at least one mouthpiece aperture for enabling airflow through the mouthpiece. The resistance module is matable with the module interface. In some applications, the hypercapnic training method may comprise the step of sensing airflow activity within the resistance module and communicating data relating to the airflow activity to an external device for displaying human readable output relating to the airflow activity upon the external device. In some applications, the resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a plug element. The plug element comprises at least one aperture plug portion and a back portion. The at least one aperture plug portion is receivable in the at least one mouthpiece aperture, and the back portion is matable with the module interface.

[0024] There is provided in accordance with another application according to the presently disclosed subject matter a hypercapnic training method for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness. The hypercapnic training method may comprise the steps of providing a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is configured to increase breathing resistance through an oral cavity of the user's mouth. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is held at the user's mouth thereby increasing bidirectional breathing resistance through the oral cavity.

[0025] The user may then inhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces oxygen intake through the oral cavity. The user may then exhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reduces carbon dioxide exhaust through the oral cavity. Carbon dioxide levels in a bloodstream of the user are thereby increased via the reduced oxygen intake and reduced carbon dioxide exhaust thereby optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness.

[0026] In some applications, breathing resistance through the oral cavity is provided by a resistance module positioned externally relative to the oral cavity. The oral cavity comprises an air-letting dimension transverse to the first and second direction, and the resistance module comprises a window portion extending in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension. In some applications, the resistance module comprises an air-letting aperture. The resistance module is adjustable for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture for increasing or decreasing breathing resistance therethrough. In some applications, an inhalation force associated with the inhalation process differs from an exhalation force associated with the exhalation process. The resistance module provides static resistance during the inhalation and exhalation processes. In some applications, the air-letting aperture is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length when adjusted to a least resistance setting and a minimum arc length when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting. In some applications, the air-letting aperture comprises a radially inner aperture edge and a radially outer aperture edge. The radially aperture edge and the radially outer aperture edge are non-parallel.

[0027] In some applications, the resistance module comprising a wheel housing and a wheel element enclosed within the wheel housing. At least one section of the wheel housing comprising the window portion, which window portion comprises an arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window. The wheel element comprises an axis of rotation and an arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window. The air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window are configured for variable alignment with respect to one another thereby forming the air-letting aperture. The wheel element is rotatable about the axis of rotation thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture as the air-letting wheel window is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window.

[0028] In some applications, the resistance module is usable in combination with a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece comprises a module interface and at least one mouthpiece aperture for enabling airflow through the mouthpiece. The resistance module is matable with the module interface. In some applications, the hypercapnic training method may comprise the step of sensing airflow activity within the resistance module and communicating data relating to the airflow activity to an external device for displaying human readable output relating to the airflow activity upon the external device. In some applications, the resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a plug element. The plug element comprises at least one aperture plug portion and a back portion. The at least one aperture plug portion is receivable in the at least one mouthpiece aperture, and the back portion is matable with the module interface.

[0029] Other objects and advantages of the presently disclosed subject matter will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Other features and objectives of the presently disclosed subject matter will become more evident from a consideration of the following brief descriptions of patent drawings.

[0031] FIG. 1 is a first diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user including a nasal cavity, an oral cavity, a pharynx, a larynx, a trachea, a diaphragm and lungs with bronchi, alveoli and an enlarged alveolus with parts broken away to depict oxygen diffusion into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffusion from red blood cells.

[0032] FIG. 2 is a second diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user highlighting an inhalation process whereby the diaphragm is directed downwardly to create a negative pressure within the lungs for drawing in air during the inhalation process so as to support oxygen diffusion into red blood cells.

[0033] FIG. 3 is a third diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user highlighting an exhalation process whereby the diaphragm is directed upwardly to create a positive pressure within the lungs for exhausting air during the exhalation process so as to support carbon dioxide diffusion from red blood cells.

[0034] FIG. 4 is a first diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus under normal breathing conditions whereby an inhalation force directs oxygen into the alveolus and an exhalation force directs carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0035] FIG. 5 is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user holding a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth, which cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus is operable to provide breathing resistance to both the inhalation process and the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0036] FIG. 5A is an enlarged diagrammatic depiction of a user's nasal cavity and oral cavity with the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter being held at the user's mouth for providing breathing resistance through the user's oral cavity.

[0037] FIG. 6A is a first diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a first resistance setting so as to provide a first level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0038] FIG. 6B is a second diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the first resistance setting so as to provide a first level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0039] FIG. 6C is a second diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B whereby a first level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0040] FIG. 7A is a third diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a second resistance setting so as to provide a second level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0041] FIG. 7B is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the second resistance setting so as to provide a second level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0042] FIG. 7C is a third diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B whereby a second level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0043] FIG. 8A is a fifth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a third resistance setting so as to provide a third level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0044] FIG. 8B is a sixth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the third resistance setting so as to provide a third level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0045] FIG. 8C is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 8A and 8B whereby a third level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0046] FIG. 9A is a seventh diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a fourth resistance setting so as to provide a fourth level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0047] FIG. 9B is an eighth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the fourth resistance setting so as to provide a fourth level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0048] FIG. 9C is a fifth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 9A and 9B whereby a fourth level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0049] FIG. 10A is a ninth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to a fifth resistance setting so as to provide a fifth level of breathing resistance to the inhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0050] FIG. 10B is an eighth diagrammatic depiction of a user's head holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter at the user's mouth and adjusted to the fifth resistance setting so as to provide a fifth level of breathing resistance to the exhalation process through the oral cavity.

[0051] FIG. 10C is a sixth diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory gas diffusion system at an alveolus at the least resistance setting otherwise depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B whereby a fifth level of breathing resistance provides a reduced inhalation force directing oxygen into the alveolus and a reduced exhalation force directing carbon dioxide from the alveolus.

[0052] FIG. 11 is a first perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0053] FIG. 12 is a first exploded perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a wheel element and a wheel housing.

[0054] FIG. 13 is a top plan view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0055] FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0056] FIG. 15 is a resistance module end view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0057] FIG. 16 is a mouthpiece end view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0058] FIG. 17 is a first lateral view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0059] FIG. 18 is a second lateral view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter shown in an assembled configuration.

[0060] FIG. 19 is an anterior view of a portion of a resistance module of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter with parts removed to show a fixed air-letting housing window formed in a window portion of the resistance module.

[0061] FIG. 20 is an anterior view of a wheel element of the resistance module of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing a displaceable air-letting wheel window.

[0062] FIG. 21 is an anterior view of a portion of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter with parts removed to show the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a maximum resistance setting.

[0063] FIG. 22A is a first diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a first, least resistance setting and depicting five air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a first net inhalation force.

