Lubricant fluids with reduced pour point

Abstract

Lubricant fluids may comprise: A lubricant fluid comprising a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock. Lubricant fluids of this disclosure may be used to circulate in a system or lubricate bearings, gears, spindles, and the like.

Description

FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to lubricant fluids, and more particularly, lubricant fluids with reduced pour points.BACKGROUND

[0002] Lubricant fluids serve crucial roles in ensuring smooth, efficient, and long-lasting operation of various components. Lubricant fluids are primarily based on polymers and optional additives and are engineered to meet the rigorous demands of automotive and industrial systems.

[0003] When lubricant fluids are subjected to reduced temperatures, their viscosity correspondingly increases, resulting in a higher fluid thickness and diminished flow characteristics. This increased viscosity can significantly impact the performance of mechanical systems, particularly during startup, as the lubricant may not circulate efficiently throughout the engine or machinery. As a result, critical components may not receive adequate lubrication, leading to increased friction and wear. In severe cases, attempting to start equipment with cold, thickened lubricant fluid can cause significant mechanical strain and even damage, as moving parts are not sufficiently lubricated, potentially leading to failure of bearings, gears, and other crucial elements. This issue underscores the importance of using lubricant fluids with suitable low-temperature characteristics for the operating environment, ensuring that they maintain adequate flow properties and protective qualities, even in cold conditions.SUMMARY

[0004] In various aspects, the present disclosure provides: A lubricant fluid comprising a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock.

[0005] In other aspects, the present disclosure provides: A method comprising: providing a lubricant fluid comprising a Group II base stock, wherein the Group II base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock; and lubricating at least one of a bearing, gear, or spindle with the lubricant fluid or circulating the lubricant fluid in a circulating oil system.

[0006] In yet other aspects, the present disclosure provides: A lubricant fluid comprising a first Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 28 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −15° C. to about −25° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and, a second Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the second Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 80 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 85 to about 98, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −10° C. to about −20° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater.

[0007] These and other features and attributes of the disclosed compositions, methods, and systems of the present disclosure and their advantageous applications and / or uses will be apparent from the detailed description which follows.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)

[0008] To assist those of ordinary skill in the relevant art in making and using the subject matter hereof, reference is made to the appended drawings. The following figure(s) are included to illustrate certain aspects of the disclosure, and should not be viewed as exclusive configurations. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those skilled in the art and having the benefit of this disclosure.

[0009] FIGS. 1 and 2 show the compositions of comparative and inventive fluids tested.

[0010] FIGS. 3 and 4 show the results of the ASTM D97 pour point testing for the tested fluids of the Examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] The present disclosure generally relates to lubricant fluids, and more particularly, lubricant fluids with reduced pour points.

[0012] The present disclosure provides lubricant fluids that may comprise a group II extra heavy base stock and at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock. The lubricant fluids comprising these components may exhibit unexpectedly low pour points. The lubricant fluids comprising a group II extra heavy base stock and at least one of an API Group I, II, and III base stock may have a lower pour point than the group II extra heavy base stock alone or the API base stock alone. This indicates an unexpected synergistic relationship between the two components. The low pour point of the lubricant fluids may allow operation of systems at lower temperatures and use less energy than other lubricant fluids.

[0013] The lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may comprise: a lubricant fluid comprising: a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and at least one of an API Group I, II, and III base stock. In some embodiments, the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may comprise: a first Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 35 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 28 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −15° C. to about −25° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and, a second Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the second Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 80 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 85 to about 98, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −10° C. to about −20° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater.

[0014] Base stocks of the present disclosure may include natural oils, synthetic oils, and / or unconventional oils (or mixtures thereof). Base stock oils suitable for the present disclosure may use unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil). Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification and may include shale oil obtained directly from distillation operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification steps. One skilled in the art will be familiar with many purification processes. Such purification processes may include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, percolation, and the like. Rerefined oils may be obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has been previously used as a feed stock. Group I and / or Group II base stocks of the present disclosure may be processed in any suitable manner described herein including being solvent refined and / or hydrotreated.Group II Extra Heavy Base Stocks

[0015] Group II extra heavy base stocks may be present in the lubricant fluids in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 19 wt % to about 97 wt %, about 47 wt % to about 96 wt %, or about 72 wt % to about 95 wt %.

[0016] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 30 cSt to about 1,000 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 80 cSt to about 550 cSt, about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, about 380 cSt to about 520 cSt, or about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt. Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 100 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 11 cSt to about 40 cSt, 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, about 27 cSt to about 36 cSt, or about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt.

[0017] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a viscosity index (VI) (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 95 to about 115.

[0018] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −35° C. to about −6° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about −35° C. to about −15° C., or about −6° C. or less, or about −15° C.

[0019] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater, including all values and subsets up to about 100%, such as about 90 wt % to about 99.99 wt %, or about 95 wt % to about 99.99 wt %, or about 98 wt % to about 99.99 wt %, or about 90 wt % to about 99 wt %, or about 95 wt % to about 99 wt %, or about 98 wt % to about 99 wt %, or about 95 wt % or greater, or about 98 wt % or greater, or about 99 wt % or greater).

[0020] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a density (ASTM D1289) of about 0.83 g / mL to about 0.93 g / mL or about 0.86 g / mL to about 0.88 g / mL.

