WIRELESS TRANSMITTER / RECEIVER (WTRU) DEVICE AND THE METHODS USED BY IT

Abstract

The invention relates to a method that can be performed by a wireless transceiver (WTRU) device, including the acquisition of configuration information for the first and second cells. The first cell configuration information may include the cell ID for the first cell and indicate that it is a first cell type transmitting NR-SS and LP-SS. The second cell configuration information may include the cell ID for the second cell and indicate that it is a second cell type transmitting NR-SS. The WTRU can monitor NR-SS and LP-SS. The first cell LP-SS and NR-SS measurements and the second cell NR-SS measurements can be determined. The quality of the first cell can be determined based on the LP-SS and NR-SS measurements of the first cell. The quality of the second cell can be determined based on the NR-SS measurements of the second cell. The LP-WUS resource of the first or second cell can be selected based on a comparison of the quality of the first and second cells.

Description

CELL AND RESOURCE SELECTION FOR LOW POWER-WAKE UP SIGNAL MONITORING WITH BIAS BASED ON A CELL TYPEBACKGROUND

[0001] Low power-wake up signal (LP-WUS) monitoring has the potential to reduce power consumption of wireless transmit receive units (WTRUs) and other small battery powered devices. LP-WUS can be supported with multiple receive architectures. For example, on off keying (OOK) and orthogonal frequencydivision multiple access (OFDMA) can be considered as OOK provides low power consumption and simple WTRU implementations, but OFDMA provides better coverage and coexistence. OFDMA receivers may reuse existing new radio (NR) synchronization signal, but OOK receivers may need additional synchronization signal for LP-WUS. In addition, advanced implantations of LP-WUS may maintain timing related information even for off state with more power consumption, but low implementations may experience larger activation latency and residual frequency but with low power consumption during the off state.SUMMARY

[0002] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may include a processor. The processor may be configured to receive configuration information for a first cell and a second cell. The configuration information for the first cell may include a cell identifier (ID) for the first cell and an indication that the first cell is of a first cell type that transmits both new radio-synchronization signals (NR-SS) and low powersynchronization signals (LP-SS). The configuration information for the second cell may include a cell ID for the second cell and an indication that the second cell is of a second cell type that transmits NR-SS. The WTRU may be capable of monitoring both NR-SS and LP-SS. The processor may determine measurements of one or more LP-SSs and measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell. The processor may determine measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell. The processor may determine a quality of the first cell based on the measurements of the one or more LP- SSs and the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell. The processor may determine a quality of the second cell based on the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell. The processor may select a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) resource associated with the first cell or the second cell based on a comparison of the quality of the first cell and the quality of the second cell.

[0003] The configuration information may include a first coefficient, a second coefficient, and a quality difference.

[0004] The quality of the first cell may be selected as a highest value between a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and a measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell.

[0005] The quality of the first cell may be further based on the first coefficient and the second coefficient.

[0006] The processor may be configured to select between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on one or more parameters. The parameters may include the quality of the first cell, the quality of the second cell, the first coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell, the second coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell, or wake-up capabilities of each of the first cell and the second cell.

[0007] The quality of the first cell may be based on the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the first coefficient plus the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the second coefficient.

[0008] The quality of the second cell may be based on a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell and the quality difference comprising a reference signal received power (RSRP) of the one or more NR-SSs plus a delta RSRP.

[0009] The processor may be configured to monitor for an LP-WUS in a selected LP-WUS resource of the first cell or the second cell, and may be configured to monitor for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission associated with paging when the processor receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

[0010] When the quality of the first cell is lower than the quality than the second cell, the processor may be configured to select the LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell based on a determination that the first cell may include wake-up capabilities unavailable from the second cell.

[0011] The processor may be configured to select between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on a priority assigned to at least one of the one or more NR-SS associated with the first cell, the one or more NR-SS associated with the second cell, or the one or more LP-SS associated with the first cell.

[0012] The processor may be configured to determine biased reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements by applying a bias to RSRP measurements of the first cell and to RSRP measurements ofthe second cell. The bias may be determined based on a priority assigned to at least one of the NR-SS of the first cell, the NR-SS of the second cell, or the LP-SS of the first cell.

[0013] The processor may be configured to select between the LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and the LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on the biased RSRP measurements.

[0014] The second cell type may be configured to transmit only NR-SS.

[0015] A method may be performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU). The method may include receiving configuration information for a first cell and a second cell. The configuration information for the first cell may include a cell identifier (ID) for the first cell and an indication that the first cell is of a first cell type that transmits both new radio-synchronization signals (NR-SS) and low power-synchronization signals (LP-SS). The configuration information for the second cell may include a cell ID for the second cell and an indication that the second cell is of a second cell type that transmits NR-SS. The WTRU may be capable of monitoring both NR-SS and LP-SS. The method may include determining measurements of one or more LP-SSs and measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell. A quality of the first cell may be determined based on the measurements of the one or more LP-SSs and the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell. A quality of the second cell may be determined based on the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell. A low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) resource associated with the first cell or the second cell may be selected based on a comparison of the quality of the first cell and the quality of the second cell.

[0016] The configuration information may include a first coefficient, a second coefficient, and a quality difference.

[0017] The quality of the first cell may be selected as a highest value between a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and a measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell.

[0018] The quality of the first cell may be further based on the first coefficient and the second coefficient.

[0019] The method may include selecting between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on one or more parameters, wherein the parameters may include the quality of the first cell, the quality of the second cell, the first coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell, the second coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell, or wake-up capabilities of each of the first cell and the second cell.

[0020] The quality of the first cell may be based on the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the first coefficient plus the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the second coefficient.

[0021] The quality of the second cell may be based on a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell and the quality difference which may include a reference signal received power (RSRP) of the one or more NR-SSs plus a delta RSRP.

[0022] The method may include monitoring for an LP-WUS in a selected LP-WUS resource of the first cell or the second cell, and monitoring for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission associated with paging when the processor receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

[0023] When the quality of the first cell is lower than the quality than the second cell, the LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell may be selected based on a determination that the first cell comprises wake-up capabilities unavailable from the second cell.

[0024] The method may include selecting between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on a priority assigned to at least one of the one or more NR-SS associated with the first cell, the one or more NR-SS associated with the second cell, or the one or more LP-SS associated with the first cell.

[0025] The method may include determining biased reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements by applying a bias to RSRP measurements of the first cell and to RSRP measurements of the second cell. The bias may be determined based on a priority assigned to at least one of the NR-SS of the first cell, the NR-SS of the second cell, or the LP-SS of the first cell.

[0026] The method may include selecting between the LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and the LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on the biased RSRP measurements.

[0027] The second cell type may be configured to transmit only NR-SS.

[0028] Methods and systems are disclosed for cell and resource selection for Low power-wake up signal (LP-WUS) monitoring with bias based on a cell type. Methods and systems are disclosed for cell and resource selection for LP-WUS monitoring with multiple sets of cells.

[0029] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to handle different WTRU capabilities and / or cell capabilities for measuring synchronization signals. Cell and resource selection for LP-WUS monitoring may be performed with bias based on a cell type.