[0064] FIG. 22B is a second diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a second resistance setting and depicting four air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a second net inhalation force.

[0065] FIG. 22C is a third diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a third resistance setting and depicting three air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a third net inhalation force.

[0066] FIG. 22D is a fourth diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a fourth resistance setting and depicting two air-letting vectors directed into the page to provide a fourth net inhalation force.

[0067] FIG. 22E is a fifth diagrammatic depiction of the displaceable air-letting wheel window of the wheel element positioned over the fixed air-letting housing window of the wheel housing in a fifth, maximum resistance setting and depicting one air-letting vector directed into the page to provide a fifth net inhalation force.

[0068] FIG. 23A is a posterior perspective view of a first wheel element according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing a relatively large air-letting wheel window for relatively decreased airflow resistance.

[0069] FIG. 23B is a posterior perspective view of a second wheel element according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing a relatively small air-letting wheel window for relatively increased airflow resistance.

[0070] FIG. 23C is a posterior perspective view of a third wheel element according to the according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing an air-letting wheel window having non-parallel inner and outer window edges such that a trailing window edge comprises a different edge width as compared to an edge width of a leading window edge.

[0071] FIG. 24 is a second perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter.

[0072] FIG. 25 is a second exploded perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right an upper wheel housing section, a wheel element, a lower wheel housing section and a mouthpiece.

[0073] FIG. 26 is a third exploded perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a lower wheel housing section, a wheel element and an upper wheel housing section.

[0074] FIG. 27 is an exploded bottom perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a lower wheel housing section, a wheel element and an upper wheel housing section.

[0075] FIG. 28 is an exploded top perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from left to right a mouthpiece, a lower wheel housing section, a wheel element and an upper wheel housing section.

[0076] FIG. 29 is an exploded resistance module end perspective view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter showing from top to bottom an upper wheel housing section, a wheel element, a mouthpiece and an upper wheel housing section.

[0077] FIG. 30 is a front plan view of a mobile communications device outfitted with proprietary software to communicate with the sensors otherwise shown in FIG. 31B and present physiological data derived from sensor data upon the visual display of the mobile communications device.

[0078] FIG. 31A is a first cross-sectional view of a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to the presently disclosed subject matter without sensors.

[0079] FIG. 31B is a second cross-sectional view of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus otherwise shown in FIG. 31A presented in side-by-side relation thereto to show the embodiment outfitted with sensors.

[0080] FIG. 32 is an exploded perspective view of an alternative cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus arrangement according to the presently disclosed subject showing from left to right a mouthpiece and a plug element for preventing breathing through the oral cavity.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

[0081] Referring now to the drawings with more specificity, the presently disclosed subject matter is directed to a hypercapnic training method and cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus therefor. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus that supports the hypercapnic training methodology according to the presently disclosed subject matter is generally depicted and referenced at 10 and introduced in FIGS. 5-6B and 11-18.

[0082] Hypercapnic training is essentially a breathing exercise that involves temporarily increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, which has been shown to help improve endurance, strength, and power. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is configured to provide breathing resistance during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101 so as to gradually increase of the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

[0083] Diagrammatic depictions of a respiratory system 200 are introduced in FIGS. 1-3 with the inhalation process being depicted in FIG. 2 and the exhalation process being depicted in FIG. 3. Referencing FIG. 1, the reader will there consider a generic diagrammatic depiction of a respiratory system of a user 200. The respiratory system diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 1 shows a nasal cavity 13, an oral cavity 14, a pharynx 15, a larynx 16, a pleural layer 17, a trachea 18, primary bronchi 19, secondary bronchi 20, tertiary bronchi 21, bronchioles 22, alveolar sacs 23, alveolar ducts 24, alveoli 25, a pulmonary artery 26, capillaries 27, red blood cells 28, a diaphragm 29 and lungs as at 30. When inhaling through the mouth 201, air enters the oral cavity 14, travels through the pharynx 15, down the trachea 18, and into the lungs 30 via the bronchial tubes 19, 20, 21 and 22, reaching the alveoli 25 where gas exchange occurs; essentially bypassing the nasal cavity 13 the passages of which normally filter and humidify the air during inhalation 100. Oxygen or O2 enters the red blood cells 28 moving through capillaries 27 at the alveoli 25 and carbon dioxide or CO2 is released from the red blood cells 28 into the alveoli 25. Oxygen or O2 delivery to the red blood cells 28 occurs primarily during the inhalation process 100 as generally depicted in FIG. 2 and carbon dioxide or CO2 delivery from the red blood cells 28 occurs primarily during the exhalation process 101 as generally depicted in FIG. 3.

[0084] During the inhalation process 100 as generally depicted in FIG. 2, the diaphragm 29 is contracted and directed downwardly as at arrow 104 thereby creating a negative pressure inside the lungs 30 that is lower than atmospheric pressure thereby drawing air into the lungs 30 as at arrow or vector 102 hereinafter referred to as the inhalation force 102. During the exhalation process 101 as generally depicted in FIG. 3, the diaphragm 29 is relaxed, returning upwardly as at arrow 105 thereby creating a positive pressure inside the lungs 30 that is higher than atmospheric pressure thereby exhausting air as at arrow or vector 103 hereinafter referred to as the exhalation force 103. Essentially, the inhalation process 100 is a negative pressure process and the exhalation 101 process is a positive pressure process. A human actively uses the respiratory muscles during the inhalation process 100 and relaxes the respiratory muscles during the exhalation process 101. According to the literature, the diaphragm 29 and related thoracic muscles can exert maximum exhalation pressures of 44 to 88 mmHg and maximum inhalation pressures of negative 29 to 74 mmHg.

[0085] It generally takes more effort and time, however, to fill the lungs 30 with air than it takes to exhaust air from the lungs 30 when the diaphragm 29 simply relaxes to push out the air. In general, the inhalation force 102 is typically considered slightly greater than the exhalation force 103 during normal breathing because the primary muscle used for inhalation, the diaphragm 29, actively contracts as at 104 to create a vacuum thereby drawing air into the lungs 30, while exhalation largely relies on the passive relaxation of the diaphragm 29 and lung elasticity to push air from the lungs 30 as at 105. Noting that during normal breathing, less muscular effort is needed during the exhalation process 101 as compared to the inhalation process 100, the magnitude of the inhalation force 102 is greater than the magnitude of the exhalation force 103 as comparatively and diagrammatically depicted in FIGS. 2-4. It will thus be understood the inhalation force 102 often differs from the exhalation force 103 under normal breathing conditions.