[0021] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., of about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

[0022] Other characteristics of suitable Group II extra heavy base stocks may include: base stock color (ASTM D6045) of about L1.5 to about L0.5, including all values and subsets in between, such as about L1.5 to about L1.0, or about L1.0 to about L0.5; carbon residue (ASTM D4530) of about 0.0001 mass % to about 0.1 mass %, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 0.001 mass % to about 0.01 mass %, or 0 mass % to about 0.1 mass %, or 0 mass % to about 0.01 mass %, or about 0.1 mass % or less, or about 0.01 mass % or less; cloud point (ASTM D2500) of about −60° C. to about −2° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about −60° C. to about −30° C., or about −30° C. to about −2° C., or about −2° C. or less, or about −30° C. or less, or about −60° C. or less; flashpoint (ASTM D92) of about 250° C. to about 300° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about 250° C. to about 275° C., about 275° C. to about 300° C., or about 250° C. or greater. Preferred Group II extra heavy base stocks may include those commercially available under the tradenames EHC™ (including, but not limited to, EHC 110, 120, and EHC 340 MAX™) (ExxonMobil Corporation).API Base Stocks

[0023] Lubricant fluids may comprise at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, II+, III, III+, IV, V and the like base stocks.

[0024] It is understood that Group II+ and Group III+ base stocks are included in Group II and Group III base stocks. API base stocks may include, but are not limited to, unrefined or refined crude oils, rerefined oils, terpenes, mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbons, naphthalenes, esters, the like, or any combination thereof.

[0025] API base stocks may be present in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 96 wt % to about 99.4 wt %, or about 98 wt %.

[0026] Group I API base stocks are about 90% saturates or less and have a viscosity index of about 80 to about 120. Group I API base stocks may include, but are not limited to, CORE™ series (ExxonMobil, Texas) (e.g., CORE™ 100, CORE™ 150, CORE™ 600, and CORE™ 2500). The lubricant fluids may include an API Group I base stock.

[0027] Group II API base stocks are 90% saturates or more and have a viscosity index of about 80 to about 120. Group II / II+ API base stocks may comprise viscosity grade classifications of light neutral, medium neutral, or heavy neutral.

[0028] Group III API base stocks are typically hydrocracked, contain greater than 90% saturates, and have a viscosity index above 120. Suitable Group III / III+ API base stocks for use in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may include, but are not limited to, CTLs, GTLs, the like, and any combination thereof. An example of a suitable commercially available Group III / III+ API base stock includes, but is not limited to, the Visom™ series (ExxonMobil, UK) (e.g., Visom™ 4 and Visom™ 6), the Qatar GTL QHVI series (Shell Oil) (e.g., Qatar GTL QHVI 4 (e.g., GTL 4)), Qatar GTL QHVI 8 (e.g., GTL 8), and the like.

[0029] Group IV API base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). The Group IV API base stocks for use in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may include various PAOs. PAOs may include, for example, typical PAOs (light or heavy), metallocene PAOs (mPAOs), the like, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable commercially available typical PAO API base stocks include, but are not limited to, the SpectraSyn™ series PAOs (ExxonMobil Chemical) (e.g., SpectraSyn™ 2, SpectraSyn™ 2C, SpectraSyn™ 4, SpectraSyn™ 5, SpectraSyn™ 6 (e.g., PAO 6), SpectraSyn™ 8, SpectraSyn™ 10, SpectraSyn™ 40 (e.g., PAO 40), and SpectraSyn™ 100 (e.g., PAO 100)). Examples of suitable commercially available metallocene PAOs (mPAOs) include, but are not limited to, the SpectraSyn™ Elite series mPAOs (ExxonMobil Chemical) (e.g., SpectraSyn™ Elite 65, SpectraSyn™ Elite 150, and SpectraSyn™ Elite 300), the Durasyn® series (e.g., Durasyn® 180R (e.g., mPAO 100)).

[0030] Group V API base stocks are those that are not otherwise classified above. Group V API base stocks for use in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may include, but are not limited to, an ester (including esters of a dibasic acid (e.g., phthalic, succinic, alkylsuccinic, alkenylsuccinic, maleic, azelaic, suberic, sebacic, fumaric or adipic acid (adipate), or linolic acid dimmer)), an alcohol (e.g., butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, dodecyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether or propylene glycol), and esters of a monocarboxylic acid of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and polyol (e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane (TMP), pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol or tripentaerythritol); a naphthalene compound (e.g., an alkylated naphthalene); polyoxyalkylene glycols (PAGs), esters thereof, and ethers thereof, phosphate esters, the like, and any combination thereof. The Group V API base stocks may comprise a TMP ester, an adipate ester, an alkylated naphthalene, a PAG, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable Group V API base stocks include, but are not limited to, adipate esters (e.g., ditridecyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate (e.g., Esterex™ series, ExxonMobil Chemical) and alkylated naphthalene (e.g., Synesstic™ series, ExxonMobil Chemical)).

[0031] API base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 1 cSt to about 2000 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets in between. API base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 0.1 cSt to about 300 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets in between.

[0032] API base stocks may have a VI (ASTM D2270) of 60 to 300, including all viscosity index values and subsets in between.

[0033] API base stocks may have a pour point value of about −80° C. to 0° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about 0° C. to about −30° C. or about −5° C. to about −15° C.

[0034] API base stocks may have a cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., of about 500 cP to about 3,500 cP.

[0035] API base stocks may have a Noack % volatiles value, as determined by ASTM D5800, of about 0.5% volatiles to about 10% volatiles, including all % volatiles values and subsets in between.Lubricant Fluids

[0036] Lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 50 cSt to about 1,000 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 150 cSt to about 680 cSt or about 250 cSt to about 450 cSt.

