Methods, architectures, mechanisms, and systems for selecting low-power wake signal cells based on energy storage status and cell type.

Abstract

Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for selecting low-power wake signal cells, LP-WUS. Wireless transceiver devices, WTRU, can indicate information related to WTRU capabilities for cell selection procedures for gNBs. WTRU can indicate its low-power wake signal receiver type, LP-WUS, for example, the first WTRU type has no energy-gathering capability, the second type has energy-gathering capability but no energy-storage capability, and the third type has both energy-gathering and energy-storage capabilities. WTRU can receive one or more cell configurations. Cell configurations can indicate the first cell type, where the cell transmits both energy-gathering and low-power synchronization signals, LPSS, and the second cell type transmits only LP-SS. WTRU can select, or prioritize, cells based on WTRU type, energy storage status, and cell type.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR LOW-POWER WAKE-UP SIGNAL CELL SELECTION BASED ON ENERGY STORAGE STATUS AND CELL TYPECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 546,332 filed October 30, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure is generally directed to the fields of communications, software and encoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems related to methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for low-power wake-up signal cell selection.SUMMARY

[0003] In the following, there are defined and described methods and apparatuses for improvement of support for low-power wake-up signal cell selection for wireless transmit-receive units and that are claimed according to the appended claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] A more detailed understanding may be had from the detailed description below, given by way of example in conjunction with drawings appended hereto. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. As such, the Figures (FIGs.) and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the FIGs. indicate like elements, and wherein:

[0005] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system;

[0006] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;

[0007] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A;

[0008] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;

[0009] FIG. 2 is a simplified receiver architecture of a wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) utilizing a low-power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR);

[0010] FIG. 3 is an embodiment of a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) waveform for on-off keying according to OOK-1 (single-bit in 1 OFDM symbol);

[0011] FIG. 4 is an embodiment of a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) waveform for on-off keying according to OOK-2 (multiple bits using frequency domain multiplexing in 1 OFDM symbol);

[0012] FIG. 5 is an embodiment of a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) waveform for on-off keying according to OOK-3 (Multi-tone single-bit OOK);

[0013] FIG. 6 is an embodiment of a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) waveform for on-off keying according to OOK-4 (Multiple bits using time domain multiplexing in 1 OFDM symbol);

[0014] FIG. 7 is an example classification of cells in cell types according to their support for transmission of LP-SS and Energy Harvesting Sequence, and of an example classification of WTRUs in WTRU types according to their capability of energy harvesting and energy storing, according to embodiments;

[0015] FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method for LP-WUS monitoring with bias based on a cell type and a WTRU type according to an embodiment;

[0016] FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a method for LP-WUS monitoring based on energy storage status according to an embodiment; and

[0017] FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a method for LP-WUS monitoring according to a further embodiment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof.

[0019] Abbreviations and AcronymsAf Sub-carrier spacing gNB NR NodeBAP Aperiodic BFR Beam Failure Recovery BFD-RS Beam Failure Detection-Reference Signal BLER Block Error Rate BWP Bandwidth Part CA Carrier Aggregation CB Contention-Based (e.g. access, channel, resource) CCA Clear Channel Assessment CDM Code Division Multiplexing CG Cell Group CLI Cross-Link Interference CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point transmission / reception COT Channel Occupancy Time CP Cyclic Prefix CPE Common Phase Error CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix) CQI Channel Quality Indicator CN Core Network (e.g. LTE packet core or NR core) CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI Channel State Information CSLRS Channel State Information-Reference Signal CU Central Unit D2D Device to Device transmissions (e.g. LTE Sidelink) DC Dual Connectivity DCI Downlink Control Information DL Downlink DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal DRB Data Radio Bearer DU Distributed Unit EH Energy Harvesting EHS Energy Harvesting Sequence EN-DC E-UTRA - NR Dual Connectivity EPC Evolved Packet Core FD-CDM Frequency Domain-Code Division Multiplexing FDD Frequency Division Duplexing FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing FSK Frequency Shift Keying ICI Inter-Cell Interference ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform IP Internet Protocol LBT Listen-Before-Talk LCH Logical Channel LCID Logical Channel Identity LCP Logical Channel Prioritization LLC Low Latency Communications LP-SS Low Power Synchronization Signal LP-WUS Low Power Wake-Up Signal LP-WUR Low Power Wake-Up Receiver LTE Long Term Evolution e.g. from 3 GPP LTE R8 and up MAC Medium Access Control MAC CE Medium Access Control Control ElementNACK Negative ACK MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System MCG Master Cell Group MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output MR Main Radio MTC Machine-Type Communications MR-DC Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity NAS Non-Access Stratum NCB-RS New candidate beam-Reference Signal NE-DC NR-RAN - E-UTRA Dual Connectivity NR New Radio NR-DC Dual Connectivity with OCC Orthogonal Cover Code OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access OOB Out-Of-Band (emissions) OOK On Off Keying Pcmax Total available UE power in a given transmission interval Pcell Primary cell of Master Cell Group PCG Primary Cell Group PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel PDU Protocol Data Unit PER Packet Error Rate PHY Physical Layer PLMN Public Land Mobile Network PLR Packet Loss Rate PRACH Physical Random-Access Channel PRB Physical Resource Block PRI PUCCH Resource Indicator PRS Positioning Reference Signal Pscell Primary cell of a Secondary cell group PSS Primary Synchronization Signal PT-RS Phase Tracking-Reference Signal QoS Quality of Service (from the physical layer perspective) RAB Radio Access Bearer RAN PA Radio Access Network Paging Area RACH Random Access Channel (or procedure) RAR Random Access Response RAT Radio Access Technology RB Resource Block RCU Radio access network Central Unit RF Radio Front end RE Resource Element RLE Radio Link Failure RLM Radio Link Monitoring RNTI Radio Network Identifier RO Random Access Occasion ROM Read-Only Mode (for MBMS) RRC Radio Resource Control RRM Radio Resource Management RS Reference SignalRSRP Reference Signal Received PowerRSRQ Reference Signal Received QualityRTT Round-Trip TimeSBFD Subband non-overlapping full duplexSC Sub -CarrierSCG Secondary Cell GroupSCMA Single Carrier Multiple AccessSCS Sub-Carrier SpacingSDU Service Data UnitSOM Spectrum Operation ModeSP Semi-persistentSpCell Primary cell of a master or secondary cell group.SRB Signaling Radio BearerSS Synchronization SignalSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalSUL Supplementary UpLinkSWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe)TB Transport BlockTBS Transport Block SizeTCI Transmission Configuration IndexTDD Time-Division DuplexingTDM Time-Division MultiplexingTI Time Interval (in integer multiple of one or more symbols)TTI Transmission Time Interval (in integer multiple of one or more symbols)TRP Transmission / Reception PointTRPG Transmission / Reception Point GroupTRS Tracking Reference SignalTRx TransceiverUL UplinkURC Ultra-Reliable CommunicationsURLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency CommunicationsV2X Vehicular communicationsWLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 8O2.xx domain)XDD Cross Division Duplex

[0020] Example Communications System

[0021] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0022] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiplewireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0023] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0024] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0025] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0026] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0027] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0028] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0030] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0031] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0032] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0033] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may beutilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0034] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0035] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0036] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. IB, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0037] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it willbe appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0038] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0039] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0040] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0041] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0042] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0043] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0044] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0045] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0046] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology tocommunicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0047] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0048] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0049] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0050] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0051] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0052] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0053] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such asthe PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0054] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0055] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0056] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802. l ie DLS or an 802.1 Iz tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0057] When using the 802.1 lac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0058] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0059] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0060] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 laf and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in802.1 In, and 802.1 lac. 802.1 laf supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment,802.1 lah may support meter type control / machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0061] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as802.1 In, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802.1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP,the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0062] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0063] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0064] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0065] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0066] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standaloneconfiguration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non- standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0067] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0068] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0069] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radiotechnologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0070] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP -based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0071] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0072] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0073] In view of FIGs. 1 A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1 A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0074] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partiallyimplemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0075] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0076] Introduction

[0077] Low power- wake up signal (LP-WUS) monitoring has the potential to reduce power consumption of WTRUs and other small battery powered devices. This is achieved by using a separate ultra-low power consumption receiver which can monitor wake-up signals (WUSs) and trigger the main radio (MR) dedicated for data and control signal transmission / reception as shown in Figure 2.