[0086] A normal oxygen-carbon dioxide respiratory exchange is diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 4 and refers to the process where oxygen or O2 as at 31 moves from the air in the lungs 30 into the bloodstream 12 as at arrow 106, while carbon dioxide or CO2 as at 32 simultaneously moves from the bloodstream 12 into the lungs 30 as at arrow 107 to be exhaled. This respiratory exchange occurs primarily within the alveoli 25 of the lungs 30 through a process called diffusion during which gases naturally move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. During normal breathing, the body takes in oxygen 31 and releases carbon dioxide 32 with each breath as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 4. Carbon dioxide 32 is released 107 from venous blood 33 and oxygen 31 is directed into arterial blood 34 as further referenced in FIG. 4.

[0087] Hypercapnic devices are designed to increase CO2 retention by altering normal breathing mechanics, typically by increasing expiratory resistance or rebreathing exhaled air. The hypercapnic cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 provides expiratory resistance as at arrows 111, 115, 119, 123, and 127 respectively referenced in FIGS. 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B, and 10B.

[0088] In other words, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 make it harder to exhale by adding resistance 111, 115, 119, 123 or 127 to the outflow or exhalation of air respectively as at arrows 109, 113, 117, 121 and 125. This increases intrathoracic pressure, reducing the efficiency of carbon dioxide 32 elimination. Carbon dioxide 32 that would normally be expelled remains in the lungs 30 longer, leading to higher arterial carbon dioxide 32 levels in the bloodstream 12. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 further creates dead space within the oral cavity 14, causing the user 200 to inhale a portion of their previously exhaled air as generally depicted in FIG. 5A. Since exhaled air contains higher concentrations of carbon dioxide 32 than fresh ambient air, this leads to progressive carbon dioxide 32 accumulation in the bloodstream 12.

[0089] As the level of carbon dioxide 32 in the bloodstream 12 rises, the body normally increases ventilation to compensate. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 blunts the body hyperventilation response, making it more tolerant to higher blood carbon dioxide 32 over time. Under normal conditions, carbon dioxide 32 diffuses down its concentration gradient from the lungs 30 into the ambient air. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 increases airway pressure and limits exhalation thereby reducing this gradient and leading to carbon dioxide 32 retention in the bloodstream 12. Increased blood carbon dioxide 32 (hypercapnia) leads to a drop in blood pH (respiratory acidosis). The body attempts to compensate with deeper or more frequent breaths.

[0090] Carbon dioxide 32 is a potent vasodilator, particularly in the brain, which can increase cerebral blood flow. Higher blood carbon dioxide 32 promotes oxygen 31 unloading from hemoglobin, which can help delivery of oxygen 31 to tissues in some cases. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 provides a number of practical applications, including Respiratory Muscle Training (RMT); Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Training; and certain other therapeutic uses. Respiratory Muscle Training strengthens expiratory muscles, which can be useful for athletes, free divers, or patients with respiratory conditions. Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Training can be used in performance training for apnea divers, military personnel, and high-altitude adaptation. Further, certain conditions, like COPD or asthma, may benefit from controlled resistance training to improve breathing efficiency.

[0091] Increased carbon dioxide 32 production in the lungs 30 plays a crucial role in the body's ability to metabolize lactate (lactic acid). The ability of the body to burn lactate as fuel is at the heart of hypercapnic training. Lactic acid, also known as lactate, is a substance the body produces mainly by the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic conditions (i.e., without oxygen), like anaerobic glycolysis. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to the main pathway responsible for supplying the cells with energy, both in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The tissues that produce the most lactic acid include muscle cells and red blood cells, with lesser production from brain tissue, skin, and in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Lactic acid is subsequently released into the bloodstream 12 to be metabolized by the liver and kidneys, where it can be used in gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis refers to glucose and energy synthesis from noncarbohydrate substrates, such as lactate.

[0092] Increased carbon dioxide 32 production in the lungs 30 plays a crucial role in the body's ability to metabolize lactate (lactic acid) through several physiological mechanisms. One such mechanism is referred to as the Bohr Effect that generally involves enhanced oxygen delivery. Increased blood carbon dioxide 32 leads to a drop in blood pH due to the formation of carbonic acid and subsequent dissociation into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. This pH reduction shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right (i.e., the Bohr effect), meaning hemoglobin releases more oxygen to tissues. Increased oxygen availability enhances aerobic metabolism, which facilitates the oxidation of lactate in mitochondria. Under normal conditions, lactate is not just a waste product-it serves as an essential fuel source, particularly for the heart, brain, and slow-twitch muscle fibers. Increased blood oxygen availability from the Bohr effect accelerates the conversion of lactate to pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation, where it is fully metabolized for energy.

[0093] During intense exercise or conditions of elevated metabolic demand, higher carbon dioxide 32 production leads to increased ventilation. Hypercapnic (high CO2) conditions stimulate ventilatory drive, improving oxygen uptake and removing excess hydrogen ions (H+) via bicarbonate buffering. This helps maintain the acid-base balance, preventing metabolic acidosis and enhancing the rate of lactate clearance. The Cori Cycle (lactate shuttle) allows lactate from muscles to be transported to the liver, where it is converted back into glucose via gluconeogenesis. The process requires ATP, which is more efficiently produced when CO2-driven oxygenation is optimized. Higher carbon dioxide 32 production can improve oxygen 31 utilization, indirectly facilitating the conversion of lactate to usable fuel.

[0094] Summarizing, increased carbon dioxide 32 in the lungs 30 enhances oxygen 31 delivery to tissues via the Bohr Effect. More oxygen 31 allows lactate to be used as an oxidative fuel rather than accumulating as an acid. Increased ventilation from higher carbon dioxide 32 production clears lactate faster by removing acid and supporting aerobic metabolism. The Cori Cycle benefits from improved oxygen-driven ATP production, further aiding lactate metabolism. Increased carbon dioxide 32 production supports lactate clearance and oxidation, allowing the body to utilize lactate as an efficient fuel source rather than letting it accumulate and contribute to muscle fatigue.

[0095] In some embodiments, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is adjustable for varying resistance to both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101. In this regard, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 comprises at least a least resistance setting and a maximum resistance setting. For ease of reference, a least resistance setting is diagrammatically depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B with a corresponding respiratory exchange diagram presented in FIG. 6C for ease of comparison. A maximum resistance setting is comparatively shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B with a corresponding respiratory exchange diagram presented in FIG. 10C for ease of comparison. The reader will note from a comparison of the least resistance setting and the maximum resistance setting that resistances 110 and 111 of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 while in the least resistance setting are equal and opposite. Similarly, the resistances 126 and 127 of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 while in the maximum resistance setting are equal and opposite. The resistances 110 and 111 are lesser than the resistances 126 and 127.