[0037] Lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 200 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 15 cSt to about 43 cSt or about 20 cSt to about 35 cSt.

[0038] Lubricant fluids may have a VI value of about 90 to about 110, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 96 to about 105.

[0039] Lubricant fluids may have a pour point value of about 0° C. to about −60° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about −5° C. to about −45° C. or about −30° C. to about −45° C.

[0040] Lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may additionally contain one or more additional components including dispersants, detergents, anti-wear additives, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, pour point depressants, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, de-emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others. Suitable examples of the foregoing and amounts commonly used will be familiar to persons having ordinary skill in the art. When lubricant fluids contain one or more of the components discussed above, the component(s) are blended into the lubricant fluid in an amount sufficient for the component(s) to perform its intended function. The lubricant fluids may not include pour point depressants due to their advantageously low pour points.

[0041] Lubricant fluids may be used to lubricate a system. Lubricant fluids may be used to lubricate a bearing, gear, chain, or spindle. Lubricant fluids may be used for circulating the lubricant fluids in a gearbox, an internal-combustion engine, an electric vehicle motor, a drive unit (including an electric drive unit), or the like. Lubricant fluids may be used to lubricate a paper machine, including, but not limited to, lubricating a bearing, gear, coupling, journal, cylinder, or the like of a paper machine. Additionally, lubricant fluids may be used for other applications such as grease applications, other automotive and industrial applications, or as hydraulic oil applications. Lubricant fluids may be used for circulating oil such as, for example, a steam turbine or air compressor. Lubricant fluids may be circulated in a circulating oil system. A circulating oil system may include a lubricant fluid reservoir, supply piping to supply lubricant fluid to the system, and return piping to return the lubricant fluid back to the reservoir.CLAUSES OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0042] The present disclosure is further directed to the following non-limiting clauses:

[0043] Clause 1: A lubricant fluid comprising a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock.

[0044] Clause 2: Lubricant fluid of clause 1, wherein the at least one API base stock is an API Group I base stock.

[0045] Clause 3: Lubricant fluid of clause 2, wherein the API Group I base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 90 to about 100, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −1° C. to about −10° C.

[0046] Clause 4: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-3, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 460 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −22° C. to about −14° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 98 wt % or greater.

[0047] Clause 5: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-4, wherein the lubricant fluid's pour point, as tested by ASTM D97, is about −30° C. to about −45° C.

[0048] Clause 6: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-5, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 200 cSt to about 250 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 15 cSt to about 25 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0049] Clause 7: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-5, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 500 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 25 cSt to about 35 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0050] Clause 8: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-7, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 60 wt % to about 40 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0051] Clause 9: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 99 wt % to about 80 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0052] Clause 10: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-9, wherein the lubricant fluid's cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., is about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

[0053] Clause 11: A method comprising: providing a lubricant fluid comprising a Group II base stock, wherein the Group II base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock; and lubricating at least one of a bearing, gear, or spindle with the lubricant fluid or circulating the lubricant fluid in a circulating oil system.

[0054] Clause 12: The method of clause 11, further comprising an API Group I base stock, wherein the API Group I base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 90 to about 100, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −1° C. to about −10° C.

[0055] Clause 13: The method of clauses 11 or 12, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 460 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −22° C. to about −14° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 98 wt % or greater.

[0056] Clause 14: The method of any of clauses 11-13, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 60 wt % to about 40 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0057] Clause 15: The method of any of clauses 11-14, wherein the lubricant fluid's pour point, as tested by ASTM D97, is about −30° C. to about −45° C.

[0058] Clause 16: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 11-15, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 200 cSt to about 250 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 15 cSt to about 25 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0059] Clause 17: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 11-15, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 500 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 25 cSt to about 35 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0060] Clause 18: The method of any of clauses 11-17, wherein the lubricant fluid's cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., is about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

[0061] Clause 19: A lubricant fluid comprising a first Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 28 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −15° C. to about −25° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and, a second Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the second Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 80 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 85 to about 98, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −10° C. to about −20° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater.

[0062] Clause 20: The lubricant fluid of clause 18, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 45 wt % to about 55 wt % and the second Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 55 wt % to about 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0063] Clause 21: The lubricant fluid of clauses 18 or 19, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 20 wt % to about 30 wt % and the second Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 65 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.EXAMPLES

[0064] To facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the following examples of preferred or representative embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.

[0065] Inventive and Comparative Fluids were formulated as specified in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, Tables 1A and B using EHC base stocks and various American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I base stocks. EHC 110, 120, and 340 Max are API Group II extra heavy base stock as described herein. Core 600 and 2500 base stocks are API Group I base stocks as described herein.

[0066] The polyisobutylenes used in the tested fluids may vary in molecular weight. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluids 1, 2, and 8 were shear stable polymers with a molecular weight of approximately 1,300 g / mol. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluid 5 was a heavy polyisobutylene with an average molecular weight of approximately 2,000,000 g / mol.