[0030] A WTRU may receive a configuration of a first coefficient, a second coefficient, a quality difference, and / or one or more cell configurations. Each cell configuration may indicate a cell identifier (ID), a first celltype (e.g., a cell that transmits both NR-SS and LP-SS), and / or a second cell type (e.g, a cell that transmits only NR-SS)). When the WTRU is a first type WTRU (e.g., capable of monitoring both NR-SS and LP-SS), the WTRU may measure both LP-SSs and NR-SSs associated with the first cell type and NR-SSs associated with the second cell type. The WTRU may determine a quality for each cell. For example, a quality of the first cell type may be equal to a measured quality (e.g., reference signal receive power (RSRP)). The WTRU may determine the measured quality (e.g., RSRP) for both (e.g., each of) NR-SS and LP-SS. A quality of the second cell type may be equal to a measured quality (e.g., RSRP) plus a quality difference (e.g., delta RSRP).

[0031] The WTRU may select an LP-WUS resource associated with a cell among the one or more cell IDs based on the determined quality (e.g., a cell with best quality among one or more cell IDs). For cells of the first cell type, the WTRU may select the LP-WUS resource using quality measurements of both NR-SS and LP-SS. The WTRU may use the higher quality measured of the two individually measured values (e.g., NR-SS and LP-SS). Additionally, or alternatively, the WTRU may use a combined quality of the NR-SS and the LP-SS. For example, the combined quality of the first cell type may be equal to the first coefficient times measured quality (e.g, RSRP) for NR-SS plus the second coefficient times measured quality (e.g, LP- RSRP) for LP-SS. The first coefficient plus the second coefficient may be equal to 1 .

[0032] When the WTRU is a second type WTRU (e.g, only capable of measuring LP-SS with its LP- WUR), the WTRU may measure LP-SSs associated with cell IDs with the first cell type and may determine a quality for each cell. The WTRU may select an LP-WUS resource associated with a cell based on the measurement (e.g, a cell with best RSRP among the associated cell IDs). The WTRU may monitor an LP- WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource of the determined cell. The WTRU may monitor a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) associated with paging, for example, when the WTRU receives the LP- WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource.

[0033] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may include a processor. The processor may be configured to receive configuration information indicating a quality threshold, a first plurality of cells, and a second plurality of cells. New radio-synchronization signal (NR-SS) measurements associated with at least one cell in the first plurality of cells may be determined. A first quality value for each cell in the first plurality of cells based on the NR-SS measurements associated with the each cell in the first plurality of cells may be determined. In response to a determination that the first quality value of at least one cell in the first plurality of cells exceeds the quality threshold, a highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells may be selected based on the first quality value for each cell in the first plurality of cells. A first low power wake-upsignal (LP-WLIS) resource associated with the highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells may be monitored. In response to a determination that that the first quality value of all cells in the first plurality of cells fail to exceed the quality threshold, NR-SS measurements and low power-synchronization signal (LP- SS) measurements associated with at least one cell in the second plurality of cells may be determined. A second quality value based on a combination of the NR-SS measurements and LP-SS measurements associated with the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells may be determined. A highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells based on the second quality value may be selected. A second LP-WUS resource associated with the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells may be monitored.

[0034] When the WTRU is a first type WTRU that is configured to monitor both NR-SSs and LP-SSs, the processor may be configured to select the highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells based on the first quality value in response to the determining that the first quality value of the at least one cell in the first plurality of cells exceeds the quality threshold, and to select the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells based on the second quality value in response to the determining that the first quality value of all cells in the first plurality of cells fail to exceed the quality threshold. When the WTRU is a second type of WTRU that is configured for monitoring LP-SSs but not for monitoring NR-SSs, the processor may be configured to determine LP-SS measurements associated with at least one cell in the second plurality of cells, determine a third quality value based on the LP-SS measurements, and select the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells based on the third quality value.

[0035] The first quality value for each cell in the first plurality of cells may include a reference signal received power (RSRP) value associated with NR-SSs associated with the first plurality of cells. The second quality value for each cell of the second plurality of cells may include a combined RSRP value associated with the NR-SSs and LP-SSs associated with the second plurality of cells. The third quality value for each cell in the second plurality of cells may include an LP-RSRP based on LP-SSs associated with the second plurality of cells.

[0036] The first plurality of cells may be capable of transmitting only NR-SSs. The second plurality of cells may be capable of transmitting both NR-SSs and LP-SSs.

[0037] The processor may be configured to determine additional quality values for the each cell in the first plurality of cells, or additional quality values for the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells. The processor may be configured to select a second cell from the first plurality of cells or from the second plurality of cells based on a determination that the selected second cell has a higher quality value than a currently selected cell.

[0038] The additional quality values for the each cell in the first plurality of cells may be determined based on additional NR-SS measurements and additional LP-SS measurements associated with the each cell in the first plurality of cells when the WTRU is the first type WTRU. The additional quality values for the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells may be determined based on additional LP-SS measurements associated with the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells when the WTRU is a second type WTRU.

[0039] The highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells or the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells may be selected based on a priority associated with at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or at least one cell in the second plurality of cells. The priority associated with the at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or the second plurality of cells may be determined based on at least one of a cell type, a signal quality, or network configuration information.

[0040] The processor may be configured to apply a bias to the first quality value or the second quality value based on at least one of whether the WTRU is the first type of WTRU or the second type of WTRU, capabilities of at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or the second plurality of cells, or configuration information associated with at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or the second plurality of cells.

[0041] The processor may be configured to prioritize determining NR-SS measurements over determining LP-SS measurements when the WTRU is in a connected state, and prioritize determining LP-SS measurements when the WTRU is in an idle state.

[0042] The highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells may be selected based on a determination that the second quality value exceeds a highest quality value determined for any cell of the first plurality of cells or any other cell of the second plurality of cells.

[0043] A method may be performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU). The method may include receiving configuration information, wherein the configuration information indicates a quality threshold, a first plurality of cells, and a second plurality of cells. New radio-synchronization signal (NR-SS) measurements associated with at least one cell in the first plurality of cells may be determined. A first quality value for each cell in the first plurality of cells based on the NR-SS measurements associated with the each cell in the first plurality of cells may be determined. In response to a determination that the first quality value of at least one cell in the first plurality of cells exceeds the quality threshold, a highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells may be selected based on the first quality value for each cell in the first plurality of cells. A first low power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) resource associated with the highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells may be monitored. In response to a determination that that the first qualityvalue of all cells in the first plurality of cells fail to exceed the quality threshold, NR-SS measurements and low power-synchronization signal (LP-SS) measurements associated with at least one cell in the second plurality of cells may be determined. A second quality value based on a combination of the NR-SS measurements and LP-SS measurements associated with the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells may be determined. A highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells based on the second quality value may be selected. A second LP-WUS resource associated with the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells may be monitored.

[0044] When the WTRU is a first type WTRU that is configured to monitor both NR-SSs and LP-SSs, the method may include selecting the highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells based on the first quality value in response to the determining that the first quality value of the at least one cell in the first plurality of cells exceeds the quality threshold, and selecting the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells based on the second quality value in response to the determining that the first quality value of all cells in the first plurality of cells fail to exceed the quality threshold. When the WTRU is a second type of WTRU that is configured for monitoring LP-SSs but not for monitoring NR-SSs, the method may include determining LP-SS measurements associated with at least one cell in the second plurality of cells, determining a third quality value based on the LP-SS measurements, and selecting the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells based on the third quality value.