[0096] Comparatively referencing FIG. 4 versus FIG. 6C, the reader will there consider the alveolus 25 contains equal amounts of oxygen 31 and carbon dioxide 32 in FIG. 4 representing a normal breathing condition while the alveolus 25 in FIG. 6C representing a least resistance setting contains an increased amount of carbon dioxide 32 as compared to the amount of oxygen 31. As resistance of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 increases from the least resistance setting as depicted in FIGS. 6A to 6C to the maximum resistance setting as depicted in FIGS. 10A to 10C, the amount of carbon dioxide 32 in the alveoli 25 and bloodstream 12 gradually increases. This increasing amount of blood carbon dioxide 32 is at the heart of the presently disclosed subject matter and is roughly dependent on the adjustable breathing resistance provided by the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10.

[0097] In some embodiments, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may be configured to include any number of resistance settings. In other embodiments, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may be configured to include a series of five resistance settings. Referencing FIG. 14, for example, the reader will there note a series of numbered indicia 33 numbered from resistance setting 1 to resistance setting 5 with resistance setting 5 representing the maximum resistance setting and setting 1 representing the least resistance setting. The resistance vectors 110 and 111 depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 1 and the resistance vectors 114 and 115 depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 2.

[0098] The resistance vectors 118 and 119 depicted in FIGS. 8A and 8B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 3; the resistance vectors 122 and 123 depicted in FIGS. 9A and 9B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 4; and the resistance vectors 126 and 127 depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B correspond to numbered indicia 33 resistance setting 5. Resistance vectors 110 and 111 are less than resistance vectors 114 and 115; resistance vectors 114 and 115 are less than resistance vectors 118 and 119; resistance vectors 118 and 119 are less than resistance vectors 122 and 123; and resistance vectors 122 and 123 are less than resistance vectors 126 and 127.

[0099] The hypercapnic training method according to the presently disclosed subject matter optimizes cardiorespiratory fitness and may be said to comprise a series of steps, including the initial provision of a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is configured to be received and held by a user's mouth 201 for increasing breathing resistance through an oral cavity 14 at the user's mouth 201 as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 5A. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is received and held at the user's mouth 201 thereby increasing breathing resistance through the oral cavity 14. The breathing resistance is bidirectional including a first direction during the inhalation process 100 as depicted in FIGS. 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A and 10A and a second direction during the exhalation process 101 as depicted in FIGS. 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B and 10B.

[0100] The user 200 may inhale through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 against resistance provided thereby in a first direction as at vectors 110, 114, 118, 122 and 126. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 reduces or slows oxygen 31 intake through the oral cavity 14 during the inhalation process 100. The user further exhales through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction as referenced at vectors 111, 115, 119, 123 and 127. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 thereby reduces or slows carbon dioxide 32 exhaust through the oral cavity 14 during the exhalation process 101. The reduced oxygen 31 intake and reduced carbon dioxide 32 exhaust increases carbon dioxide 32 levels in the bloodstream 12 of the user 200 for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness as comparatively and respectively depicted in FIGS. 6C, 7C, 8C, 9C and 10C.

[0101] In some embodiments, breathing resistance through the oral cavity 14 is provided by a resistance module 36 of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10. The resistance module 36 is positioned externally relative to the oral cavity 14, which oral cavity 14 comprises an air-letting dimension 35 transverse to the first direction as at vectors 110, 114, 118, 122 and 126 and the second direction as at vectors 111, 115, 119, 123 and 127. Referencing FIG. 5A the reader will there see that the air-letting dimension 35 extends along the Y axis extending vertically on the page and the Z axis extending into the page.

[0102] In some embodiments, the resistance module 36 provides an air-letting aperture 37 through which air is inhaled during the inhalation process 100 and exhaled during the exhalation process 101. The air-letting aperture 37 is configured to generally alter or restrict an air-letting pathway relative to the air-letting dimension 35 for reducing or slowing oxygen 31 intake and reducing or slowing carbon dioxide 32 exhaust. Breathing resistance through the oral cavity 14 is provided by the resistance module 36 as positioned externally relative to the oral cavity 14.

[0103] The oral cavity 14 comprises an air-letting dimension 35 generally transverse to the first and second directions. The resistance module 36 comprises an apertured window portion 41, which window portion 41 extends in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension 35 in some embodiments.

[0104] As introduced above, the resistance module 36 is adjustable in some embodiments for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture 37 for increasing or decreasing the air-letting pathway. In some applications, the inhalation force 102 associated with the inhalation process 100 differs from the exhalation force 103 associated with the exhalation process 101. In some applications, the inhalation force 102 associated with the inhalation process 100 is greater than the exhalation force 103 associated with the exhalation process 101. For example, in some applications, the inhalation force 108 can be greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 109 in the least resistance setting as generally depicted in FIGS. 6A to 6C.

[0105] Further, the inhalation force 112 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 113 as generally depicted in FIGS. 7A to 7C. The inhalation force 116 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 117 as generally depicted in FIGS. 8A to 8C. The inhalation force 120 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 121 as generally depicted in FIGS. 9A to 9C. The inhalation force 124 is greater in magnitude than the exhalation force 125 as generally depicted in FIGS. 10A to 10C. For any given resistance setting, the resistance module 36 provides static resistance through a chosen air-letting aperture 37 during the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation processes 101.

[0106] In some embodiments, the air-letting aperture 37 is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length 38 when adjusted to a least resistance setting as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 22A. The arcuate air-letting aperture 37 comprises a minimum arc length 58 when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 22E. In some embodiments, the arcuate air-letting aperture 37 is oriented so as to extend in a concave orientation relative to the user's nasal cavity 13. The resistance module 36 comprises a wheel housing 39 and a wheel element 40 enclosed within the wheel housing 39. At least one section of the wheel housing 39 comprises the window portion 41 comprising a fixed size, arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window 42. In some embodiments, the housing window is bifurcated with a rib element 43 separating the housing window 42 in a left window portion 42L and a right window portion 42R as referenced in FIG. 19. The wheel element 40 comprises an axis of rotation 128 and an arcuately-shaped and displaceable air-letting wheel window 44.

[0107] In some embodiments, the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 are configured for variable alignment with respect to one another as the wheel element 40 is rotated as at 129 about the axis of rotation 128 during adjustment of the resistance module 36. The wheel element 40 is rotatable about the axis of rotation 128 thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture 37 as the air-letting wheel window 44 is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window 42 during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101. In this regard, the reader is directed to FIGS. 22A through 22E respectively and diagrammatically depicting the air-letting aperture 37 in various configurations. When in the least resistance setting as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 22A, a periphery 45 of the air-letting wheel window 44 is peripherally within a periphery 46 of the air-letting housing window 42.

