Attachment Assembly for an Electrode of a Conducted Electrical Weapon

Abstract

An electrode for a conducted electrical weapon may comprise an electrode body, a head assembly, and an attachment assembly. The head assembly may be coupled to a first end of the electrode body. The attachment assembly may comprise a first spear and a second spear. The first spear may be coupled to the head assembly. The second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear. The attachment assembly may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the attachment assembly impacting a tissue of a target.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a conducted electrical weapon (“CEW”).BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] The subject matter of the present disclosure is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. A more complete understanding of the present disclosure, however, may best be obtained by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. In the following figures, like reference numbers refer to similar elements and steps throughout the figures.

[0003] FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a conducted electrical weapon (“CEW”), in accordance with various embodiments;

[0004] FIG. 1B is a schematic view of a CEW, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0005] FIG. 2A illustrates a first stage of deploying an electrode comprising an attachment assembly from a CEW, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0006] FIG. 2B illustrates a second stage of deploying an electrode comprising an attachment assembly from a CEW, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0007] FIG. 2C illustrates a third stage of deploying an electrode comprising an attachment assembly from a CEW, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0008] FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an electrode comprising an attachment assembly in a first position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0009] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of an electrode comprising an attachment assembly in a first position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0010] FIG. 3C is a perspective view of an electrode comprising an attachment assembly in a second position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0011] FIG. 3D is a cross-sectional view of an electrode comprising an attachment assembly in a second position, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0012] FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a head assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0013] FIG. 4B is a front side perspective exploded view of a head assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0014] FIG. 4C is a rear side perspective exploded view of a head assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0015] FIG. 4D is a cross-sectional view of a head assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0016] FIG. 5A is a side perspective view of an absorber, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0017] FIG. 5B is a front side perspective view of an absorber, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0018] FIG. 6A is a side perspective view of a first spear of an attachment assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0019] FIG. 6B is a bottom perspective view of a first spear of an attachment assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0020] FIG. 7A is a side perspective view of a second spear of an attachment assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0021] FIG. 7B is a bottom perspective view of a second spear of an attachment assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0022] FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of an electrode prior to impact with a target, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0023] FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of an electrode during or after impact with a target, in accordance with various embodiments;

[0024] FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a second spear comprising an overpenetration zone in a first position, in accordance with various embodiments; and

[0025] FIG. 9B is a perspective view of a second spear comprising an overpenetration zone in a second position, in accordance with various embodiments.

[0026] Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence. For example, steps that may be performed concurrently or in different order are illustrated in the figures to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The detailed description of exemplary embodiments herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments by way of illustration. While these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosures, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical changes and adaptations in design and construction may be made in accordance with this disclosure and the teachings herein. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation.

[0028] The scope of the disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents rather than by merely the examples described. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process descriptions may be executed in any order and are not necessarily limited to the order presented. Furthermore, any reference to singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component or step may include a singular embodiment or step. Also, any reference to attached, fixed, coupled, connected, or the like may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, full, and / or any other possible attachment option. Surface shading lines may be used throughout the figures to denote different parts but not necessarily to denote the same or different materials.

[0029] Systems, methods, and apparatuses may be used to interfere with voluntary locomotion (e.g., walking, running, moving, etc.) of a target. For example, a CEW may be used to deliver a current (e.g., stimulus signal, pulses of current, pulses of charge, etc.) through tissue of a human or animal target. Although typically referred to as a conducted electrical weapon, as described herein a “CEW” may refer to a conducted electrical weapon, a conducted energy weapon, an electronic control device, and / or any other similar device or apparatus configured to provide a stimulus signal through one or more deployed projectiles (e.g., electrodes), such as those offered by Axon Enterprise, Inc. under its famous TASER® trademark.

[0030] A stimulus signal carries a charge into target tissue. The stimulus signal may interfere with voluntary locomotion of the target. The stimulus signal may cause pain. The pain may also function to encourage the target to stop moving. The stimulus signal may cause skeletal muscles of the target to become stiff (e.g., lock up, freeze, etc.). The stiffening of the muscles in response to a stimulus signal may be referred to as neuromuscular incapacitation (“NMI”). NMI disrupts voluntary control of the muscles of the target. The inability of the target to control its muscles interferes with locomotion of the target.

[0031] A stimulus signal may be delivered through the target via terminals coupled to the CEW. Delivery via terminals may be referred to as a local delivery (e.g., a local stun, a drive stun, etc.). During local delivery, the terminals are brought close to the target by positioning the CEW proximate to the target. The stimulus signal is delivered through the target’s tissue via the terminals. To provide local delivery, the user of the CEW is generally within arm’s reach of the target and brings the terminals of the CEW into contact with or proximate to the target.

[0032] A stimulus signal may be delivered through the target via one or more (typically at least two) wire-tethered electrodes. Delivery via wire-tethered electrodes may be referred to as a remote delivery (e.g., a remote stun). During a remote delivery, the CEW may be separated from the target up to the length (e.g., 15 feet, 20 feet, 30 feet, etc.) of the wire tether. The CEW launches the electrodes towards the target. As the electrodes travel toward the target, the respective wire tethers deploy behind the electrodes. The wire tether electrically couples the CEW to the electrode. The electrode may electrically couple to the target thereby coupling the CEW to the target. In response to the electrodes connecting with, impacting on, or being positioned proximate to the target’s tissue, the current may be provided through the target via the electrodes (e.g., a circuit is formed through the first tether and the first electrode, the target’s tissue, and the second electrode and the second tether).

[0033] Terminals or electrodes that contact or are proximate to the target’s tissue deliver the stimulus signal through the target. Contact of a terminal or electrode with the target’s tissue establishes an electrical coupling (e.g., circuit) with the target’s tissue. Electrodes may include a spear, spear assembly, attachment assembly, and / or the like that may pierce the target’s tissue to contact the target. A terminal or electrode that is proximate to the target’s tissue may use ionization to establish an electrical coupling with the target’s tissue. Ionization may also be referred to as arcing.

[0034] In use (e.g., during deployment), a terminal or electrode may be separated from the target’s tissue by the target’s clothing or a gap of air. In various embodiments, a signal generator of the CEW may provide the stimulus signal (e.g., current, pulses of current, etc.) at a high voltage (e.g., in the range of 40,000 to 100,000 volts) to ionize the air in the clothing or the air in the gap that separates the terminal or electrode from the target’s tissue. Ionizing the air establishes a low impedance ionization path from the terminal or electrode to the target’s tissue that may be used to deliver the stimulus signal into the target’s tissue via the ionization path. The ionization path persists (e.g., remains in existence, lasts, etc.) as long as the current of a pulse of the stimulus signal is provided via the ionization path. When the current ceases or is reduced below a threshold (e.g., amperage, voltage), the ionization path collapses (e.g., ceases to exist) and the terminal or electrode is no longer electrically coupled to the target’s tissue. Lacking the ionization path, the impedance between the terminal or electrode and target tissue is high. A high voltage in the range of about 50,000 volts can ionize air in a gap of up to about 1 inch (about 2.54 centimeters).

[0035] A CEW may provide a stimulus signal as a series of current pulses. Each current pulse may include a high voltage portion (e.g., 40,000 – 100,000 volts) and a low voltage portion (e.g., 500 – 6,000 volts). The high voltage portion of a pulse of a stimulus signal may ionize air in a gap between an electrode or terminal and a target to electrically couple the electrode or terminal to the target. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically coupled to the target, the low voltage portion of the pulse delivers an amount of charge into the target’s tissue via the ionization path. In response to the electrode or terminal being electrically coupled to the target by contact (e.g., touching, spear embedded into tissue, etc.), the high portion of the pulse and the low portion of the pulse both deliver charge to the target’s tissue. Generally, the low voltage portion of the pulse delivers a majority of the charge of the pulse into the target’s tissue. In various embodiments, the high voltage portion of a pulse of the stimulus signal may be referred to as the spark or ionization portion. The low voltage portion of a pulse may be referred to as the muscle portion.

[0036] In various embodiments, a signal generator of the CEW may provide the stimulus signal (e.g., current, pulses of current, etc.) at only a low voltage (e.g., less than 2,000 volts). The low voltage stimulus signal may not ionize the air in the clothing or the air in the gap that separates the terminal or electrode from the target’s tissue. A CEW having a signal generator providing stimulus signals at only a low voltage (e.g., a low voltage signal generator) may require deployed electrodes to be electrically coupled to the target by contact (e.g., touching, spear embedded into tissue, etc.).

[0037] A CEW may include at least two terminals at the face of the CEW. A CEW may include two terminals for each bay that accepts a magazine. The terminals are spaced apart from each other. In response to the electrodes of the magazine in the bay having not been deployed, the high voltage impressed across the terminals will result in ionization of the air between the terminals. The arc between the terminals may be visible to the naked eye. In response to a launched electrode not electrically coupling to a target, the current that would have been provided via the electrodes may arc across the face of the CEW via the terminals.

[0038] The likelihood that the stimulus signal will cause NMI increases when the electrodes that deliver the stimulus signal are spaced apart at least 6 inches (15.24 centimeters) so that the current from the stimulus signal flows through the at least 6 inches of the target’s tissue. In various embodiments, the electrodes preferably should be spaced apart at least 12 inches (30.48 centimeters) on the target. Because the terminals on a CEW are typically less than 6 inches apart, a stimulus signal delivered through the target’s tissue via terminals likely will not cause NMI, only pain.

[0039] A series of pulses may include two or more pulses separated in time. Each pulse delivers an amount of charge into the target’s tissue. In response to the electrodes being appropriately spaced (as discussed above), the likelihood of inducing NMI increases as each pulse delivers an amount of charge in the range of 55 microcoulombs to 71 microcoulombs per pulse. The likelihood of inducing NMI increases when the rate of pulse delivery (e.g., rate, pulse rate, repetition rate, etc.) is between 11 pulses per second (“pps”) and 50 pps. Pulses delivered at a higher rate may provide less charge per pulse to induce NMI. Pulses that deliver more charge per pulse may be delivered at a lesser rate to induce NMI. In various embodiments, a CEW may be hand-held and use batteries to provide the pulses of the stimulus signal. In response to the amount of charge per pulse being high and the pulse rate being high, the CEW may use more energy than is needed to induce NMI. Using more energy than is needed depletes batteries more quickly.

[0040] Empirical testing has shown that the power of the battery may be conserved with a high likelihood of causing NMI in response to the pulse rate being less than 44 pps and the charge per a pulse being about 63 microcoulombs. Empirical testing has shown that a pulse rate of 22 pps and 63 microcoulombs per a pulse via a pair of electrodes will induce NMI when the electrode spacing is at least 12 inches (30.48 centimeters).

[0041] In various embodiments, a CEW may include a handle and one or more magazines. The handle may include one or more bays for receiving the magazine(s). Each magazine may be removably positioned in (e.g., inserted into, coupled to, etc.) a bay. Each magazine may releasably electrically, electronically, and / or mechanically couple to a bay. A deployment of the CEW may launch one or more electrodes from the magazine and toward a target to remotely deliver the stimulus signal through the target.

[0042] In various embodiments, a magazine may include two or more electrodes (e.g., projectiles, etc.) that are launched at the same time. In various embodiments, a magazine may include two or more electrodes that may each be launched individually at separate times. In various embodiments, a magazine may include a single electrode configured to be launched from the magazine. Launching the electrodes may be referred to as activating (e.g., firing) a magazine or electrode. In some embodiments, after use (e.g., activation, firing), a magazine may be removed from the bay and the used electrodes may be removed from the magazine and replaced with unused (e.g., not fired, not activated) electrodes. The magazine may be inserted into the bay again to permit launch of additional electrodes. In some embodiments, after use (e.g., activation, firing), a magazine may be removed from the bay and replaced with an unused (e.g., not fired, not activated) magazine to permit launch of additional electrodes.

[0043] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a CEW 1 is disclosed. CEW 1 may be similar to, or have similar aspects and / or components with, any CEW discussed herein. CEW 1 may comprise a housing 10 and a magazine 12. It should be understood by one skilled in the art that FIG. 1B is a schematic representation of CEW 1, and one or more of the components of CEW 1 may be located in any suitable position within, or external to, housing 10.

[0044] Housing 10 may be configured to house various components of CEW 1 that are configured to enable deployment of magazine 12, provide an electrical current to magazine 12, and otherwise aid in the operation of CEW 1, as discussed further herein. Although depicted as a firearm in FIG. 1A, housing 10 may comprise any suitable shape and / or size. Housing 10 may comprise a handle end opposite a deployment end. A deployment end may be configured, and sized and shaped, to receive one or more magazine 12. A handle end may be sized and shaped to be held in a hand of a user. For example, a handle end may be shaped as a handle to enable hand-operation of CEW 1 by the user. In various embodiments, a handle end may also comprise contours shaped to fit the hand of a user, for example, an ergonomic grip. A handle end may include a surface coating, such as, for example, a non-slip surface, a grip pad, a rubber texture, and / or the like. As a further example, a handle end may be wrapped in leather, a colored print, and / or any other suitable material, as desired.

[0045] In various embodiments, housing 10 may comprise various mechanical, electronic, and / or electrical components configured to aid in performing the functions of CEW 1. For example, housing 10 may comprise one or more triggers 15, control interfaces 17, user interfaces 27, processing circuits 20, power supplies 22, and / or signal generators 24. Housing 10 may include a guard (e.g., trigger guard). A guard may define an opening formed in housing 10. A guard may be located in a center region of housing 10 (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 1), and / or in any other suitable location on housing 10. Trigger 15 may be disposed within a guard. A guard may be configured to protect trigger 15 from unintentional physical contact (e.g., an unintentional activation of trigger 15). A guard may surround trigger 15 within housing 10.

[0046] In various embodiments, trigger 15 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10, and may be configured to move, slide, rotate, or otherwise become physically depressed or moved upon application of physical contact. For example, trigger 15 may be actuated by physical contact applied to trigger 15 from within a guard. Trigger 15 may comprise a mechanical or electromechanical switch, button, trigger, or the like. For example, trigger 15 may comprise a switch, a push-button, and / or any other suitable type of trigger. Trigger 15 may be mechanically and / or electronically coupled to processing circuit 20. In response to trigger 15 being activated (e.g., depressed, pushed, etc. by the user), processing circuit 20 may enable deployment of (or cause deployment of) one or more magazine 12 from CEW 1, as discussed further herein.

[0047] In various embodiments, power supply 22 may be configured to provide power to various components of CEW 1. For example, power supply 22 may provide energy for operating the electronic and / or electrical components (e.g., parts, subsystems, circuits, etc.) of CEW 1 and / or one or more magazine 12. Power supply 22 may provide electrical power. Providing electrical power may include providing a current at a voltage. Power supply 22 may be electrically coupled to processing circuit 20 and / or signal generator 24. In various embodiments, in response to a control interface comprising electronic properties and / or components, power supply 22 may be electrically coupled to the control interface. In various embodiments, in response to trigger 15 comprising electronic properties or components, power supply 22 may be electrically coupled to trigger 15. Power supply 22 may provide an electrical current at a voltage. Electrical power from power supply 22 may be provided as a direct current (“DC”). Electrical power from power supply 22 may be provided as an alternating current (“AC”). Power supply 22 may include a battery. The energy of power supply 22 may be renewable or exhaustible, and / or replaceable. For example, power supply 22 may comprise one or more rechargeable or disposable batteries. In various embodiments, the energy from power supply 22 may be converted from one form (e.g., electrical, magnetic, thermal) to another form to perform the functions of a system.

[0048] Power supply 22 may provide energy for performing the functions of CEW 1. For example, power supply 22 may provide the electrical current to signal generator 24 that is provided through a target to impede locomotion of the target (e.g., via magazine 12). Power supply 22 may provide the energy for a stimulus signal. Power supply 22 may provide the energy for other signals, including an ignition signal, as discussed further herein.

[0049] In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may comprise any circuitry, electrical components, electronic components, software, and / or the like configured to perform various operations and functions discussed herein. For example, processing circuit 20 may comprise a processing circuit, a processor, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device, logic circuitry, state machines, MEMS devices, signal conditioning circuitry, communication circuitry, a computer, a computer-based system, a radio, a network appliance, a data bus, an address bus, and / or any combination thereof. In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may include passive electronic devices (e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) and / or active electronic devices (e.g., op amps, comparators, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, programmable logic, SRCs, transistors, etc.). In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may include data buses, output ports, input ports, timers, memory, arithmetic units, and / or the like.

[0050] In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may include signal conditioning circuitry. Signal conditioning circuitry may include level shifters to change (e.g., increase, decrease) the magnitude of a voltage (e.g., of a signal) before receipt by processing circuit 20 or to shift the magnitude of a voltage provided by processing circuit 20.

[0051] In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may be configured to control and / or coordinate operation of some or all aspects of CEW 1. For example, processing circuit 20 may include (or be in communication with) memory configured to store data, programs, and / or instructions. The memory may comprise a tangible non-transitory computer-readable memory. Instructions stored on the tangible non-transitory memory may allow processing circuit 20 to perform various operations, functions, and / or steps, as described herein.

[0052] In various embodiments, the memory may comprise any hardware, software, and / or database component capable of storing and maintaining data. For example, a memory unit may comprise a database, data structure, memory component, or the like. A memory unit may comprise any suitable non-transitory memory known in the art, such as, an internal memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), solid state drive (SSD), etc.), removable memory (e.g., an SD card, an xD card, a CompactFlash card, etc.), or the like.

[0053] Processing circuit 20 may be configured to provide and / or receive electrical signals whether digital and / or analog in form. Processing circuit 20 may provide and / or receive digital information via a data bus using any protocol. Processing circuit 20 may receive information, manipulate the received information, and provide the manipulated information. Processing circuit 20 may store information and retrieve stored information. Information received, stored, and / or manipulated by processing circuit 20 may be used to perform a function, control a function, and / or to perform an operation or execute a stored program.