[0045] The first quality value for each cell in the first plurality of cells may include a reference signal received power (RSRP) value associated with NR-SSs associated with the first plurality of cells. The second quality value for each cell of the second plurality of cells may include a combined RSRP value associated with the NR-SSs and LP-SSs associated with the second plurality of cells. The third quality value for each cell in the second plurality of cells may include an LP-RSRP based on LP-SSs associated with the second plurality of cells.

[0046] The first plurality of cells may be capable of transmitting only NR-SSs. The second plurality of cells may be capable of transmitting both NR-SSs and LP-SSs.

[0047] The method may include determining additional quality values for the each cell in the first plurality of cells, or additional quality values for the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells. The method may include selecting a second cell from the first plurality of cells or from the second plurality of cells based on a determination that the selected second cell has a higher quality value than a currently selected cell.

[0048] The additional quality values for the each cell in the first plurality of cells may be determined based on additional NR-SS measurements and additional LP-SS measurements associated with the each cell inthe first plurality of cells when the WTRLI is the first type WTRU. The additional quality values for the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells may be determined based on additional LP-SS measurements associated with the at least one cell in the second plurality of cells when the WTRU is a second type WTRU.

[0049] The highest quality cell of the first plurality of cells or the highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells may be selected based on a priority associated with at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or at least one cell in the second plurality of cells. The priority associated with the at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or the second plurality of cells may be determined based on at least one of a cell type, a signal quality, or network configuration information.

[0050] The method may include applying a bias to the first quality value or the second quality value based on at least one of whether the WTRU is the first type of WTRU or the second type of WTRU, capabilities of at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or the second plurality of cells, or configuration information associated with at least one cell in the first plurality of cells or the second plurality of cells.

[0051] The method may include prioritizing determining NR-SS measurements over determining LP-SS measurements when the WTRU is in a connected state, and prioritizing determining LP-SS measurements when the WTRU is in an idle state.

[0052] The highest quality cell of the second plurality of cells may be selected based on a determination that the second quality value exceeds a highest quality value determined for any cell of the first plurality of cells or any other cell of the second plurality of cells.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0053] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0054] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0055] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0056] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0057] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a simplified receiver architecture of a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) utilizing low-power wake-up receiver.

[0058] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example on off keying (OOK) transmission using a single-bit in one orthogonal frequency-domain multiplexing (OFDM) symbol.

[0059] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example OOK transmission using multiple bits in one OFDM symbol.

[0060] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example OOK transmission using multiple-tones and a single-bit.

[0061] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example OOK transmission using multiple-bits, and time domain multiplexing in one OFDM symbol.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0062] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0063] As shown in FIG. 1 A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or a “STA”, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things(loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a WTRU.

[0064] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the I nternet 110, and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0065] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0066] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0067] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0068] I n an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0069] I n an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0070] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

[0071] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0072] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b andthe WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0073] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0074] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0075] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0076] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0077] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0078] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0079] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or moretransmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0080] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0081] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0082] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0083] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0084] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0085] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0086] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0087] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0088] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling ofusers in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0089] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0090] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0091] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0092] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0093] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0094] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0095] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0096] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic in to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g. , directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11 e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (I BSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad- hoc” mode of communication.

[0097] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g, only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0098] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0099] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. Forthe 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0100] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control / Machine- Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e. g . , only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0101] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (e.g., which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0102] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0103] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0104] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0105] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0106] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such aseNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0107] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0108] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0109] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0110] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing oftraffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0111] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0112] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0113] In view of Figures 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0114] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network.The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0115] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0116] FIG. 2 is a diagram 200 illustrating a simplified receiver architecture of a WTRU using a low-power wake-up receiver. Using low power-wake up signal (LP-WUS) monitoring may reduce power consumption in WTRUs and other small battery powered devices. A separate ultra-low power consumption receiver may monitor wake-up signals (WUSs) and may trigger the main radio (MR) dedicated to data and control signal transmission / reception, as shown in FIG. 2.

[0117] The LP-WUS and / or the receiver for new radio (NR) may support a deep sleep state for the MR while the WTRU is in radio resource control (RRC) IDLE, RRC INACTIVE and RRC CONNECTED modes.

[0118] LP-WUSs may be supported by multiple receive architectures. For example, on-off keying (OOK) and / or orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) may be considered. OOK may provide low power consumption and / or simpler WTRU implementations, while OFDMA may provide better coverage and / or coexistence. OFDMA receivers may reuse existing NR synchronization signals, while OOK receivers may require additional synchronization signals for LP-WUS. Advanced implementations of LP-WUS may maintain timing related information even during an off state, but may consume a comparatively high amount of power during the off state. Less advanced implementations of LP-WUS may experience larger activation latency and / or residual frequency, but may consume a comparatively low amount of power during the off state.

[0119] In a cellular network, cells with different synchronization signal (SS) transmission capabilities may coexist, providing connectivity to WTRUs. For example, a first cell type may be capable of transmitting more than one type of SS (e.g., new radio-synchronization signal (NR-SS) and / or low powersynchronization signal (LP-SS)), while a second cell type may be capable of transmitting only one type of SS (e.g., NR-SS). A cellular network may include WTRUs with different SS reception capabilities. For example, a first type WTRU may be capable of receiving more than one type of SS (e.g., NR-SS and / or LP-SS associated with a first cell type). A second type WTRU may be capable of receiving only one type of SS (e.g, NR-SS associated with second cell type). A WTRU may use one or a combination of solutions to select one or more cells and / or resources for LP-WUS monitoring based on, for example, the SS reception capability of the WTRU, the type of the cells, and / or the quality (e.g., a quality value) of the SSs received from one or more of the cells.

[0120] A WTRU may be configured to handle different WTRU capabilities and / or cell capabilities for measuring synchronization signals. Cell and resource selection for LP-WUS monitoring may be performed with bias based on a cell type.

[0121] A WTRU may receive a configuration of a first coefficient, a second coefficient, a quality difference, and / or one or more cell configurations. Each cell configuration may indicate a cell identifier (ID), a first cell type (e.g., a cell that transmits both NR-SS and / or LP-SS), and / or a second cell type (e.g., a cell that transmits only NR-SS). When the WTRU is a first type WTRU (e.g., capable of monitoring both NR-SS and LP-SS), the WTRU may measure both LP-SSs and NR-SSs associated with the first cell type and NR-SSs associated with the second cell type. The WTRU may determine a quality (e.g., a quality value) for each cell. For example, a quality of the first cell type may be equal to a measured quality (e.g, reference signal received power (RSRP)). The WTRU may determine the measured quality (e.g, RSRP) for both NR-SS and / or LP-SS. A quality of the second cell type may be equal to a sum or a measured quality (e.g, RSRP) plus a quality difference (e.g, delta RSRP).

[0122] The WTRU may select an LP-WUS resource associated with a cell from one or more cell IDs based on the determined quality (e.g, selecting a cell with a best determined quality from the one or more cell IDs). For cells of the first cell type, the WTRU may select the LP-WUS resource using quality measurements of either and / or both NR-SS and / or LP-SS. The WTRU may use the higher quality value measured of the two individually measured quality measurements (e.g, NR-SS and LP-SS). Additionally, or alternatively, the WTRU may use a combined quality of the NR-SS and the LP-SS. For example, the combined quality of the first cell type may be equal to the first coefficient times measured quality (e.g, RSRP) for NR-SS plus the second coefficient times measured quality (e.g, LP-RSRP) for LP-SS. The sum of the first coefficient plus the second coefficient may be equal to 1 .