[0108] The air-letting aperture 37 is shown in the least resistance setting in FIG. 22A. Referencing FIG. 22A, the reader will there note the maximum arc length 38 and a series of air-letting vectors 130 directed into the page corresponding to the least resistance setting 1 of the numbered indicia 33. When in the least resistance setting, five air-letting vectors 130 have been depicted to denote a net vector directed into the page corresponding to inhalation force 108. Referencing FIG. 22B, the reader will there consider the resistance setting 2 having four air-letting vectors 130 depicted to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 112. Referencing FIG. 22C, the reader will there consider the resistance setting 3 having three air-letting vectors 130 to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 116. Referencing FIG. 22D, the reader will there consider the resistance setting 4 having two air-letting vectors 130 depicted to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 120. Referencing FIG. 22E, the reader will there consider the maximum resistance setting 5 having one air-letting vector 130 to denote a net vector corresponding to inhalation force 124. The reader will further note minimum arc length 58 of the air-letting aperture 37 when in the maximum resistance setting 5.

[0109] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter further includes a mouthpiece 47 that protects lips, teeth, gums, and soft tissue while simultaneously providing a lung exerciser used for breathing exercises through airflow resistance to both inspiration and expiration of the user's lungs 30 thus improving lung efficiency and inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 with mouthpiece 47 can be configured and / or adjusted to provide a least resistance setting and multiple resistance levels which offer varying levels of airflow to and from the user's lungs 30 depending upon the level of conditioning and desired needs of the user 200. As with other resistance training exercises, inhalation and exhalation resistance training can improve lung performance, cardiorespiratory efficiency and overall athletic performance.

[0110] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may comprise, in combination, a mouthpiece as at 47 and a resistance module as at 36. The resistance module 36 may, in some embodiments, comprise an upper module housing section as at 48, a lower module housing section as at 49, and wheel element 40. In some embodiments, the upper module housing section 48 is separable from the lower housing section 49 so as to enable a user to interchange wheel elements 40. In this regard, the reader is directed to FIGS. 23A through 23B each of which show a basic wheel element 40. The size of the air-letting wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40′ depicted in FIG. 23A is bigger than the size of the air-letting wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40 depicted in FIG. 23B. The air-letting wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40″ depicted in FIG. 23C comprises a hybrid air-letting wheel window 44.

[0111] The air-letting aperture 37 is provided by the overlaid relationship of the air-letting wheel window 44 and the air-letting housing window 42. In some embodiments, the air-letting wheel window 44 may comprises a radially inner aperture edge 51, a radially outer aperture edge 52, a trailing aperture edge 53 and a leading aperture edge 54. In some embodiments, the radially inner aperture edge 51 and the radially outer aperture edge 52 parallel to one another as generally depicted in FIGS. 23A and 23B. In other embodiments, the radially inner aperture edge 51 and the radially outer aperture edge 52 are non-parallel to one another as generally depicted in FIG. 23C. In those embodiments having a non-parallel radially inner aperture edge 51 and radially outer aperture edge 52, breathing resistance can be more particularly refined.

[0112] In some embodiments, additional resistance levels can thereby be provided such that various levels may provide varying levels of breathing resistance as follows: Level 1=20%; Level 2=30%; Level 3=40%; Level 4=50%; Level 5=60%; Level 6=70%; Level 7=80%; Level 8=90%; Level 9=95%. Alternatively, in some embodiments, additional resistance levels can thereby be provided such that various levels may provide varying levels of breathing resistance as follows: Level 1=35%; Level 2=50%; Level 3=65%; Level 4=80%; Level 5=90%; Level 6=95%; Level 7=98%.

[0113] The wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40′ shown in FIG. 23A provides less breathing resistance than the wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40 shown in FIG. 23B. The wheel window 44 of the wheel element 40″ shown in FIG. 23C may provide breathing resistance levels intermediate the breathing resistance levels of either the wheel element 40′ and the wheel element 40. In some embodiments the edge width of the leading aperture edge 54 may be greater than the edge width of the trailing aperture edge 53 as generally depicted in FIG. 23C. In some embodiments, the edge width of the leading aperture edge 54 may be lesser than the edge width of the trailing aperture edge 53.

[0114] In some embodiments, the hypercapnic training method may comprise the step of adjusting an aperture edge width of the air-letting aperture 37 while rotating the wheel element 40 about the axis of rotation 128. The non-parallel radially inner aperture edge 51 and the radially outer aperture edge 52, as shown in FIG. 23C for example, reduces the edge width 55 of the air-letting aperture 37 as the wheel element 40 is rotated about axis of rotation 128 as the trailing edge 53 approaches the edge width 55 as referenced in FIG. 22E. The edge width 55 remains constant of the embodiments reflected in FIGS. 22A through 22E for comparison purposes. The dimensioning of the air-letting wheel window 44 may dictate module resistance with decreasing window dimensions contributing to increased airflow resistance and increasing window dimensions contributing to decreased airflow resistance. In some embodiments, the wheel element 44 is not removable from the resistance module 36. In these embodiments, multiple resistance modules 36 may be provided and the user may interchange the resistance modules 36 with the mouthpiece 47 as needed to adjust breathing resistance.

[0115] The mouthpiece 47 preferably comprises a lower arcuate tooth bed as at 65, an upper arcuate tooth bed as at 66, and an anterior module interface as at 67. The anterior module interface 67 preferably comprises a module-receiving orifice as at 68 and a series of mouthpiece apertures 69 situated posterior to the module-receiving orifice 68 that extend intermediate the module-receiving orifice 68 and the lower and upper arcuate tooth beds 65 / 66. Airflow is thereby enabled from the module-receiving orifice 68 through the series of mouthpiece apertures 69.

[0116] The resistance module 36 is matable with the module-receiving orifice 68 and may comprise upper and lower housing sections 48 and 49 enclosing the wheel element 40. The upper module housing section 48 of the resistance module 36 may comprise an apertured anterior grill portion as at 71, a posterior upper housing edge as at 72, and a series of upper channel-forming formations as at 73. The upper channel-forming formations 73 preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the apertured anterior grill portion 71 and the posterior upper housing edge 72. The apertured anterior grill portion 71 comprises a series of air-letting apertures as at 99 in some embodiments.