[0054] Processing circuit 20 may control the operation and / or function of other circuits and / or components of CEW 1. Processing circuit 20 may receive status information regarding the operation of other components, perform calculations with respect to the status information, and provide commands (e.g., instructions) to one or more other components. Processing circuit 20 may command another component to start operation, continue operation, alter operation, suspend operation, cease operation, or the like. Commands and / or status may be communicated between processing circuit 20 and other circuits and / or components via any type of bus (e.g., SPI bus) including any type of data / address bus.

[0055] In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may be mechanically and / or electronically coupled to trigger 15. Processing circuit 20 may be configured to detect an activation, actuation, depression, input, etc. (collectively, an “activation event”) of trigger 15. In response to detecting the activation event, processing circuit 20 may be configured to perform various operations and / or functions, as discussed further herein. Processing circuit 20 may also include a sensor (e.g., a trigger sensor) attached to trigger 15 and configured to detect an activation event of trigger 15. The sensor may comprise any suitable sensor, such as a mechanical and / or electronic sensor capable of detecting an activation event in trigger 15 and reporting the activation event to processing circuit 20.

[0056] In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may be mechanically and / or electronically coupled to control interface 17. Processing circuit 20 may be configured to detect an activation, actuation, depression, input, etc. (collectively, a “control event”) of control interface 17. In response to detecting the control event, processing circuit 20 may be configured to perform various operations and / or functions, as discussed further herein. Processing circuit 20 may also include a sensor (e.g., a control sensor) attached to control interface 17 and configured to detect a control event of control interface 17. The sensor may comprise any suitable mechanical and / or electronic sensor capable of detecting a control event in control interface 17 and reporting the control event to processing circuit 20.

[0057] In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may be electrically and / or electronically coupled to power supply 22. Processing circuit 20 may receive power from power supply 22. The power received from power supply 22 may be used by processing circuit 20 to receive signals, process signals, and transmit signals to various other components in CEW 1. Processing circuit 20 may use power from power supply 22 to detect an activation event of trigger 15, a control event of control interface 17, or the like, and generate one or more control signals in response to the detected events. The control signal may be based on the control event and the activation event. The control signal may be an electrical signal.

[0058] In various embodiments, processing circuit 20 may be electrically and / or electronically coupled to signal generator 24. Processing circuit 20 may be configured to transmit or provide control signals to signal generator 24 in response to detecting an activation event of trigger 15. Multiple control signals may be provided from processing circuit 20 to signal generator 24 in series. In response to receiving the control signal, signal generator 24 may be configured to perform various functions and / or operations, as discussed further herein.

[0059] In various embodiments, signal generator 24 may be configured to receive one or more control signals from processing circuit 20. Signal generator 24 may provide an ignition signal to magazine 12 based on the control signals. Signal generator 24 may be electrically and / or electronically coupled to processing circuit 20 and / or magazine 12. Signal generator 24 may be electrically coupled to power supply 22. Signal generator 24 may use power received from power supply 22 to generate an ignition signal. For example, signal generator 24 may receive an electrical signal from power supply 22 that has first current and voltage values. Signal generator 24 may transform the electrical signal into an ignition signal having second current and voltage values. The transformed second current and / or the transformed second voltage values may be different from the first current and / or voltage values. The transformed second current and / or the transformed second voltage values may be the same as the first current and / or voltage values. Signal generator 24 may temporarily store power from power supply 22 and rely on the stored power entirely or in part to provide the ignition signal. Signal generator 24 may also rely on received power from power supply 22 entirely or in part to provide the ignition signal, without needing to temporarily store power.

[0060] Signal generator 24 may be controlled entirely or in part by processing circuit 20. In various embodiments, signal generator 24 and processing circuit 20 may be separate components (e.g., physically distinct and / or logically discrete). Signal generator 24 and processing circuit 20 may be a single component. For example, a control circuit within housing 10 may at least include signal generator 24 and processing circuit 20. The control circuit may also include other components and / or arrangements, including those that further integrate corresponding function of these elements into a single component or circuit, as well as those that further separate certain functions into separate components or circuits.

[0061] Signal generator 24 may be controlled by the control signals to generate an ignition signal having a predetermined current value or values. For example, signal generator 24 may include a current source. The control signal may be received by signal generator 24 to activate the current source at a current value of the current source. An additional control signal may be received to decrease a current of the current source. For example, signal generator 24 may include a pulse width modification circuit coupled between a current source and an output of the control circuit. A second control signal may be received by signal generator 24 to activate the pulse width modification circuit, thereby decreasing a non-zero period of a signal generated by the current source and an overall current of an ignition signal subsequently output by the control circuit. The pulse width modification circuit may be separate from a circuit of the current source or, alternatively, integrated within a circuit of the current source. Various other forms of signal generators 24 may alternatively or additionally be employed, including those that apply a voltage over one or more different resistances to generate signals with different currents. In various embodiments, signal generator 24 may include a high-voltage module configured to deliver an electrical current having a high voltage. In various embodiments, signal generator 24 may include a low-voltage module configured to deliver an electrical current having a lower voltage, such as, for example, 2,000 volts.

[0062] Responsive to receipt of a signal indicating activation of trigger 15 (e.g., an activation event), a control circuit provides an ignition signal to magazine 12 (or an electrode in magazine 12). For example, signal generator 24 may provide an electrical signal as an ignition signal to magazine 12 in response to receiving a control signal from processing circuit 20. In various embodiments, the ignition signal may be separate and distinct from a stimulus signal. For example, a stimulus signal in CEW 1 may be provided to a different circuit within magazine 12, relative to a circuit to which an ignition signal is provided. Signal generator 24 may be configured to generate a stimulus signal. In various embodiments, a second, separate signal generator, component, or circuit (not shown) within housing 10 may be configured to generate the stimulus signal. Signal generator 24 may also provide a ground signal path for magazine 12, thereby completing a circuit for an electrical signal provided to magazine 12 by signal generator 24. The ground signal path may also be provided to magazine 12 by other elements in housing 10, including power supply 22.

[0063] In various embodiments, a bay 11 of housing 10 may be configured to receive one or more magazine 12. Bay 11 may comprise an opening in an end of housing 10 sized and shaped to receive one or more magazine 12. Bay 11 may include one or more mechanical features configured to removably couple one or more magazine 12 within bay 11. Bay 11 of housing 10 may be configured to receive a single magazine, two magazines, three magazines, nine magazines, or any other number of magazines.

[0064] Magazine 12 may comprise one or more propulsion modules 25 and one or more electrodes E. For example, a magazine 12 may comprise a single propulsion module 25 configured to deploy a single electrode E. As a further example, a magazine 12 may comprise a single propulsion module 25 configured to deploy a plurality of electrodes E. As a further example, a magazine 12 may comprise a plurality of propulsion modules 25 and a plurality of electrodes E, with each propulsion module 25 configured to deploy one or more electrodes E.

[0065] In various embodiments, one or more propulsion modules may be located in housing 10. In response to magazine 12 being coupled to housing 10 (e.g., inserted within bay 11), the one or more propulsion modules in housing 10 may be fluidly coupled with one or more electrodes E in magazine 12.

[0066] In various embodiments, and as depicted in FIG. 1B, magazine 12 may comprise a first propulsion module 25-1 configured to deploy a first electrode E0, a second propulsion module 25-2 configured to deploy a second electrode E1, a third propulsion module 25-3 configured to deploy a third electrode E2, and a fourth propulsion module 25-n configured to deploy a fourth electrode En. Each series of propulsion modules and electrodes may be contained in the same and / or separate magazines. As referred to herein, electrodes E0, E1, E2, En may be generally referred to individually as an “electrode E” or collectively as “electrodes E.” As referred to herein, propulsion modules 25-1, 25-2, 25-3, 25-n may be referred to individually as a “propulsion module 25” or collectively as “propulsion modules 25.”

[0067] In various embodiments, a propulsion module 25 may be coupled to, or in communication with one or more electrodes E in magazine 12. In various embodiments, magazine 12 may comprise a plurality of propulsion modules 25, with each propulsion module 25 coupled to, or in communication with, one or more electrodes E. A propulsion module 25 may comprise any device, propellant (e.g., air, gas, etc.), primer, or the like capable of providing a propulsion force in magazine 12. The propulsion force may include an increase in pressure caused by rapidly expanding gas within an area or chamber. The propulsion force may be applied to one or more electrodes E in magazine 12 to cause the deployment of the one or more electrodes E. A propulsion module 25 may provide the propulsion force in response to magazine 12 receiving an ignition signal, as previously discussed.

[0068] In various embodiments, the propulsion force may be directly applied to one or more electrodes E. For example, a propulsion force from propulsion module 25-1 may be provided directly to first electrode E0. A propulsion module 25 may be in fluid communication with one or more electrodes E to provide the propulsion force. For example, a propulsion force from propulsion module 25-1 may travel within a housing or channel of magazine 12 to first electrode E0. The propulsion force may travel via a manifold in magazine 12.

[0069] In various embodiments, the propulsion force may be provided indirectly to one or more electrodes E. For example, the propulsion force may be provided to a secondary source of propellant within a propulsion module 25. The propulsion force may launch the secondary source of propellant within a propulsion module 25, causing the secondary source of propellant to release propellant. A force associated with the released propellant may in turn provide a force to one or more electrodes E. A force generated by a secondary source of propellant may cause the one or more electrodes E to be deployed from the magazine 12 and CEW 1.

[0070] In various embodiments, an electrode E may comprise any suitable type of projectile. For example, one or more electrodes E may be or include a projectile, a probe, an electrode (e.g., an electrode dart), an entangling projectile (e.g., a tether-based entangling projectile, a net, etc.), a payload projectile (e.g., comprising a liquid or gas substance), or the like. An electrode may include a spear portion, designed to pierce or attach proximate a tissue of a target in order to provide a conductive electrical path between the electrode and the tissue, as previously discussed herein. In some embodiments, the spear portion may comprise a spear assembly. In some embodiments, the spear portion may comprise an attachment assembly.

[0071] In various embodiments, magazine 12 may be configured to receive one or more cartridges. For example, magazine 12 may define one or more bores. A bore may comprise an axial opening through magazine 12. Each bore may be configured to receive a cartridge. Each bore may be sized and shaped accordingly to receive and house the cartridge. Each bore may comprise any suitable deployment angle. One or more bores may comprise similar deployment angles. One or more bores may comprise different deployment angles. Magazine 12 may comprise any suitable or desired number of bores, such as, for example, two bores, five bores, nine bores, ten bores, and / or the like.

[0072] A cartridge may comprise a body (e.g., a cartridge body) housing an electrode E and one or more components necessary to deploy the electrode E from the body. For example, a cartridge may comprise an electrode E and a propulsion module. The propulsion module may be similar to any other propulsion module, primer, or the like disclosed herein.

[0073] In various embodiments, a cartridge may comprise a cylindrical outer body defining a hollow inner portion. The hollow inner portion may house an electrode E (e.g., an electrode E, spear or spear assembly or attachment assembly, filament wire, etc.). The hollow inner portion may house a propulsion module configured to deploy the electrode E from a first end of the cylindrical outer body. The cartridge may include a piston positioned adjacent a second end of the electrode E. The cartridge may have the propulsion module positioned such that the piston is located between the electrode E and the propulsion module. The cartridge may also have a wad positioned adjacent the piston, where the wad is located between the propulsion module and the piston.

[0074] In various embodiments, a cartridge may comprise a contact on an end of the body. The contact may be configured to allow the cartridge to receive an electrical signal from a CEW handle. For example, the contact may comprise an electrical contact configured to enable the completion of an electrical circuit between the cartridge and a signal generator of the CEW handle. In that regard, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) a stimulus signal from the CEW handle to the electrode E. As a further example, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) an electrical signal (e.g., an ignition signal) from the CEW handle to a propulsion module within the cartridge. For example, the contact may be configured to transmit (or provide) the electrical signal to a conductor of the propulsion module, thereby causing the conductor to heat up and ignite a pyrotechnic material inside the propulsion module. Ignition of the pyrotechnic material may cause the propulsion module to deploy (e.g., directly or indirectly) the electrode E from the cartridge.

[0075] In operation, a cartridge may be inserted into a bore of magazine 12. Magazine 12 may be inserted into the bay of a CEW handle. The CEW may be operated to deploy an electrode E from the cartridge in magazine 12. Magazine 12 may be removed from the bay of the CEW handle. The cartridge (e.g., a used cartridge, a spent cartridge, etc.) may be removed from the bore of magazine 12. A new cartridge may then be inserted into the same bore of magazine 12 for additional deployments. The number of cartridges that magazine 12 is capable of receiving may be dependent on a number of bores in magazine 12. For example, in response to magazine 12 comprising ten bores, magazine 12 may be configured to receive at most ten cartridges at the same time. As a further example, in response to magazine 12 comprising two bores, magazine 12 may be configured to receive at most two cartridges at the same time.

[0076] Control interface 17 of CEW 1 may comprise, or be similar to, any control interface disclosed herein. In various embodiments, control interface 17 may be configured to control selection of firing modes in CEW 1. Controlling selection of firing modes in CEW 1 may include disabling firing of CEW 1 (e.g., a safety mode, etc.), enabling firing of CEW 1 (e.g., an active mode, a firing mode, an escalation mode, etc.), controlling deployment of magazine 12, and / or similar operations, as discussed further herein. In various embodiments, control interface 17 may also be configured to perform (or cause performance of) one or more operations that do not include the selection of firing modes. For example, control interface 17 may be configured to enable the selection of operating modes of CEW 1, selection of options within an operating mode of CEW 1, or similar selection or scrolling operations, as discussed further herein.

[0077] Control interface 17 may be located in any suitable location on or in housing 10. For example, control interface 17 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10. Control interface 17 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10 proximate trigger 15 and / or a guard of housing 10. Control interface 17 may be electrically, mechanically, and / or electronically coupled to processing circuit 20. In various embodiments, in response to control interface 17 comprising electronic properties or components, control interface 17 may be electrically coupled to power supply 22. Control interface 17 may receive power (e.g., electrical current) from power supply 22 to power the electronic properties or components.

[0078] Control interface 17 may be electronically or mechanically coupled to trigger 15. For example, and as discussed further herein, control interface 17 may function as a safety mechanism. In response to control interface 17 being set to a “safety mode,” CEW 1 may be unable to launch electrodes from magazine 12. For example, control interface 17 may provide a signal (e.g., a control signal) to processing circuit 20 instructing processing circuit 20 to disable deployment of electrodes from magazine 12. As a further example, control interface 17 may electronically or mechanically prohibit trigger 15 from activating (e.g., prevent or disable a user from depressing trigger 15; prevent trigger 15 from launching an electrode; etc.).

[0079] Control interface 17 may comprise any suitable electronic or mechanical component capable of enabling selection of firing modes. For example, control interface 17 may comprise a fire mode selector switch, a safety switch, a safety catch, a rotating switch, a selection switch, a selective firing mechanism, and / or any other suitable mechanical control. As a further example, control interface 17 may comprise a slide, such as a handgun slide, a reciprocating slide, or the like. As a further example, control interface 17 may comprise a touch screen, user interface or display, or similar electronic visual component.

[0080] The safety mode may be configured to prohibit deployment of an electrode from magazine 12 in CEW 1. For example, in response to a user selecting the safety mode, control interface 17 may transmit a safety mode instruction to processing circuit 20. In response to receiving the safety mode instruction, processing circuit 20 may prohibit deployment of an electrode from magazine 12. Processing circuit 20 may prohibit deployment until a further instruction is received from control interface 17 (e.g., a firing mode instruction). As previously discussed, control interface 17 may also, or alternatively, interact with trigger 15 to prevent activation of trigger 15. In various embodiments, the safety mode may also be configured to prohibit deployment of a stimulus signal from signal generator 24, such as, for example, a local delivery.

[0081] The firing mode may be configured to enable deployment of one or more electrodes from magazine 12 in CEW 1. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, in response to a user selecting the firing mode, control interface 17 may transmit a firing mode instruction to processing circuit 20. In response to receiving the firing mode instruction, processing circuit 20 may enable deployment of an electrode from magazine 12. In that regard, in response to trigger 15 being activated, processing circuit 20 may cause the deployment of one or more electrodes. Processing circuit 20 may enable deployment until a further instruction is received from control interface 17 (e.g., a safety mode instruction). As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, in response to a user selecting the firing mode, control interface 17 may also mechanically (or electronically) interact with trigger 15 of CEW 1 to enable activation of trigger 15.

[0082] In various embodiments, CEW 1 may deliver a stimulus signal via a circuit that includes signal generator 24 positioned in the handle of CEW 1. An interface (e.g., cartridge interface, magazine interface, etc.) on each magazine 12 inserted into housing 10 electrically couples to an interface (e.g., handle interface, housing interface, etc.) in housing 10. Signal generator 24 couples to each magazine 12, and thus to the electrodes E, via the handle interface and the magazine interface. A first filament couples to the interface of the magazine 12 and to a first electrode. A second filament couples to the interface of the magazine 12 and to a second electrode. The stimulus signal travels from signal generator 24, through the first filament and the first electrode, through target tissue, and through the second electrode and second filament back to signal generator 24.

[0083] In various embodiments, CEW 1 may further comprise one or more user interfaces 27. A user interface 27 may be configured to receive an input from a user of CEW 1 and / or transmit an output to the user of CEW 1. User interface 27 may be located in any suitable location on or in housing 10. For example, user interface 27 may be coupled to an outer surface of housing 10 or may extend at least partially through the outer surface of housing 10. User interface 27 may be electrically, mechanically, and / or electronically coupled to processing circuit 20. In various embodiments, in response to user interface 27 comprising electronic or electrical properties or components, user interface 27 may be electrically coupled to power supply 22. User interface 27 may receive power (e.g., electrical current) from power supply 22 to power the electronic properties or components.