[0123] When the WTRU is a second type WTRU (e.g, capable of measuring only LP-SS with its LP- WUR), the WTRU may measure LP-SSs associated with cell IDs with the first cell type and may determine a quality for each cell. The WTRU may select a cell with an associated LP-WUS resource based on the measurement (e.g, selecting a cell with a best determined RSRP among the associated cell IDs). TheWTRU may monitor an LP-WUS for a LP-WUS resource of the selected cell. The WTRU may monitor a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) associated with paging, for example, when the WTRU receives the LP-WUS from the LP-WUS resource of the selected cell.

[0124] Cell and resource selection for LP-WUS monitoring may be performed for one or more of a plurality of cells and / or sets of cells. A WTRU may receive configuration information of a quality threshold, a first set of cells (e.g., a cell that may transmit only NR-SS), and / or a second set of cells (e.g., a cell that may transmit NR-SS and / or LP-SS).

[0125] When the WTRU is a first type WTRU (e.g., capable of monitoring either or both NR-SS and / or LP- SS), the WTRU may measure one or more NR-SSs associated with respective cells in the first set of cells and / or may determine a first type of quality (e.g., RSRP) for each cell based on determined measurements of resource elements (REs) that carry NR-SSs.

[0126] When a quality of at least one cell in the first set of cells is greater than the quality threshold, the WTRU may select a cell with an associated LP-WUS resource for a cell in the first set based on the determined quality (e.g., a cell with a best determined quality in the first set). When the quality of all cells in the first set of cells is less than the quality threshold, the WTRU may determine measurements for one or more NR-SSs and / or LP-SSs associated with cells in the second set of cells. The WTRU may determine a second type of quality (e.g., a combined RSRP) for one or more of the cells in the second set of cells based on determined measurements for one or more REs that carry NR-SSs and / or one or more REs that carry LP-SSs (e.g., a combined quality and / or RSRP for the NR-SS REs and / or LP-SS REs).

[0127] The WTRU may select a cell with an associated LP-WUS resource for a cell in the second set based on the determined quality (e.g., a cell with best quality in the second set). When the WTRU is a second type WTRU (e.g., only capable of measuring LP-SS with its LP-WUR), the WTRU may measure LP-SSs associated with the second set of cells. The WTRU may determine a third type of quality (e.g., LP- RSRP) for each cell by measuring OFDM symbols that carry LP-SSs. The WTRU may select a cell with an associated LP-WUS resource for a cell in the second set of cells based on the determined quality (e.g., selecting a cell with a best determined LP-RSRP in the second set).

[0128] The WTRU may monitor an LP-WUS in a cell with an associated LP-WUS resource for the cell. The WTRU may monitor a PDCCH associated with paging, for example, when the WTRU receives the LP- WUS in the determined LP-WUS resource.

[0129] A WTRU may transmit and / or receive a physical channel and / or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0130] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel and / or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving a reference signal (RS), such as, for example, channel state information-RS (CSI-RS and / or a SS block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as the “target”. The received RS and / or SS block may be referred to as the “reference” and / or “source”. In this case, the WTRU may transmit the target physical channel and / or signal based on a spatial relation with a reference to the RS and / or SS block.

[0131] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel and / or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel and / or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as “target” and “reference” (or “source”), respectively. In such cases, the WTRU may transmit the first (e.g., target) physical channel and / or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second (e.g., reference or source) physical channel and / or signal.

[0132] A spatial relation may be implicit, configured by RRC and / or signaled by medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) and / or downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) of the PUSCH using the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated by an SRS resource indicator (SRI) indicated in the DCI and / or configured by the RRC. In another example, a spatial relation may be configured by the RRC for an SRI and / or signaled by MAC CE for a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). Such a spatial relation may also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0133] The WTRU may receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel and / or signal according to the same spatial domain filter and / or spatial reception parameter as a second (e.g., reference) downlink channel and / or signal. For example, such an association may exist between a physical channel, such as PDCCH and / or physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), and / or its respective DM-RS. At least when both the first and second signals are reference signals, this association may exist when the WTRU is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. This association may be configured as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. A WTRU may be indicated by an association between a CSI-RS and / or SS block and / or a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE. Such an indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0134] The phrase transmission and reception point (TRP) may be interchangeably used herein with one or more of a transmission point (TP), reception point (RP), radio remote head (RRH), distributed antenna (DA), base station (BS), a sector (e.g., of a BS), and / or a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by aBS). Multi-TRP may be interchangeably used herein with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and / or multiple TRPs.

[0135] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to one or more of a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU (e.g., a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as, for example, L1-RSRP, L1-SINR taken from SSB and / or CSI-RS (e.g. CRI-RSRP, CRI-SINR, SSB-lndex-RSRP, and / or SSB-lndex-SINR), and / or other channel state information. The other channel state information may include, for example, one or more of a rank indicator (Rl), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), and / or Layer Index (LI).

[0136] A WTRU may receive a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block. The SS / PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, and / or cell switching.

[0137] A WTRU may measure and / or report the channel state information (CSI), wherein the CSI for each connection mode may include and / or may be configured with one or more of the following: a CSI Report Configuration, a CSI-RS Resource Set, and / or non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS Resources. A CSI Report Configuration may include one or more of the following: a CSI report quantity (e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (Rl), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), and / or Layer Indicator (LI)); a CSI report type (e.g., aperiodic, semi persistent, and / or periodic); a CSI report codebook configuration (e.g., Type I, Type II, and / or Type II port selection); and / or a CSI report frequency. A CSI-RS Resource Set may include, for example, a CSI-RS Resource for channel measurement, an NZP-CSI-RS Resource for interference measurement, and / or a CSI-IM Resource for interference measurement. NZP CSI-RS Resources may include, for example, a NZP CSI-RS Resource ID; a periodicity and / or offset; QCL Info and / or TCI-state; and / or a Resource mapping (e.g., a number of ports, a density, and / or a CDM type).

[0138] A WTRU may indicate, determine, and / or be configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. For example, one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of the parameters that may be included in reference signal measurements. One or more of these parameters may be included, and other similar parameters may also be included.

[0139] A SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in PBCH and / or SSS). SS-RSRP may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal. In measuring the RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be implemented. In cases for which SS-RSRP is used for Layer 1 RSRP (L1-RSRP), the measurement may be determined based on CSI reference signals in addition to the synchronization signals.

[0140] A CSI-RSRP may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[0141] A SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH and / or SSS). SS-SINR may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In cases for which SS-SINR is used for Layer 1-SINR (L1-SINR), the noise and interference power measurement may be determined based on resources configured by higher layers.

[0142] A CSI-SINR measurement may be determined based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In cases for which CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be determined based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power measurement may be determined based on the resources that carry the respective CSI-RS.

[0143] A Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement may be determined based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth. The power contribution may be received from one or more of a plurality of different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and / or non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, and / or thermal noise)

[0144] A Cross-Layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) measurement may be determined based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols of the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution may be received from any of a plurality of different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, and / or thermal noise)

[0145] A Sounding reference signals RSRP (SRS-RSRP) measurement may be determined based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective SRS.