[0078] In 3gpp, RAN level study on ambient loT was approved in RAN#97e (RP-222685) with the following device characteristics. The study considers the identified the following three types of devices (see below points a-c): a) device type A: a device of type A has no energy storage capability, has no independent signal generation / amplification capability, i.e., transmission by device A is done through backscattering; b) device type B: a device of type B has energy storage capability, no independent signal generation capability, i.e., a device of type B uses backscattering for transmission. However, the use of stored energy may include amplification for reflected signals by a device of type B; and c) device type C: a device of type C has energy storage capability, has independent signal generation capability, i.e., a device of type C may use active RF components for transmission.

[0079] Although Rel-18 LP-WUS only considers low power receivers without energy harvesting, support of energy harvesting receivers has been considered from the beginning of the discussion. In addition, Rel-19 will mostly likely support Ambient loT with energy harvesting receivers. As Ambient loT considers similar low power devices with LP-WUS, it may beinteresting to support extension of LP-WUS considering energy harvesting devices identified in Ambient loT.

[0080] In TR38.869, it is identified that support of RRM measurement by Low Power - Wake Up Receiver (LP-WUR) is important unless there’s no power saving gain from activating LP- WUR due to frequent activation of Main Radio (MR). In that regard, for cells which support energy harvesting, special types of LP-SS (Low Power Synchronization Signal) with energy harvesting sequences may be needed. However, supporting energy harvesting sequences in all cells which support LP-WUS may not be possible considering existence of Rel-18 LP-WUS and other types of devices which do not support energy harvesting.

[0081] Overview

[0082] Common terminology

[0083] [Definition of Beam]

[0084] A WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0085] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving an RS (such as CSLRS) or a SS block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as “target”, and the received RS or SS block may be referred to as “reference” or “source”. In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to such RS or SS block.

[0086] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as “target” and “reference” (or “source”), respectively. In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the first (target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second (reference) physical channel or signal.

[0087] A spatial relation may be implicit, configured by RRC or signaled by MAC CE or DCI. For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit PUSCH and DM-RS of PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as an SRS indicated by an SRI indicated in DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, a spatial relation may be configured by RRC for an SRS resource indicator (SRI) or signaled by MAC CE for a PUCCH. Such spatial relation may also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0088] The WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such association may exist between a physical channel such as PDCCH or PDSCH and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals,such association may exist when the WTRU is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such association may be configured as a TCI (transmission configuration indicator) state. A WTRU may be indicated an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE. Such indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0089] [TRP, MTRP, M-TRP]

[0090] Hereafter, a TRP (e.g., transmission and reception point) may be interchangeably used with one or more of TP (transmission point), RP (reception point), RRH (radio remote head), DA (distributed antenna), BS (base station), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by a BS), but still consistent with this invention. Hereafter, Multi-TRP may be interchangeably used with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs, but still consistent with this invention.

[0091] [CSI components]

[0092] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU (such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as Ll-RSRP, Ll-SINR taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g. cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR), and other channel state information such as at least rank indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), Layer Index (LI), and / or the like.

[0093] [Channel and / or Interference Measurements]

[0094] [SSB] A WTRU may receive a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block. The SS / PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell switching, and so forth.

[0095] [CSI-RS] A WTRU may measure and report the channel state information (CSI), wherein the CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with one or more of following (see below points a-c): a) CSI Report Configuration, including one or more of the following (see below points al-a4): al) CSI report quantity, e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (RI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), etc.; a2) CSI report type, e.g., aperiodic, semi persistent, periodic; a3) CSI report codebook configuration, e.g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection, etc.; and a4) CSI report frequency.b) CSI-RS Resource Set, including one or more of the following CSI Resource settings (see below points bl-b3): bl) NZP-CSI-RS Resource for channel measurement; b2) NZP-CSI-RS Resource for interference measurement; and b3) CSI-IM Resource for interference measurement; c) NZP CSI-RS Resources, including one or more of the following (see below points cl-c4): cl) NZP CSI-RS Resource ID; c2) Periodicity and offset; c3) QCL Info and TCI-state; c4) Resource mapping, e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.

[0096] A WTRU may indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU may monitor, receive, and measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. For example, one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of the parameters that may be included in reference signal(s) measurements. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[0097] SS-RSRP. SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal. In measuring the RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be required. In case SS-RSRP is used for Ll-RSRP, the measurement may be accomplished based on CSI reference signals in addition to the synchronization signals.

[0098] CSI-RSRP. CSI-RSRP may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[0099] SS-SINR. SS signal-to-noise and interference ration (SS-SINR) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case SS-SINR is used for Ll-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers.

[0100] CSI-SINR. CSI-SINR may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case CSI-SINR is used for Ll-SINR,the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power may be measured based on the resources that carry the respective CSI-RS.

[0101] RSSI. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, and so forth)

[0102] CLI-RSSI. Cross-Layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols of the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, and so forth)

[0103] SRS-RSRP. Sounding reference signals RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective SRS.

[0104] SS-RSRQ. Secondary synchronization signal reference signal received quality (SS- RSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the reference signal received power (SS- RSRP) and received signal strength (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of NxSS-RSRP / NR carrier RSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding NR carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0105] CSLRSRQ. CSI reference signal received quality (CSLRSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the reference signal received power (CSLRSRP) and received signal strength (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of NxCSLRSRP / CSIRSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding CSLRSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0106] [Beam / CSI Report Configuration]

[0107] A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single BWP (e.g., indicated by BWP-Id), wherein one or more of the following parameters are configured (see below points a-o): a) CSI-RS resources and / or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurement; b) CSI-RS report configuration type including the periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic; c) CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports;d) CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi -persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; e) CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; f) Time restrictions for channel and interference measurements; g) Report frequency band configuration (wi deb and / subb and CQI, PMI, and so forth); h) Thresholds and modes of calculations for the reporting quantities (CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); i) Codebook configuration; j) Group based beam reporting; k) CQI table; l) Subband size; m) Non-PMI port indication ; n) Port Index; o) And so forth.

[0108] [CSI-RS Resource Configuration]

[0109] A CSI-RS Resource Set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more of CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig), wherein a WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS Resource (see below points a-d): a) CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi -persistent CSI-RS Resources; b) CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM-type, OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy; c) The bandwidth part to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; d) The reference to the TCI-State including the QCL source RS(s) and the corresponding QCL type(s).

[0110] [RS resource set Configuration][OHl] One or more of following configurations may be used for RS resource set (a): a) A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets.The RS resource set configuration may include one or more of following (see below points al-a5): al) RS resource set ID; a2) One or more RS resources for the RS resource set; a3) Repetition (i.e., on or off); a4) Aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots); a5) TRS info (e.g., true or not).

[0112] [RS resource Configuration]

[0113] One or more of following configurations may be used for RS resource (see below points a-g):a) A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources b) The RS resource configuration may include one or more of following: a) RS resource ID; b) Resource mapping (e.g., REs in a PRB); c) Power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, . . ., 15); d) Power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB); e) Scrambling ID; f) Periodicity and offset; g) QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state);

[0114] [Property of a grant or assignment]

[0115] In the following, a property of a grant or assignment may consist of at least one of the following (see below points a-p): a) A frequency allocation; b) An aspect of time allocation, such as a duration; c) A priority; d) A modulation and coding scheme; e) A transport block size; f) A number of spatial layers; g) A number of transport blocks; h) A TCI state, CRI or SRI; i) A number of repetitions; j) Whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B; k) Whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2 or a dynamic grant; l) Whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduling (configured) assignment; m) A configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; n) A periodicity of a configured grant or assignment; o) A channel access priority class (CAPC); p) Any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC or by RRC for the scheduling the grant or assignment.

[0116] In the following, an indication by DCI may consist of at least one of the following (see below points a-b): a) An explicit indication by a DCI field or by RNTI used to mask or scramble the CRC of the DCI; b) An implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size, Coreset or search space, Aggregation Level, first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., index of first Control ChannelElement), where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[0117] Receiving or monitoring for a DCI with or using an RNTI may mean that the CRC of the DCI is masked or scrambled with the RNTI.

[0118] Hereafter, a signal may be interchangeably used with one or more of following (see below points a-e): a) Sounding reference signal (SRS); b) Channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS); c) Demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); d) Phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); e) Synchronization signal block (SSB);, but still consistent with this invention.

[0119] Hereafter, a channel may be interchangeably used with one or more of following (a-f): a) Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); b) Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH); c) Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH); d) Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); e) Physical random access channel (PRACH); f) Etc., but still consistent with this invention.

[0120] Hereafter, a signal, channel, and message (e.g., as in DL or UL signal, channel, and message) may be used interchangeably, but still consistent with this invention.

[0121] Hereafter, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of RS resource, RS resource set, RS port and RS port group, but still consistent with this invention.

[0122] Hereafter, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, and DM-RS, TRS, PRS, and PTRS, but still consistent with this invention.