[0084] In various embodiments, user interface 27 may comprise one or more components configured to receive an input from a user. For example, user interface 27 may comprise one or more of an audio capturing module (e.g., microphone) configured to receive an audio input, a visual display (e.g., touchscreen, LCD, LED, etc.) configured to receive a manual input, a mechanical interface (e.g., button, switch, etc.) configured to receive a manual input, and / or the like. In various embodiments, user interface 27 may comprise one or more components configured to transmit or produce an output. For example, user interface 27 may comprise one or more of an audio output module (e.g., audio speaker) configured to output audio, a light-emitting component (e.g., flashlight, laser guide, etc.) configured to output light, a visual display (e.g., touchscreen, LCD, LED, etc.) configured to output a visual, and / or the like.

[0085] In various embodiments, FIGS. 2A-2C depict an example sequence or stages of deploying an electrode comprising an attachment assembly. Although FIGS. 2A-2C depict one exemplary deployment and ejection from a CEW comprising a firearm-shaped handle, the principles illustrated by FIGS. 2A-2C and the accompanying description may also be applied to a deployment and ejection using a CEW in any suitable arrangement and / or with any desired number of projectiles, sequence of deployment of projectiles, CEW configuration, or the like discussed herein.

[0086] In various embodiments, a CEW 201 may be similar to any other CEW disclosed herein. CEW 201 may comprise a handle 210 and a magazine 212. Handle 210 may be similar to any handle disclosed herein. Magazine 212 may be similar to any magazine disclosed herein. Magazine 212 may be configured to house one or more electrodes (or cartridges comprising electrodes). Handle 210 may be configured to deploy, or cause deployment of, the one or more electrodes from magazine 212.

[0087] In various embodiments, magazine 212 may be configured to house an electrode E. Electrode E may be similar to any other electrode, projectile, or the like disclosed herein.

[0088] As previously discussed, an electrode may electrically couple to a target by contacting (e.g., piercing, coupling to, etc.) the target’s tissue. For example, the electrode may impact the target and a spear of the electrode may pierce the target’s tissue to electrically couple the electrode to the target’s tissue. A failure to couple to the target’s tissue may cause a failure in functionality of the CEW. For example, an effective electrical circuit may not be formed capable of successfully providing stimulus signals to the target.

[0089] In some instances, impact of an electrode against a target may impart a force on the electrode causing the electrode to decouple from a target’s tissue (e.g., rebound force, bounce out, etc.). For example, an electrode may initially contact a target’s tissue before a rebound force of impact causes the electrode to decouple from the target’s tissue.

[0090] In some instances, clothing or other objects (e.g., obstructions) on a target may affect the ability of the electrode to directly contact the target’s tissue. For example, thicker clothing may cause an electrode to fail to directly contact the target’s tissue with the spear.

[0091] In various embodiments, electrode E may comprise an attachment assembly 207. Attachment assembly 207 may be configured to couple electrode E to a target. Attachment assembly 207 may be configured to retain electrical coupling between electrode E and a target’s tissue in response to electrode E impacting the target. Attachment assembly 207 may be configured to increase a likelihood of electrode E electrically coupling to a target in response to electrode E receiving a rebound force after contacting the target. Attachment assembly 207 may be configured to increase a likelihood of electrode E electrically coupling to a target in response to electrode E contacting clothing or other objects on a target affecting the ability of electrode E to directly couple to the target’s tissue.

[0092] In various embodiments, attachment assembly 207 may comprise a first attachment 208 and a second attachment 209. First attachment 208 may comprise a primary attachment. Second attachment 209 may comprise a secondary attachment. First attachment 208 may comprise a first attachment type and second attachment 209 may comprise a second attachment type. The first attachment type may be different from the second attachment type. The first attachment type may be the same as the second attachment type. First attachment 208 may comprise any suitable type of attachment, such as, for example, a spear (e.g., a first spear, an outer spear, etc.). Second attachment 209 may comprise any suitable type of attachment, such as, for example, a spear (e.g., a second spear, an inner spear, etc.).

[0093] In various embodiments, second attachment 209 may be configured to remain coupled to a target in response to first attachment 208 decoupling from the target. For example, second attachment 209 may embed in a target’s tissue in response to attachment assembly 207 contacting the target. In response to first attachment 208 decoupling from the target, second attachment 209 may remain embedded in the target’s tissue.

[0094] In various embodiments, second attachment 209 may be configured to extend forward first attachment 208. For example, in response to electrode E contacting a target, or an obstruction of a target, second attachment 209 may deploy in a forward direction. In that regard, second attachment 209 may be configured to improve coupling with a target’s tissue in response to electrode E and / or first attachment 208 initially contacting the obstruction of the target.

[0095] For example, and with specific reference to FIG. 2A, CEW 201 may be aimed at or oriented toward a target 205. Target 205 may comprise an obstruction 206 (e.g., clothing, armor, etc.). A first activation of CEW 201 may be received to deploy one or more electrodes, such as electrode E, towards target 205. The first activation may be received responsive to an activation of a first trigger of handle 210. As electrode E travels towards target 205, a wire tether extends from magazine 212 to electrode E, so that electrode E remains electrically coupled to magazine 212.

[0096] With specific reference to FIG. 2B, electrode E may impact obstruction 206. Impact against obstruction 206 may cause electrode E to attempt to couple to target 205. Because of a distance, thickness, density, or the like of obstruction 206, attachment assembly 207 of electrode E may initially fail to couple directly to target 205. For example, first attachment 208 and / or second attachment 209 may impact obstruction 206 and fail to couple directly to target 205.

[0097] Impact of electrode E against obstruction 206 may cause second attachment 209 to deploy in a forward direction from electrode E. With specific reference to FIG. 2C, second attachment 209 has deployed in the forward direction. Second attachment 209 may contact target 205. Second attachment 209 may couple to target 205. Second attachment 209 may remain electrically coupled to electrode E. In that regard, an electrical circuit may be formed between CEW 201, electrode E, and target 205, via the electrical coupling of second attachment 209 within tissue of target 205.

[0098] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIGS. 3A-3D, an electrode 330 is disclosed. Electrode 330 may be similar to any other electrode, projectile, or the like disclosed herein (e.g., electrode E with reference to FIGS. 1A-2C). Electrode 330 may be used without a cartridge. Electrode 330 may be used with a cartridge. Electrode 330 may be used in conjunction with any cartridge and / or magazine disclosed herein.

[0099] Electrode 330 may comprise an electrode body 331 having a first end 332 (e.g., a first electrode end, a forward end, a first electrode body end, etc.) opposite a second end 333 (e.g., a second electrode end, an aft end, a rearward end, a second electrode body end, etc.). Electrode body 331 may comprise an outer surface opposite an inner surface. Electrode body 331 may define a cylindrical body. In some embodiments, a shape of electrode body 331 may be complimentary to a cartridge configured to receive electrode 330 (e.g., electrode body 331 may be complimentary with one or more inner surfaces of a cartridge).

[0100] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may comprise a head assembly 340 (e.g., front head, electrode head, interchangeable head, etc.). Head assembly 340 may comprise a body (e.g., a head assembly body, a front head assembly body, etc.) having a first head end opposite a second head end. The body may define a middle section (e.g., a head assembly middle section) between the first head end and the second head end.

[0101] The second head end may be coupled to electrode body 331 (e.g., at first end 332). The second head end may be coupled to electrode body 331 such that a portion of head assembly 340 is received within electrode body 331.

[0102] Head assembly 340 may be configured to receive one or more attachments (e.g., head assembly attachments, accessories, etc.). Head assembly 340 may be configured to receive a single attachment. Head assembly 340 may be configured to receive a plurality of attachments. An attachment may be configured to couple to a front surface (e.g., a radially forward surface) of the first head end. An attachment may be configured to couple to an axially outer surface of the first head end. In some embodiments, an attachment may be configured to couple to head assembly 340 at one or more of a front surface, an axially outer surface, and / or the like.

[0103] The first head end may be configured to receive a first attachment configured to enable electrode 330 to couple to a target. For example, the first attachment may comprise a spear, an attachment assembly, a hook, a barb, a training attachment, a hook and loop attachment, and / or the like. In some embodiments, the first attachment may comprise an electrically conductive material. In some embodiments, an attachment assembly may comprise a first attachment and a second attachment.

[0104] The first head end may be configured to receive an absorbing attachment configured to provide a property to electrode 330. The property may comprise a physical property, a physical characteristic, and / or the like. For example, the property may comprise an aerodynamic property. In that regard, the absorbing attachment may be coupled to head assembly 340 and configured to change an aerodynamic property or characteristic of electrode 330 (e.g., lift, drag, etc.). As a further example, the property may comprise a force absorbing property. In that regard, the absorbing attachment may be coupled to head assembly 340 and configured to at least partially reduce an impact force of electrode 330 against a target. The absorbing attachment may at least partially absorb a force of impact with a target thereby reducing potential tissue or skin damage (e.g., bruising, tearing, etc.) to the target. The absorbing attachment may reduce a momentum of electrode 330 after impact with a target, thereby hindering (e.g., preventing) electrode 330 from bouncing off (e.g., deflecting) the target with enough residual force to decouple electrode 330 from a surface (e.g., clothing, tissue, etc.) of the target. The absorbing attachment may comprise a pad, a shock absorber, a thermoplastic elastomer, a rubber, and / or the like. In various embodiments, the absorbing attachment may comprise an electrically non-conductive material.

[0105] In various embodiments, a first attachment and an absorbing attachment may couple to head assembly 340 at the first head end. In some embodiments, an absorbing attachment may couple to each of head assembly 340 and the first attachment. In various embodiments, head assembly 340 may comprise a first mechanical feature configured to receive the first attachment and a second mechanical feature configured to receive the absorbing attachment. The first mechanical feature may comprise an opening, channel, groove, protrusion, or the like. The second mechanical feature may comprise a shape of head assembly 340.

[0106] In various embodiments, head assembly 340 may comprise varying dimensions from the first head end to the second head end. Head assembly 340 may comprise an electrically conductive material. One or more components of head assembly 340 may comprise an electrically conductive material. For example, head assembly 340 may comprise a metal material. Head assembly 340 may comprise a metal alloy such as, for example, steel.

[0107] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may comprise a filament 337 (e.g., a wire-tether, a wire, etc.). Filament 337 may comprise an electrically conductive material configured to electrically couple electrode 330 to a cartridge, a magazine, and / or a CEW handle. In that regard, filament 337 may be configured to provide a stimulus signal and / or an ignition signal to electrode 330 via a signal generator of a CEW handle.

[0108] Filament 337 may comprise a first filament end 338 opposite a second filament end 339. First filament end 338 may be coupled to electrode 330. In some embodiments, first filament end 338 may be coupled to head assembly 340. For example, first filament end 338 may be welded to head assembly 340. As a further example, first filament end 338 may be coupled between head assembly 340 and an inner surface of electrode body 331. For example, first filament end 338 may be inserted between a second head end of head assembly 340 and first end 332 of electrode body 331, and electrode body 331 may be press-fit (e.g., deformed, staked, etc.) to couple electrode body 331 to head assembly 340. The press-fit between electrode body 331 and head assembly 340 may couple first filament end 338 between electrode body 331 and head assembly 340.

[0109] Second filament end 339 may extend aft electrode 330 and may be configured to couple within a cartridge, a deployment unit, a magazine, and / or the like. In that regard, head assembly 340, filament 337, and the cartridge, the deployment unit, the magazine, and / or the like may be in electrical series.

[0110] In various embodiments, filament 337 may be electrically conductive from first filament end 338 to second filament end 339. For example, filament 337 may be non-insulated from first filament end 338 to second filament end 339.

[0111] In various embodiments, filament 337 may be insulated from first filament end 338 to second filament end 339. In that respect, only a portion of first filament end 338 coupled to head assembly 340 and / or a portion of second filament end 339 coupled to the cartridge, the deployment unit, the magazine, and / or the like may be non-insulated.

[0112] In various embodiments, filament 337 may be stowed in electrode body 331. For example, filament 337 may be wound in a winding (e.g., coils, filament winding, etc.). The winding may be stowed (e.g., stored, disposed, etc.) within electrode body 331. During a deployment, electrode 330 may travel in a forward direction. During travel, filament 337 may unravel (e.g., uncoil, unwind, etc.) from the winding to deploy filament 337 aft electrode body 331.

[0113] In various embodiments, the second head end of head assembly 340 may comprise one or more features, structures, and / or the like to aid in coupling filament 337 to head assembly 340. For example, the second head end may comprise one or more features, structures, and / or the like to mechanically couple first filament end 338 to head assembly 340 and / or to ensure that first filament end 338 remains mechanically coupled to head assembly 340 before and after deployment of electrode 330, and before, during, and after an impact of electrode 330 with a target. The second head end may also comprise one or more features, structures, and / or the like to electrically couple first filament end 338 to head assembly 340.

[0114] As previously discussed, filament 337 may be wound into a winding. In some embodiments, first filament end 338 may be wound into a winding onto the second head end of head assembly 340. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, the second head end may comprise one or more circumferential channels. Each circumferential channel may be sized and / or shaped to receive and / or retain lengths of filament 337. In that respect, first filament end 338 may be wound circumferentially through the one or more circumferential channels of the second head end of head assembly 340 to couple first filament end 338 to head assembly 340. In some embodiments, an end of first filament end 338 may extend forward the second head end and proximate the middle section of head assembly 340.

[0115] In various embodiments, electrode 330 may comprise a rear nozzle 350. Rear nozzle 350 may be disposed within electrode body 331. Rear nozzle 350 may be disposed within electrode body 331 proximate second end 333. Rear nozzle 350 may be disposed within electrode body 331 forward second end 333. In some embodiments, rear nozzle 350 may be axially offset from second end 333.

[0116] Rear nozzle 350 may define an opening 351. Opening 351 may be radially centered within electrode body 331. Rear nozzle 350 may be configured to position filament 337 as filament 337 unwinds and exits electrode 330. For example, as filament 337 deploys from electrode 330, filament 337 moves through opening 351. Friction between an inner wall of opening 351 and filament 337 applies a force on filament 337. Applying a force on filament 337 during a deployment provides drag on electrode 330. Providing drag on electrode 330 increases stability of flight and accuracy of flight of electrode 330 along an intended trajectory. Increasing stability of flight and / or accuracy of flight may improve the repeatability of flight along intended trajectory of electrodes launched from different cartridges.

[0117] In various embodiments, opening 351 may further define a groove 352. Groove 352 may comprise an axial groove in opening 351 extending radially inward from opening 351 towards an inner surface of electrode body 331. Groove 352 may be sized and shaped to receive filament 337.

[0118] In various embodiments, groove 352 may position filament 337 prior to a deployment. During the deployment, filament 337 may unwind and may leave groove 352 (e.g., to contact opening 351). In various embodiments, groove 352 may position filament 337 prior to and during a deployment. For example, during the deployment filament 337 may remain within groove 352.

[0119] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIGS. 4A-4D and continued reference to FIGS. 3A-3D, head assembly 340 may comprise a static structure and a translatable structure. The static structure may define a forward end of head assembly 340. The static structure may define a rearward end of head assembly 340. The forward end of the static structure may be configured to couple to an attachment assembly. The rearward end of the static structure may be configured to couple to a projectile body (e.g., an electrode body). The translatable structure may be defined between the forward end and the rearward end of the static structure. The static structure and the translatable structure may be coaxial.

[0120] The translatable structure may be configured to translate in a forward direction from a first position to a second position in response to head assembly 340 impacting tissue of a target (e.g., in response to receiving a tissue force of impact). The translatable structure may be configured to remain in the first position in response to head assembly 340 impacting an obstruction of a target (e.g., in response to receiving an obstruction force of impact). As discussed herein, the tissue force of impact may comprise a greater force than the obstruction force of impact.

[0121] In the second position the translatable structure may be configured to engage an attachment assembly. In the second position the translatable structure may be configured to engage the attachment assembly to limit forward movement of the attachment assembly. For example, in the second position the translatable structure may be configured to engage a second spear of the attachment assembly to limit forward movement of the second spear.

[0122] In various embodiments, head assembly 340 may comprise a base 341A (e.g., a head assembly base, etc.), a locking sleeve 341B (e.g., a head assembly locking sleeve, etc.), an inertial sleeve 341C (e.g., a head assembly inertial sleeve, etc.), a locking tube 341D (e.g., a head assembly locking tube, etc.), and / or the like. The static structure of head assembly 340 may comprise base 341A and locking tube 341D. In that regard, the forward end of the static structure may be defined by locking tube 341D and the rearward end of the static structure may be defined by base 341A. The translatable structure of head assembly 340 may comprise locking sleeve 341B and inertial sleeve 341C.

[0123] In various embodiments, head assembly 340 may be asymmetrical. In various embodiments, base 341A, locking sleeve 341B, inertial sleeve 341C, and / or locking tube 341D may be coaxial. One or more openings of base 341A, locking sleeve 341B, inertial sleeve 341C, and / or locking tube 341D may be aligned and / or coaxial.

[0124] In various embodiments, one or more components of head assembly 340 may be static (e.g., fixed position) and one or more components of head assembly 340 may be translatable (e.g., movable position). One or more components of head assembly 340 may be configured to translate (e.g., move) in response to deployment of electrode 330. One or more components of head assembly 340 may be configured to translate (e.g., move) in response to impact of electrode 330 with a target.

[0125] In various embodiments, base 341A may define the second end of head assembly 340. Base 341A may be configured to couple to electrode body 331. Base 341A may be configured to couple to one or more of locking sleeve 341B, inertial sleeve 341C, and / or locking tube 341D. Base 341A may comprise a first base end 342A opposite a second base end 343A.