[0067] Various additives were added to the Inventive and Comparative Fluids as shown in FIG. 2 (Table 1A) and FIG. 2 (Table 1B). In general, these additives are not believed to impact the low temperature properties of the tested fluids, except for the pour point depressant. The circulating oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluid 1 comprised antiwear, antifoam, dispersant, rust inhibitor, and pour point depressant additives. The paper machine additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 2 comprised antiwear, antifoam, dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, demulsifier, and pour point depressant additives. The hydraulic oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 3 comprised a commercially available hydraulic oil additive package and a pour point depressant. The gear oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 4 and 9 comprised antioxidant, metal deactivator, rust inhibitor, antiwear, antifoam, demulsifier, pour point depressant, and anti scuff additives. The chain oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluid 5 comprised a dye and a pour point depressant. The circulating oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 6, 7, and 8 comprised a pour point depressant, an antifoam, and a commercially available rust and oxidation package.

[0068] Table 2 shows the pour points of the various base stocks used in the Inventive and Comparative Fluids.TABLE 2Base stockPour Point (ASTM D97)Core 2500−6Core 600−6EHC 110−15EHC 120−15EHC 340 Max−21

[0069] Table 3 shows other physical properties of the base stocks.TABLE 3ASTM D445ASTM D445ASTM D2270ASTM D1298Base stockViscosity @ 40 C.Viscosity @ 100 C.Viscosity IndexDensityCore 2500469 cSt31 cSt950.89 g / mlCore 600112 cSt12 cSt950.89 g / mlEHC 110 94 cSt11 cSt950.86 g / mlEHC 120102 cSt12 cSt1030.86 g / mlEHC 340 Max507 cSt34 cSt1000.88 g / ml

[0070] Physical properties of the Inventive and Comparative Fluids are shown in FIG. 4 (Table 4).

[0071] Testing. The Inventive and Comparative Fluids were tested via ASTM D97 to determine each fluid's pour point.

[0072] Pour Point Results. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, Table 4 shows the results of the ASTM D97 pour point testing. The results show a dramatic decrease in the pour points of the Inventive Fluids as compared to the Comparative Fluids. EHC 120 and 340 Max alone have pour points of −15° C. and −21° C., respectively. Core 600 and 2500 alone have pour points of −6° C. The pour points of the Inventive Fluids comprising EHC 340 Max and API Group I base stocks were lower than the pour point of EHC 120 and 340 Max alone. For example, the pour point of Inventive Fluid 6 was about was about −33° C. This unexpected reduction indicates a synergistic relationship.

[0073] All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein for purposes of all jurisdictions where such practice is allowed, including any priority documents and / or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the disclosure have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereby. For example, the compositions described herein may be free of any component or composition not expressly recited or disclosed herein. Any method may lack any step not recited or disclosed herein. Likewise, the term “comprising” is considered synonymous with the term “including.” Whenever a method, composition, element, or group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase “comprising,” it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with the transitional phrases “consisting essentially of,”“consisting of,”“selected from the group of consisting of,” or “is” preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.

[0074] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the present specification and associated claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by one or more embodiments described herein. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claim, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

[0075] Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces and the term “or” means the disjunctive.

[0076] One or more illustrative embodiments are presented herein. Not all features of a physical implementation are described or shown in this application for the sake of clarity. It is understood that in the development of a physical embodiment of the present disclosure, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's goals, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, government-related and other constraints, which vary by implementation and from time to time. While a developer's efforts might be time-consuming, such efforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking for one of ordinary skill in the art and having benefit of this disclosure.

[0077] Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art and having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. The embodiments illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and / or any optional element disclosed herein.

Examples

examples

[0064]To facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the following examples of preferred or representative embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.

[0065]Inventive and Comparative Fluids were formulated as specified in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, Tables 1A and B using EHC base stocks and various American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I base stocks. EHC 110, 120, and 340 Max are API Group II extra heavy base stock as described herein. Core 600 and 2500 base stocks are API Group I base stocks as described herein.

[0066]The polyisobutylenes used in the tested fluids may vary in molecular weight. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluids 1, 2, and 8 were shear stable polymers with a molecular weight of approximately 1,300 g / mol. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluid 5 was a heavy polyisobutylene with an average molecular weight of approxim...

FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to lubricant fluids, and more particularly, lubricant fluids with reduced pour points.BACKGROUND

[0002] Lubricant fluids serve crucial roles in ensuring smooth, efficient, and long-lasting operation of various components. Lubricant fluids are primarily based on polymers and optional additives and are engineered to meet the rigorous demands of automotive and industrial systems.

[0003] When lubricant fluids are subjected to reduced temperatures, their viscosity correspondingly increases, resulting in a higher fluid thickness and diminished flow characteristics. This increased viscosity can significantly impact the performance of mechanical systems, particularly during startup, as the lubricant may not circulate efficiently throughout the engine or machinery. As a result, critical components may not receive adequate lubrication, leading to increased friction and wear. In severe cases, attempting to start equipment with cold, thickened lubricant fluid can cause significant mechanical strain and even damage, as moving parts are not sufficiently lubricated, potentially leading to failure of bearings, gears, and other crucial elements. This issue underscores the importance of using lubricant fluids with suitable low-temperature characteristics for the operating environment, ensuring that they maintain adequate flow properties and protective qualities, even in cold conditions.SUMMARY

[0004] In various aspects, the present disclosure provides: A lubricant fluid comprising a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock.

[0005] In other aspects, the present disclosure provides: A method comprising: providing a lubricant fluid comprising a Group II base stock, wherein the Group II base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock; and lubricating at least one of a bearing, gear, or spindle with the lubricant fluid or circulating the lubricant fluid in a circulating oil system.

[0006] In yet other aspects, the present disclosure provides: A lubricant fluid comprising a first Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 28 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −15° C. to about −25° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and, a second Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the second Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 80 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 85 to about 98, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −10° C. to about −20° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater.