[0123] Herein, time instance, slot, symbol, and subframe may be used interchangeably, but still consistent with this invention.

[0124] Herein, the terms SSB, SS / PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH, and MIB may be used interchangeably, and still consistent with this invention.

[0125] Hereafter, the proposed solutions for beam resources prediction may be used for beam resources belonging to a single or multiple cells as well as single or multiple TRPs, and still consistent with this invention.

[0126] Hereafter, CSI reporting may be interchangeably used with CSI measurement, beam reporting and beam measurement, but still consistent with this invention.

[0127] Hereafter, a RS resource set may be interchangeably used with a beam group, but still consistent with this invention.

[0128] LP-WUS waveforms

[0129] According to an embodiment, one or more of the following waveforms may be used for generation of LP-WUS (see below points a-e). a) Where K may be the size of iFFT of CP-OFDMA, N may be the number of sub-carriers (SCs) used by LP-WUS including potential guard-bands. b) OOK (see below points bl-b4): bl) Option OOK-1 (wideband transmission), see Figure 3: Single-bit in 1 OFDM symbol, SCs of LP-WUS may be (see below points bla-blb): bla) OOK=1 may mean that all SCs are modulated; bib) OOK=0 may mean that all SCs are zero power (from base-band point of view). b2) Option OOK -2 (see Figure 4: Multiple bits using frequency domain multiplexing in 1 OFDM symbol): Parallel M-bit OOK in frequency domain (see below points b2a-b2c): b2a) N SCs of LP-WUS may be further separated into M segments (M=2 in Figure) possibly with guard-bands in-between and / or around; b2b) OOK=1 may mean that all SCs in segment are modulated; b2c) OOK=0 may mean that all SCs in segment are zero power (from base-band point of view). b3) Option OOK-3 (see Figure 5: Multi-tone single bit OOK): Multi-tone single-bit OOK (see below points b3a-b3c): b3a) N SCs of LP-WUS may be separated into L segments (L=2 on Figure) without guard-bands in-between segment, but possibly around; b3b) OOK=1 may mean 1 sub-carrier (known by WTRU) of each segment is modulated, rest of SC is zero power (from base-band point of view); b3c) OOK=0 may mean all SCs in all segments are zero power (from base-band point of view). b4) Option OOK-4 (see Figure 6: Multiple bits using time domain multiplexing in 1 OFDM symbol): Transform M-bit OOK in time domain (see below points b4a-b4b): b4a) N SCs of OOK-1 may be generated by a transformation (DFT / Least square) (see below points b4al-b4a3): b4al) N’ samples may be generated from M-bits; b4a2) signal modification may or may not be used; b4a3) truncation or other additional modification may or may not be used, if not used, N may be the same as N’ ; b4b) N’ may be the same as K. c) FSK (see below points cl-c2):cl) Option FSK-1 : N SCs of LP-WUS may be separated to M pairs of segments with potential guard-bands in-between and around (see below points cla-clb): cla) segment may comprise one sub-carrier or multiple contiguous SCs clb) in a pair of segments one segment may be modulated, other segment may be zero power (from base-band point of view) c2) Option FSK-2: N SCs of LP-WUS may be separated to 2AM segments with potential guardbands in-between and around (see below points c2a-c2b): c2a) segment may comprise one sub-carrier or multiple contiguous SCs c2b) one segment from 2AM segments may be modulated, other segments of SCs may be zero power (from base-band point of view) d) CP-OFDM (OFDMA) (dl): OFDM based modulated symbols and / or sequences (e.g., PSS and / or SSS sequences) may be used for CP-OFDM (OFDMA) based LP-WUS. e) Hybrid waveform: in an example, a hybrid waveform may be used for LP-WUS generation. For example, a combination of OOK and OFDMA may be used by applying OFDM sequence on the top of OOK modulation. In another example, a combination of OOK and FSK may be used.

[0130] WTRU behavior after receiving LP-WUS

[0131] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with one or more LP-WUS monitoring configurations. For example, a monitoring type (e.g., continuous or duty cycled), a monitoring window (periodicity and / or offset), LP-WUS bandwidth, Low Power Synchronization Signal (LP-SS) configuration and etc. may be configured. If the WTRU receives / detects one or more LP-WUSs, the WTRU may apply one or more of the following procedures after receiving / detecting one or more LP-WUSs.

[0132] Monitoring PDCCH: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may wake up (e.g., activate main radio (MR) and / or deactivate low power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR)) and start monitoring of PDCCH (e.g., for paging).

[0133] Application of system information (SI) update: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may apply update of SI based on the received LP-WUS. In an example, the WTRU may apply one or more indicated sets of SI (e.g., by LP-WUS) after receiving the one or more LP-WUSs. In another example, the WTRU may receive updated SI (e.g., via LP-WUSs and / or PDSCHs after activating MR).

[0134] Application of paging related information update: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may apply update of paging related information based on the received LP-WUS. In an example, the WTRU may apply one or more indicated sets of paging related information (e.g., by LP-WUS) after receiving the one or more LP-WUSs. In another example, the WTRU may receive updated paging related information (e.g., via LP-WUSs and / or PDSCHs after activating MR).

[0135] If the WTRU does not receive / detect one or more LP-WUSs, the WTRU may continue monitoring LP-WUS based on the one or more LP-WUS monitoring configurations.

[0136] LP-WUS Resource

[0137] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive a configuration of LP-WUS resource. A LP-WUS resource may be a set of configurations for reception of LP-WUS. For example, a configuration of LP-WUS resource may include one or more of the following (see below points a-e): a) Signal structure: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of signal structure. For example, the WTRU may receive one of support of preamble, preamble length (if configured) and etc.; b) Waveform: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of waveform. For example, the WTRU may receive one of OOK-1, OOK-4, OFDMA or etc., as a waveform of LP-WUS; c) Monitoring type: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of monitoring type. For example, the WTRU may receive one of continuous monitoring and duty- cycled monitoring; d) Frequency resources: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of frequency resources. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration based on one or more of RBs, subbands, BWPs and etc. to indicate frequency resources for receiving LP-WUS; and e) Time resources: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of time resources. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration based on one or more of periodicity, offsets and etc. The indication of configuration may be based on OFDM symbols, us (microseconds), slots and etc.

[0138] Cell Selection for LP-WUS Monitoring with Bias Based on a Cell Type and a WTRU Type

[0139] A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more cell configurations wherein each cell configuration may indicate a cell ID and a cell type (e.g., a first cell type (e.g., a cell transmits both energy harvesting sequence (EHS) and LP-SS) and a second cell type (e.g., a cell transmits only LP-SS without energy harvesting sequence)) and associated information based on a WTRU type (see below points a-b). See Figure 7 for an example classification of cells in cell types according to their support for transmission of LP-SS and Energy Harvesting Sequence (EHS). The numbers used for the classification of cells are chosen arbitrarily. a) If the WTRU is a first type WTRU (e.g., capable of energy harvesting and energy storing), the WTRU may receive (e.g. from the gNB) one or more of the following configurations: one or moreenergy storage status thresholds; one or more quality differences wherein each quality difference is associated with each energy status thresholds. b) If the WTRU is a second type WTRU (e.g., incapable of energy harvesting but capable of energy storing), the WTRU receives a quality difference associated with the first cell type.See Figure 7 for an example classification of WTRUs in WTRU types according to their capability to support energy harvesting and energy storing. The numbers used for the classification of the WTRU types are chosen arbitrarily.

[0140] The WTRU measures LP-SSs with the first cell type and / or LP-SSs with the second cell type based on WTRU capability (see below points a-b). a) If the WTRU is the first type WTRU and the second type WTRU, the WTRU measures cells with the first cell type and the second cell type. b) If the WTRU is a third type WTRU (e.g., capable of energy harvesting but incapable of energy storing), the WTRU measures cells with the first cell type.

[0141] If the WTRU is the first type WTRU, the WTRU determines energy storage status of the WTRU and a quality for each cell based on the determined energy storage status and the measurement (see below points a-b). a) The WTRU selects a cell among the one or more cell IDs based on the determined energy storage status and the measurements (see below points al-a3). al) E.g., a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP). a2) E.g., if the energy storage status > a first energy storage threshold, the WTRU determines a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + a first quality difference (e.g., delta RSRP) (e.g., in order to highly prioritize cells without energy harvesting sequence). a3) E.g., if the energy storage status > a second energy storage threshold, the WTRU determines a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + a second quality difference (e.g., delta RSRP) (e.g., in order to lowly prioritize cells without energy harvesting sequence). b) After selecting the second cell type (or if currently camped cell is the second cell type) and if energy storage status < an energy storage threshold, the WTRU triggers another cell selection (e.g., for energy harvesting).