[0126] First base end 342A may be configured to couple to one or more of locking sleeve 341B, inertial sleeve 341C, and / or locking tube 341D. For example, a radially outer surface of first base end 342A may be coupled to locking sleeve 341B and / or inertial sleeve 341C. A radially inner surface of first base end 342A may be configured to receive and couple to locking tube 341D. First base end 342A may be configured to electrically couple an attachment assembly to head assembly 340, as discussed further herein.

[0127] Second base end 343A may be configured to couple to first end 332 of electrode body 331. In that regard, second base end 343A may be sized and shaped to be inserted into first end 332 of electrode body 331. Second base end 343A may be configured to couple to first end 338 of filament 337. In that regard, and as previously discussed, second base end 343A may define and comprise one or more channels configured to receive a forward winding of first end 338 of filament 337.

[0128] In various embodiments, base 341A may comprise a base opening 344A. Base opening 344A may be defined at first base end 342A. Base opening 344A may extend within base 341A to a location. In that regard, base opening 344A may not extend through all of base 341A. Base opening 344A may be sized and shaped to receive locking tube 341D.

[0129] In various embodiments, locking sleeve 341B may define a middle portion of head assembly 340. Locking sleeve 341B may define a rearward middle portion of head assembly 340. Locking sleeve 341B may be configured to couple to one or more of base 341A and / or inertial sleeve 341C. Locking sleeve 341B may comprise a first locking sleeve end 342B opposite a second locking sleeve end 343B.

[0130] First locking sleeve end 342B may be configured to couple to inertial sleeve 341C. A radially inner surface of first locking sleeve end 342B may be coupled to a radially outer surface of inertial sleeve 341C. An axially forward surface of first locking sleeve end 342B may be coupled to an axially rearward surface of inertial sleeve 341C.

[0131] Second locking sleeve end 343B may be configured to couple to first base end 342A of base 341A. A radially inner surface of second locking sleeve end 343B may be coupled to a radially outer surface of first base end 342A of base 341A. An axially rearward surface of second locking sleeve end 343B may be coupled to an axially forward surface of first base end 342A of base 341.

[0132] In various embodiments, locking sleeve 341B may comprise a locking sleeve opening 344B. Locking sleeve opening 344B may be defined through locking sleeve 341B from first locking sleeve end 342B to second locking sleeve end 343B. Locking sleeve opening 344B may extend through all of locking sleeve 341B. Locking sleeve opening 344B at first locking sleeve end 342B may be sized and shaped to receive inertial sleeve 341C. Locking sleeve opening 344B at second locking sleeve end 343B may be sized and shaped to receive base 341A. Locking tube 341D may be inserted through locking sleeve opening 344B. In that regard, locking sleeve opening 344B may be sized and shaped to receive locking tube 341D.

[0133] In various embodiments, locking sleeve 341B may be configured to decouple from at least one of base 341A or inertial sleeve 341C. Locking sleeve 341B may be configured to decouple from at least one of base 341A or inertial sleeve 341C in response to impact of electrode 330 against a target. Locking sleeve 341B may be configured to decouple from at least one of base 341A or inertial sleeve 341C in response to impact of electrode 330 against tissue of a target. Locking sleeve 341B may be configured to remain coupled to each of base 341A and inertial sleeve 341C in response to impact of electrode 330 against an obstruction (e.g., clothing) of a target.

[0134] For example, responsive to impact of electrode 330 with a target, locking sleeve 341B may decouple from inertial sleeve 341C and remain coupled to base 341A. In that regard, and as discussed further herein, inertial sleeve 341C may be configured to translate in a forward direction away from locking sleeve 341B and base 341A. As a further example, responsive to impact of electrode 330 with a target, locking sleeve 341B may decouple from base 341A and remain coupled to inertial sleeve 341C. In that regard, and as discussed further herein, inertial sleeve 341C and locking sleeve 341B may be configured to translate in a forward direction away from base 341A.

[0135] In various embodiments, locking sleeve 341B may be configured to break (e.g., sever, separate, etc.) in response to impact of electrode 330 against tissue of a target. For example, a force of an impact against tissue of a target may cause a portion of locking sleeve 341B to break. The portion of locking sleeve 341B may comprise a frangible surface. Locking sleeve 341B may be configured to remain intact (e.g., not break) in response to impact of electrode 330 against an obstruction (e.g., clothing) of a target. In that regard, a force of an impact against an obstruction of a target may not cause a portion of locking sleeve 341B to break.

[0136] In response to locking sleeve 341B breaking, first locking sleeve end 342B may remain coupled to inertial sleeve 341C and second locking sleeve end 343B may remain coupled to base 341A. First locking sleeve end 342B may be separated from second locking sleeve end 343B. In that regard, and as discussed further herein, inertial sleeve 341C and first locking sleeve end 342B may be configured to translate in a forward direction away from second locking sleeve end 343B and base 341A.

[0137] In that regard, and in accordance with various embodiments, locking sleeve 341B may be configured to retain inertial sleeve 341C (e.g., disable forward movement) and release inertial sleeve 341C (e.g., enable forward movement) responsive to electrode 330 impacting tissue of a target.

[0138] In various embodiments, inertial sleeve 341C may define a middle portion of head assembly 340. Inertial sleeve 341C may define a forward middle portion of head assembly 340. Inertial sleeve 341C may be configured to couple to locking sleeve 341B. Inertial sleeve 341C may be in slidable (e.g., translatable) contact with an outer surface of locking tube 341D. Inertial sleeve 341C may comprise a first inertial sleeve end 342C opposite a second inertial sleeve end 343C.

[0139] Inertial sleeve 341C may be configured to translate from a first position (e.g., an open position, an inner spear open position, etc.) to a second position (e.g., a locked position, an inner spear locked position, etc.). As discussed previously herein, inertial sleeve 341C may be configured to translate in a forward direction in response to locking sleeve 341B decoupling, breaking, or the like. The second position may be axially forward the first position.

[0140] In the first position, first inertial sleeve end 342C may be distal a forward end of locking tube 341D. Second inertial sleeve end 343C may be proximate (or in contact with) first base end 342A of base 341A. Second inertial sleeve end 343C may be coupled to an inner surface and / or an axially forward surface of locking sleeve 341B.

[0141] In the second position, first inertial sleeve end 342C may be proximate (or in contact with) a forward end of locking tube 341D. Second inertial sleeve end 343C may be distal first base end 342A of base 341A. In some embodiments, second inertial sleeve end 343C may be coupled to an inner surface and / or an axially forward surface of locking sleeve 341B. In some embodiments, second inertial sleeve end 343C may be coupled to first locking sleeve end 342B of locking sleeve 341B. In some embodiments, second inertial sleeve end 343C may be decoupled from locking sleeve 341B.

[0142] In various embodiments, inertial sleeve 341C may comprise an inertial sleeve opening 344C. Inertial sleeve opening 344C may be defined through inertial sleeve 341C from first inertial sleeve end 342C to second inertial sleeve end 343C. Inertial sleeve opening 344C may extend through all of inertial sleeve 341C. Inertial sleeve opening 344C at first inertial sleeve end 342C and at second inertial sleeve end 343C may be sized and shaped to receive inertial sleeve 341C. Locking tube 341D may be inserted through inertial sleeve opening 344C. In that regard, inertial sleeve opening 344C may be sized and shaped to receive locking tube 341D.

[0143] In various embodiments, surfaces of inertial sleeve opening 344C (e.g., inner surfaces of inertial sleeve 341C) may comprise and define an inner ramp 345C. Inner ramp 345C may define surfaces of inertial sleeve opening 344C comprising varying diameters. For example, an inner diameter of inertial sleeve opening 344C may vary from first inertial sleeve end 342C to second inertial sleeve end 343C. An inner diameter of inertial sleeve opening 344C may decrease from first inertial sleeve end 342C to second inertial sleeve end 343C. In that regard, an inner diameter proximate first inertial sleeve end 342C may be greater than an inner diameter proximate second inertial sleeve end 343C.

[0144] In various embodiments, inner ramp 345C may be configured, and sized and shaped, to engage one or more locking elements, as discussed further herein. For example, while inertial sleeve 341C is in the first position, inner ramp 345C may be disengaged with the one or more locking elements. In response to inertial sleeve 341C translating into the second position, inner ramp 345C may engage the one or more locking elements. Engaging the one or more locking elements may cause the locking elements to interfere with forward movement of elements of an attachment assembly, as discussed further herein.

[0145] In various embodiments, locking tube 341D may define the first end of head assembly 340. Locking tube 341D may be configured to couple to one or more of base 341A, locking sleeve 341B, inertial sleeve 341C, and or absorber 360. Locking tube 341D may comprise any suitable shape. Locking tube 341D may comprise a T-shape. Locking tube 341D may comprise a first locking tube end 342D opposite a second locking tube end 343D.

[0146] First locking tube end 342D may be configured to couple to absorber 360. For example, an axially forward surface of first locking tube end 342D may be coupled to an axially rearward surface of absorber 360. In some embodiments, a radially outer surface first locking tube end 342D may be coupled to one or more radially inner surfaces of absorber 360.

[0147] Second locking tube end 343D may be configured to couple to first base end 342A of base 341A. Second locking tube end 343D may be insertable within base opening 344A. In that regard, radially outer surfaces of second locking tube end 343D may be coupled to radially inner surfaces of base opening 344A. Second locking tube end 343D may be in contact with inertial sleeve 341C. Inertial sleeve 341C may be configured to translate over second locking tube end 343D.

[0148] In various embodiments, locking tube 341D may comprise a locking tube opening 344D. Locking tube opening 344D may be defined through locking tube 341D from first locking tube end 342D to second locking tube end 343D. Locking tube opening 344D may extend through all of locking tube 341D. Locking tube opening 344D may be configured, and sized and shaped, to receive an attachment assembly. Locking tube opening 344D may be configured to retain an attachment assembly. Locking tube opening 344D may be configured to retain a first attachment of an attachment assembly. Locking tube opening 344D may be configured to retain an end of a filament leash, as discussed further herein.

[0149] In various embodiments, locking tube 341D may comprise one or more locking apertures 345D. Locking apertures 345D may be defined through locking tube 341D from an outer surface to an inner surface of locking tube 341D. Locking apertures 345D may extend radially through locking tube 341D. Locking apertures 345D may be circumferentially positioned. Locking apertures 345D may be symmetrically positioned.

[0150] Locking apertures 345D may be configured, and sized and shaped, to receive one or more locking elements 345. Locking tube 341D may comprise any suitable number of locking apertures 345D. Locking tube 341D may comprise any suitable number of locking elements 345. For example, locking tube 341D may comprise a number of locking apertures 345D greater than or equal to a number of locking elements 345.

[0151] In various embodiments, a locking element 345 may comprise any suitable structure configured to adjust radially inward in response to translation of inertial sleeve 341C (e.g., translation of inertial sleeve 341C into the second position). A locking element 345 may be inserted in or through a locking aperture 345D to adjust radially inward. For example, a locking element 345 may comprise a ball bearing, as depicted in the FIGs. As a further example, a locking element 345 may comprise a hinge, a protrusion, a tang, a tab, a friction lock, and / or the like. As a further example, a locking element 345 may comprise an O-ring and locking apertures 345D may comprise a circumferential channel.

[0152] In various embodiments, locking tube 341D may comprise an alignment channel 346D. Alignment channel 346D may be defined through locking tube 341D from an outer surface to an inner surface of locking tube 341D. Alignment channel 346D may extend radially through locking tube 341D. Alignment channel 346D may be positioned between first locking tube end 342D and second locking tube end 343D. Alignment channel 346D may be positioned forward locking apertures 345D.

[0153] In various embodiments, alignment channel 346D may be configured to at least partially clock (e.g., position and align) an attachment assembly within locking tube 341D (and head assembly 340). For example, alignment channel 346D may be configured to receive a tang of an attachment of an attachment assembly. Alignment channel 346D may be configured to retain the tang of the attachment within alignment channel 346D. Retaining the tang of the attachment may limit movement of the attachment and at least partially clock the attachment within locking tube 341D.

[0154] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B and continued reference to FIGS. 3A-3D, electrode 330 may comprise an absorber 360 (e.g., a shock absorber, an impact absorber, a hinge absorber, a kickstand absorber, a bumper, etc.). Absorber 360 may be similar to any other absorber disclosed herein. Absorber 360 may be configured to couple to head assembly 340. Absorber 360 may be configured to couple to locking tube 341D of head assembly 340. Absorber 360 may be configured to couple to first locking tube end 342D of locking tube 341D. Absorber 360 may comprise an absorber body 361 having a first absorber end 362 (e.g., a forward absorber end) opposite a second absorber end 363 (e.g., an aft absorber end).

[0155] Absorber 360 may be coupled to head assembly 340 using a mechanical coupling, a chemical coupling, and / or the like. Absorber 360 may couple to head assembly 340 at second absorber end 363. Second absorber end 363 may be coupled to first locking tube end 342D of locking tube 341D. In some embodiments, absorber 360 may be molded over head assembly 340 such as, for example, using an injection molding process.

[0156] In various embodiments, absorber 360 may be coaxial with head assembly 340.

[0157] Absorber 360 may be configured to at least partially absorb (or receive) a force of impact with a target thereby reducing potential tissue or skin damage (e.g., bruising, tearing, etc.) to the target. Absorber 360 may reduce a momentum of electrode 330 after impact with a target, thereby hindering (e.g., preventing) electrode 330 from bouncing off (e.g., deflecting) the target with enough residual force to decouple electrode 330 from a surface (e.g., clothing, tissue, etc.) of the target.

[0158] Absorber 360 may comprise any suitable material. For example, absorber 360 may comprise an electrically non-conductive material. Absorber 360 may comprise a thermoplastic elastomer, a rubber, and / or the like. One or more portions of absorber 360 may be formed of a deformable (e.g., flexible, etc.) material. Upon impact with a target, the deformable material may be configured to elastically (e.g., temporarily, etc.) deform, or plastically (e.g., permanently, etc.) deform. The deformable material may include thermoplastic vulcanizates (e.g., SANTOPRENE), silicone rubbers, polyurethanes, polybutadienes, and other materials configured to deform upon impact with a target. The deformable material may include resilient materials (e.g., materials having high yield strengths and low moduli of elasticity, materials exhibiting spring-like properties, etc.). The deformable material may include elastomeric materials. The deformable material may include soft materials.

[0159] In various embodiments, absorber 360 may comprise a plurality of different structures and / or materials. For example, absorber 360 may comprise a first material configured to at least partially aid in absorbing a force of impact and a second material configured to provide further rigidity and / or structure of absorber 360. The first material may comprise an elastic material configured to deform and / or absorb the force of impact (as previously discussed), while the first material may comprise a more rigid material, such as a plastic (e.g., acrylic or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PETE or PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), etc.). The first material may define an outer portion of absorber 360 to ensure absorber 360 deforms and / or absorbs the force of impact. The second material may define an inner portion of absorber 360 to provide rigidity and structure for absorber 360.

[0160] In various embodiments, absorber 360 may comprise an absorber opening 364. Absorber opening 364 may be defined through absorber body 361 from first absorber end 362 to second absorber end 363. Absorber opening 364 may extend through all of absorber body 361. Absorber opening 364 may be configured, and sized and shaped, to receive an attachment assembly.

[0161] In various embodiments, absorber opening 364 may be in fluid communication with one or more openings of head assembly 340. For example, absorber opening 364 may be in fluid communication with locking tube opening 344D. As a further example, absorber opening 364 may be in fluid communication with base opening 344A, locking sleeve opening 344B, inertial sleeve opening 344C, and / or locking tube opening 344D.

[0162] In various embodiments, absorber opening 364 may be coaxial with one or more openings of head assembly 340. For example, absorber opening 364 may be in coaxial with base opening 344A, locking sleeve opening 344B, inertial sleeve opening 344C, and / or locking tube opening 344D.

[0163] In various embodiments, absorber 360 may be configured to expand (e.g., change shape, deform, etc.) radially outward in response to electrode 330 impacting a target. Absorber 360 may be configured to hinge in response to electrode 330 impacting a target. In that regard, a middle portion of absorber 360 may be configured to expand radially outward while first absorber end 362 and second absorber end 363 remain substantially the same. For example, the middle portion of absorber 360 may be configured to expand from a resting state (e.g., an absorbed resting state) to a hinged state (e.g., an absorber hinged state).

[0164] In the resting state, a diameter of the middle portion of absorber 360 may be similar to a diameter of first absorber end 362 and a diameter of second absorber end 363 (e.g., first absorber end 362 comprises a first diameter; second absorber end 363 comprises a second diameter; the middle portion comprises a third diameter; and the first diameter, the second diameter, and the third diameter are substantially similar).

[0165] In the hinged state, a diameter of the middle portion of absorber 360 may be greater than a diameter of first absorber end 362 and a diameter of second absorber end 363 (e.g., first absorber end 362 comprises a first diameter; second absorber end 363 comprises a second diameter; the middle portion comprises a third diameter; the third diameter is greater than the first diameter and the second diameter; and the first diameter is similar to the second diameter). In the hinged state, absorber body 361 may form a hinge shape, a kickstand shape, a diamond shape, a bowed shape, and / or the like.

[0166] In various embodiments, a distance between first absorber end 362 and second absorber end 363 may vary between the resting state and the hinged state. For example, in the resting state a first distance may separate first absorber end 362 and second absorber end 363. In the hinged state a second distance may separate first absorber end 362 and second absorber end 363. The first distance may be greater than the second distance. In that regard, absorber body 361 may compress axially inward as absorber body 361 expands radially outward.

[0167] In various embodiments, absorber 360 may comprise one or more features, structures, or the like configured to at least partially aid absorber body 361 in expanding radially outward to form a hinge shape.

[0168] For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, absorber 360 may comprise an absorber axial channel 365. Absorber axial channel 365 may be defined between first absorber end 362 and second absorber end 363. Absorber axial channel 365 may be in fluid communication with absorber opening 364. Absorber axial channel 365 may be configured, positioned, and sized and shaped to at least partially aid absorber body 361 in expanding radially outward to form a hinge shape. Absorber axial channel 365 may comprise a channel, a slot, a void, and / or the like. Absorber axial channel 365 may comprise any suitable shape. For example, a shape of absorber axial channel 365 may comprise a V-shape, a U-shape, a C-shape, a square shape, and / or the like.