[0007] These and other features and attributes of the disclosed compositions, methods, and systems of the present disclosure and their advantageous applications and / or uses will be apparent from the detailed description which follows.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)

[0008] To assist those of ordinary skill in the relevant art in making and using the subject matter hereof, reference is made to the appended drawings. The following figure(s) are included to illustrate certain aspects of the disclosure, and should not be viewed as exclusive configurations. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those skilled in the art and having the benefit of this disclosure.

[0009] FIGS. 1 and 2 show the compositions of comparative and inventive fluids tested.

[0010] FIGS. 3 and 4 show the results of the ASTM D97 pour point testing for the tested fluids of the Examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] The present disclosure generally relates to lubricant fluids, and more particularly, lubricant fluids with reduced pour points.

[0012] The present disclosure provides lubricant fluids that may comprise a group II extra heavy base stock and at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock. The lubricant fluids comprising these components may exhibit unexpectedly low pour points. The lubricant fluids comprising a group II extra heavy base stock and at least one of an API Group I, II, and III base stock may have a lower pour point than the group II extra heavy base stock alone or the API base stock alone. This indicates an unexpected synergistic relationship between the two components. The low pour point of the lubricant fluids may allow operation of systems at lower temperatures and use less energy than other lubricant fluids.

[0013] The lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may comprise: a lubricant fluid comprising: a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and at least one of an API Group I, II, and III base stock. In some embodiments, the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may comprise: a first Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 35 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 28 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −15° C. to about −25° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and, a second Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the second Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 80 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 85 to about 98, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −10° C. to about −20° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater.

[0014] Base stocks of the present disclosure may include natural oils, synthetic oils, and / or unconventional oils (or mixtures thereof). Base stock oils suitable for the present disclosure may use unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil). Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification and may include shale oil obtained directly from distillation operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification steps. One skilled in the art will be familiar with many purification processes. Such purification processes may include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, percolation, and the like. Rerefined oils may be obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has been previously used as a feed stock. Group I and / or Group II base stocks of the present disclosure may be processed in any suitable manner described herein including being solvent refined and / or hydrotreated.Group II Extra Heavy Base Stocks

[0015] Group II extra heavy base stocks may be present in the lubricant fluids in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 19 wt % to about 97 wt %, about 47 wt % to about 96 wt %, or about 72 wt % to about 95 wt %.

[0016] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 30 cSt to about 1,000 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 80 cSt to about 550 cSt, about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, about 380 cSt to about 520 cSt, or about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt. Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 100 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 11 cSt to about 40 cSt, 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, about 27 cSt to about 36 cSt, or about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt.

[0017] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a viscosity index (VI) (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 95 to about 115.

[0018] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −35° C. to about −6° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about −35° C. to about −15° C., or about −6° C. or less, or about −15° C.

[0019] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater, including all values and subsets up to about 100%, such as about 90 wt % to about 99.99 wt %, or about 95 wt % to about 99.99 wt %, or about 98 wt % to about 99.99 wt %, or about 90 wt % to about 99 wt %, or about 95 wt % to about 99 wt %, or about 98 wt % to about 99 wt %, or about 95 wt % or greater, or about 98 wt % or greater, or about 99 wt % or greater).

[0020] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a density (ASTM D1289) of about 0.83 g / mL to about 0.93 g / mL or about 0.86 g / mL to about 0.88 g / mL.

[0021] Group II extra heavy base stocks may have a cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., of about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

[0022] Other characteristics of suitable Group II extra heavy base stocks may include: base stock color (ASTM D6045) of about L1.5 to about L0.5, including all values and subsets in between, such as about L1.5 to about L1.0, or about L1.0 to about L0.5; carbon residue (ASTM D4530) of about 0.0001 mass % to about 0.1 mass %, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 0.001 mass % to about 0.01 mass %, or 0 mass % to about 0.1 mass %, or 0 mass % to about 0.01 mass %, or about 0.1 mass % or less, or about 0.01 mass % or less; cloud point (ASTM D2500) of about −60° C. to about −2° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about −60° C. to about −30° C., or about −30° C. to about −2° C., or about −2° C. or less, or about −30° C. or less, or about −60° C. or less; flashpoint (ASTM D92) of about 250° C. to about 300° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about 250° C. to about 275° C., about 275° C. to about 300° C., or about 250° C. or greater. Preferred Group II extra heavy base stocks may include those commercially available under the tradenames EHC™ (including, but not limited to, EHC 110, 120, and EHC 340 MAX™) (ExxonMobil Corporation).API Base Stocks

[0023] Lubricant fluids may comprise at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, II+, III, III+, IV, V and the like base stocks.

[0024] It is understood that Group II+ and Group III+ base stocks are included in Group II and Group III base stocks. API base stocks may include, but are not limited to, unrefined or refined crude oils, rerefined oils, terpenes, mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbons, naphthalenes, esters, the like, or any combination thereof.

[0025] API base stocks may be present in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 96 wt % to about 99.4 wt %, or about 98 wt %.

[0026] Group I API base stocks are about 90% saturates or less and have a viscosity index of about 80 to about 120. Group I API base stocks may include, but are not limited to, CORE™ series (ExxonMobil, Texas) (e.g., CORE™ 100, CORE™ 150, CORE™ 600, and CORE™ 2500). The lubricant fluids may include an API Group I base stock.

[0027] Group II API base stocks are 90% saturates or more and have a viscosity index of about 80 to about 120. Group II / II+ API base stocks may comprise viscosity grade classifications of light neutral, medium neutral, or heavy neutral.