[0142] If the WTRU is the second type WTRU, the WTRU determines a quality for each cell based on the measurement (see below points a-b). a) E.g., a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP). b) E.g., a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + the associated quality difference with the second cell type (e.g., delta RSRP).If the WTRU is the third type WTRU, the WTRU determines a quality for each cell based on the measurement. E.g., a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP).

[0143] The WTRU selects a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell among the one or more cell IDs based on the determined quality (e.g., a cell with best quality among all cell IDs).

[0144] The WTRU monitors a LP-WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource of the determined cell.

[0145] The WTRU monitors PDCCH associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP- WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource.

[0146] Hereafter, Low Power - Wake Up Receiver (LP-WUR) may be interchangeably used with WTRU, but still consistent with this disclosure.

[0147] Hereafter, Low Power - Synchronization Signal (LP-SS) may be interchangeably used with one or more of Low Power Reference Signal, Reference Signal, New Radio Synchronization Signal (NR-SS), Synchronization Signal Block (SSB), but still consistent with this disclosure.

[0148] A WTRU may indicate required information for cell selection procedure (e.g., to a gNB as WTRU capability). For example, one or more of the following information may be indicated (see below point a). a) WTRU type (see below point al) al) According to an embodiment, each WTRU may indicate a type of LP-WUR. For example, one or more of the following may be indicated (see below points ala-alc). ala) LP-WUR without energy harvesting capability (see below points alal-ala2): alal) For example, a WTRU may be equipped with LP-WUR without energy harvesting capability. In this case, the WTRU may not require energy harvesting sequence before / after Low Power - Synchronization Signal (LP-SS) (e.g., for synchronization and / or RRM measurement). ala2) This may be a default capability. For example, if the WTRU does not indicate any WTRU type, then LP-WUR without energy harvesting capability may be assumed (e.g., at gNB). alb) LP-WUR with energy harvesting capability but without energy storing capability: for example, a WTRU may be equipped with LP-WUR with energy harvesting capability but without energy storing capability. In this case, the WTRU may always require energy harvesting sequence before / after LP-SS (e.g., for synchronization and / or RRM measurement). ale) LP-WUR with energy harvesting capability and energy storing capability: for example, a WTRU may be equipped with LP-WUR with energy harvesting capability and energy storing capability. In this case, the WTRU may require energy harvesting sequence before / after LP-SS (e.g., for synchronization and / or RRM measurement) if stored energy is not enough for LP-WUR. However, if the stored energy is enough for LP-WUR, the WTRU may not require energy harvesting sequence.

[0149] The WTRU may receive one or more of the following configurations (see below points a-b):a) One or more cell configurations (see below point al): al) For example, each cell configuration may indicate one or more of a cell ID and a cell type (see below points ala-alc). ala) Cell ID may be a physical cell ID and / or a logical cell ID. alb) A cell type may indicate a transmission type of synchronization signal. For example, a first cell type may indicate a cell transmits both energy harvesting sequence and LP-SS and a second cell type may indicate a cell transmits only LP-SS. ale) One or more LP-WUS resources associated with each cell. For example, a configuration of LP-WUS resource may include one or more of the following (see below points alcl-alc5): alcl) Signal structure: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of signal structure. For example, the WTRU may receive one of support of preamble, preamble length (if configured) and etc.. alc2) Waveform: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of waveform. For example, the WTRU may receive one of OOK-1, OOK-4, OFDMA or etc. as a waveform of LP-WUS. alc3) Monitoring type: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of monitoring type. For example, the WTRU may receive one of continuous monitoring and duty- cycled monitoring. alc4) Frequency resources: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of frequency resources. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration based on one or more of RBs, subbands, BWPs and etc. to indicate frequency resources for receiving LP-WUS. alc5) Time resources: according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration of time resources. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration based on one or more of periodicity, offsets and etc. The indication of configuration may be based on OFDM symbols, us, slots and etc. b) Associated configuration based on a WTRU type. bl) According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive one or more of associated configuration (e.g., based on WTRU types). For example, the WTRU may receive one or more of the following (see below points bla-blb): bl a) For example, the WTRU may receive one or more of the following configuration (see below points blal-bla3): blal) One or more energy storage status thresholds (see below points blala-blalb): blala) For example, the WTRU may receive one or more energy storage status thresholds. The thresholds may be indicated as absolute values or relative values based on the other thresholds. For example, a first threshold and a second threshold may be indicated as absolute values. Inanother example, the second threshold may be indicated as - delta value from the first threshold (or the first threshold = the second threshold + delta value). bl alb) The thresholds may be indicated as one or more of energy storage %, watt-hours (Wh), milliamp-hours (mAh) and etc. bla2) Quality differences wherein each quality difference is associated with each energy status thresholds; for example, the WTRU may receive one or more quality differences. Number of quality differences may be identical with the number of energy storage status thresholds. For example, each quality difference may be associated with each energy status thresholds. Quality difference may be defined as one or more of RSRP difference, SINR difference, RSRQ difference and etc. bla3) The WTRU may receive these configurations if the WTRU is a first type WTRU (e.g., capable of energy harvesting and energy storing). bib) For example, the WTRU may receive one or more of the following configurations (see below points b lb 1-b lb2): blbl) A quality difference: for example, the WTRU may receive one or more quality differences. The quality difference may be associated with each cell type. For example, a first quality difference may be associated with a first cell type (e.g., cells with energy harvesting sequence) and / or a second quality difference may be associated with a second cell type (e.g., cells without energy harvesting sequence). blb2) The WTRU may receive these configurations if the WTRU is a second type WTRU (e.g., incapable of energy harvesting).

[0150] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may measure LP-SSs with different cell types based on WTRU type (e.g., reported by WTRU capability). For example, the WTRU may determine cells and cell types (e.g., the first cell type and / or the second cell type) based on the WTRU type (see below points a-c). a) For example, the WTRU may select cells with the first cell type and the second cell type for measurements. The selection may be based on the WTRU types. For example, if the WTRU is the first type WTRU and / or the second type WTRU, the WTRU may measure cells with the first cell type and the second cell type. b) For example, the WTRU may only select cells with the first cell type for measurements. The selection may be based on the WTRU types. For example, if the WTRU is a third type WTRU (e.g., capable of energy harvesting but incapable of energy storing), the WTRU measures cells with the first cell type.c) For example, the WTRU may only select cells with the second cell type for measurements. The selection may be based on the WTRU types. For example, if the WTRU is a second type WTRU (e.g., not capable of energy harvesting), the WTRU measures cells with the second cell type.

[0151] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine energy storage status (e.g. of a LP-WUR). The determination may be based on WTRU types. For example, the WTRU may determine the energy storage status if the WTRU type is the first type WTRU (e.g., capable of energy harvesting and energy storing) and / or the second type WTRU (e.g., incapable of energy harvesting). The energy harvesting status may be determined as one or more of energy storage %, watt-hours (Wh), milliamp-hours (mAh) and etc.

[0152] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may apply different cell selection methods. The different cell selection methods may be based on one or more of the cell types, the WTRU types and the determined energy storage status. For example, the WTRU may select one or more of the following cell selection procedures (e.g., based on one or more of WTRU types, cell types and energy storage status).

[0153] If the WTRU is the first type WTRU, the WTRU determines energy storage status of the WTRU and a quality for each cell based on the determined energy storage status and the measurement. a) Cell selection procedure type 1 (see below points al-a2): al) According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine different quality determination methods (e.g., based on cell types and energy storage status). For example, one or more of the following methods may be used (ala-alb). ala) For the first cell type, the WTRU may determine a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP; e.g., RSRP of the LP-SS). alb) For the second cell type, the WTRU may determine a different prioritization level based on the determined energy storage status (see below points albl-alb2). albl) For example, the WTRU may be configured with the first energy storage threshold and the second energy storage threshold wherein the first energy storage threshold may be higher than the second energy storage threshold. If the energy storage status > the first energy storage threshold, the WTRU may determine the first quality difference for cell selection. If the energy storage status > the second energy storage threshold, the WTRU may determine the second quality difference for cell selection. If the energy storage status < the second energy storage threshold, the WTRU may determine no quality difference for cell selection. alb2) Based on the determined quality difference, the WTRU may determine a quality of the second cell type (see below points alb2a-alb2b):alb2a) For example, if the energy storage status > a first energy storage threshold, the WTRU determines a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + a first quality difference (e.g., delta RSRP) (e.g., in order to highly prioritize cells without energy harvesting sequence). alb2b) For example., if the energy storage status > a second energy storage threshold, the WTRU determines a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + a second quality difference (e.g., delta RSRP) (e.g., in order to prioritize cells without energy harvesting sequence). The difference between alb2a and alb2b is in applying different quality differences (e.g., the first quality difference: highly prioritize; the second quality difference: prioritize) based on the energy level. a2) This type of cell selection procedure may be supported if the WTRU is the first type WTRU. b) Cell selection procedure type 2 (see below points bl-b4): bl) According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine different quality determination methods (e.g., based on cell types). For example, the WTRU may determine whether to apply a quality different for determination of a quality based on cell types. b2) For example, the WTRU may determine a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP). b3) For example, the WTRU may determine a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + the associated quality difference with the second cell type (e.g., delta RSRP). b4) This type of cell selection procedure may be supported if the WTRU is the second type WTRU. c) Cell selection procedure type 3 (see below points cl-c2): cl) In a solution, the WTRU may measure only cells with specific cell types. For example, the WTRU may only measure cells with the first cell type. c2) In a solution, the WTRU may apply measured quality for determination of a quality for each cell. For example, a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP).