[0146] A Secondary synchronization signal reference signal received quality value measurement (e.g. , SS-RSRQ) may be determined based on the reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) measurements and / or the received signal strength (RSSI) measurements. In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of N x SS-RSRP / NR carrier RSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks in the corresponding NR carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0147] A CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ) may be determined based on measurements of the reference signal received power (CSI-RSRP) and / or received signal strength (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of N x CSI-RSRP / CSI RSSI , where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks in the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0148] A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single bandwidth part (BWP) (e.g., indicated by BWP-ld), where one or more of the following parameters may be configured: CSI-RS resources and / or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurement; CSI-RS report configuration type including periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic reports; CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi- persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; time restrictions for channel and interference measurements; report frequency band configuration (e.g., wideband, subband CQI, and / or PMI); thresholds and / or modes of calculation for the reporting quantities (e.g., CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, and / or Rl); codebook configuration; group based beam reporting; CQI table; sub-band size; non-PMI port indication; and / or pPort index.

[0149] A CSI-RS Resource Set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig). A WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS Resource: CSI-RS periodicity and / or slot offset for periodic and / or semi-persistent CSI-RS Resources; CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM-type, OFDM symbol, and / or subcarrier occupancy; a bandwidth part to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; and / or a reference to the TCI-State including, for example, a QCL source RS(s) and / or corresponding QCL types.

[0150] One or more configurations may be used for RS resource set. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. The RS resource set configurations may include one or more of a RS resource set ID, one or more RS resources for the RS resource set, repetition (e.g, on or off), an aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots), and / or TRS info (e.g, true or not).

[0151] One or more configurations may be used for RS resource. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of following: a RS resource ID, a resource mapping (e.g, REs in a PRB), a power control offset (e.g, one value of -8, .. , 15), a power control offset with SS (e.g, -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, and / or 6 Db), a scrambling ID, a periodicity and / or offset, and / or QCL information (e.g, based on a TCI state).

[0152] A property of a grant and / or assignment may include one or more of the following: a frequency allocation; an aspect of time allocation (e.g, a duration); a priority; a modulation and / or coding scheme; a transport block size; a number of spatial layers; a number of transport blocks; a TCI state, CRI and / or SRI; a number of repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1 , type 2 and / or a dynamic grant; whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment and / or a semi-persistent scheduling (e.g, configured) assignment; a configured grant index and / or a semi- persistent assignment index; a periodicity of a configured grant and / or assignment; a channel access priority class (CAPC); and / or any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC and / or by RRC for the scheduling the grant and / or assignment.

[0153] In some examples, an indication by DCI may include one or more of an explicit indication by a DCI field and / or by RNTI used to mask and / or scramble the CRC of the DCI; an implicit indication by a property such as, for example, a DCI format, DCI size, coreset and / or search space, aggregation level, and / or a first resource element of the received DCI (e.g, an index of a first control channel element), where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled by RRC and / or MAC.

[0154] Receiving and / or monitoring for a DCI with and / or using an RNTI may mean that the CRC of the DCI is masked and / or scrambled with the RNTI.

[0155] A signal may be interchangeably used herein with one or more of a sounding reference signal (SRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); and / or a synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0156] A channel may be interchangeably used herein with one or more of a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), and / or a physical random-access channel (PRACH).

[0157] The terms “signal”, “channel”, and / or “message” (e.g., as in DL or UL signal, channel, and / or message) may be used interchangeably herein. RS may be interchangeably used herein with one or more of an RS resource, RS resource set, RS port and / or RS port group. RS may be interchangeably used herein with one or more of an SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS, TRS, PRS, and / or PTRS.

[0158] The terms ’’time instance”, “slot”, “symbol”, and / or “subframe” may be used interchangeably. SSB, SS / PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH, and / or Ml B may also be used interchangeably herein.

[0159] “Beam resources prediction” may be used for beam resources belonging to a single cell, multiple cells, and / or single and / or multiple TRPs. CSI reporting may be interchangeably used herein with CSI measurement, beam reporting, and / or beam measurement. An RS resource set may be interchangeably used herein with a beam group.

[0160] One or more waveforms may be used for generation of a LP-WUS. Where K may represent a size of the inverse fast Fourier Transform (i FFT) of cyclic prefix-OFDMA (CP-OFDMA), and / or N may represent a number of subcarriers (SCs) used by LP-WUS, including, for example, potential guard-bands.

[0161] FIG. 3 is a diagram 300 illustrating an example OOK transmission using a single bit in one (1) OFDM symbol. The example OOK transmission (e.g., OOK-1) may be a wideband transmission using a single-bit in one (1) OFDM symbol. SCs of LP-WUS may be determined based on a value of OOK. For example, when OOK=1 , one or more (e.g., some or all) SCs may be modulated. When OOK=0, one or more (e.g., some or all) SCs may be zero power (e.g., from a base-band point of view).

[0162] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example OOK transmission using multiple bits in one OFDM symbol. The example OOK transmission (e.g., OOK-2) may be a parallel M-bit OOK in the frequency domain. N SCs of a LP-WUS may be further separated into M segments (e.g., M=2 as shown in FIG. 4), including, for example, with guard-bands in-between and / or around. When OOK=1 , one or more (e.g., some or all) SCs in a segment may be modulated. When OOK=0, one or more (e.g., some or all) SCs in segment may be zero power (e.g., from a base-band point of view).

[0163] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example OOK transmission using multiple-tones and a single-bit. N SCs of an LP-WUS may be separated into L segments (e.g., L=2, as shown in FIG. 5), including, for example without guard-bands in-between segments and. / or with guard-bands around. When OOK=1 , one (1) sub-carrier (e.g., known by WTRU) of each segment may be modulated while the remaining SCs may be zero power (e.g., from a base-band point of view). When OOK=0, one or more (e.g., some or all) SCs in one or more (e.g., some or all) segments may be zero power (e.g., from a base-band point of view).

[0164] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating an example OOK transmission using multiple-bits, and time domain multiplexing in one (1) OFDM symbol. N SCs of OOK-1 may be generated by a transformation (e.g., DFT / Least square). N’ samples may be generated from M-bits. Signal modification may be used. Truncation and / or other additional modifications may be applied. When truncation and / or other additional modifications are not applied, N may be the same as N’. N’ may also be the same as K in some examples.

[0165] N SCs of a LP-WUS may be separated into M pairs of segments with potential guard-bands inbetween and around. Segments may comprise one sub-carrier and / or multiple contiguous SCs. In a pair of segments, one segment may be modulated, and the other segment may be zero power (e.g., from baseband point of view)

[0166] N SCs of an LP-WUS may be separated into 2AM segments with one or more guard-bands inbetween and / or around. Segments may include one sub-carrier and / or multiple contiguous SCs. In examples, one segment from 2AM segments may be modulated and / or one or more other segments of SCs may be zero power (e.g., from a base-band point of view)

[0167] OFDM based modulated symbols and / or sequences (e.g., PSS and / or SSS sequences) may be used for CP-OFDM (OFDMA) based LP-WUS.

[0168] A hybrid waveform may be used for LP-WUS generation. For example, a combination of OOK and / or OFDMA may be used by applying an OFDM sequence on the top of OOK modulation. In another example, a combination of OOK and / or FSK may be used.

[0169] A WTRU may be configured with one or more LP-WUS monitoring configurations. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more of a monitoring type (e.g., continuous and / or duty cycled), a monitoring window (e.g., periodicity and / or offset), LP-WUS bandwidth, and / or a Low Power Synchronization Signal (LP-SS) configuration. When the WTRU receives and / or detects one or more LP- WUSs, the WTRU may apply one or more of the following procedures after receiving and / or detecting one or more LP-WUSs.