[0117] The lower valve housing section 49 may comprise an anterior window portion as at 41; a posterior lower housing edge as at 75; and a series of lower channel-forming formations as at 76. The series of lower channel-forming formations 76 preferably extend in parallel relation to one another intermediate the anterior window portion 41 and the posterior lower housing edge 75. The window portion 41 comprises arcuately shaped air-letting housing window 42. The wheel element 40 preferably comprises an arcuately shaped air-letting wheel window 44 and an axis of rotation as at 128. The wheel element 40 is received intermediate the upper and lower valve housing sections 48 and 49 such that the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 are in variable alignment with one another with the axis of rotation 128 enabling said variable alignment.

[0118] In other words, the upper and lower module housing sections 48 and 49 are attachable to one another in some embodiments for enclosing the wheel element 40 and together form the resistance module 36, which resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece 47. The upper channel-forming formations 73 align with the lower channel-forming formations 76 to form a series of air-letting channels (as at 81U at the upper module housing section 48 and at 81L at the lower module housing section 49) through the resistance module 36. The posterior upper housing edge 72 aligns with the posterior lower housing edge 75 to form a channel outlet, which channel outlet is insertable into the module-receiving orifice 68 such that the series of air-letting channels 81 are placed into alignment with the series of mouthpiece apertures 69. The axis of rotation 128 enables a user to selectively rotate the wheel element 40 in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions for selectively maximizing or minimizing window-to-window alignment of the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 for increasing and decreasing airflow resistance therethrough for working lung muscles during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101.

[0119] To help the user 200 more easily rotate the wheel element 40, the wheel element 40 may preferably further comprise a radially extending arm as at 82. In other words, the radially extending arm 82 enables the user to more easily selectively rotate the wheel valve 40 element in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. Further, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may further provide a resistance module 36 comprising laterally opposed arm-stop structures 83 and 84. A first arm-stop structure 83 of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a first direction and signals maximal window-to-window alignment. A second arm-stop structure 84 of the laterally opposed arm-stop structures limits rotation in a second direction and signals minimal window-to-window alignment.

[0120] Referencing FIGS. 14 and 27, the reader will there note numbered indicia 33 on the ventral side of the lower module housing section 49. The embodiment there shown preferably provides roughly 25% resistance at resistance setting 1 with increasing resistance (and minimizing window-to-window alignment) up to roughly 75% resistance at resistance setting 5. Various embodiments are contemplated that alter the resistance levels. For example, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may provide a starting resistance setting 1 at roughly 75% resistance up to a resistance setting 5 at roughly 95% resistance for more advanced users. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may also be provided as a beginner apparatus having breathing resistance ranging from 20% to 60% at resistance setting 5.

[0121] Referencing FIG. 29, the reader will there consider the wheel element 40 preferably further comprises a wheel diameter as at 85, and that the apertured anterior grill portion 71 preferably further comprises a dorsal-to-ventral grill height as at 86 and a lateral-to-lateral grill width as at 87. The wheel diameter 85 is preferably lesser than the dorsal-to-ventral grill height 86 and lateral-to-lateral grill width 87 such that the apertured anterior grill portion 71 grill conceals the wheel element 40. The reader will recall the air-letting housing window 42 and the air-letting wheel window 44 are each preferably arcuately shaped or resemble an arc length aperture. The arcuately shaped air-letting housing window 42 and the arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window 44 preferably arc or extend through an arc length in radial inferior adjacency to a wheel axle formation 88 of the wheel element 40, which wheel axle formation 88 seats in an axle-receiving notch formation 89 formed in the lower module housing section 49.

[0122] The wheel diameter 85 extends and traverses through a wheel-receiving depression formed in the lower module housing section 49 posterior to the window portion 41, which depression may comprise an air-diverting lip 91. The air-diverting lip 91 extends from below the air-letting housing window42 to the series of lower channel-forming formations 76 for re-directing airflow intermediate the air-letting housing window 42 and the series of air-letting channels as at 81U / L. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 may further comprise at least one sensor as at 94 preferably outfitted at or in adjacency to one or more of the air-letting channels as at 81U / L. The at least one sensor 94 senses airflow activity within the resistance module 36 and communicates data to an external device 95 for displaying human readable output upon the external device 95.

[0123] FIGS. 31A and 31B depict a sectioned apparatus 10 has lower arcuate tooth bed and upper arcuate tooth bed, between which airflow channels 81 pass. Comparatively referencing FIG. 31A versus FIG. 31B, the reader will there consider an optional feature according to the present invention whereby the airflow channels 81 may be outfitted with one or more sensors as at 94. Sensors 94 preferably sense pressure waves during inhalation and exhalation events and a propriety software application outfitted upon a separate computing device (exemplified by a mobile communications device as at 95) receives data wirelessly transmitted thereto (as at wireless signal 97) from the sensors 94, translating data into meaningful output.

[0124] Referencing Figure No. 30, the reader will there consider a mobile communications device as at 95 outfitted with the propriety software application for receiving wireless signals 97 transmitting data from the sensors 94 for translating the incoming data into meaningful data points for output upon the visual display 79 of the mobile communications device 95. The propriety software application is configured to communicate with other peripheral hardware and together with the sensors 94 is able to output meaningful physiological data points such as heart rate as at 91, respiratory rate as at 93, Maximal Inspiratory Pressure or Max ISP as at 96, Maximal Expiratory Pressure or Max EXP as at 97, deep breathing percentage as at 98; CO2 levels as at 131; and O2 saturation as at 133. Sensors 94 in combination with the software application thereby help users monitor their physiological data in a more meaningful, proactive manner.

[0125] As described above, the resistance module 36 is preferably removable from the mouthpiece 47. In this regard, the mouthpiece 47 may be further outfitted with a fork or plug element as at 92. The fork or plug element 92 may preferably comprise a series of tines or aperture plug portions as at 74 and a back portion as at 94. The series of tines or aperture plug portions 74 are dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the series of mouthpiece apertures 69 while the back portion 94 is dimensioned or configured to be receivable in the module-receiving orifice 68. The fork or plug element 92 is designed to maintain anterior formations of the mouthpiece 47 when the resistance module 36 is removed therefrom as might be the case, for example, when the user 200 may opt to boil and bite the mouthpiece 47 to better form the mouthpiece 47 to the user's mouth anatomy. The fork-like plug element 92 may be used to retain anterior portions of the mouthpiece 47 for more properly receiving the resistance module 36, but may also be used by athletes focusing on nasal breathing. In other words, the fork-like plug element 92 may also be used by athletes training to breathe exclusively through the nose, as this is often preferred method for athletes. In this regard, it is noted nasal breathing during moderate intensity aerobic exercise can also promote hypercapnia.