[0154] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may trigger a cell reselection procedure. For example, the WTRU may trigger the cell reselection procedure when one or more of the following conditions are satisfied (see below points a-b): a) Based on a cell type of the previously selected cell (see below point al). al) According to an embodiment, the WTRU may trigger a cell selection procedure based on the cell type of the previously selected cell (see below points ala-alb). ala) For example, if the WTRU selected a cell with the first cell type (e.g., a cell with energy harvesting sequence), the WTRU may not trigger the cell reselection procedure. If the WTRU selected a cell with the second cell type (e.g., a cell without energy harvesting sequence), the WTRU may trigger the cell reselection procedure.alb) For example, if the WTRU may apply a different quality threshold or a different energy storage status threshold for cell reselection based on the cell type. For example, the WTRU may use a first set of thresholds for the first cell type and a second set of threshold for the second cell type. b) Based on the determined energy storage status; according to an embodiment, the WTRU may trigger a cell reselection procedure based on the energy storage status. For example, if the energy storage status is lower than a threshold (e.g., with the second cell type), the WTRU may trigger the cell reselection procedure.

[0155] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may select a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell among the one or more cell IDs based on the determined quality (e.g., a cell with best quality among all cell IDs).

[0156] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may indicate a result of the cell sei ection / re sei ection procedure (e.g., to the gNB). The indication may be based on one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, UL RS and etc.

[0157] Based on the determined LP-WUS resource and the cell, the WTRU may monitor a LP- WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource of the determined cell. If the WTRU receives a LP- WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource, the WTRU may support corresponding operation based on the received LP-WUS information. For example, the WTRU may monitor PDCCH associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource. In addition, the WTRU may apply indicated system information and / or paging related information via LP-WUS.

[0158] Cell Selection for LP-WUS Monitoring based on Energy Storage Status

[0159] See Figure 9. A WTRU may receive (900) a configuration of one or more cell configurations wherein each cell configuration may indicates a cell ID and a cell type (e.g., a first cell type (e.g., a cell transmits both energy harvesting sequence and LP-SS) and a second cell type (e.g., a cell transmits only LP-SS)), an energy storage threshold and quality differences wherein each quality difference is e.g., associated with each energy storage status.

[0160] The WTRU measures (901) LP-SSs with the first cell type and / or LP-SSs with the second cell type.

[0161] The WTRU determines (902) energy storage status of the WTRU and a quality for each cell based on the determined energy storage status and the measurement. a) The WTRU selects (903) a cell among the one or more cell IDs based on the determined energy storage status and the measurements (see below points al-a2). al) E.g., if the energy storage status > the energy storage threshold (see below points ala-alb),ala) the WTRU determines a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + a first quality difference (e.g., delta RSRP) associated with the first cell type (e.g., in order to prioritize cells without energy harvesting sequence). alb) the WTRU determines a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP). a2) E.g., if the energy storage status < the energy storage threshold (see below points a2a-a2b), a2a) the WTRU determines a quality of the first cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP). a2b) the WTRU determines a quality of the second cell type = measured quality (e.g., RSRP) + a second quality difference (e.g., delta RSRP) associated with the second cell type (e.g., in order to prioritize cells with energy harvesting sequence).

[0162] The WTRU selects (904) a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell among the one or more cell IDs based on the determined quality (e.g., a cell with best quality among all cell IDs).

[0163] The WTRU monitors (905) a LP-WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource of the determined cell.

[0164] The WTRU monitors (906) PDCCH associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource.

[0165] [SS / PBCH Block, MIB, and SIB]

[0166] A WTRU may receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The PBCH may be part of an SS / PBCH block (SSB). The PBCH may carry system information. The PBCH may include or carry a master information block (MIB). The term MIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and / or bits carried by the PBCH. PBCH and MIB may be used interchangeably herein.

[0167] Upon detection and / or reception of an SS / PBCH block, the WTRU may use the information in MIB on the time and / or frequency resources to find one or more system information blocks (SIB). The term SIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and / or bits. In an example, one or more cell (re)selection parameters may be broadcasted in SIB (e.g., SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, and so forth), where the WTRU may detect and / or receive from the serving and / or the newly detected cells.

[0168] [LP-SS]

[0169] A WTRU may receive and / or detect a low-power-synchronization signal (LP-SS), where the LP-SS may carry one or more configuration and / or system information. The term LP-SS may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and / or bits. In an example, one or more cell (re)selection parameters may be broadcasted in LP-SS, where the WTRU may detect and / or receive from the serving and / or the newly detected cells.

[0170] Herein, the terms LP-SS and SSB may be used interchangeably herein, but still consistent with this disclosure.

[0171] [Cell Selection and / or Reselection]

[0172] A WTRU may perform cell selection with or without stored cell information. The cell information may include frequencies and / or cell parameters. In an example, a cell may be defined as a combination of one or more uplink component carriers (CC) and one or more downlink component carriers. The WTRU may have (previously) stored information on one or more cells based on previously received measurement control information elements or from previously detected cells. If the WTRU has stored cell information, the WTRU may leverage it for cell selection.

[0173] In case there is no stored information, or if cell search based on the stored information has no results, the WTRU may perform initial cell selection, where the WTRU has no prior knowledge of the cell parameters. For example, the WTRU may not have knowledge of which RF channels are NR frequencies. As such, the WTRU may scan and / or monitor one or more RF channels for example from a set of RF channels (e.g., based on the synchronization raster frequencies) in the NR bands to find a suitable cell. For example, a synchronization raster may indicate the frequency positions of the LP-SS that can be used by the WTRU for system acquisition when explicit signaling of the LP-SS position is not present. As such, the WTRU may search to find the LP-SS corresponding to one and more cells on each frequency channel and / or raster, where the WTRU may select the strongest cell based on the measuring the RS SI, RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, and so forth for the detected LP-SS.

[0174] Criteria for a suitable cell. In an example, the WTRU may use one or more criteria to select a candidate cell as a suitable cell. Upon finding a suitable cell, the WTRU may select it as the serving cell. The WTRU may determine the criteria based on one or more quality parameters. The WTRU may determine the quality parameters based on one or more of measured parameters, compensation values, scaling rules, quality difference values, and so forth. As an instance, the WTRU may determine the compensation values and / or scaling rules based on one or more configured and / or indicated offsets, parameters, configured values. In an example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine one or more of the following parameters:

[0175] Measured cell received Rx power level value: For example, the WTRU may measure the reference signal received power (RSRP), signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and so forth for one or more LP-SS, reference signals, and / or channels.

[0176] Measured cell quality value: For example, the WTRU may measure the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for one or more LP-SSs, reference signals, and / or channels.

[0177] Minimum required measured RX power level and / or quality level in a cell. For example, a WTRU may receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters and / or offsetvalues to determine the minimum required Rx power level (e.g., in dBm) and / or minimum required quality level (e.g., dB) in the corresponding cell.

[0178] Compensation values: For example, the WTRU may receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters, offset, difference values, and / or scaling values that may be used upon receiving an indication, or based on WTRU determining based on one or more modes of operation, events, thresholds, and so forth.

[0179] Evaluated cell (re)selection Rx power level value: For example, the WTRU may compute, evaluate, and / or calculate the received power level value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and / or compensation and / or scaling values. In an example, the WTRU may calculate the evaluated cell (re)selection Rx power level value (e.g., Srxlev) based on the measured cell’s received power level value (e.g., Qrxlevmeas), the minimum required measured Rx power level (e.g., Qrxlevmin and / or Qrxlevminoffset), the compensation parameters (e.g., Pcompensation), one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffsettemp), and so forth (e.g., Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - ( Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset ) - Pcompensation - Qoffsettemp). As such, the WTRU may select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells if the evaluated cell (re)selection Rx power level value is higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., Srxlev > 0 for cell selection, or Srxlev > SintraSearchP or Srxlev > SnonlntraSearchP for intra-frequency and inter-frequency, respectively, cell reselection, and so forth).