[0169] In some embodiments, absorber 360 may comprise a plurality of absorber axial channels 365, such as a first absorber axial channel and a second absorber axial channel. The first absorber axial channel and the second absorber axial channel may be equidistantly separated circumferentially. In that regard, the first absorber axial channel and the second absorber axial channel may separate absorber body 361 into two separate radial portions (e.g., a top radial portion and a bottom radial portion). The first absorber axial channel and the second absorber axial channel may be configured, positioned, and sized and shaped to at least partially aid absorber body 361 in expanding radially outward to form a hinge shape. In that regard, the top radial portion may be configured to expand in a first radial direction and the bottom radial portion may be configured to expand in a second radial direction. The first radial direction may be different from the second radial direction.

[0170] As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, absorber 360 may comprise one or more absorber circumferential channels, such as a first absorber circumferential channel 366-1, a second absorber circumferential channel 366-2, a third absorber circumferential channel 366-3, and / or the like (collectively referred to herein as “absorber circumferential channels 366”). Absorber circumferential channels 366 may be in fluid communication with absorber opening 364. Absorber circumferential channels 366 may be configured, positioned, and sized and shaped to at least partially aid absorber body 361 in expanding radially outward to form a hinge shape. Absorber circumferential channels 366 may comprise a channel, a slot, a void, and / or the like. Absorber circumferential channels 366 may comprise any suitable shape. For example, a shape of absorber axial channel 365 may comprise a V-shape, a U-shape, a C-shape, a square shape, and / or the like.

[0171] Each absorber circumferential channel 366 may be axially separated between first absorber end 362 and second absorber end 363. For example, first absorber circumferential channel 366-1 may be positioned proximate first absorber end 362, second absorber circumferential channel 366-2 may be positioned proximate a middle portion of absorber body 361, and third absorber circumferential channel 366-3 may be positioned proximate second absorber end 363. As a further example, each absorber circumferential channel 366 may be separated by a distance. First absorber circumferential channel 366-1 may be separated from second absorber circumferential channel 366-2 by a first distance and second absorber circumferential channel 366-2 may be separated from third absorber circumferential channel 366-3 by a second distance. The first distance may be less than the second distance. In that regard, second absorber circumferential channel 366-2 may be positioned closer to first absorber circumferential channel 366-1 than to third absorber circumferential channel 366-3.

[0172] In various embodiments, absorber body 361 may comprise a plurality of baffles such as a first baffle 367-1, a second baffle 367-2, a third baffle 367-3, and / or the like (collectively referred to herein as “baffles 367”). Baffles 367 may be configured, positioned, and sized and shaped to at least partially aid absorber body 361 in expanding radially outward to form a hinge shape. In that regard, baffles 367 may be configured to provide structure axially across absorber body 361 while also allowing absorber body 361 to flex radially outward responsive to impact of electrode 330 with a target.

[0173] Each baffle 367 may be positioned within a circumferential channel 366. For example, first baffle 367-1 may be positioned within first absorber circumferential channel 366-1, second baffle 367-2 may be positioned within second absorber circumferential channel 366-2, and third baffle 367-3 may be positioned within, a third absorber circumferential channel 366-3. In some embodiments, each baffle 367 may comprise a plurality of structures separated by one or more absorber axial channel 365.

[0174] In various embodiments, each baffle 367 may be radially inward from an outer surface of absorber body 361. In various embodiments, each baffle 367 may be radially outward from an inner surface of absorber body 361,

[0175] In various embodiments, each baffle 367 may comprise any suitable size and shape. For example, a baffle 367 may comprise a Y shape, with the valley of the Y shape open in a radially outward direction As a further example, a baffle 367 may comprise a U shape or a C shape, with the opening of the U shape or the C shape open in a radially outward direction.

[0176] In various embodiments, baffles 367 may be circumferentially offset in different circumferential channels 366. For example, baffles of first baffle 367-1 may be oriented in a first circumferential position, baffles of second baffle 367-2 may be oriented in a second circumferential position, and baffles of third baffle 367-3 may be oriented in a third circumferential position. In some embodiments, at least one of the first circumferential position, the second circumferential position, and the third circumferential position may be different. In some embodiments, all of the first circumferential position, the second circumferential position, and the third circumferential position may be different. In some embodiments, the first circumferential position and the third circumferential position may be similar and the second circumferential position may be different.

[0177] As previously discussed, an electrode may electrically couple to a target by contacting (e.g., piercing, coupling to, etc.) the target’s tissue. For example, the electrode may impact the target and a spear of the electrode may pierce the target’s tissue to electrically couple the electrode to the target’s tissue. In some instances, clothing or other objects on a target may affect the ability of the electrode to directly contact the target’s tissue. For example, thicker clothing may cause electrode to deflect away from the target after impact or fail to directly contact the target’s tissue with the spear. In some instances where direct contact is not achieved, the spear may be proximate the target’s tissue but separated from the target’s tissue by a gap or air, clothing, or the like.

[0178] In some embodiments, a CEW may provide a stimulus signal at a high voltage. The high voltage stimulus signal may ionize the air between the spear and the target’s tissue to electrically couple the electrode to the target. Ionizing the air establishes a low impedance ionization path from the electrode to the target’s tissue that may be used to deliver the stimulus signal into the target’s tissue via the ionization path. However, a CEW may be unable to establish an ionization path for larger separations of air between the spear and the target’s tissue.

[0179] In some embodiments, a CEW may provide a stimulus signal at a low voltage. The low voltage stimulus signal may be unable to establish an ionization path in response to an electrode failing to directly couple to a target’s tissue. In that regard, a CEW providing stimulus signals at only a low voltage may require deployed electrodes to be electrically coupled to the target’s tissue through direct contact.

[0180] In various embodiments, and with continued reference to FIGS. 3A-3D, electrode 330 may comprise an attachment assembly 370 (e.g., a spear assembly, an extending spear assembly, etc.). Attachment assembly 370 may be similar to any other attachment assembly, spear assembly, or the like disclosed herein. Attachment assembly 370 may be configured to couple to absorber 360. Attachment assembly 370 may be configured to couple to head assembly 340. Attachment assembly 370 may comprise an attachment coupled to a forward end of electrode 330.

[0181] Attachment assembly 370 may be configured to extend prior to, during, or after impact of electrode 330 against a target. Attachment assembly 370 may be configured to extend to at least partially decrease a distance (e.g., gap of air) between attachment assembly 370 and a target’s tissue. Decreasing the distance between attachment assembly 370 and the target’s tissue may improve electrical coupling between electrode 330 and the target. Attachment assembly 370 may be configured to extend to pierce the target’s tissue responsive to impact of electrode 330 against the target. In that regard, attachment assembly 370 may be configured to at least partially increase the odds of direct contact with a target’s tissue during a deployment (e.g., compared to a standard electrode spear).

[0182] In various embodiments, attachment assembly 370 may comprise a first spear portion and a second spear portion. The first spear portion may be configured to first impact the target or an obstruction of the target during the deployment. The first spear portion may be similar to any first attachment or the like disclosed herein. The second spear portion may be configured to next impact the target during the deployment. The second spear portion may be similar to any second attachment or the like disclosed herein. The first impact may be before the next impact. For example, the first impact may be with an obstruction (e.g., clothing) of a target. The next impact may be with tissue of the target. As a further example, the first impact may be with an obstruction and tissue of a target. The next impact may be with tissue of the target. As a further example, the first impact may be with an obstruction of a target. The next impact may be with an obstruction and tissue of the target.

[0183] Attachment assembly 370 may be configured to provide a stimulus signal via the first spear portion and / or the second spear portion. Attachment assembly 370 may be configured to provide the stimulus signal based on electrical coupling of the first spear portion and / or the second spear portion with a target. For example, in response to the first spear portion and the second spear portion being electrically coupled to the target, the stimulus signal may be provided via the first spear portion and the second spear portion. As a further example, in response to the first spear portion and the second spear portion being electrically coupled to the target, the stimulus signal may be provided via one of the first spear portion or the second spear portion. As a further example, in response to only the first spear portion being electrically coupled to the target, the stimulus signal may be provided via the first spear portion. As a further example, in response to only the second spear portion being electrically coupled to the target, the stimulus signal may be provided via the second spear portion.

[0184] The first spear portion and the second spear portion may be in electrical series with electrode 330. The first spear portion and the second spear portion may each be electrically coupled to electrode 330. The first spear portion and the second spear portion may be electrically coupled to electrode 330 in parallel. The first spear portion may be electrically coupled to electrode 330 and the second spear portion may be electrically coupled to the first spear portion. The first spear portion may be in electrical series with the second spear portion.

[0185] The first spear portion may be different from the second spear portion. For example, the first spear portion may comprise a first structure of attachment assembly 370 and the second spear portion may comprise a second structure of attachment assembly 370. The first structure and the second structure may comprise independent structures. The first structure and the second structure may comprise a same structure (e.g., a monolithic structure). In that regard, the first structure and the second structure may comprise different and / or distinct portions of the same structure. As a further example, the first spear portion may comprise a first material and the second spear portion may comprise a second material. The first material may be different from the second material. As a further example, the first spear portion may comprise a first physical dimension (e.g., diameter, circumference, length, etc.) and the second spear portion may comprise a second physical dimension. The first physical dimension may be different from the second physical dimension.

[0186] The first spear portion may be located outward from the second spear portion. The second spear portion may be disposed within the first spear portion. A forward end of the first spear portion may extend forward a forward end of the second spear portion. A rearward end of the first spear portion may be located proximate a rearward end of the second spear portion. The first spear portion may be coupled to electrode 330. The second spear portion may be coupled to the first spear portion. The first spear portion may be coaxial with the second spear portion.

[0187] The first spear portion may be stationary (e.g., static, fixed, etc.). For example, the first spear portion may be configured to remain in a fixed position before, during, and after impact of electrode 330 against a target. The first spear portion may remain coupled to electrode 330 before, during, and after impact of electrode 330 against a target. The second spear portion may be translatable (e.g., moveable, extendable, etc.). The second spear portion may be translatable relative to the first spear portion. The second spear portion may be configured to translate in a forward direction. For example, the second spear portion may be configured to change positions during and / or after impact of electrode 330 against a target. In that regard, the second spear portion may be in a first position (e.g., a second spear first position, a second spear resting position, etc.) before impact of electrode 330 against the target. During and / or after impact of electrode 330 against the target, the second spear portion may translate to a second position (e.g., a second spear second position, a second spear deployed position, etc.). The second position may be forward the first position. The second spear portion may be configured to mechanically decouple from electrode 330 and / or the first spear portion to translate into the second position.

[0188] The second spear portion may be configured to translate in response to receiving a force. The force may comprise any suitable type of force imparted to the second spear portion. For example, the force may comprise a mechanical force imparted to the second spear portion via a spring, a piston, and / or any other mechanical translation. As a further example, the force may comprise a fluid force or a chemical force imparted to the second spear portion via a propulsion module, propulsion fluid, primer, powder, and / or the like. As a further example, the force may comprise an inertial force imparted to the second spear portion via electrode 330 and / or the first spear portion. For example, in response to impact of the first spear portion with a target, the first spear portion and / or electrode 330 may at least partially cease or reduce forward movement and translate inertial force to the second spear portion. The inertial force may cause the second spear portion to translate in the forward direction.

[0189] In various embodiments, attachment assembly 370 may comprise a first spear 380 (e.g., outer spear, initial spear, stationary spear, primary spear, etc.) and a second spear 390 (e.g., inner spear, secondary spear, translatable spear, extending spear, inertial spear, etc.).

[0190] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B and continued reference to FIGS. 3A-3D, first spear 380 may comprise a first spear portion of attachment assembly 370. First spear 380 may be similar to any other spear, first spear portion, first attachment, or the like disclosed herein.

[0191] In various embodiments, first spear 380 may comprise any suitable type of spear, needle, hook, barbed coupler, and / or the like. For example, first spear 380 may comprise a hypodermic needle. First spear 380 may comprise a modified hypodermic needle comprising one or more barbed coupling structures. First spear 380 may comprise any suitable shape, such as, for example, a cylindrical shape.

[0192] First spear 380 may comprise a first spear body 381 having a first end 382 (e.g., first spear body first end, first spear body forward end, etc.) opposite a second end 383 (e.g., first spear body second end, first spear body rearward end, etc.). First spear body 381 may comprise an outer surface (e.g., first spear body outer surface) opposite an inner surface (e.g., first spear body inner surface).

[0193] In various embodiments, first spear body 381 may comprise and define a first spear opening 384 (e.g., first spear channel) extending from first end 382 to second end 383. First spear opening 384 may extend through an entirety of first spear body 381. First spear opening 384 may be open at (e.g., in fluid communication with) first end 382 and second end 383. First spear opening 384 may define the inner surface of first spear body 381.

[0194] First spear 380 may be coupled to head assembly 340. First spear 380 may be coupled to head assembly 340 at a first head end of head assembly 340. First end 382 of first spear 380 may be coupled to head assembly 340. For example, first spear 380 may be coupled to locking tube 341D. First spear 380 may be coupled to first locking tube end 342D. First spear 380 may be inserted within locking tube opening 344D. Second end 383 of first spear 380 may be inserted within locking tube opening 344D proximate first locking tube end 342D. Second end 383 of first spear 380 may be positioned forward locking elements 345 within locking tube opening 344D.First spear 380 may remain coupled to head assembly 340 before, during, and after deployment of electrode 330. First spear 380 may remain coupled to head assembly 340 before, during, and after impact of electrode 330 with a target.

[0195] First spear 380 may be coupled to absorber 360. First spear 380 may be inserted within absorber opening 364. First spear 380 may be inserted through absorber opening 364. First spear 380 may remain coupled to and / or inserted through absorber 360 before, during, and after deployment of electrode 330. First spear 380 may remain coupled to and / or inserted through absorber 360 before, during, and after impact of electrode 330 with a target.

[0196] In various embodiments, first spear 380 may comprise an alignment tab 385 (e.g., a first spear alignment tab 385). Alignment tab 385 may comprise a portion of an outer surface (e.g., a tang) of first spear body 381 extending radially outward. Alignment tab 385 may be defined at or proximate second end 383 of first spear 380. Alignment tab 385 may be configured to engage head assembly 340 to clock (e.g., position and align) first spear 380 within head assembly 340. For example, alignment tab 385 may be configured to engage locking tube 341D. Alignment tab 385 may be configured to engage alignment channel 346D of locking tube 341D. Alignment channel 346D may be configured to retain alignment tab 385 within alignment channel 346D. Retaining alignment tab 385 may limit movement of first spear 380 and at least partially clock first spear 380 within locking tube 341D.

[0197] In various embodiments, first spear380 may comprise a locking channel 386 (e.g., a first spear locking channel 386). Locking channel 386 may be defined through first spear body 381 from an outer surface to an inner surface of first spear body 381. Locking channel 386 may extend radially through first spear body 381. Locking channel 386 may be positioned at or proximate first end 382 of first spear 380.

[0198] In various embodiments, locking channel 386 may be configured to at least partially clock (e.g., position and align) second spear 390 within first spear 380. For example, locking channel 386 may be configured to receive a tab of second spear 390. Locking channel 386 may be configured to retain the tab of second spear 390 within locking channel 386. Retaining the tab of second spear 390 may limit movement of second spear 390 and at least partially clock second spear 390 within first spear 380.

[0199] In various embodiments, locking channel 386 may only be configured to receive a tab of second spear 390 in response to second spear 390 impacting tissue of a target. For example, a force of impact with tissue of a target may cause the tab of second spear 390 to bend in a radially downward direction. The radially downward movement may cause the tab of second spear 390 to enter locking channel 386. Receipt of the tab of second spear 390 into locking channel 386 may limit further movement of second spear 390.

[0200] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B and continued reference to FIGS. 3A-3D, second spear 390 may comprise a second spear portion of attachment assembly 370. Second spear 390 may be similar to any other spear, second spear portion, second attachment, or the like disclosed herein.

[0201] In various embodiments, second spear 390 may comprise any suitable type of spear, needle, hook, barbed coupler, and / or the like. For example, second spear 390 may comprise a hypodermic needle. Second spear 390 may comprise a modified hypodermic needle comprising one or more barbed coupling structures. Second spear 390 may comprise any suitable shape, such as, for example, a cylindrical shape. Second spear 390 may be coupled to first spear 380. Second spear 390 may be inserted within first spear 380. Second spear 390 may be inserted within a first end of head assembly 340. Second spear 390 may be inserted within locking tube 341D.

[0202] Second spear 390 may comprise a second spear body 391 having a first end 392 (e.g., second spear body first end, second spear body forward end, etc.) opposite a second end 393 (e.g., second spear body second end, second spear body rearward end, etc.). Second spear body 391 may comprise an outer surface (e.g., second spear body outer surface) opposite an inner surface (e.g., second spear body inner surface).

[0203] In various embodiments, second spear body 391 may define a second spear opening 394 (e.g., second spear channel) extending from first end 392 to second end 393. Second spear opening 394 may be open at (e.g., in fluid communication with) first end 392 and second end 393. Second spear opening 394 may extend through an entirety of second spear body 391. Second spear opening 394 may define the inner surface of second spear body 391.

[0204] In various embodiments, second spear 390 may comprise a front tab 395 (e.g., a second spear front tab). Front tab 395 may be defined at first end 392 of second spear 390. Front tab 395 may comprise a portion of an outer surface of second spear body 391 at first end 392 that extends radially inward. Front tab 395 may extend radially inward into second spear opening 394. Front tab 395 may at least partially obstruct (e.g., occlude, obscure, etc.) second spear opening 394 at first end 392. Front tab 395 may be configured, positioned, and sized and shaped to increase a surface area for contact of second spear 390 against tissue of a target. For example, front tab 395 may be configured positioned, and sized and shaped to increase an amount of force received by second spear 390 in response to impacting tissue of a target.