[0028] Group III API base stocks are typically hydrocracked, contain greater than 90% saturates, and have a viscosity index above 120. Suitable Group III / III+ API base stocks for use in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may include, but are not limited to, CTLs, GTLs, the like, and any combination thereof. An example of a suitable commercially available Group III / III+ API base stock includes, but is not limited to, the Visom™ series (ExxonMobil, UK) (e.g., Visom™ 4 and Visom™ 6), the Qatar GTL QHVI series (Shell Oil) (e.g., Qatar GTL QHVI 4 (e.g., GTL 4)), Qatar GTL QHVI 8 (e.g., GTL 8), and the like.

[0029] Group IV API base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). The Group IV API base stocks for use in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may include various PAOs. PAOs may include, for example, typical PAOs (light or heavy), metallocene PAOs (mPAOs), the like, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable commercially available typical PAO API base stocks include, but are not limited to, the SpectraSyn™ series PAOs (ExxonMobil Chemical) (e.g., SpectraSyn™ 2, SpectraSyn™ 2C, SpectraSyn™ 4, SpectraSyn™ 5, SpectraSyn™ 6 (e.g., PAO 6), SpectraSyn™ 8, SpectraSyn™ 10, SpectraSyn™ 40 (e.g., PAO 40), and SpectraSyn™ 100 (e.g., PAO 100)). Examples of suitable commercially available metallocene PAOs (mPAOs) include, but are not limited to, the SpectraSyn™ Elite series mPAOs (ExxonMobil Chemical) (e.g., SpectraSyn™ Elite 65, SpectraSyn™ Elite 150, and SpectraSyn™ Elite 300), the Durasyn® series (e.g., Durasyn® 180R (e.g., mPAO 100)).

[0030] Group V API base stocks are those that are not otherwise classified above. Group V API base stocks for use in the lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may include, but are not limited to, an ester (including esters of a dibasic acid (e.g., phthalic, succinic, alkylsuccinic, alkenylsuccinic, maleic, azelaic, suberic, sebacic, fumaric or adipic acid (adipate), or linolic acid dimmer)), an alcohol (e.g., butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, dodecyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether or propylene glycol), and esters of a monocarboxylic acid of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and polyol (e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane (TMP), pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol or tripentaerythritol); a naphthalene compound (e.g., an alkylated naphthalene); polyoxyalkylene glycols (PAGs), esters thereof, and ethers thereof, phosphate esters, the like, and any combination thereof. The Group V API base stocks may comprise a TMP ester, an adipate ester, an alkylated naphthalene, a PAG, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable Group V API base stocks include, but are not limited to, adipate esters (e.g., ditridecyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate (e.g., Esterex™ series, ExxonMobil Chemical) and alkylated naphthalene (e.g., Synesstic™ series, ExxonMobil Chemical)).

[0031] API base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 1 cSt to about 2000 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets in between. API base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 0.1 cSt to about 300 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets in between.

[0032] API base stocks may have a VI (ASTM D2270) of 60 to 300, including all viscosity index values and subsets in between.

[0033] API base stocks may have a pour point value of about −80° C. to 0° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about 0° C. to about −30° C. or about −5° C. to about −15° C.

[0034] API base stocks may have a cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., of about 500 cP to about 3,500 cP.

[0035] API base stocks may have a Noack % volatiles value, as determined by ASTM D5800, of about 0.5% volatiles to about 10% volatiles, including all % volatiles values and subsets in between.Lubricant Fluids

[0036] Lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 50 cSt to about 1,000 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 150 cSt to about 680 cSt or about 250 cSt to about 450 cSt.

[0037] Lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 200 cSt, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 15 cSt to about 43 cSt or about 20 cSt to about 35 cSt.

[0038] Lubricant fluids may have a VI value of about 90 to about 110, including all values and subsets in between, such as about 96 to about 105.

[0039] Lubricant fluids may have a pour point value of about 0° C. to about −60° C., including all values and subsets in between, such as about −5° C. to about −45° C. or about −30° C. to about −45° C.

[0040] Lubricant fluids of the present disclosure may additionally contain one or more additional components including dispersants, detergents, anti-wear additives, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, pour point depressants, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, de-emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others. Suitable examples of the foregoing and amounts commonly used will be familiar to persons having ordinary skill in the art. When lubricant fluids contain one or more of the components discussed above, the component(s) are blended into the lubricant fluid in an amount sufficient for the component(s) to perform its intended function. The lubricant fluids may not include pour point depressants due to their advantageously low pour points.

[0041] Lubricant fluids may be used to lubricate a system. Lubricant fluids may be used to lubricate a bearing, gear, chain, or spindle. Lubricant fluids may be used for circulating the lubricant fluids in a gearbox, an internal-combustion engine, an electric vehicle motor, a drive unit (including an electric drive unit), or the like. Lubricant fluids may be used to lubricate a paper machine, including, but not limited to, lubricating a bearing, gear, coupling, journal, cylinder, or the like of a paper machine. Additionally, lubricant fluids may be used for other applications such as grease applications, other automotive and industrial applications, or as hydraulic oil applications. Lubricant fluids may be used for circulating oil such as, for example, a steam turbine or air compressor. Lubricant fluids may be circulated in a circulating oil system. A circulating oil system may include a lubricant fluid reservoir, supply piping to supply lubricant fluid to the system, and return piping to return the lubricant fluid back to the reservoir.CLAUSES OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0042] The present disclosure is further directed to the following non-limiting clauses:

[0043] Clause 1: A lubricant fluid comprising a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock.