[0170] For example, the WTRU may monitor a PDCCH after receiving and / or detecting one or more LP- WUSs. The WTRU may wake up (e.g., activate a main radio (MR) and / or deactivate a low power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR) and / or begin monitoring of the PDCCH (e.g., for paging).

[0171] The WTRU may apply a system information (SI) update after receiving and / or detecting one or more LP-WUSs. The WTRU may apply an update of SI based on the received LP-WUS. In examples, the WTRU may apply one or more indicated sets of SI (e.g., as indicated by LP-WUS) after receiving the oneor more LP-WUSs. In examples, the WTRU may receive updated SI (e.g., via LP-WUSs and / or PDSCHs after activating the MR).

[0172] The WTRU may apply a paging related information update. The WTRU may apply the paging related information update based on the received LP-WUS. In examples, the WTRU may apply one or more indicated sets of paging related information (e.g., as indicated by LP-WUS) after receiving the one or more LP-WUSs. In examples, the WTRU may receive updated paging related information (e.g., via LP- WUSs and / or PDSCHs after activating the MR).

[0173] When the WTRU does not receive and / or detect one or more LP-WUSs, the WTRU may continue monitoring LP-WUS based on one or more LP-WUS monitoring configurations and / or other LP-WUS configuration information.

[0174] A WTRU may receive configuration information for an LP-WUS resource. A LP-WUS resource may include a set of configurations for reception of LP-WUS. For example, a configuration of an LP-WUS resource may include one or more of a signal structure, a waveform, a monitoring type, one or more frequency resources, and / or one or more-time resources. The WTRU may receive configuration information of a signal structure. For example, the WTRU may receive one or more of support of preamble, and / or preamble length (e.g., when configured).

[0175] The WTRU may receive configuration information for a waveform. For example, the WTRU may receive one or more of OOK-1, OOK-4, and / or OFDMA, as a waveform of LP-WUS.

[0176] The WTRU may receive configuration information for a monitoring type. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration for continuous monitoring and / or a duty-cycled monitoring.

[0177] The WTRU may receive configuration information for one or more frequency resources. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration based on one or more of RBs, sub bands, and / or BWPs, for example, to indicate frequency resources for receiving LP-WUS.

[0178] The WTRU may receive configuration information for time resources. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration based on one or more of periodicity and / or offsets. The indication of configuration may be based on OFDM symbols, US, and / or slots. Cell and / or resource selection for LP-WUS monitoring may be performed with bias based on a cell type.

[0179] A WTRU may receive configuration information including a first coefficient, a second coefficient, and / or a quality difference (e.g., RSRP difference), which may be referred to as a quality value difference. The WTRU may receive configuration information for one or more cell configurations. The cell configurations may indicate a cell ID and / or a cell type with one or more different SS transmissioncapabilities. For example, a WTRU may receive configuration information for a first cell type (e.g. , a cell that may transmit either or both NR-SS and / or LP-SS), and / or a second cell type (e.g., a cell that may transmit only NR-SS).

[0180] A first type WTRU (e.g., a WTRU capable of monitoring either or both NR-SS and / or LP-SS) may receive NR-SSs and / or LP-SSs from cells of the first cell type and / or may receive NR-SSs from cells of the second cell type. When the WTRU is a first type WTRU, the WTRU may measure LP-SSs and / or NR-SSs associated with cells of first cell type and / or NR-SSs associated with cells of second cell type. Based on the received NR-SSs and LP-SSs, the WTRU may determine a quality for one or more cells (e.g., LP- RSRP / RSRP, LP-RSSI / RSSI, LP-SINR / SINR, and / or LP-RSRQ / RSRQ). When NR-SS and / or LP-SS of a cell includes multiple signals (e.g., such as a LP-SS burst and / or as a NR-SS burst), one LP-SS signal corresponding to the highest received signal power, such as, for example, LP-RSRP) and / or an average and / or sum of a subset of signals (e.g., an average or sum of one or more of the transmitted signals in the LP-SS burst or NR-SS burst) may be considered for determining cell quality measurements. In examples, the WTRU may use one or more of the following approaches.

[0181] The quality (e.g, quality value) of the first cell type may be determined based on the measured quality (e.g, LP-RSRP and / or RSRP) of one or more of a plurality of SSs. For example, the WTRU may determine the cell quality based on a measured quality (e.g, RSRP) for either or both of NR-SS and / or LP- SS.

[0182] The quality of the second cell type may be determined based on the measured quality (e.g, RSRP) of NR-SS and / or the quality difference for which the WTRU is configured. For example, a quality of a cell of the second cell type may be equal to a sum of a measured quality (e.g, RSRP) plus the quality difference (e.g, RSRP difference and / or delta RSRP). Additionally, or alternatively, the WTRU may determine the quality difference based on coverage difference between cells of the first cell type and cells of the second cell type, which may be indicated by the gNB and / or measured based on pre-configured reference signals.

[0183] A WTRU may be configured to select a cell with an associated LP-WUS resource from the one or more cell IDs based on the determined quality (e.g, high quality value and / or low quality value) and / or priority (e.g, high priority and / or low priority) of one or more (e.g, some or all) cells based on, for example, a priority of each cell type, to monitor for LP-WUS. One or more of the following approaches may be used.

[0184] The WTRU may select a cell with the highest measured quality (e.g, highest RSRP) from one or more of a plurality of cell IDs (e.g, available cell IDs).

[0185] The WTRU may determine (e.g., first determine) the quality of each cell of a plurality of cells of a first cell type based on measurements of NR-SS and / or LP-SS from one or more of a plurality of cells (e.g., each cell or a plurality of cells). The WTRU may compare a determined quality of one or more cells of the first cell type with a measured quality of one or more cells of the second cell type. The WTRU may select a cell based on a determined quality of one or more cells of the first cell type and / or a measured quality of one or more cells of the second type (e.g., a cell with the highest computed or measured quality). In examples, to determine the quality of cells of one or more cells of the first cell type, the WTRU may use one or more of a plurality of procedures, examples of which are described in further detail herein below.

[0186] In examples, for a first cell type, the WTRU may use a higher quality measurement (e.g., RSRP) of the individual measured values corresponding to NR-SS and / or LP-SS. In examples, a WTRU may combine the quality measurements associated with NR-SS and / or LP-SS from a cell to determine the quality of the cell. For example, the combined quality of the first cell type may equal a sum of the first coefficient multiplied by a measured quality (e.g., RSRP) for NR-SS plus the second coefficient multiplied by a measured quality (e.g., LP-RSRP) for LP-SS, where the sum of the first coefficient plus the second coefficient may be equal to 1 .

[0187] In examples, for a first cell type, the WTRU may use a lower quality measurement (e.g., RSRP) of the individual measured values corresponding to NR-SS and / or LP-SS.

[0188] In examples, for a first cell type, the WTRU may use a measured NR-SS quality (e.g., RSRP), for example, when the measured LP-SS quality (e.g., LP-RSRP) is less than a preconfigured threshold (e.g., configured by RRC signaling, and / or MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI signaling). The WTRU may use the measured LP-SS quality (e.g., LP-RSRP) when the measured LP-SS quality (e.g., LP-RSRP) is higher than the preconfigured threshold.

[0189] In examples, the WTRU may select a measured LP-SS quality and / or NR-SS quality as the quality of a cell of first cell type based on the RRC state associated with the LP-WUS monitoring. For example, when the RRC state associated with the LP-WUS monitoring is an RRC connected state, the WTRU may select an NR-SS quality as the quality of the cell. When the RRC state associated with the LP-WUS monitoring is an RRC inactive state and / or RRC idle state, the WTRU may select an LP-SS quality as the quality of the cell.