[0205] In various embodiments, second spear 390 may comprise a front tab opening 396 (e.g., a second spear front tab opening). Front tab opening 396 may be defined through second spear body 391 from an outer surface to an inner surface of second spear body 391. Front tab opening 396 may extend radially through second spear body 391. Front tab opening 396 may be positioned at or proximate first end 392 of second spear 390. Front tab opening 396 may be positioned proximate front tab 395. In some embodiments, front tab opening 396 may be at least partially aligned with locking channel 386 of first spear 380.

[0206] In various embodiments, a force of impact against front tab 395 may cause front tab 395 to move or bend in an axially rearward and / or radially downward direction. The force of impact against front tab 395 may cause front tab 395 to enter front tab opening 396. In embodiments where front tab opening 396 is at least partially aligned with locking channel 386 of first spear 380, the force of impact against front tab 395 may cause front tab 395 to enter front tab opening 396 and locking channel 386 of first spear 380. Receipt of front tab 395 into locking channel 386 may limit further forward movement of second spear 390.

[0207] In various embodiments, second spear 390 may comprise an overpenetration zone 397 (e.g., a second spear overpenetration zone). Overpenetration zone 397 may be configured to at least partially prevent (or reduce a likelihood of) second spear 390 from excessively penetrating tissue of a target. For example, overpenetration may refer to a spear of an electrode coupling to tissue of a target but continuing to travel through the tissue of the target with enough energy to potentially harm tissue of the target. In that regard, overpenetration zone 397 may be configured to allow second spear 390 to couple to tissue of a target, but at least partially prevent (or reduce a likelihood of) second spear 390 from continuing to penetrate tissue of a target after successful coupling. Overpenetration zone 397 may be configured to reduce further forward movement of second spear 390. Overpenetration zone 397 may be configured to stop further forward movement of second spear 390.

[0208] In various embodiments, overpenetration zone 397 may be defined on second spear body 391 between first end 392 and second end 393 of second spear 390. Overpenetration zone 397 may comprise one or more structures (e.g., elements, tabs, grooves, channels, voids, etc.). A structure may be independent. A structure may be dependent (e.g., the structure interacts with a second structure). Structures of overpenetration zone 397 may comprise varying shapes, dimensions, and functionalities. Overpenetration zone 397 may comprise a plurality of zones with each zone comprising a distinct structure.

[0209] For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, overpenetration zone 397 may comprise a plurality of zones including a first zone and a second zone. The first zone may be different from the second zone. The first zone may be proximate first end 392 and the second zone may be proximate second end 393. The first zone may comprise a first structure, the second zone may comprise a second structure, and the first structure may be different from the second structure. In response to receiving a force, the first zone may be configured to deform radially outward to at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction. In response to receiving a force, the second zone may be configured to interact with components of first spear 380 to at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction.

[0210] As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, overpenetration zone 397 may comprise a plurality of zones including a first zone, a second zone, and a third zone. The first zone may be different from the second zone and the third zone. The second zone may be different from the first zone and the third zone. The third zone may be different from the first zone and the second zone. The first zone may share similar attributes with the second zone. The first zone may be proximate first end 392, the third zone may be proximate second end 393, and the second zone may be between the first zone and the third zone.

[0211] The first zone may comprise a first structure, the second zone may comprise a second structure, and the third zone may comprise a third structure. The first structure may be different from the second structure and the third structure. The second structure may be different from the first structure and the third structure. The third structure may be different from the first structure and the second structure. The first structure may share similar attributes with the second structure. The first structure and the second structure may be independent. The third structure may be dependent.

[0212] In response to receiving a force, the first zone may be configured to deform radially outward to at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction. In response to receiving a force, the second zone may be configured to deform radially outward to at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction. Deformation of the second zone may be different from deformation of the first zone. In response to receiving a force, the third zone may be configured to interact with components of first spear 380 to at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction.

[0213] In various embodiments, overpenetration zone 397 may comprise a crumple zone 398-1, a hinge zone 398-2, a locking groove zone 398-3, and / or the like. Crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may be configured to at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction after impact of electrode 330 and / or second spear 390 with tissue of a target. In that regard, crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may be configured to allow second spear 390 to couple to tissue of a target, but at least partially prevent (or reduce a likelihood of) second spear 390 from continuing to penetrate tissue of a target after successful coupling.

[0214] In various embodiments, two or more of crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may be configured to similarly at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction. Two or more of crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may be configured to differently at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction. One or more of crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may comprise an independent structure. One or more of crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may comprise a dependent structure.

[0215] In various embodiments, each of crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may comprise separate zones. In that regard, each of crumple zone 398-1, hinge zone 398-2, and locking groove zone 398-3 may be separated by an outer surface of second spear body 391.

[0216] In various embodiments, crumple zone 398-1 and hinge zone 398-2 may comprise a same zone and locking groove zone 398-3 may comprise a separate zone. In that regard, crumple zone 398-1 and hinge zone 398-2 may be separated by an outer surface of second spear body 391 from locking groove zone 398-3.

[0217] In various embodiments, crumple zone 398-1 may be similar to any overpenetration zone 397 disclosed herein. Crumple zone 398-1 may be similar to any first zone of a plurality of zones disclosed herein. Crumple zone 398-1 may be similar to any first zone of at least three zones disclosed herein. Crumple zone 398-1 may be located proximate first end 392 of second spear 390. Crumple zone 398-1 may be located proximate a middle portion of second spear 390. Crumple zone 398-1 may be located forward hinge zone 398-2 and locking groove zone 398-3.

[0218] In various embodiments, crumple zone 398-1 may define a surface of second spear body 391 configured to deform. For example, crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to deform by expanding radially outward. As a further example, crumple zone 398-1 may expand radially outward while compressing (e.g., contracting) axially inward.

[0219] Crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to hinge to deform. In that regard, a middle portion of crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to expand radially outward while a forward end and a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1 remain substantially the same. For example, the middle portion of crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to expand from a resting state (e.g., crumple zone resting state) to a deformed state (e.g., crumple zone deformed state).

[0220] In the resting state, a diameter of the middle portion of crumple zone 398-1 may be similar to a diameter of a forward end and a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1 (e.g., a forward end of crumple zone 398-1 comprises a first diameter; a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1 comprises a second diameter; the middle portion comprises a third diameter; and the first diameter, the second diameter, and the third diameter are substantially similar).

[0221] In the deformed state, a diameter of the middle portion of crumple zone 398-1 may be greater than a diameter of a forward end and a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1 (e.g., a forward end of crumple zone 398-1 comprises a first diameter; a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1 comprises a second diameter; the middle portion comprises a third diameter; and the third diameter is greater than each of the first diameter and the second diameter). In the deformed state, crumple zone 398-1 may form a hinge shape, a kickstand shape, a diamond shape, a bowed shape, and / or the like.

[0222] In various embodiments, a distance (e.g., axial distance) between a forward end of crumple zone 398-1 and a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1 may vary between the resting state and the deformed state. For example, in the resting state a first distance may separate the forward end of crumple zone 398-1 and the rearward end of crumple zone 398-1. In the deformed state a second distance may separate the forward end of crumple zone 398-1 and the rearward end of crumple zone 398-1. The first distance may be greater than the second distance. In that regard, crumple zone 398-1 may compress (e.g., contract) axially inward as crumple zone 398-1 expands radially outward.

[0223] In various embodiments, crumple zone 398-1 may comprise one or more features, structures, channels, or the like configured to at least partially aid crumple zone 398-1 in deforming. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, crumple zone 398-1 may comprise one or more spiral channels extending axially and circumferentially from a forward end of crumple zone 398-1 to a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1. Each spiral channel may be configured, sized, shaped, and positioned to allow crumple zone 398-1 to compress axially and expand radially outward, as previously discussed.

[0224] Each spiral channel may comprise a channel, a slot, a void, a groove, and / or the like. Each spiral channel may comprise any suitable shape. Each spiral channel may be twisted around an outer surface of second spear body 391 to define crumple zone 398-1. Each spiral channel may be equidistantly separated. Each spiral channel may be in fluid communication with second spear opening 394.

[0225] In various embodiments, a first surface area defining each spiral channel may be greater than a second surface area defining a remaining outer surface of second spear body 391 within crumple zone 398-1.

[0226] In various embodiments, hinge zone 398-2 may be similar to any overpenetration zone 397 disclosed herein. Hinge zone 398-2 may be similar to any first zone of a plurality of zones disclosed herein. Hinge zone 398-2 may be similar to any second zone of at least three zones disclosed herein. Hinge zone 398-2 may be located proximate first end 392 of second spear 390. Hinge zone 398-2 may be located proximate a middle portion of second spear 390. Hinge zone 398-2 may be located rearward crumple zone 398-1 and forward locking groove zone 398-3.

[0227] In various embodiments, hinge zone 398-2 may define a surface of second spear body 391 configured to deform. For example, hinge zone 398-2 may be configured to deform by expanding radially outward. As a further example, hinge zone 398-2 may expand radially outward while compressing (e.g., contracting) axially inward.

[0228] Hinge zone 398-2 may be configured to hinge to deform. In that regard, a middle portion of hinge zone 398-2 may be configured to expand radially outward while a forward end and a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2 remain substantially the same. For example, the middle portion of hinge zone 398-2 may be configured to expand from a resting state (e.g., hinge zone resting state) to a hinged state (e.g., hinged zone hinged state).

[0229] In the resting state, a diameter of the middle portion of hinge zone398-2 may be similar to a diameter of a forward end and a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2 (e.g., a forward end of hinge zone 398-2 comprises a first diameter; a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2 comprises a second diameter; the middle portion comprises a third diameter; and the first diameter, the second diameter, and the third diameter are substantially similar).

[0230] In the hinged state, a diameter of the middle portion of hinge zone 398-2 may be greater than a diameter of a forward end and a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2 (e.g., a forward end of hinge zone 398-2 comprises a first diameter; a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2 comprises a second diameter; the middle portion comprises a third diameter; and the third diameter is greater than each of the first diameter and the second diameter). In the hinged state, hinge zone 398-2 may form a hinge shape, a kickstand shape, a diamond shape, a bowed shape, and / or the like.

[0231] In various embodiments, in the resting state, a diameter of crumple zone 398-1 may be similar to a diameter of hinge zone 398-2 (e.g., crumple zone 398-1 comprises a first diameter; hinge zone 398-2 comprises a second diameter; and the first diameter and the second diameter are substantially similar).

[0232] In various embodiments, in response to crumple zone 398-1 entering the deformed state and hinge zone 398-2 entering the hinged state, a diameter of hinge zone 398-2 may be greater than a diameter of crumple zone 398-1 (e.g., crumple zone 398-1 comprises a first diameter; hinge zone 398-2 comprises a second diameter; and the second diameter is greater than the first diameter).

[0233] In various embodiments, crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to transition from a resting state to a deformed state prior to hinge zone 398-2 transitioning from a resting state to a hinge state. For example, crumple zone 398-1 may translate to the deformed state at a first time after second spear 390 couples to a target, hinge zone 398-2 may translate to the hinged state at a second time after second spear 390 couples to a target, and the first time may be prior to the second time.

[0234] In various embodiments, crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to transition from a resting state to a deformed state at a similar time to hinge zone 398-2 transitioning from a resting state to a hinge state. For example, crumple zone 398-1 may translate to the deformed state at a first time after second spear 390 couples to a target, hinge zone 398-2 may translate to the hinged state at a second time after second spear 390 couples to a target, and the first time may be similar to the second time.

[0235] In various embodiments, a distance (e.g., axial distance) between a forward end of hinge zone 398-2 and a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2 may vary between the resting state and the hinged state. For example, in the resting state a first distance may separate the forward end of hinge zone 398-2 and the rearward end of hinge zone 398-2. In the hinged state a second distance may separate the forward end of hinge zone 398-2 and the rearward end of hinge zone 398-2. The first distance may be greater than the second distance. In that regard, hinge zone 398-2 may compress (e.g., contract) axially inward as hinge zone 398-2 expands radially outward.

[0236] In various embodiments, hinge zone 398-2 may comprise one or more features, structures, channels, or the like configured to at least partially aid hinge zone 398-2 in hinging. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, hinge zone 398-2 may comprise one or more axial channels and one or more circumferential channels. Each axial channel and circumferential channel may be configured, sized, shaped, and positioned to allow hinge zone 398-2 to compress axially and expand radially outward, as previously discussed. Each axial channel and circumferential channel may comprise a channel, a slot, a void, a groove, and / or the like. Each axial channel and circumferential channel may comprise any suitable shape. Each axial channel and circumferential channel may be in fluid communication with second spear opening 394.

[0237] In various embodiments, each axial channel may be equidistantly separated. Each axial channel may be symmetrically positioned circumferentially in hinge zone 398-2.

[0238] In various embodiments, circumferential channels may be asymmetrically positioned axially in hinge zone 398-2. For example, hinge zone 398-2 may comprise a first circumferential channel, a second circumferential channel, and a third circumferential channel. The first circumferential channel may be positioned proximate a forward end of hinge zone 398-2. The third circumferential channel may be positioned proximate a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2. The second circumferential channel may be positioned between the first circumferential channel and the third circumferential channel. The second circumferential channel may be positioned closer to the first circumferential channel than the third circumferential channel (e.g., the second circumferential channel may be proximate the first circumferential channel and distal the third circumferential channel).

[0239] In various embodiments, an arrangement of axial channels and circumferential channels in hinge zone 398-2 may be similar to an arrangement of axial channels and circumferential channels in absorber 360. In that regard, hinge zone 398-2 may be configured to hinge similar to absorber 360, as previously discussed.

[0240] In various embodiments, locking groove zone 398-3 may be similar to any overpenetration zone 397 disclosed herein. Locking groove zone 398-3 may be similar to any second zone of a plurality of zones disclosed herein. Locking groove zone 398-3 may be similar to any third zone of at least three zones disclosed herein. Locking groove zone 398-3 may be located proximate second end 393 of second spear 390. Locking groove zone 398-3 may be located proximate a middle portion of second spear 390. Locking groove zone 398-3 may be located rearward crumple zone 398-1 and hinge zone 398-2.

[0241] In various embodiments, locking groove zone 398-3 may define a surface of second spear body 391 configured to interact with one or more locking elements 345 of head assembly 340. For example, in response to electrode 330 impacting tissue of a target, locking elements 345 may engage (e.g., interact, interface, insert into, etc.) locking groove zone 398-3. Engagement of locking elements 345 with locking groove zone 398-3 may at least partially reduce movement of second spear 390 in a forward direction.

[0242] In various embodiments, locking groove zone 398-3 may comprise one or more features, structures, channels, or the like. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, locking groove zone 398-3 may comprise one or more axial channels extending a forward end of locking groove zone 398-3 to a rearward end of locking groove zone 398-3. Each axial channel may be configured, sized, shaped, and positioned to interact with a locking element 345 of head assembly 340. For example, a locking element 345 of head assembly 340 may be inserted into an axial groove of locking groove zone 398-3.

[0243] Each axial channel may comprise a channel, a slot, a void, a groove, and / or the like. Each axial channel may comprise any suitable shape. Each axial channel may be equidistantly circumferentially separated. Each axial channel may be in fluid communication with second spear opening 394.

[0244] Each axial channel may be positioned to align with a locking element 345 of head assembly 340. For example, in response to second spear 390 being positioned with attachment assembly 370, the one or more axial grooves may be at least partially aligned circumferentially with the one or more locking elements 345 of head assembly 340.

[0245] In various embodiments, and with reference again to FIGS. 3A-4B and 6A-7B, first spear 380 may be different from second spear 390. For example, first spear 380 may comprise a first physical dimension. The first physical dimension may comprise a first length, a first diameter, a first circumference, a first mass, and / or the like. Second spear 390 may comprise a second physical dimension. The second physical dimension may comprise a second length, a second diameter, a second circumference, a second mass, and / or the like. The first physical dimension may be different from the second physical dimension. For example, the first length may be shorter than the second length. The first diameter may be greater than the second diameter. The first circumference may be greater than the second circumference. The first mass may be less than the second mass. As a further example, first spear 380 may comprise a first material. Second spear 390 may comprise a second material. The first material may be different from the second material.

[0246] In various embodiments, first spear 380 may be similar to, or share similar characteristics with, second spear 390. For example, first spear 380 may comprise a first material. Second spear 390 may comprise a second material. The first material may be the same as the second material. As a further example, first spear 380 may comprise a first shape. Second spear 390 may comprise a second shape. The first shape may be similar to the second shape. As a further example, first spear 380 and second spear 390 may each comprise a hypodermic needle.

[0247] In various embodiments, attachment assembly 370 may comprise a core 375. Core 375 may be coupled to second spear 390. Core 375 may be disposed within second spear 390. Core 375 may be disposed within second spear opening 394 of second spear 390. Core 375 may be coupled to an inner surface within second spear opening 394 of second spear 390. Core 375 may be coupled to the inner surface using any suitable mechanical coupling, chemical coupling, and / or the like. For example, second spear body 391 may be deformed radially inward (e.g., inward protrusion, press fit, staked, crimped, etc.) to couple core 375 to the inner surface.

[0248] In various embodiments, core 375 may be configured, and sized and shaped, to increase a mass of second spear 390. Increasing a mass of second spear 390 may cause second spear 390 to translate from the first position to the second position with greater velocity (e.g., upon transfer of inertial force to second spear 390). Core 375 may comprise any material capable of increasing the mass of second spear 390. For example, core 375 may comprise a material different from the material of second spear 390. Core 375 may comprise an electrically non-conductive material. Core 375 may comprise a plastic material. Core 375 may comprise an electrically conductive material. Core 375 may comprise a metallic material, such as tungsten, copper, aluminum, or the like.