[0126] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 works as a force multiplier over every exercise. When airflow is restricted during exercise, a greater load is placed on one's lungs 30, which in turn causes heart rate to increase to meet exercise oxygen demands. Because of this increase in heart rate, it is much more difficult to complete a full round of exercise with the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 particularly at higher resistance levels. Over time, however, the body works to adapt to increased lactate in the blood by utilizing lactate for fuel. Over time the lactate threshold is rapidly increased as is VO2 Max (i.e. the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise; that is, exercise of increasing intensity).

[0127] The mouthpiece 47 is preferably formed for a molded silicone version, but may also be provided as a boil-n-bite version of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is not designed to provide mouth protection as a primary function, but rather to be used during non-contact practice sessions, 2-minute drills, conditioning drills, HIIT or HIT training, and any other exercise when there is no or low risk of being physically impacted (e.g. tackling in football or checking in hockey). The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 should preferably not be used during extended practice sessions or during physical contact sessions. Because the state of the art provides for more advanced athletic protective mouth-guards, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter may more preferably be classified or regarded as an Advanced Exercise Cardio-Respiratory Training Device, with secondary functionality to allow basic mouth protection when used without the resistance module 36.

[0128] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter provides benefits to heart and lung function at least in the following areas of concern: (a) increased heart rate; (b) increased respiratory rate; and (c) over time using the apparatus 10, resting heart rate is decreased along with decreased respiratory rate because cardiorespiratory fitness is significantly increased. Further, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 according to the presently disclosed subject matter rapidly increase lactate threshold and VO2 Max. Further, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 has numerous known medical device applications including and not limited to treatment for (a) asthma; (b) COPD; (c) interstitial lung disease; (d) ALS; (e) cardiac surgery rehabilitation; (f) anxiety prevention; and (g) stress management.

[0129] In the evolving landscape of fitness and athletic training, hypercapnic training has become a highly effective method for improving strength, endurance, and metabolic efficiency. This training involves controlled breathing that leads to an intentional carbon dioxide (CO2) 32 buildup in the bloodstream 12. The innovative cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 described herein leverages this principle through a dual-resistance system, which controls both inspiratory and expiratory airflow, leading to significant improvements in performance. Early studies show users have experienced a 30-40% increase in strength and a 15-25% increase in endurance when using the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10.

[0130] During resistance breathing, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 limits air flow during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101, creating a situation where blood carbon dioxide 32 levels rise. This condition is known as hypercapnia. As blood carbon dioxide 32 levels increase, the body adapts by becoming more efficient in utilizing the available oxygen 31. This process forces the respiratory system to work harder, strengthening the respiratory muscles and improving endurance through better oxygen management.

[0131] One of the significant benefits of hypercapnic training is the body's improved ability to metabolize lactate. Lactate, a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, can accumulate during intense exercise, leading to fatigue. Hypercapnic training enhances the body's ability to use lactate as a fuel source, which delays fatigue and improves athletic performance. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 facilitates this by creating resistance that gradually increases blood carbon dioxide 32 during exercise, forcing the body to become more efficient in clearing and utilizing lactate.

[0132] Including expiratory resistance is critical because the buildup of blood carbon dioxide 32 is more effective when the exhalation process 101 is restricted. This is primarily completed via exhalation resistance, the primary cause of gradual blood carbon dioxide 32 buildup. Because the user 200 is breathing against resistance, upon exhalation, the user's body cannot exhaust as much carbon dioxide 32 as it otherwise would without resistance, thereby providing a gradual build-up of carbon dioxide 32 in the bloodstream 12. By increasing the difficulty of exhalation, carbon dioxide 32 is retained longer in the body, enhancing the hypercapnic state. This allows for more pronounced respiratory muscle adaptations and more significant overall benefits. Without expiratory resistance, the effects of hypercapnic training would be diminished, making it harder to achieve the metabolic and endurance benefits that this device delivers.

[0133] Breathing against resistance strengthens the diaphragm 29 and intercostal muscles, much like lifting weights strengthens skeletal muscles. These respiratory muscles are vital for airflow during exertion, especially during endurance sports or high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The added workload on the respiratory muscles forces them to adapt, resulting in greater endurance and reduced fatigue during prolonged physical activities. Carbon dioxide tolerance is crucial for delaying the onset of fatigue. As athletes train under hypercapnic conditions, their bodies adapt to the higher levels of carbon dioxide and become less sensitive to its presence. This improved tolerance means they can continue to perform at high intensities without experiencing the usual shortness of breath or rapid onset of fatigue.

[0134] The design of the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 further intentionally prioritizes lightweight construction and adjustability to ensure it is suitable for a broad range of users 200. Whether someone is using it for light cardio or high-intensity interval training (HIIT), the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 and its adjustable levels of resistance (ranging from 25% to 75%, or up to 94% in the Pro model) allow for incremental progression as the user's 200 fitness level improves. A device used during exercise must not become a hindrance or distraction; at less than 1 oz, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is practically unnoticeable, allowing athletes to perform various exercises-from running to weightlifting-without any cumbersome weight or awkwardness.

[0135] The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 represents a significant advancement in sports training technology, leveraging the science of hypercapnic training to deliver substantial performance benefits. Its lightweight construction, dual resistance capability, and multiple adjustable settings make it accessible to athletes at all levels, allowing for progressive training that targets respiratory muscle strength, endurance, and lactate metabolism. Hypercapnic training represents a cutting-edge approach to athletic performance improvement by targeting the respiratory system and metabolic efficiency. With the help of the specialized the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10, athletes and others can push their physical limits, increase strength, boost endurance, and improve their ability to metabolize lactate during high-intensity efforts.

[0136] While the invention has been described in detail as supported by the drawings, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only preferred embodiments have been shown and / or described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. Accordingly, although the invention has been described by reference to certain embodiments, and certain associated methodologies, it is not intended that the novel arrangement and methods be limited thereby, but that modifications thereof are intended to be included as falling within the broad scope and spirit of the foregoing disclosures and the appended drawings. Insofar as the description above and the accompanying drawings disclose any additional subject matter that is not within the scope of the claims below, the embodiments are not dedicated to the public and the right to file one or more applications to claim such additional embodiments is reserved.

Examples

Embodiment Construction

[0081]Referring now to the drawings with more specificity, the presently disclosed subject matter is directed to a hypercapnic training method and cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus therefor. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus that supports the hypercapnic training methodology according to the presently disclosed subject matter is generally depicted and referenced at 10 and introduced in FIGS. 5-6B and 11-18.

[0082]Hypercapnic training is essentially a breathing exercise that involves temporarily increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, which has been shown to help improve endurance, strength, and power. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus 10 is configured to provide breathing resistance during both the inhalation process 100 and the exhalation process 101 so as to gradually increase of the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

[0083]Diagrammatic depictions of a respiratory system 200 are introduced in FIGS. 1-3 with th...