[0180] Evaluated cell (re)selection quality value: For example, the WTRU may compute, evaluate, and / or calculate the received quality value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and / or compensation and / or scaling values. In an example, the WTRU may calculate the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value (e.g., Squal) based on the measured cell quality value (e.g., Qqualmeas), the minimum required quality level (e.g., Qqualmin and / or Qqualminoffset), one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffsettemp), and so forth (e.g., Squal = Qqualmeas - ( Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset ) - Qoffsettemp). As such, the WTRU may select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells if the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value is higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., Squal > 0, or Squal > SintraSearchQ, or Squal > SnonlntraSearchQ for intra-frequency and inter-frequency, respectively, cell reselection, and so forth).

[0181] The WTRU may receive or be configured with one or more of the compensation and / or scaling parameters, values, settings, and / or rules as the criteria for cell (re)selection via implicit and / or explicit indications. The explicit indications may be via configuration information in corresponding LP-SS, SSB, system information blocks, semi-static configuration (e.g., via RRC), dynamic indication (e.g., via MAC-CE and / or DCI), and so forth. The WTRU may determine touse one or more compensation and / or scaling rules based on implicit indication, that is based on comparing one or more parameters with corresponding thresholds for instance.

[0182] [Cell Ranking]

[0183] Upon measuring and calculating the evaluated received power and / or evaluated quality value, a WTRU may perform cell ranking for all the cells (e.g., serving and neighbor and / or nonserving cells) that the WTRU determined as the candidate suitable cells based on the cell selection criterion. For example, the WTRU may determine the cell ranking based on the calculating the R values using average RSRP results. One or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of the parameters that may be included in cell ranking calculation and measurement. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[0184] Rs = Qmeas,s +Qhyst - Qoffsettemp

[0185] Rn = Qmeas,n -Qoffset - Qoffsettemp

[0186] Where, Rs and Rn correspond to the serving and neighbor and / or non-serving cells, respectively. In an example, in the above equation, Qhyst may represent the mobility aspects of the WTRU. Qoffset may be configured with different values for intra-frequency and interfrequency cell (re)selections, and Qmeas may be the measured RSRP quantity used in cell (re)selection.

[0187] The WTRU may reselect a new candidate cell, if the new cell has higher R value than the serving cell during a (pre)configured time interval.

[0188] [Configuration of the cells based on energy harvesting capabilities]

[0189] In a solution, a WTRU may receive one or more configuration information on one or more cells, wherein the configuration information for each cell may include one or more configuration information regarding the energy harvesting capabilities of the cells. For example, the WTRU may receive the configuration information regarding the serving and one or more nonserving cells. In an example, the WTRU may receive the configuration information from the serving cell via RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI, SSB, SIB, and so forth. In another example, the WTRU may receive the configuration information based on the received and / or detected SSB, SIB, and so forth from one or more of the non-serving cells. Alternatively, in another example, the WTRU may receive the configuration information as part of the one or more received and / or detected LP-SSs’ payload from serving and / or non-serving cells.

[0190] In an example, the WTRU may receive one or more configuration information on one or more cells, where the configuration information may include one or more of the followings (see below points a-e): a) Cell-ID For example, the WTRU may receive the cell-ID corresponding to the indicated cell.b) Cell-type. In a solution, a WTRU may receive the cell-type as part of the received configuration information for one or more of the serving and / or non-serving cells, where the cell-type may indicate one or more configuration information in the context of energy harvesting capabilities of the cell (see below points bl-b2).

[0191] bl) First cell type. For example, the WTRU may receive indications regarding a first cell with a first cell-ID being of a first cell type. In an example, the indication of the first cell type may indicate that the indicated first cell may transmit or be capable of transmitting both energy harvesting sequence and LP-SS (see below point bla).

[0192] bla) Configuration of the energy harvesting sequence. For example, the configuration information may include one or more information on the transmission of the energy harvesting sequences, including the periodicity, start time, duration, end time, time and frequency resources, sequence properties, and so forth. In an example, configuration information on the transmission of the energy harvesting sequence may be based on the configured LP-SS sequence. For example, the time and frequency resources may be indicated based on a detected and / or received LP-SS. In another example, the start time, duration, and / or end time may be indicated based on one or more of the LP-SSs.

[0193] b2) Second cell type. In another example, the WTRU may receive indications regarding a second cell with a second cell-ID being of a second cell type. In an example, the indication of the second cell type may indicate that the indicated second cell may not transmit energy harvesting sequence and that the second cell with the second cell type only transmits LP-SS. c) Energy storage thresholds. For example, the WTRU may receive one or more energy storage thresholds. The WTRU may use the energy storage threshold that corresponds to WTRU’s status, e.g., mobility status, traffic status, etc. In an example, the WTRU may use a first energy storage threshold if the WTRU is in a first mobility state (e.g., static); the WTRU may use a second energy storage threshold if the WTRU is in a second mobility state (e.g., fast moving); and so forth. In another example, the WTRU may use a third energy storage threshold in case the traffic activity level is more DL traffic; the WTRU may a fourth energy storage threshold in case the traffic activity level is more UL traffic; and so forth. d) Scaling values and / or quality differences. For example, the WTRU may receive one or more scaling values, offsets, and / or quality differences, where the WTRU may apply them based on one or more conditions, thresholds, and / or events. In an example, the WTRU may be configured to use one or more scaling values to prioritize or deprioritize a cell type during cell-ranking or cell selection procedures. e) and so forth.

[0194] Herein, the terms quality difference and scaling values may be used interchangeably, but still consistent with this disclosure.

[0195] [Prioritizing the cell (re)selection based on energy storage threshold]

[0196] In a solution, a WTRU may detect and / or receive one or more LP-SSs from the serving and / or one or more non-serving cells, where the WTRU may measure one or more parameters based on the received and / or detected LP-SSs. The WTRU may determine the cells from which the WTRU has detected and / or received LP-SSs as the candidate cells, where the candidate calls may be one or more of the serving and / or non-serving cells.

[0197] The WTRU may determine the cell selection parameters for the candidate cells, where the candidate cells may be of the first or second cell types. In an example, the WTRU may determine, estimate, calculate, or measure the cell selection parameters including RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc. The WTRU may perform cell ranking procedure based on the determined, measured, and / or calculated cell selection parameters for the candidate cells. The WTRU may determine or be configured with applying one or more scaling values to one or more candidate cells.

[0198] Compensation and / or scaling the quality parameters of the cells.

[0199] In a solution, a WTRU may perform the compensation and / or scaling on the measured or calculated quality parameters of one or more candidate cells. For example, the WTRU may receive, identify, determine, or be configured with one or more compensation and / or scaling values. The WTRU may use respective values to be added, subtracted, multiplied, and / or divided by one or more configured, indicated, and / or determined parameters.

[0200] At least one of the following example conditions may apply (a-b): a) Prioritizing cells with energy harvesting sequences: for example, the WTRU may determine that the WTRU’s measured and / or determined energy storage status is lower than the configured and / or received energy storage threshold for a first cell (al-a2). al) In case the first cell is of a first type, the WTRU may determine a new quality parameter for the first cell. In an example, the WTRU may determine the new quality parameter by adding a first configured and / or received scaling value or quality difference value with the measured quality parameters (e.g., new quality parameter = measured quality parameter + first scaling value). For example, the WTRU determines a new RSRP value based on adding a first configured scaling value (e.g., delta RSRP) to the measured RSRP. a2) In case the first cell is of a second type, the WTRU may determine that the quality parameter for the first cell is the same as the measured quality parameter. That is, the WTRU may determine not to use a scaling value for the first cell.b) Prioritizing cells without energy harvesting sequences: for example, the WTRU may determine that the WTRU’s measured and / or determined energy storage status is higher than the configured and / or received energy storage threshold for a second cell (bl-b2). bl) In case the second cell is of a first type, the WTRU determines that the quality parameter for the second cell may be the same as the measured quality parameter. That is, the WTRU determines not to use a scaling value for the second cell. b2) In case the second cell is of a second type, the WTRU determines a new quality parameter for the second cell. In an example, the WTRU determines the new quality parameter by adding a second configured and / or received scaling value or quality difference value with the measured quality parameters (e.g., new quality parameter = measured quality parameter + second scaling value). For example, the WTRU determines a new RSRP value based on adding a second configured scaling value (e.g., delta RSRP) to the measured RSRP.

[0201] The WTRU may apply the compensation and / or scaling before or after cell ranking, where one or more of the following example options may apply:

[0202] Example Option 1: Cell ranking first, compensation and scaling next.