[0044] Clause 2: Lubricant fluid of clause 1, wherein the at least one API base stock is an API Group I base stock.

[0045] Clause 3: Lubricant fluid of clause 2, wherein the API Group I base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 90 to about 100, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −1° C. to about −10° C.

[0046] Clause 4: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-3, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 460 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −22° C. to about −14° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 98 wt % or greater.

[0047] Clause 5: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-4, wherein the lubricant fluid's pour point, as tested by ASTM D97, is about −30° C. to about −45° C.

[0048] Clause 6: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-5, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 200 cSt to about 250 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 15 cSt to about 25 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0049] Clause 7: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-5, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 500 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 25 cSt to about 35 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0050] Clause 8: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-7, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 60 wt % to about 40 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0051] Clause 9: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 99 wt % to about 80 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0052] Clause 10: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 1-9, wherein the lubricant fluid's cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., is about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

[0053] Clause 11: A method comprising: providing a lubricant fluid comprising a Group II base stock, wherein the Group II base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −30° C. to about 0° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock; and lubricating at least one of a bearing, gear, or spindle with the lubricant fluid or circulating the lubricant fluid in a circulating oil system.

[0054] Clause 12: The method of clause 11, further comprising an API Group I base stock, wherein the API Group I base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 90 to about 100, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −1° C. to about −10° C.

[0055] Clause 13: The method of clauses 11 or 12, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 460 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −22° C. to about −14° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 98 wt % or greater.

[0056] Clause 14: The method of any of clauses 11-13, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 60 wt % to about 40 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0057] Clause 15: The method of any of clauses 11-14, wherein the lubricant fluid's pour point, as tested by ASTM D97, is about −30° C. to about −45° C.

[0058] Clause 16: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 11-15, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 200 cSt to about 250 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 15 cSt to about 25 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0059] Clause 17: Lubricant fluid of any of clauses 11-15, wherein the lubricant fluid has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 500 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 25 cSt to about 35 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, and a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

[0060] Clause 18: The method of any of clauses 11-17, wherein the lubricant fluid's cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., is about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

[0061] Clause 19: A lubricant fluid comprising a first Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 28 cSt to about 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −15° C. to about −25° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and, a second Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the second Group II extra heavy base stock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 80 cSt to about 120 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 85 to about 98, a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −10° C. to about −20° C., and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater.

[0062] Clause 20: The lubricant fluid of clause 18, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 45 wt % to about 55 wt % and the second Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 55 wt % to about 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

[0063] Clause 21: The lubricant fluid of clauses 18 or 19, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 20 wt % to about 30 wt % and the second Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 65 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.EXAMPLES

[0064] To facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the following examples of preferred or representative embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.

[0065] Inventive and Comparative Fluids were formulated as specified in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, Tables 1A and B using EHC base stocks and various American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I base stocks. EHC 110, 120, and 340 Max are API Group II extra heavy base stock as described herein. Core 600 and 2500 base stocks are API Group I base stocks as described herein.

[0066] The polyisobutylenes used in the tested fluids may vary in molecular weight. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluids 1, 2, and 8 were shear stable polymers with a molecular weight of approximately 1,300 g / mol. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluid 5 was a heavy polyisobutylene with an average molecular weight of approximately 2,000,000 g / mol.

[0067] Various additives were added to the Inventive and Comparative Fluids as shown in FIG. 2 (Table 1A) and FIG. 2 (Table 1B). In general, these additives are not believed to impact the low temperature properties of the tested fluids, except for the pour point depressant. The circulating oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluid 1 comprised antiwear, antifoam, dispersant, rust inhibitor, and pour point depressant additives. The paper machine additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 2 comprised antiwear, antifoam, dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, demulsifier, and pour point depressant additives. The hydraulic oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 3 comprised a commercially available hydraulic oil additive package and a pour point depressant. The gear oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 4 and 9 comprised antioxidant, metal deactivator, rust inhibitor, antiwear, antifoam, demulsifier, pour point depressant, and anti scuff additives. The chain oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluid 5 comprised a dye and a pour point depressant. The circulating oil additive of Inventive and Comparative Fluids 6, 7, and 8 comprised a pour point depressant, an antifoam, and a commercially available rust and oxidation package.

[0068] Table 2 shows the pour points of the various base stocks used in the Inventive and Comparative Fluids.TABLE 2Base stockPour Point (ASTM D97)Core 2500−6Core 600−6EHC 110−15EHC 120−15EHC 340 Max−21

[0069] Table 3 shows other physical properties of the base stocks.TABLE 3ASTM D445ASTM D445ASTM D2270ASTM D1298Base stockViscosity @ 40 C.Viscosity @ 100 C.Viscosity IndexDensityCore 2500469 cSt31 cSt950.89 g / mlCore 600112 cSt12 cSt950.89 g / mlEHC 110 94 cSt11 cSt950.86 g / mlEHC 120102 cSt12 cSt1030.86 g / mlEHC 340 Max507 cSt34 cSt1000.88 g / ml

[0070] Physical properties of the Inventive and Comparative Fluids are shown in FIG. 4 (Table 4).

[0071] Testing. The Inventive and Comparative Fluids were tested via ASTM D97 to determine each fluid's pour point.