[0249] In various embodiments, second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to first spear 380 and / or electrode 330 while in the first position and in the second position. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to first spear 380 and / or electrode 330 by maintaining contact against first spear 380 and / or electrode 330. For example, second spear 390 may be in direct physical contact with first spear 380 while in the first position and the second position. As a further example, second spear 390 may be in indirect contact with first spear 380 while in the first position and the second position.

[0250] In various embodiments, attachment assembly 370 may comprise a leash 377. Leash 377 may be configured to couple second spear 390 to first spear 380 and / or electrode 330. Leash 377 may be configured to electrically couple second spear 390 to first spear 380 and / or electrode 330. Leash 377 may be configured to maintain electrical coupling between second spear 390 and first spear 380 and / or electrode 330 while second spear 390 translates from the first position and the second position. Leash 377 may comprise a first leash end 378 (e.g., a forward leash end) opposite a second leash end 379 (e.g., a rearward leash end).

[0251] First leash end 378 may be coupled to second spear 390. First leash end 378 may be coupled within second spear opening 394 of second spear 390. For example, first leash end 378 may be wound within second spear opening 394. First leash end 378 may be wound around core 375 within second spear opening 394. A deformation coupling of the inner surface of second spear opening 394 to core 375 may couple first leash end 378 to core 375 and / or second spear 390. In various embodiments, leash 377 may be stowed within second spear opening 394 of second spear 390. For example, leash 377 may be wound in a winding (e.g., coils, leash winding, etc.). The winding may be stowed (e.g., stored, disposed, etc.) within second spear opening 394. During transition of second spear 390 from the first position to the second position, second spear 390 may travel in a forward direction. During the forward travel, leash 377 may unravel (e.g., uncoil, unwind, etc.) from the winding to deploy leash 377 aft second end 393 of second spear 390.

[0252] Second leash end 379 may be coupled to first spear 380 and / or head assembly 340. For example, second leash end 379 may extend radially through first spear opening 384 of first spear 380 to couple to an inner surface of head assembly 340. Second leash end 379 may extend into locking tube opening 344D of locking tube 341D. In some embodiments, second leash end 379 may be positioned between an inner surface of locking tube opening 344D of locking tube 341D and an outer surface of first spear body 381.

[0253] In various embodiments, leash 377 may comprise any suitable material. For example, leash 377 may comprise an electrically conductive material configured to enable electrical coupling between second spear 390 and first spear 380 and / or head assembly 340. Leash 377 may comprise a metallic material, such as, for example, stainless steel, tempered high-carbon steel, and / or the like.

[0254] In various embodiments, leash 377 and filament 337 may comprise a similar or same material. For example, filament 337 may comprise a first material and leash 377 may comprise a second material. The first material may be similar to or the same as the second material.

[0255] In various embodiments, leash 377 and filament 337 may comprise a different material. For example, filament 337 may comprise a first material and leash 377 may comprise a second material. The first material may be different than the second material.

[0256] In various embodiments, leash 377 and filament 337 may comprise different physical dimensions. For example, filament 337 may comprise a first length and leash 377 may comprise a second length. The first length may be greater than the second length. The first length may be double the second length. The first length may be triple the second length. The first length may be quadruple the second length. The first length may be quintuple the second length. The first length may be sextuple the second length.

[0257] In various embodiments, second spear 390 may be configured to translate from a first position (e.g., resting position) to a second position (e.g., extended position). Second spear 390 may be configured to translate from the first position to the second position responsive to impact of electrode 330 and / or first spear 380 with a target. For example, impact of electrode 330 and / or first spear 380 with the target may cause an inertial force to be translated to second spear 390. The inertial force may cause spear 390 to translate from the first position to the second position. Second spear 390 may be configured to translate forward from the first position to the second position during and / or in response to an impact of electrode 330 with a target. Second spear 390 may be configured to at least partially translate forward first spear 380 into the second position.

[0258] With specific reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, second spear 390 is depicted in the first position. In the first position, second spear 390 may be disposed within first spear 380 and head assembly 340. Second spear 390 may be disposed within first spear opening 384 of first spear 380. First end 392 of second spear 390 may be positioned rearward first end 382 of first spear 380. Second end 393 of second spear 390 may be positioned rearward second end 383 of first spear 380. First end 392 of second spear 390 may be positioned forward locking elements 345. Second end 393 of second spear 390 may be positioned rearward locking elements 345. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to electrode 330. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to first spear 380. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to head assembly 340.

[0259] In various embodiments, an activation of a CEW may launch electrode 330 toward a target. Prior to the launch of the electrode, the filament winding may be stowed within electrode body 331 and the leash winding may be stowed within attachment assembly 370. Subsequent to the launch of electrode 330 (e.g., while electrode 330 is in flight towards the target), the filament winding may unwind from electrode 330 to maintain electrical coupling between electrode 330 and the CEW. The leash winding may remain stowed within attachment assembly 370.

[0260] With specific reference to FIGS. 3C and 3D, second spear 390 is depicted in the second position. In the second position, second spear 390 may be translated forward relative to the first position. Second spear 390 may translate forward responsive to impact of electrode 330 with tissue of a target. Depending on a distance second spear 390 has translated forward, at least a portion of second spear 390 may still be disposed within first spear 380. Depending on a distance second spear 390 has translated forward, at least a portion of second spear 390 may be disposed forward first spear 380. Depending on a distance second spear 390 has translated forward, an entirety of second spear 390 may be disposed forward first spear 380. First end 392 of second spear 390 may be positioned forward first end 382 of first spear 380. First end 392 of second spear 390 may be positioned forward locking element 345. Depending on a distance second spear 390 has translated forward, second end 393 of second spear 390 may be rearward second end 383 of first spear 380. Depending on a distance second spear 390 has translated forward, second end 393 of second spear 390 may be forward second end 383 of first spear 380. Depending on a distance second spear 390 has translated forward, second end 393 of second spear 390 may be rearward locking element 345. Depending on a distance second spear 390 has translated forward, second end 393 of second spear 390 may be forward locking element 345. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to electrode 330. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to first spear 380. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to head assembly 340. The leash winding may unwind from second spear 390 to maintain electrical coupling between second spear 390 and electrode 330.

[0261] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 8A, an electrode 330 is depicted prior to impact with a target 805 (e.g., tissue of a target). For example, electrode 330 may be positioned with a cartridge, a magazine, and / or a like. As a further example, electrode 330 may be launched towards target 805 and may be in flight prior to impact with target 805. Inertial sleeve 341C may be in an inertial sleeve first position. Locking sleeve 341B may be coupled to inertial sleeve 341C and base 341A. Absorber 360 may be in an absorber resting state. Second spear 390 may be in the second spear first position.

[0262] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 8B, electrode 330 is depicted during or after impact with target 805 (e.g., tissue of the target). A force of impact with target 805 (e.g., a tissue force of impact) may impart a force to electrode 330. The imparted force may comprise an inertial force. The imparted force may be greater in response to electrode 330 impacting tissue of target 805 (e.g., a tissue force of impact) compared to impacting an obstruction (e.g., clothing) of target 805 (e.g., an obstruction force of impact). The imparted force may be distributed (e.g., provided, imparted, etc.) to one or more components of electrode 330.

[0263] For example, a force of impact may be imparted to absorber 360. The force may cause absorber 360 to expand (e.g., transition) from the absorber resting state to an absorber hinged state. In the absorber hinged state, a middle portion of absorber 360 may be bowed radially outward. A diameter of the middle portion of absorber 360 may be greater in the absorber hinged state than in the absorber resting state. A distance measured between a forward end and a rearward end of absorber 360 may be greater in the absorber resting state than in the absorber hinged state.

[0264] For example, a force of impact may be imparted to attachment assembly 370. The force may cause second spear 390 to translate from the second spear first position to a second spear second position. The second spear second position may be forward the second spear first position. Translation of second spear 390 may cause a leash of second spear 390 to begin to unwind. Translation of second spear 390 may cause second spear 390 to move forward first spear 380.

[0265] For example, a force of impact may be imparted to head assembly 340. The force may cause inertial sleeve 341C to translate from the inertial sleeve first position to an inertial sleeve second position. The inertial sleeve second position may be forward the inertial sleeve first position. The force may cause locking sleeve 341B to release inertial sleeve 341C. Releasing inertial sleeve 341C may allow inertial sleeve 341C to translate into the inertial sleeve second position. In some embodiments, the force may cause locking sleeve 341B to decouple from inertial sleeve 341C to release inertial sleeve 341C. In some embodiments, the force may cause locking sleeve 341B to decouple from base 341A to release inertial sleeve 341C. In some embodiments, the force may cause locking sleeve 341B to break between a first end and a second end of locking sleeve 341B to release inertial sleeve 341C.

[0266] In the inertial sleeve second position, inner surfaces (e.g., inner ramps) of inertial sleeve 341C may contact and engage one or more locking elements 345. Engaging locking elements 345 may cause locking elements 345 to move radially inward. The radially inward movement of locking elements 345 may cause locking elements 345 to engage second spear 390. Engagement of locking elements 345 with second spear 390 may at least partially limit further forward movement of second spear 390. For example, locking elements 345 may engage an outer surface of second spear 390. Locking elements 345 may engage an overpenetration zone of second spear 390. Locking elements 345 may engage a locking groove zone of second spear 390. For example, locking elements 345 may be inserted into one or more grooves of the locking groove zone of second spear 390.

[0267] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 9A, electrode 330 may be launched towards a target 905. Electrode 330 (e.g., attachment assembly 370 and absorber 360) may first contact an obstruction 906 (e.g., clothing) of a target. A gap may separate obstruction 906 from tissue of target 905. Attachment assembly 370 may initially be unable to couple to tissue of target 905 due to the gap. First spear 380 may be unable to contact and couple to tissue of target 905 due to the gap.

[0268] Electrode 330 may receive a force of impact (e.g., an obstruction force of impact) in response to contacting obstruction 906. The force of impact in response to contacting obstruction 906 may be less than a force of impact (e.g., a tissue force of impact) received in response to contacting tissue of target 905. The imparted obstruction force of impact may comprise an inertial force. The imparted obstruction force of impact may be distributed (e.g., provided, imparted, etc.) to one or more components of electrode 330.

[0269] For example, the obstruction force of impact may be imparted to absorber 360. The obstruction force of impact may not be a force strong enough to cause absorber 360 to expand (e.g., transition) from an absorber resting state to an absorber hinged state. In that regard, in response to receiving the obstruction force of impact absorber 360 may remain in the absorber resting state. In some embodiments, the obstruction force of impact may cause absorber 360 to bow into a state between the absorber resting state and the absorber hinged state (e.g., slightly bow).

[0270] For example, the obstruction force of impact may be imparted to attachment assembly 370. The obstruction force of impact may cause second spear 390 to translate from a second spear first position to a second spear second position. The second spear second position may be forward the second spear first position. Translation of second spear 390 may cause leash 377 of second spear 390 to begin to unwind. Translation of second spear 390 may cause second spear 390 to move forward first spear 380. Translation of second spear 390 may cause second spear 390 to enter and close the gap between obstruction 906 and tissue of target 905.

[0271] For example, the obstruction force of impact may be imparted to head assembly 340. The obstruction force of impact may not be a force strong enough to cause inertial sleeve 341C to translate from the inertial sleeve first position to an inertial sleeve second position. In that regard, in response to receiving the obstruction force of impact inertial sleeve 341C may remain in the inertial sleeve first position. Locking sleeve 341B may remain coupled to inertial sleeve 341C and base 341A. Locking elements 345 may remain non-engaged with second spear 390. Non-engagement of locking elements 345 with second spear 390 may allow second spear 390 to continue to translate in a forward direction.

[0272] In various embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 9B, second spear 390 may impact tissue of target 905. First spear 380 may remain coupled to (or decouple from) obstruction 906. Second spear 390 and leash 377 may span the gap between obstruction 906 and tissue of target 905. Second spear 390 may be electrically coupled to electrode 330 via leash 377.

[0273] Second spear 390 may receive a force of impact (e.g., a tissue force of impact) in response to contacting tissue of target 905. The force of impact in response to contacting tissue of target 905 may be greater than a force of impact (e.g., an obstruction force of impact) received in response to contacting obstruction 906. The imparted tissue force of impact may comprise an inertial force. The imparted tissue force of impact may be distributed (e.g., provided, imparted, etc.) to one or more components or surfaces of second spear 390.

[0274] For example, the tissue force of impact may be imparted to front tab 395 of second spear 390. Front tab 395 may be configured to increase a surface area of impact to increase an amount of force transferred to one or more other components of second spear 390.

[0275] For example, the tissue force of impact may be imparted to overpenetration zone 397 of second spear 390. The tissue force of impact may cause overpenetration zone 397 to deform. The tissue force of impact may cause overpenetration zone 397 to expand. The tissue force of impact may cause overpenetration zone 397 to expand radially outward. The tissue force of impact may cause overpenetration zone 397 to compress axially inward. Deformation of overpenetration zone 397 may be configured to reduce further forward movement of second spear 390. Deformation of overpenetration zone 397 may be configured to stop further forward movement of second spear 390. For example, the deformation of overpenetration zone 397 may impact a surface of target 905 to at least partially prevent second spear 390 from translating further into tissue of target 905.

[0276] As a further example, the tissue force of impact may be imparted to a first zone of a plurality of zone of overpenetration zone 397. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone to deform. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone to expand. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone to expand radially outward. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone to compress axially inward. Deformation of the first zone may be configured to reduce further forward movement of second spear 390. Deformation of the first zone may be configured to stop further forward movement of second spear 390. For example, the deformation of the first zone may impact a surface of target 905 to at least partially prevent second spear 390 from translating further into tissue of target 905.

[0277] As a further example, the tissue force of impact may be imparted to a first zone and a second zone of at least three zones of overpenetration zone 397. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone and the second zone to deform. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone and the second zone to expand. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone and the second zone to expand radially outward. The tissue force of impact may cause the first zone and the second zone to compress axially inward. Deformation of the first zone and the second zone may be configured to reduce further forward movement of second spear 390. Deformation of the first zone and the second zone may be configured to stop further forward movement of second spear 390. For example, the deformation of the first zone and / or the second zone may impact a surface of target 905 to at least partially prevent second spear 390 from translating further into tissue of target 905.

[0278] The first zone may deform differently than the second zone. For example, the first zone may deform to a first dimension, the second zone may deform to a second dimension, and the first dimension may be different from the second dimension. The first zone may deform to a first circumference, the second zone may deform to a second circumference, and the first circumference may be different from the second circumference. The second circumference may be greater than the first circumference. The first zone may deform to a first shape, the second zone may deform to a second shape, and the first shape may be different from the second shape.

[0279] As a further example, the tissue force of impact may be imparted to crumple zone 398-1. The tissue force of impact may cause crumple zone 398-1 to expand (e.g., transition, deform, etc.) from a resting state (e.g., crumple zone resting state) to a deformed state (e.g., crumple zone deformed state). In the crumple zone deformed state, a middle portion of crumple zone 398-1 may be bowed radially outward. A diameter of the middle portion of crumple zone 398-1 may be greater in the crumple zone deformed state than in the crumple zone resting state. A distance measured between a forward end and a rearward end of crumple zone 398-1 may be greater in the crumple zone resting state than in the crumple zone hinged state. In the crumple zone deformed state, crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to reduce further forward movement of second spear 390. In the crumple zone deformed state, crumple zone 398-1 may be configured to stop further forward movement of second spear 390. For example, the deformation of crumple zone 398-1 in the crumple zone deformed state may impact a surface of target 905 to at least partially prevent second spear 390 from translating further into tissue of target 905.

[0280] As a further example, the tissue force of impact may be imparted to hinge zone 398-2. The tissue force of impact may cause hinge zone 398-2 to expand (e.g., transition, deform, etc.) from a resting state (e.g., hinge zone resting state) to a deformed state (e.g., hinge zone deformed state). In the hinge zone deformed state, a middle portion of hinge zone 398-2 may be bowed radially outward. A diameter of the middle portion of hinge zone 398-2 may be greater in the hinge zone deformed state than in the hinge zone resting state. A distance measured between a forward end and a rearward end of hinge zone 398-2 may be greater in the hinge zone resting state than in the hinge zone hinged state. In the hinge zone deformed state, hinge zone 398-2 may be configured to reduce further forward movement of second spear 390. In the hinge zone deformed state, hinge zone 398-2 may be configured to stop further forward movement of second spear 390. For example, the deformation of hinge zone 398-2 in the hinge zone deformed state may impact a surface of target 905 to at least partially prevent second spear 390 from translating further into tissue of target 905.

[0281] In various embodiments, an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body. The electrode may comprise an attachment assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a first spear coupled to the head assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear. The attachment assembly may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the attachment assembly impacting a tissue of a target.

[0282] In various embodiments, the second spear may be disposed within the first spear prior to movement of the second spear in the forward direction. In response to the attachment assembly impacting the target, the second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction. In response to the attachment assembly impacting an obstruction of the target, the attachment assembly may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The head assembly may be configured to engage the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The head assembly may comprise a locking element configured to engage a surface of the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The second spear may be configured to deform to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The electrode may further comprise an absorber coupled to the head assembly, and the absorber may be configured to deform similar to the second spear. A first impact with the target may comprise impacting an obstruction of the target, a next impact with the target may comprise impacting the tissue of the target, in response to the first impact the attachment assembly may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction, and in response to the next impact the attachment assembly may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

[0283] In various embodiments, a cartridge is disclosed. The cartridge may comprise a cartridge body. The cartridge may comprise an electrode configured to deploy from the cartridge body. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body. The electrode may comprise an attachment assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a first spear coupled to the head assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear. The attachment assembly may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the attachment assembly impacting a tissue of a target.