[0203] For example, the WTRU may first perform the cell ranking for all candidate cells and then apply the compensation and scaling values only on the best cells with higher cell rankings. As such, the WTRU may select the best cells after applying the compensation and / or scaling values. a) Separate cell ranking. In a solution, a WTRU may perform separate cell ranking procedures for the candidate cells, based on respective cell types. In an example, the WTRU may perform a first cell ranking for all the candidate cells with a first cell type, and a second cell ranking for all the candidate cells with a second cell type. The WTRU may determine the cells with the highest ranking for each cell ranking procedure that is for each cell type. As such, the WTRU may determine the best (e.g., two) candidate cells, one with the first cell type and one with the second cell type. b) Joint cell ranking. Alternatively, in another solution, a WTRU may perform the cell ranking jointly for all candidate cells, despite their different cell types. Then, the WTRU may determine the best (e.g., two) candidate cells with highest rankings based on their respective cell types. In an example, the WTRU may select a first cell to be the cell with the highest ranking based on the joint cell ranking and the WTRU determines the first cell’s cell type. If the first cell’s cell type is of a first cell type, the WTRU then determines a second cell to be the cell with the second type with the highest ranking among all other cells with the second type based on the joint cell ranking. Alternatively, if the first cell’s cell type is of a second cell type, the WTRU then determines asecond cell to be the cell with the first type with the highest ranking among all other cells with the first cell type based on the joint cell ranking.

[0204] After determining the best (two) candidate cells based on the cell types, the WTRU may perform one or more compensation and / or scaling for the determined candidate cells, where the scaling may be based on one or more parameters. After performing the compensation and / or scaling, the WTRU may select the best cell out of the determined candidate (e.g., two) cells.

[0205] Example Option 2: Compensation and scaling first, cell ranking next.

[0206] For example, the WTRU may first apply configured and / or determined compensation and / or scaling on the quality parameters of all candidate cells. The WTRU may then perform cell ranking for all compensated or scaled candidate cells. As such, the WTRU may select the best cell with the highest cell ranking.

[0207] After the WTRU has selected the best cell, the WTRU may initiate connecting to the selected best cell. In an example, the WTRU may send PRACH preamble or MsgA to the selected best cell. The WTRU then monitors to receive RAR and continues with the initial access procedure. After connected to the selected cell, the WTRU monitors a LP-WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource of the selected cell. The WTRU monitors PDCCH associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource.

[0208] Figure 8 is a flow chart of a method for LP-WUS monitoring with bias based on a cell type and a WTRU type according to an embodiment.

[0209] In 800, the method may comprise, for a WTRU in a network implementing the method, receiving cell configurations from the network, indicating, for each cell in the cell configurations, a cell type comprising indicating whether the cell transmits an energy harvesting sequence in addition to transmitting a low-power synchronization signal, LP-SS;

[0210] In 801 , depending on whether the WTRU is of a WTRU type having at least one of energy harvesting and energy storing capability, the method may comprise measuring LP-SSs of cells having a first cell type and / or LP-SSs of cells having a second cell type;

[0211] In 803, the method may comprise determining, for the WTRU, quality of the cells among the cell configurations based on at least the WTRU type, the cell type, the measured LP-SSs and, if the WTRU is of a first WTRU type, a WTRU energy storage status;

[0212] In 804, the method may comprise selecting an LP-WUS resource associated with a cell among the cell configurations based on the determined quality of the cells;

[0213] In 805, the method may comprise monitoring an LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource and monitoring physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

[0214] According to an embodiment of the method the cell configurations may further indicate, for cell configurations, i.e., for each cell configuration, a cell identifier, the cell identifier may be a physical cell identifier or a logical cell identifier.

[0215] According to an embodiment, the cell configurations may further indicate, e.g., for each cell configuration, at least one LP-WUS resource configuration among at least one of: a configuration of a signal structure of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a waveform of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a monitoring type comprising a continuous monitoring type and a duty-cycled monitoring type; a configuration of a frequency resource for receiving the LP-WUS resource; and a configuration of time resources for receiving the LP-WUS resource.

[0216] According to an embodiment of the method, the cell type may comprise a first cell type indicating a cell supporting transmission of LP-SS and energy harvesting sequence, and a second cell type indicating a cell supporting transmission of LP-SS without supporting transmission of energy harvesting sequence.

[0217] According to an embodiment of the method, the WTRU type may comprise a first WTRU type indicating a WTRU that supports energy harvesting and energy storing, a second WTRU type indicating a WTRU that does not support energy harvesting and that supports energy storing, and a third WTRU type indicates a WTRU that supports energy harvesting and that does not support energy storing.

[0218] According to an embodiment, the method may comprise transmitting, to the network, the WTRU type of the WTRU as a capability of the WTRU for cell selection.

[0219] According to an embodiment, if the WTRU is of the first WTRU type, the WTRU may receive, from the network, associated configuration based on WTRU type, comprising at least one of: one or more energy storage thresholds; and one or more quality differences wherein each quality difference is associated with one or more energy storage thresholds.

[0220] There is also disclosed wireless transmit-receive unit, WTRU, in a network, according to an embodiment. The WTRU comprising at least one processor that may be configured to:

[0221] receive cell configurations from the network, that may indicate, for (some, each) cell in the cell configurations, a cell type comprising indicating whether the cell transmits an energy harvesting sequence in addition to transmitting a low-power synchronization signal, LP-SS;

[0222] depending on whether the WTRU is of a WTRU type having at least one of energy harvesting and energy storing capability, measure LP-SSs of cells having a first cell type and / or LP-SSs of cells having a second cell type;

[0223] determine, for the WTRU, quality of the cells among the cell configurations based on at least the WTRU type, the cell type, the measured LP-SSs and, if the WTRU is of a first WTRU type, a WTRU energy storage status;

[0224] select an LP-WUS resource associated with a cell among the cell configurations based on the determined quality of the cells;

[0225] monitor an LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource and monitoring physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

[0226] According to an embodiment, the at least one processor is configured to receive, for each cell configuration in the cell configurations, a cell identifier, the cell identifier being a physical cell identifier or a logical cell identifier.

[0227] According to an embodiment, the at least one processor is configured to receive, in (e.g., each, some) cell configuration of in the cell configurations, at least one LP-WUS resource configuration among at least one of: a configuration of a signal structure of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a waveform of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a monitoring type comprising a continuous monitoring type and a duty-cycled monitoring type; a configuration of a frequency resource for receiving the LP-WUS resource; and a configuration of time resources for receiving the LP-WUS resource.

[0228] According to an embodiment of the WTRU, the cell type may comprise a first cell type indicating a cell supporting transmission of LP-SS and energy harvesting sequence, and a second cell type indicating a cell supporting transmission of LP-SS without supporting transmission of energy harvesting sequence.

[0229] According to an embodiment of the WTRU, the WTRU type may comprise a first WTRU type indicating a WTRU that supports energy harvesting and energy storing, a second WTRU type indicating a WTRU that does not support energy harvesting and that supports energy storing, and a third WTRU type indicates a WTRU that supports energy harvesting and that does not support energy storing.

[0230] According to an embodiment, the at least one processor is configured to transmit, to the network, the WTRU type of the WTRU as a capability of the WTRU for cell selection.

[0231] According to an embodiment, the at least one processor is configured to receive, from the network, if the WTRU is of the first WTRU type, associated configuration based on WTRU type, comprising at least one of one or more energy storage thresholds; and one or more quality differences wherein each quality difference is associated with one or more energy storage thresholds.

[0232] Figure 10 is a flow chart of a method for LP-WUS monitoring by a WTRU in a network, according to a further embodiment. The method comprises:

[0233] receiving (1000) cell configuration information from the network, the cell configuration information comprising, per cell of one or more cells in the cell configuration information, an indication of a cell type, the cell type comprising a first cell type for a cell transmitting a low- power synchronization signal (LP-SS), for transmission of a low-power wake-up signal (LP- WUS), and the cell transmitting an energy harvesting sequence (EHS) for energy harvesting by the WTRU, and a second cell type for a cell transmitting LP-SS without transmitting EHS;

[0234] (1001) the WTRU having energy harvesting (EH) and energy storage (ES) capability, determining, per cell in the cell configuration information of the first cell type and of the second cell type, a quality of the cell for the WTRU, based on measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell, and additionally adjusting the quality of the cell for the WTRU, according to an ES status of the WTRU when the cell is of the second cell type;

[0235] selecting (1002) a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell in the cell configuration information based on the quality of the cell; and

[0236] monitoring (1003) an LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource and monitoring physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

[0237] According to an embodiment, measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell is based on one or more of the following: reference signal received power (RSRP), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and reference signal received quality (RSRQ).