[0190] In examples, the WTRU may select an LP-SS quality and / or an NR-SS quality as the quality of the cell based on, for example, an indicated and / or determined priority of each of a plurality of SSs (e.g., LP- SSs and / or NR-SSs). The gNB may configure and / or indicate a priority of each of the plurality of SSs viaRRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication. Additionally, or alternatively, the WTRU may determine a priority of each of a plurality of SSs based on the RRC state associated with the LP-WUS monitoring. For example, when the LP-WUS is associated with an RRC connected state, the WTRU may determine that the NR-SS has a high priority. When LP-SS is indicated and / or determined to have a high priority and / or NR-SS is indicated and / or determined to have a low priority, the WTRU may select a measured LP-SS quality (e.g. , LP-RSRP) as the cell quality. When the NR-SS is indicated and / or determined to have a high priority and / or an LP-SS is indicated and / or determined to have a low priority, the WTRU may select a measured NR-SS quality (e.g., RSRP) as the cell quality.

[0191] In examples, the WTRU may select a cell for LP-WUS monitoring based on an indicated, configured, and / or determined priority of each cell type and / or associated quality measurements.

[0192] The WTRU may determine a priority of each cell type of a plurality of cell types based on one or more of the following. The WTRU may receive a priority indication and / or configuration information of each cell type via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication. The RRC state may be associated with LP-WUS monitoring. For example, when the LP-WUS monitoring is associated with an RRC connected state, a WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for second cell types and / or a low priority for first cell types. When the LP-WUS monitoring is associated with an RRC inactive state and / or RRC idle state, the WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for first cell types and a low priority for second cell types. The FR may be associated with NR-SS and / or LP-SS. For example, when an FR associated with LP-SS is of FR1 and NR-SS is of FR2-1 , the WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for first cell types and a low priority for second cell types. In another example, when FR an associated with both LP-SS and NR-SS are the same, the WTRU may determine and / or indicate that both cell types are of equal priority. The WTRU may determine a priority of each of a plurality of cell types based on a bandwidth of LP-SS. For example, when the LP-SS bandwidth is determined to be equal or higher than a preconfigured bandwidth (e.g., preconfigured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication), the WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for first cell types and a low priority for second cell types. When the LP-SS bandwidth is lower than the preconfigured bandwidth, the WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for second cell types and a low priority for first cell types. The WTRU may determine the priority of each cell type based on a SCS of LP-SS. For example, when the LP- SS SCS is equal or lower than a preconfigured SCS (e.g., preconfigured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication), the WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for first cell types and a low priority for second cell types. When the LP-SS SCS is higher than the preconfigured SCS, theWTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for second cell types and a lower priority for first cell types. The WTRU may determine the priority of each cell type based on a periodicity of LP-SS. For example, when the LP-SS periodicity is equal or higher than a preconfigured periodicity (e.g., preconfigured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication), the WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for first cell types and a low priority for second cell types. When the LP-SS periodicity is higher than the preconfigured periodicity, the WTRU may determine and / or indicate a high priority for second cell types and a low priority for first cell types.

[0193] The WTRU may select a cell for LP-WUS monitoring based on the priority of each cell type and / or quality measurements associated with each cell based on one or more of the following examples.

[0194] In examples, when the quality of at least one cell of high priority is higher than a preconfigured threshold (e.g., preconfigured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication), the WTRU may select a cell of a highest priority (e.g., the cell ID with the highest cell quality among high priority cells).

[0195] In examples, the WTRU may be configured to modify a cell quality of high priority cells by, for example, adding a preconfigured cell quality (e.g., preconfigured RSRP) to the determined cell quality of one or more cells (e.g., based on NR-SS and / or LP-SS measurements). The WTRU may select a cell ID with a sufficient cell quality for LP-WUS monitoring based on the cell quality of each cell (e.g., selecting the cell with the best determined cell quality). The WTRU may consider the modified cell quality of higher priority cells and / or a determined and / or a measured (e.g., unmodified) cell quality of low priority cells.

[0196] Cell and resource selection for LP-WUS monitoring may be performed by a second type WTRU. The second type WTRU (e.g., a WTRU only capable of receiving LP-SS with its LP-WUR) may measure LP-SSs associated with cell IDs with the first cell type and determine the quality of each cell (e.g., LP- RSRP). The WTRU may select a cell based on the measured cell quality (e.g., selecting a cell with the highest LP-RSRP among the associated cell IDs) and / or may determine LP-WUS resources associated with the selected cell for LP-WUS monitoring via its LP-WUR.

[0197] A WTRU may use the determined LP-WUS monitoring resources of the determined and / or selected cell ID to monitor for LP-WUS via LP-WUR. Based on the received indication via LP-WUS and / or configuration information from the gNB (e.g., via DCI indication, and / or MAC-CE indication, and / or RRC signaling), the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions.

[0198] For example, the WTRU may wake up the main radio (MR) for monitoring, detecting, and / or receiving one or more signals, channels, indications, and / or configurations. The WTRU may wake up the MR to receive additional SSs (e.g., NR SS block, NR PSS, NR SSS, NR PBCH). In examples, the WTRUmay wake-up the MR and / or may receive one or more DL signals (e.g., PDCCH, and / or PDSCH). The WTRU may wake-up the MR and / or may receive one or more paging related signals (e.g., paging PDCCH / DCI and / or paging early indication (PEI)).

[0199] The WTRU may refrain from waking-up the MR (e.g., for a duration indicated via LP-WUS and / or configured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0200] The WTRU may skip monitoring one or more indicated and / or configured (e.g., indicated via LP- WUS and / or configured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication) future LP-WUS monitoring occasions and / or the WTRU may skip monitoring LP-WUS for an indicated and / or configured duration (e.g., indicated via LP-WUS and / or configured via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0201] The WTRU may wake up the MR and / or may perform one or more initial access processes (e.g., NR initial access process).

[0202] Cell and resource selection for LP-WUS monitoring may be performed across one or more of a plurality of sets of cells.

[0203] A WTRU may receive cell related configuration information (e.g., for LP-WUS monitoring and / or related RRM measurements). For example, one or more of a quality threshold and / or configuration information for one or more of a plurality of cells and / or sets of cells may be utilized for cell related configuration information.

[0204] A quality threshold may be used, for example, for one or more cell selection procedures (e.g., to determine and / or identify whether a measured cell quality satisfies requirements or fails to satisfy requirements). For example, when a measured cell quality is lower than the quality threshold for a particular cell, the WTRU may not select that cell (e.g., for receiving LP-WUS).

[0205] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more cells of a plurality of cells and / or sets of cells. In an example, the WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., configuration information) of a set ID for each cell of a plurality of cells and / or one or more sets of cells (e.g., a first cell set ID and / or a second cell set ID). Based on the configuration of the set ID, the WTRU may determine and / or identify a cell set for each cell of a plurality of cells. In another example, the WTRU may implicitly identify a cell set based on a cell type (e.g., via a semi-statically configured cell type for each cell of a plurality of cells). For example, when the cell is configured as a first cell type, the WTRU may identify a first cell set for the cell. When the cell is configured as a second cell type, the WTRU may identify a second cell set for the cell.