[0284] In various embodiments, the second spear may be disposed within the first spear prior to movement of the second spear in the forward direction. In response to the attachment assembly impacting the target, the second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction. In response to the attachment assembly impacting an obstruction of the target, the attachment assembly may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The head assembly may be configured to engage the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The second spear may be configured to deform to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. A first impact with the target may comprise impacting an obstruction of the target, a next impact with the target may comprise impacting the tissue of the target, in response to the first impact the attachment assembly may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction, and in response to the next impact the attachment assembly may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

[0285] In various embodiments, a method is disclosed. The method may comprise one or more steps (e.g., operations). The method may comprise steps of launching an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode comprises an attachment assembly, and wherein the attachment assembly comprises a first spear and a second spear; impacting, by the attachment assembly, the target; translating, in response to the impacting, the second spear in a forward direction from the first spear; and limiting, in response to the attachment assembly impacting a tissue of the target, a further movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

[0286] In various embodiments, the method may further comprise a step of allowing, in response to the attachment assembly impacting an obstruction of the target, a further movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The limiting the further movement may comprise a step of engaging, by a head assembly of electrode, a surface of the second spear. The limiting the further movement may comprise a step of deforming a surface of the second spear.

[0287] In various embodiments, an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body. The electrode may comprise an attachment assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a first spear coupled to the head assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear in response to the electrode impacting the target. The head assembly may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to receiving a force after impact of the electrode with a tissue of a target.

[0288] In various embodiments, the second spear may be disposed within the first spear prior to translation of the second spear in the forward direction. In response to the impact of the electrode with the target, the second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction. The head assembly may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to receiving an other force after impact of the electrode with an obstruction of the target. The obstruction may comprise clothing of the target. The obstruction may create a gap between the obstruction and the tissue of the target. The head assembly may be configured to engage the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The head assembly may comprise a locking element configured to engage a surface of the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The head assembly may comprise a locking element configured to engage a surface of the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The head assembly may comprise an inertial sleeve configured to translate in the forward direction in response to receiving the force, and translation of the inertial sleeve may cause the locking element to move radially inward to engage the surface of the second spear. The second spear may comprise a locking groove zone configured to receive the locking element. The locking element may comprise a ball bearing.

[0289] In various embodiments, a cartridge is disclosed. The cartridge may comprise a cartridge body. The cartridge may comprise an electrode configured to deploy from the cartridge body. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body. The electrode may comprise an attachment assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a first spear coupled to the head assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear in response to the electrode impacting the target. The head assembly may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to receiving a force after impact of the electrode with a tissue of a target.

[0290] In various embodiments the second spear may be disposed within the first spear prior to translation of the second spear in the forward direction, and the second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction in response to the force. The head assembly may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to receiving an other force after impact of the electrode with an obstruction of the target. The head assembly may comprise a locking element configured to engage a surface of the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The locking element may comprise a ball bearing, and wherein the second spear comprises a locking groove zone configured to receive the ball bearing.

[0291] In various embodiments, a method is disclosed. The method may comprise one or more steps (e.g., operations). The method may comprise steps of launching an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode comprises a head assembly, wherein the electrode comprises an attachment assembly, and wherein the attachment assembly comprises a first spear and a second spear; impacting, by the electrode, the target; translating, in response to the impacting, the second spear in a forward direction from the first spear; and limiting, by the head assembly and in response to the electrode impacting a tissue of the target, a further movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

[0292] In various embodiments, the method may further comprise a step of allowing, in response to the electrode impacting an obstruction of the target, a further movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The limiting the further movement may comprise a step of engaging, by the head assembly, a surface of the second spear.

[0293] In various embodiments, an attachment assembly for an electrode of a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The attachment assembly may comprise a first spear. The attachment assembly may comprise a second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear. The second spear may comprise an overpenetration zone. The overpenetration zone may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the second spear impacting a tissue of a target.

[0294] In various embodiments, the second spear may be disposed within the first spear prior to translation of the second spear in the forward direction, and the second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction in response to the second spear impacting the target. The overpenetration zone may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the second spear impacting an obstruction of the target. The obstruction may comprise clothing of the target. The overpenetration zone may be configured to deform to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The overpenetration zone may be configured to expand radially outward to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The overpenetration zone may be configured to compress axially inward while expanding radially outward. The overpenetration zone may comprise a plurality of zones, and each zone of the plurality of zones may define a discrete surface of the second spear. A first zone of the plurality of zones may be configured to deform to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction, and a second zone of the plurality of zones may be configured to engage a head assembly of the electrode to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. A first zone of the plurality of zones may be configured to deform to a first circumference to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction, and a second zone of the plurality of zones may be configured to deform to a second circumference to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The second circumference may be greater than the first circumference. A third zone of the plurality of zones may be configured to engage a head assembly of the electrode to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. The second spear may comprise a front tab extending radially inward from a forward end of the second spear.

[0295] In various embodiments, an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body. The electrode may comprise an attachment assembly. The attachment assembly may comprise a first spear. The attachment assembly may comprise a second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear. The second spear may comprise an overpenetration zone. The overpenetration zone may be configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the electrode impacting a tissue of a target.

[0296] In various embodiments, the second spear may be disposed within the first spear prior to translation of the second spear in the forward direction, and the second spear may be configured to translate in a forward direction in response to the electrode impacting the target. The overpenetration zone may be configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the electrode impacting an obstruction of the target. The overpenetration zone may be configured to expand radially outward and compress axially inward in response to the second spear impacting the tissue of the target. The overpenetration zone may comprise a first zone configured to deform to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction, and the overpenetration zone may comprise a second zone configured to engage the head assembly to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction. In response to the electrode impacting the tissue of the target, the second zone may be configured to engage the head assembly at a first time, the first zone may be configured to deform at a second time, and the first time may be prior to the second time.

[0297] In various embodiments, a method is disclosed. The method may comprise one or more steps (e.g., operations). The method may comprise steps of launching an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode comprises an attachment assembly, and wherein the attachment assembly comprises a first spear and a second spear; impacting, by the electrode, the target; translating, in response to the impacting, the second spear in a forward direction from the first spear; and deforming, in response to the second spear impacting a tissue of the target, an overpenetration zone of the second spear to limit a further movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

[0298] In various embodiments, an absorber for a projectile is disclosed. The absorber may comprise a rearward end configured to couple to a head assembly of an electrode. The absorber may comprise a forward end opposite the rearward end. The absorber may comprise a middle portion defined between the rearward end and the forward end. The middle portion may be configured to expand from a resting state to a hinged state in response to the forward end impacting a target. In the hinged state the middle portion may be radially outward from the forward end and the rearward end.

[0299] In various embodiments, the forward end may comprise a first diameter, the second end may comprise a second diameter, and the middle portion may comprise a third diameter, and in the resting state the first diameter, the second diameter, and the third diameter may be similar. The forward end may comprise a first diameter, the second end may comprise a second diameter, and the middle portion may comprise a third diameter, and in the hinged state the second diameter may be greater than each of the first diameter and the second diameter. In the resting state a first distance may be defined between the forward end and the rearward end, in the hinged state a second distance may be defined between the forward end and the rearward end, and the first distance may be greater than the second distance. The middle portion may be configured to expand radially outward and compress axially inward in response to transitioning from the resting state to the hinged state. The absorber may further comprise an absorber opening defined from the forward end to the rearward end. The absorber may further comprise an axial channel defined between the forward end and the rearward end, and the axial channel may be in fluid communication with the absorber opening. The absorber may further comprise a circumferential channel defined between the forward end and the rearward end, and the circumferential channel may be in fluid communication with the absorber opening. The absorber may further comprise a baffle positioned within the circumferential channel. A body defined between the forward end and the rearward end may be asymmetrical.

[0300] In various embodiments an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body. The electrode may comprise an absorber coupled to the head assembly. The absorber may comprise a rearward end configured to couple to the head assembly. The absorber may comprise a forward end opposite the rearward end. The absorber may comprise a middle portion defined between the rearward end and the forward end. The middle portion may be configured to expand from a resting state to a hinged state in response to the forward end impacting a target. In the hinged state the middle portion may be radially outward from the forward end and the rearward end.

[0301] In various embodiments, in the resting state the absorber may be configured to form a cylindrical shape. In the hinged state the absorber may be configured to form a diamond shape or a kickstand shape. In the hinged state the absorber may be configured to form a bowed shape. In the hinged state the absorber may be configured to expand radially outward and compress axially inward. The absorber may further comprise an axial channel and a circumferential channel, and the axial channel may be in fluid communication with the circumferential channel. The absorber may further comprise a baffle positioned within the circumferential channel. The baffle may be radially inward from an outer surface of the absorber. The circumferential channel may comprise a plurality of channels positioned between the forward end and the rearward end, and the plurality of channels may be asymmetrically arranged.

[0302] In various embodiments, a method is disclosed. The method may comprise one or more steps (e.g., operations). The method may comprise steps of launching an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode comprises an absorber defining a forward surface of the electrode; impacting, by the absorber, the target; and deforming, in response to the impacting, a middle portion of the absorber from a resting state to a hinged state, wherein the middle portion is defined between a forward end and a rearward end of the absorber, and wherein in the hinged state the middle portion is radially outward from the forward end and the rearward end.

[0303] In various embodiments, a head assembly for a projectile is disclosed. The head assembly may comprise a static structure defining a forward end and a rearward end of the head assembly. The forward end of the static structure may be configured to couple to an attachment assembly. The rearward end of the static structure may be configured to couple to a projectile body. The head assembly may comprise a translatable structure defined between the forward end and the rearward end of the static structure. The translatable structure may be configured to translate in a forward direction from a first position to a second position in response to the head assembly receiving a tissue force of impact.

[0304] In various embodiments, the translatable structure may be configured to remain in the first position in response to the head assembly receiving an obstruction force of impact, and the tissue force of impact may comprise a greater force than the obstruction force of impact. The static structure and the translatable structure may be coaxial. In the second position the translatable structure may be configured to engage the attachment assembly. In the second position the translatable structure may be configured to engage the attachment assembly to limit forward movement of the attachment assembly. The forward end of the static structure may define a locking tube, the rearward end of the static structure may define a base, and the locking tube may extend from the forward end to the rearward end. The translatable structure may comprise an inertial sleeve, and the inertial sleeve may be positioned radially outward from a middle portion of the locking tube. In the first position the inertial sleeve may be distal a front end of the locking tube, and in the second position the inertial sleeve may be proximate the front end of the locking tube. The translatable structure may comprise a locking sleeve, and the locking sleeve may be coupled to the base and the inertial sleeve. The locking sleeve may be configured to release the inertial sleeve in response to the head assembly receiving the tissue force of impact.

[0305] In various embodiments, an electrode for a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise an attachment assembly. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to the electrode body and the attachment assembly. The head assembly may comprise a static structure defining a forward end and a rearward end of the head assembly. The forward end of the static structure may be configured to couple to the attachment assembly. The rearward end of the static structure may be configured to couple to the electrode body. The head assembly may comprise a translatable structure defined between the forward end and the rearward end of the static structure. The translatable structure may be configured to translate in a forward direction from a first position to a second position in response to the head assembly receiving a tissue force of impact.

[0306] In various embodiments, the translatable structure may be configured to remain in the first position in response to the head assembly receiving an obstruction force of impact, and the tissue force of impact may comprise a greater force than the obstruction force of impact. In the second position the translatable structure may be configured to engage the attachment assembly to limit forward movement of the attachment assembly. The forward end of the static structure may define a locking tube, the rearward end of the static structure may define a base, and the locking tube may extend from the forward end to the rearward end. The translatable structure may comprise an inertial sleeve and a locking sleeve, and the locking sleeve may be coupled to the base and the inertial sleeve. The locking sleeve may be configured to release the inertial sleeve in response to the head assembly receiving the tissue force of impact. The locking sleeve may be configured to at least one of decouple from the base or decouple from the inertial sleeve to release the inertial sleeve. The locking sleeve may be configured to break to release the inertial sleeve. The head assembly may further comprise a locking element positioned proximate the locking tube, and in the second position the inertial sleeve may be configured to engage the locking element.

[0307] In various embodiments, a method is disclosed. The method may comprise one or more steps (e.g., operations). The method may comprise steps of launching an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode comprises a head assembly comprising a static structure and a translatable structure; impacting the target, wherein impacting the target imparts a force of impact to the head assembly; and translating, in response to the force of impact, the translatable structure in a forward direction from a first position to a second position.

[0308] In various embodiments, a spear for an electrode of a conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The spear may comprise a cylindrical body comprising a first end opposite a second end. The first end may be configured to penetrate a target. The spear may comprise an opening defined through the cylindrical body from the first end to the second end. The spear may comprise a front tab positioned proximate the first end. The front tab may extend radially inward into the opening.

[0309] In various embodiments, the front tab may at least partially obstruct the opening at the first end. The front tab may be sized and shaped to increase a surface area for contact. The front tab may be configured to increase an amount of force received by the spear in response to first end impacting the target. The front tab may be configured to bend axially rearward in response to receiving a force of impact. The spear may further comprise a front tab opening defined at the first end, and the front tab opening may be in fluid communication with the opening. The front tab may be configured to bend axially rearward in response to receiving a force of impact. The front tab may be configured to enter the front tab opening in response to receiving a force of impact. The front tab may comprise a surface of the cylindrical body. The spear may further comprise an outer spear surrounding the cylindrical body, and the cylindrical body may be configured to deploy in a forward direction from the outer spear.

[0310] In various embodiments, an electrode for conducted electrical weapon is disclosed. The electrode may comprise an electrode body. The electrode may comprise a head assembly coupled to the electrode body. The electrode may comprise a spear coupled to the head assembly. The spear may comprise a cylindrical body comprising a first end opposite a second end. The first end may be configured to penetrate a target. The spear may comprise an opening defined through the cylindrical body from the first end to the second end. The spear may comprise a front tab positioned proximate the first end. The front tab may extend radially inward into the opening.

[0311] In various embodiments, the front tab may at least partially obstruct the opening at the first end. The front tab may be sized and shaped to increase a surface area for contact. The front tab may be configured to increase an amount of force received by the spear in response to first end impacting the target. The front tab may be configured to bend axially rearward in response to receiving a force of impact. The spear may further comprise a front tab opening defined at the first end, and the front tab opening may be in fluid communication with the opening. The front tab may be configured to bend axially rearward in response to receiving a force of impact. The front tab may be configured to enter the front tab opening in response to receiving a force of impact. The front tab may comprise a surface of the cylindrical body. The electrode may further comprise an outer spear coupled to the head assembly, the outer spear may surround the spear, and the spear may be configured to deploy in a forward direction from the outer spear.

[0312] Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described herein with regard to specific embodiments. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and / or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of the disclosures. The scope of the disclosure is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims and their legal equivalents, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B, and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C.

[0313] Systems, methods, and apparatus are provided herein. In the detailed description herein, references to “various embodiments,”“one embodiment,”“an embodiment,”“an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises,”“comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

Claims

1. An electrode for a conducted electrical weapon, the electrode comprising:an electrode body;a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body; andan attachment assembly comprising:a first spear coupled to the head assembly; anda second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear, wherein the attachment assembly is configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the attachment assembly impacting a tissue of a target.

2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second spear is disposed within the first spear prior to movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

3. The electrode of claim 1, wherein in response to the attachment assembly impacting the target, the second spear is configured to translate in a forward direction.

4. The electrode of claim 1, wherein in response to the attachment assembly impacting an obstruction of the target, the attachment assembly is configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

5. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the head assembly is configured to engage the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

6. The electrode of claim 5, wherein the head assembly comprises a locking element configured to engage a surface of the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

7. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second spear is configured to deform to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

8. The electrode of claim 7, further comprising an absorber coupled to the head assembly, wherein the absorber is configured to deform similar to the second spear.

9. The electrode of claim 1, wherein a first impact with the target comprises impacting an obstruction of the target, wherein a next impact with the target comprises impacting the tissue of the target, wherein in response to the first impact the attachment assembly is configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction, and wherein in response to the next impact the attachment assembly is configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

10. A cartridge comprising:a cartridge body; andan electrode configured to deploy from the cartridge body, the electrode comprising:an electrode body;a head assembly coupled to a first end of the electrode body; andan attachment assembly comprising:a first spear coupled to the head assembly; anda second spear configured to translate in a forward direction from the first spear, wherein the attachment assembly is configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction in response to the attachment assembly impacting a tissue of a target.

11. The cartridge of claim 10, wherein the second spear is disposed within the first spear prior to movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

12. The cartridge of claim 10, wherein in response to the attachment assembly impacting the target, the second spear is configured to translate in a forward direction.

13. The cartridge of claim 10, wherein in response to the attachment assembly impacting an obstruction of the target, the attachment assembly is configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

14. The cartridge of claim 10, wherein the head assembly is configured to engage the second spear to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

15. The cartridge of claim 10, wherein the second spear is configured to deform to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

16. The cartridge of claim 10, wherein a first impact with the target comprises impacting an obstruction of the target, wherein a next impact with the target comprises impacting the tissue of the target, wherein in response to the first impact the attachment assembly is configured to allow movement of the second spear in the forward direction, and wherein in response to the next impact the attachment assembly is configured to limit movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

17. A method comprising:launching an electrode toward a target, wherein the electrode comprises an attachment assembly, and wherein the attachment assembly comprises a first spear and a second spear;impacting, by the attachment assembly, the target;translating, in response to the impacting, the second spear in a forward direction from the first spear; andlimiting, in response to the attachment assembly impacting a tissue of the target, a further movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising allowing, in response to the attachment assembly impacting an obstruction of the target, a further movement of the second spear in the forward direction.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the limiting the further movement comprises engaging, by a head assembly of the electrode, a surface of the second spear.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the limiting the further movement comprises deforming a surface of the second spear.

Images