[0238] According to an embodiment, adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is decreased to a quality lower than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status of the WTRU is below a configured ES threshold.

[0239] According to an embodiment, when adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is increased to a quality higher than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status is above a configured second ES threshold indicating an ES higher than a configured ES threshold.

[0240] According to an embodiment, the cell configuration information further indicates, per cell, at least one LP-WUS resource configuration among at least one of a configuration of a signal structure of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a waveform of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a monitoring type comprising a continuous monitoring type and a duty-cycled monitoring type; a configuration of a frequency resource for receiving the LP-WUS resource; and a configuration of time resources for receiving the LP-WUS resource.

[0241] According to an embodiment, the method comprises transmitting, to the network, a WTRU type, as a capability of the WTRU for cell selection, wherein the WTRU type comprises a first WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and ES, a second WTRU type indicating a WTRU not supporting EH and supporting ES, and a third WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and not supporting ES.

[0242] According to an embodiment, the method comprises receiving WTRU configuration information, comprising at least one of one or more ES thresholds; and one or more quality values wherein each quality difference is associated with one or more energy storage thresholds.

[0243] There is also disclosed and described a wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) in a network, comprising at least one processor configured to:

[0244] receive cell configuration information from the network, the cell configuration information comprising, per cell of one or more cells in the cell configuration information, an indication of a cell type, the cell type comprising a first cell type for a cell transmitting a low- power synchronization signal (LP-SS), for transmission of a low-power wake-up signal (LP- WUS), and the cell transmitting an energy harvesting sequence (EHS) for energy harvesting by the WTRU, and a second cell type for a cell transmitting LP-SS without transmitting EHS;

[0245] the WTRU having energy harvesting (EH) and energy storage (ES) capability, determine, per cell in the cell configuration information of the first cell type and of the second cell type, a quality of the cell for the WTRU, based on measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell, and additionally adjust the quality of the cell for the WTRU, according to an ES status of the WTRU when the cell is of the second cell type;

[0246] select a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell in the cell configuration information based on the quality of the cell; and

[0247] monitor an LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource and monitoring physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

[0248] According to an embodiment, measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell is based on one or more of the following: reference signal received power (RSRP), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and reference signal received quality (RSRQ).

[0249] According to an embodiment, when adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is decreased to a quality lower than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status of the WTRU is below a configured ES threshold.

[0250] According to an embodiment, when adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is increased to a quality higher than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status is above a configured second ES threshold indicating an ES higher than a configured ES threshold.

[0251] According to an embodiment, the cell configuration information further indicates, per cell, at least one LP-WUS resource configuration among at least one of: a configuration of a signal structure of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a waveform of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a monitoring type comprising a continuous monitoring type and a duty-cycled monitoring type; a configuration of a frequency resource for receiving the LP-WUS resource; and a configuration of time resources for receiving the LP-WUS resource.

[0252] According to an embodiment, the at least one processor is configured to transmit, to the network, a WTRU type, as a capability of the WTRU for cell selection, wherein the WTRU type comprises a first WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and ES, a second WTRU type indicating a WTRU not supporting EH and supporting ES, and a third WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and not supporting ES.

[0253] According to an embodiment, the at least one processor is configured to receive WTRU configuration information, comprising at least one of: one or more ES thresholds; and one or more quality values wherein each quality difference is associated with one or more energy storage thresholds.

[0254] Conclusion

[0255] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems.

[0256] The foregoing embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the terminology and structure of wireless communication capable devices, (e.g., radio wave emitters and receivers). However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems but may be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as acoustic waves.

[0257] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, single image and / or multiple images displayed over a time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the terms "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and / or the terms "head mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs. 1 A-1D. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of suchother device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience.

[0258] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0259] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are examples only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the following claims. For instance, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices, which may include or be utilized with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any appropriate voltage.

[0260] Moreover, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0261] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0262] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods.

[0263] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0264] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost versus efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein may be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and / or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0265] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and / or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and / or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programsrunning on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and / or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and / or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0266] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and / or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described herein may be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and / or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and / or velocity, control motors for moving and / or adjusting components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing / communication and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0267] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components included within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each otherto achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.

[0268] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0269] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and / or the descriptions herein may include usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention(e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of' followed by a listing of a plurality of items and / or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of," and / or "any combination of multiples of the items and / or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and / or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple", as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality".

[0270] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0271] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

[0272] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method for a wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) in a network, comprising: receiving cell configuration information from the network, the cell configuration information comprising, per cell of one or more cells in the cell configuration information, an indication of a cell type, the cell type comprising a first cell type for a cell transmitting a low- power synchronization signal (LP-SS), for transmission of a low-power wake-up signal (LP- WUS), and the cell transmitting an energy harvesting sequence (EHS) for energy harvesting by the WTRU, and a second cell type for a cell transmitting LP-SS without transmitting EHS; the WTRU having energy harvesting (EH) and energy storage (ES) capability, determining, per cell in the cell configuration information of the first cell type and of the second cell type, a quality of the cell for the WTRU, based on measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell, and additionally adjusting the quality of the cell for the WTRU, according to an ES status of the WTRU when the cell is of the second cell type; selecting a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell in the cell configuration information based on the quality of the cell; and monitoring an LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource and monitoring physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP- WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell is based on one or more of the following: reference signal received power (RSRP), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and reference signal received quality (RSRQ).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein, when adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is decreased to a quality lower than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status of the WTRU is below a configured ES threshold.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein, when adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is increased to a quality higher than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status is above a configured second ES threshold indicating an ES higher than a configured ES threshold.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell configuration information further indicates, per cell, at least one LP-WUS resource configuration among at least one of: a configuration of a signal structure of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a waveform of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a monitoring type comprising a continuous monitoring type and a duty- cycled monitoring type; a configuration of a frequency resource for receiving the LP-WUS resource; and a configuration of time resources for receiving the LP-WUS resource.

6. The method of claim 5, comprising transmitting, to the network, a WTRU type, as a capability of the WTRU for cell selection, wherein the WTRU type comprises a first WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and ES, a second WTRU type indicating a WTRU not supporting EH and supporting ES, and a third WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and not supporting ES.

7. The method of claim 1, comprising receiving WTRU configuration information, comprising at least one of: one or more ES thresholds; and one or more quality values wherein each quality difference is associated with one or more energy storage thresholds.

8. A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) in a network, comprising at least one processor configured to: receive cell configuration information from the network, the cell configuration information comprising, per cell of one or more cells in the cell configuration information, an indication of a cell type, the cell type comprising a first cell type for a cell transmitting a low- power synchronization signal (LP-SS), for transmission of a low-power wake-up signal (LP- WUS), and the cell transmitting an energy harvesting sequence (EHS) for energy harvesting by the WTRU, and a second cell type for a cell transmitting LP-SS without transmitting EHS;the WTRU having energy harvesting (EH) and energy storage (ES) capability, determine, per cell in the cell configuration information of the first cell type and of the second cell type, a quality of the cell for the WTRU, based on measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell, and additionally adjust the quality of the cell for the WTRU, according to an ES status of the WTRU when the cell is of the second cell type; select a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell in the cell configuration information based on the quality of the cell; and monitor an LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource and monitoring physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, associated with paging when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

9. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein measuring quality of an LP-SS received from the cell is based on one or more of the following: reference signal received power (RSRP), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and reference signal received quality (RSRQ).

10. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein, when adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is decreased to a quality lower than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status of the WTRU is below a configured ES threshold.

11. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein, when adjusting the quality of a cell of the second cell type, the quality of the cell is increased to a quality higher than the measured quality of the LP-SS received from the cell, when the ES status is above a configured second ES threshold indicating an ES higher than a configured ES threshold.

12. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the cell configuration information further indicates, per cell, at least one LP-WUS resource configuration among at least one of a configuration of a signal structure of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a waveform of the LP-WUS resource; a configuration of a monitoring type comprising a continuous monitoring type and a duty- cycled monitoring type; a configuration of a frequency resource for receiving the LP-WUS resource; anda configuration of time resources for receiving the LP-WUS resource.

13. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is configured to transmit, to the network, a WTRU type, as a capability of the WTRU for cell selection, wherein the WTRU type comprises a first WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and ES, a second WTRU type indicating a WTRU not supporting EH and supporting ES, and a third WTRU type indicating a WTRU supporting EH and not supporting ES.

14. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive WTRU configuration information, comprising at least one of: one or more ES thresholds; and one or more quality values wherein each quality difference is associated with one or more energy storage thresholds.

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