[0072] Pour Point Results. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, Table 4 shows the results of the ASTM D97 pour point testing. The results show a dramatic decrease in the pour points of the Inventive Fluids as compared to the Comparative Fluids. EHC 120 and 340 Max alone have pour points of −15° C. and −21° C., respectively. Core 600 and 2500 alone have pour points of −6° C. The pour points of the Inventive Fluids comprising EHC 340 Max and API Group I base stocks were lower than the pour point of EHC 120 and 340 Max alone. For example, the pour point of Inventive Fluid 6 was about was about −33° C. This unexpected reduction indicates a synergistic relationship.

[0073] All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein for purposes of all jurisdictions where such practice is allowed, including any priority documents and / or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the disclosure have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereby. For example, the compositions described herein may be free of any component or composition not expressly recited or disclosed herein. Any method may lack any step not recited or disclosed herein. Likewise, the term “comprising” is considered synonymous with the term “including.” Whenever a method, composition, element, or group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase “comprising,” it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with the transitional phrases “consisting essentially of,”“consisting of,”“selected from the group of consisting of,” or “is” preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.

[0074] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the present specification and associated claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by one or more embodiments described herein. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claim, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

[0075] Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces and the term “or” means the disjunctive.

[0076] One or more illustrative embodiments are presented herein. Not all features of a physical implementation are described or shown in this application for the sake of clarity. It is understood that in the development of a physical embodiment of the present disclosure, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's goals, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, government-related and other constraints, which vary by implementation and from time to time. While a developer's efforts might be time-consuming, such efforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking for one of ordinary skill in the art and having benefit of this disclosure.

[0077] Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art and having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. The embodiments illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and / or any optional element disclosed herein.

Examples

examples

[0064]To facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the following examples of preferred or representative embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.

[0065]Inventive and Comparative Fluids were formulated as specified in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, Tables 1A and B using EHC base stocks and various American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I base stocks. EHC 110, 120, and 340 Max are API Group II extra heavy base stock as described herein. Core 600 and 2500 base stocks are API Group I base stocks as described herein.

[0066]The polyisobutylenes used in the tested fluids may vary in molecular weight. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluids 1, 2, and 8 were shear stable polymers with a molecular weight of approximately 1,300 g / mol. The polyisobutylene used in Inventive and Comparative Fluid 5 was a heavy polyisobutylene with an average molecular weight of approxim...

Claims

1. A lubricant fluid comprising a Group II extra heavy base stock, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has:a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 320 cSt to about 520 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 22 cSt to about 36 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119,a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about 0° C., anda saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; andat least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock.

2. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the at least one API base stock is an API Group I base stock.

3. Lubricant fluid of claim 2, wherein the API Group I base stock has:a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 90 to about 100, anda pour point (ASTM D97) of about −1° C. to about −10° C.

4. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock has:a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 460 cSt to about 520 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119,a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −22° C. to about −14° C., anda saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 98 wt % or greater.

5. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the lubricant fluid's pour point, as tested by ASTM D97, is about −30° C. to about −45° C.

6. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the lubricant fluid has:a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 200 cSt to about 250 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 15 cSt to about 25 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, anda pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

7. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the lubricant fluid has:a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 500 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 25 cSt to about 35 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, anda pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

8. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 60 wt % to about 40 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

9. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 99 wt % to about 80 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

10. The lubricant fluid of claim 1, wherein the lubricant fluid's cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., is about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

11. A method comprising:providing a lubricant fluid comprisinga Group II base stock, wherein the Group II base stock hasa kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119,a pour point (ASTM D97) of −30° C. to about 0° C., anda saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater;at least one of an American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, and III base stock; andlubricating at least one of a bearing, gear, or spindle with the lubricant fluid or circulating the lubricant fluid in a circulating oil system.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising an API Group I base stock, wherein the API Group I base stock hasa kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 90 to about 100, anda pour point (ASTM D97) of about −1° C. to about −10° C.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the Group II extra heavy base stock hasa kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 460 cSt to about 520 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 32 cSt to about 36 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 80 to about 119,a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −22° C. to about −14° C., anda saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 98 wt % or greater.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the lubricant fluid comprises about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % of the Group II extra heavy base stock and about 60 wt % to about 40 wt % of at least one of API Group I, II, and III base stock, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein the lubricant fluid's pour point, as tested by ASTM D97, is about −30° C. to about −45° C.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein the lubricant fluid hasa kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 200 cSt to about 250 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 15 cSt to about 25 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, anda pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein the lubricant fluid hasa kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 500 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 25 cSt to about 35 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105, anda pour point (ASTM D97) of about −30° C. to about −40° C.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein the lubricant fluid's cold-cranking simulator test result, as determined by ASTM D5293, −15° C., is about 70,000 cP to about 90,000 cP.

19. A lubricant fluid comprising a first Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock hasa kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 450 cSt to about 520 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 28 cSt to about 36 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 95 to about 105,a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −15° C. to about −25° C., anda saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater; and,a second Group II extra heavy base stock present at about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid, wherein the second Group II extra heavy base stock hasa kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of about 80 cSt to about 120 cSt,a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of about 5 cSt to about 20 cSt,a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 85 to about 98,a pour point (ASTM D97) of about −10° C. to about −20° C., anda saturate content (ASTM D7419) of about 90 wt % or greater.

20. The lubricant fluid of claim 19, wherein the first Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 45 wt % to about 55 wt % and the second Group II extra heavy base stock is present at about 55 wt % to about 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant fluid.

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