Claims

1. A hypercapnic training method for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness, the hypercapnic training method comprising the steps of:providing a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus being configured to be received and held by a user's mouth for increasing breathing resistance through an oral cavity of the user's mouth;receiving and holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus at the user's mouth thereby increasing breathing resistance through the oral cavity, the breathing resistance being bidirectional during an inhalation process and an exhalation process;inhaling through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a first direction, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reducing oxygen intake through the oral cavity;exhaling through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reducing carbon dioxide exhaust through the oral cavity; andincreasing carbon dioxide levels in a bloodstream of the user via the reduced oxygen intake and reduced carbon dioxide exhaust thereby optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness.

2. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 1, wherein breathing resistance through the oral cavity is provided by a resistance module positioned externally relative to the oral cavity, the oral cavity comprising an air-letting dimension transverse to the first and second direction, the resistance module comprising a window portion extending in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension.

3. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 2, wherein the resistance module comprises an air-letting aperture, the resistance module being adjustable for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture for increasing or decreasing breathing resistance therethrough.

4. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 2, wherein an inhalation force associated with the inhalation process differs from an exhalation force associated with the exhalation process, the resistance module providing static resistance during the inhalation and exhalation processes.

5. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 3, wherein the air-letting aperture is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length when adjusted to a least resistance setting and a minimum arc length when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting.

6. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 5, wherein the air-letting aperture comprises a radially inner aperture edge and a radially outer aperture edge, the radially aperture edge and the radially outer aperture edge being non-parallel for adjusting an edge-to-edge width of the air-letting aperture during adjustment of the resistance module.

7. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 5 wherein the resistance module comprising a wheel housing and a wheel element enclosed within the wheel housing;at least one section of the wheel housing comprising the window portion, the window portion comprising an arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window;the wheel element comprising an axis of rotation and an arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window, the air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window being configured for variable alignment with respect to one another thereby forming the air-letting aperture;the wheel element being rotatable about the axis of rotation thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture as the air-letting wheel window is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window.

8. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 2 wherein the resistance module is usable in combination with a mouthpiece, the mouthpiece comprising a module interface and at least one mouthpiece aperture for enabling airflow through the mouthpiece, the resistance module being matable with the module interface.

9. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 2 comprising the step of sensing airflow activity within the resistance module and communicating data relating to the airflow activity to an external device for displaying human readable output relating to the airflow activity upon the external device.

10. The hypercapnic training method according to claim 8, wherein the resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a plug element, the plug element comprising at least one aperture plug portion and a back portion, the at least one aperture plug portion being receivable in the at least one mouthpiece aperture, and the back portion being matable with the module interface.

11. A CO2 tolerance training method for optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness the comprising the steps of:providing a cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus being configured to increase breathing resistance through an oral cavity of the user's mouth;holding the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus at the user's mouth thereby increasing bidirectional breathing resistance through the oral cavity;inhaling through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a first direction, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reducing oxygen intake through the oral cavity;exhaling through the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus against resistance provided thereby in a second direction opposite the first direction, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus thereby reducing carbon dioxide exhaust through the oral cavity; andincreasing carbon dioxide levels in a bloodstream of the user via the reduced oxygen intake and reduced carbon dioxide exhaust thereby optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness.

12. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 11, wherein breathing resistance through the oral cavity is provided by a resistance module positioned externally relative to the oral cavity, the oral cavity comprising an air-letting dimension transverse to the first and second direction, the resistance module comprising a window portion extending in parallel relation to the air-letting dimension.

13. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 12, wherein the resistance module comprises an air-letting aperture, the resistance module being adjustable for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture for increasing or decreasing breathing resistance therethrough.

14. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 12, wherein an inhalation force associated with the inhalation process differs from an exhalation force associated with the exhalation process, the resistance module providing static resistance during the inhalation and exhalation processes.

15. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 13, wherein the air-letting aperture is arcuate and comprises a maximum arc length when adjusted to a least resistance setting and a minimum arc length when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting.

16. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 15, wherein the air-letting aperture comprises a radially inner aperture edge and a radially outer aperture edge, the radially aperture edge and the radially outer aperture edge being non-parallel.

17. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 15 wherein the resistance module comprising a wheel housing and a wheel element enclosed within the wheel housing;at least one section of the wheel housing comprising the window portion, the window portion comprising an arcuately-shaped air-letting housing window;the wheel element comprising an axis of rotation and an arcuately-shaped air-letting wheel window, the air-letting housing window and the air-letting wheel window being configured for variable alignment with respect to one another as the wheel element is rotated about the axis of rotation during adjustment of the resistance module;the wheel element being rotatable about the axis of rotation thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the wheel element as the air-letting wheel window is variably aligned with the air-letting housing window.

18. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 12, wherein the resistance module is usable in combination with a mouthpiece, the mouthpiece comprising a module interface and at least one mouthpiece aperture for enabling airflow through the mouthpiece, the resistance module being matable with the module interface.

19. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 11 comprising the step of sensing airflow activity within the resistance module and communicating data relating to the airflow activity to an external device for displaying human readable output relating to the airflow activity upon the external device.

20. The CO2 tolerance training method according to claim 12, wherein the resistance module is removable from the mouthpiece and replaceable with a plug element, the plug element comprising at least one aperture plug portion and a back portion, the at least one aperture plug portion being receivable in the at least one mouthpiece aperture, and the back portion being matable with the module interface.

21. A cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus for supporting hypercapnic or CO2 tolerance training, the cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus comprising:a resistance module configured to be held externally relative to a user's oral cavity, the resistance module comprising a window portion and a wheel element rotatable relative to the window portion in parallel relation thereto;the window portion and the wheel element together providing an air-letting aperture, the wheel element being adjustable for increasing and decreasing a size of the air-letting aperture for increasing or decreasing breathing resistance therethrough;the air-letting aperture being arcuate in form and comprising a maximum arc length when adjusted to a least resistance setting and a minimum arc length when adjusted to a maximum resistance setting;the wheel element being rotatable about an axis of rotation thereby being adjustable for selectively increasing and decreasing airflow resistance through the air-letting aperture as the wheel element is variably aligned with the window portion during both an inhalation process and an exhalation process for supporting hypercapnic or CO2 tolerance training.

22. The cardiorespiratory fitness optimizer apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the air-letting aperture comprises a radially inner aperture edge and a radially outer aperture edge, the radially inner aperture edge and the radially outer aperture edge being non-parallel for adjusting an edge-to-edge width of the air-letting aperture during adjustment of the resistance module.

Images