[0206] Each set of cells and / or cell type may have different gNB capabilities. For example, the first set of cells may transmit only New Radio Synchronization Signals (NR-SSs), and the second set of cells may transmit NR-SSs and / or LP-SSs.

[0207] In examples, the WTRU may indicate an WTRU type (e.g., to a gNB). This indication may be based on one or more of WTRU capability signaling and / or RRC configuration information. For example, a first WTRU type may indicate that the WTRU is capable of monitoring and / or measuring either or both NR- SS and / or LP-SS (e.g., based on OFDMA based receiver) and a second WTRU type may indicate that the WTRU is capable of monitoring and / or measuring only LP-SS (e.g., based on OOK / FSK based receiver).

[0208] In examples, the WTRU may determine a set of cells to prioritize for WTRU measurement based on an WTRU type.

[0209] In an example where the WTRU is the first WTRU type (e.g., capable of monitoring NR-SS and / or LP-SS, the WTRU may determine measurements for one or more cells of a first set of cells (e.g., NR-SS measurements associated with cells in the first set of cells). Based on the measurements, the WTRU may determine a first type of or a value for quality (e.g., one or more of RSRP, SS-RSRP and / or CSI-RSRP) for one or more cells by measuring REs that carry the first set of RSs (e.g., NR-SSs). For example, when a quality of at least one cell in the first set of cells is greater than the quality threshold, the WTRU may select a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell in the first set based on the determined quality (e.g., selecting a cell with an indicated best quality in the first set of cells).

[0210] When no cells in the first set of cells satisfy the quality threshold (e.g., all cells in the first set of cells fail to meet or exceed the quality threshold), the WTRU may determine measurements for a second set of RSs (e.g., NR-SSs and / or LP-SSs) associated with one or more cells in the second set of cells. Based on these measurements, the WTRU may determine a second type of quality (e.g., a combined RSRP) for one or more of the cells. For example, the WTRU may determine measurements for REs of the second set of RSs (e.g., REs that carry NR-SSs and / or REs that carry LP-SSs) and may determine the second type of quality (e.g., a combined quality / RSRP for the NR-SS REs and / or LP-SS REs) based on the measurements.

[0211] In examples, the WTRU may select a LP-WUS resource associated with a cell in the second set of cells based on the determined quality. For example, the WTRU may select a cell with the best (e.g., highest) determined quality in the second set of cells.

[0212] In examples where the WTRU is a second type WTRU (e.g., only capable of measuring LP-SS with its LP-WUR), the WTRU may measure a third set of RSs (e.g., LP-SSs) associated with the second set ofcells and / or may determine a third type of quality (e.g., LP-RSRP) for one or more of the cells (e.g., by determining measurements for OFDM symbols that carry the third set of RSs (e.g., LP-SSs). The WTRU may indicate an LP-WUS resource associated with a cell in the second set of cells based on the determined quality. For example, the WTRU may select a cell with a best determined LP-RSRP in the second set.

[0213] In examples, the WTRU may monitor a LP-WUS of an LP-WUS resource associated with the determined cell (e.g., based on cell types and / or WTRU types). When the WTRU receives the LP-WUS in the LP-WUS resource, the WTRU may apply one or more procedures described herein after receiving a LP-WUS.

Claims

CLAIMS:1 . A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a processor configured to: receive configuration information for a first cell and a second cell, wherein the configuration information for the first cell comprises a cell identifier (ID) for the first cell and an indication that the first cell is of a first cell type that transmits both new radio-synchronization signals (NR-SS) and low powersynchronization signals (LP-SS), wherein the configuration information for the second cell comprises a cell ID for the second cell and an indication that the second cell is of a second cell type that transmits NR-SS, and wherein the WTRU is capable of monitoring both NR-SS and LP-SS; determine measurements of one or more LP-SSs and measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell; determine a quality of the first cell based on the measurements of the one or more LP-SSs and the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and determine a quality of the second cell based on the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell; and select a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) resource associated with the first cell or the second cell based on a comparison of the quality of the first cell and the quality of the second cell.

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the configuration information comprises a first coefficient, a second coefficient, and a quality difference.

3. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the quality of the first cell is selected as a highest value between a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and a measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell.

4. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the quality of the first cell is further based on the first coefficient and the second coefficient.

5. The WTRU of claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to select between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on one or more parameters, wherein the parameters comprise the quality of the first cell, the quality of the second cell, thefirst coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell, the second coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell, or wake-up capabilities of each of the first cell and the second cell.

6. The WTRU of claim 4, wherein the quality of the first cell is based on the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the first coefficient plus the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the second coefficient.

7. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the quality of the second cell is based on a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell and the quality difference comprising a reference signal received power (RSRP) of the one or more NR-SSs plus a delta RSRP.

8. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to monitor for an LP-WUS in a selected LP-WUS resource of the first cell or the second cell, and monitor for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission associated with paging when the processor receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

9. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein, when the quality of the first cell is lower than the quality than the second cell, the processor is configured to select the LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell based on a determination that the first cell comprises wake-up capabilities unavailable from the second cell.

10. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to select between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on a priority assigned to at least one of the one or more NR-SS associated with the first cell, the one or more NR-SS associated with the second cell, or the one or more LP-SS associated with the first cell.

11. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information for a first cell and a second cell, wherein the configuration information for the first cell comprises a cell identifier (ID) for the first cell and an indication that the first cell is of a first cell type that transmits both new radio-synchronization signals (NR-SS) and low powersynchronization signals (LP-SS), wherein the configuration information for the second cell comprises a cellID for the second cell and an indication that the second cell is of a second cell type that transmits NR-SS, and wherein the WTRU is capable of monitoring both NR-SS and LP-SS; determining measurements of one or more LP-SSs and measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and measurements of one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell; determining a quality of the first cell based on the measurements of the one or more LP-SSs and the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and determine a quality of the second cell based on the measurements of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell; and selecting a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) resource associated with the first cell or the second cell based on a comparison of the quality of the first cell and the quality of the second cell.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the configuration information comprises a first coefficient, a second coefficient, and a quality difference.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the quality of the first cell is selected as a highest value between a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell and a measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the quality of the first cell is further based on the first coefficient and the second coefficient.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising selecting between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on one or more parameters, wherein the parameters comprise the quality of the first cell, the quality of the second cell, the first coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell, the second coefficient applied to the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell, or wake-up capabilities of each of the first cell and the second cell.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the quality of the first cell is based on the measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the first coefficient plus the measurement value of the one or more LP-SSs associated with the first cell multiplied by the second coefficient.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein the quality of the second cell is based on a measurement value of the one or more NR-SSs associated with the second cell and the quality difference comprising a reference signal received power (RSRP) of the one or more NR-SSs plus a delta RSRP.

18. The method of claim 11 , further comprising monitoring for an LP-WUS in a selected LP-WUS resource of the first cell or the second cell, and monitoring for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission associated with paging when the processor receives the LP-WUS in the selected LP-WUS resource.

19. The method of claim 11 , wherein, when the quality of the first cell is lower than the quality than the second cell, the LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell is selected based on a determination that the first cell comprises wake-up capabilities unavailable from the second cell.

20. The method of claim 11 , further comprising selecting between a LP-WUS resource associated with the first cell and a LP-WUS resource associated with the second cell based on a priority assigned to at least one of the one or more NR-SS associated with the first cell, the one or more NR-SS associated with the second cell, or the one or more LP-SS associated with the first cell.

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