Assembly comprising a heat exchanger

Abstract

The invention relates to an assembly (1), in particular for a vehicle, comprising: - a heat exchanger configured to allow heat exchange between, on the one hand, a flow of a first heat-transfer fluid, in particular a water-based fluid, within the heat exchanger, and, on the other hand, a flow of a second heat-transfer fluid, in particular a refrigerant or a dielectric fluid, within the heat exchanger; - in particular, a support (2) arranged to bear at least one fluidic component, in particular a plurality of fluidic components; - a receptacle (5) arranged to receive the heat exchanger, the receptacle (5) being configured such that, when the heat exchanger is placed in this receptacle, a fluid path (6) for a third heat-transfer fluid is formed between a side wall (7) of the receptacle and a peripheral wall of this heat exchanger.

Description

DESCRIPTION Title: ASSEMBLY COMPRISING A HEAT EXCHANGER [1] The present invention relates to an assembly, in particular for a vehicle, comprising a heat exchanger. [2] The vehicle can be land, sea or air. [3] Generally speaking, we are seeking to reduce the size of components in vehicles. This is a major challenge. In the context of a vehicle heat pump, one avenue of work is to compact all of its components, in particular the refrigerant circuit and the heat transfer fluid circuit. Furthermore, there is a need to improve the performance of the various cooling functions on a motor vehicle. [4] The invention aims in particular at such an aim. [5] The invention thus relates to an assembly, in particular for a vehicle, comprising: a heat exchanger configured to allow a heat exchange between, on the one hand, a flow of a first heat transfer fluid, in particular water-based, within the heat exchanger, and, on the other hand, a flow of a second heat transfer fluid, in particular a refrigerant fluid or a dielectric fluid, within the heat exchanger, in particular a support arranged to carry at least one component with a fluidic function, in particular a plurality of components with a fluidic function, a receptacle arranged to receive the heat exchanger, the receptacle being configured so that, when the heat exchanger is placed in this receptacle, a fluid path for a third heat transfer fluid is formed between a side wall of the receptacle and a peripheral wall of this heat exchanger,and this fluid path being configured to be fluidically connected to an external cooling circuit to cool at least one ancillary module, in particular an ancillary electronic module, the operation of which is sensitive to temperature. [6] Thanks to the invention, it is possible to use the heat exchanger which is for example dedicated to the air conditioning of the vehicle (for example which is part of a heat pump) to cool one or more ancillary modules. The ancillary module is for example an electronic module forming part of an ADAS system or driving assistance system. [7] The invention is particularly advantageous in that it provides synergy between different cooling functions by using the same heat exchanger for different functions. The invention makes it possible to centralize different cooling functions around this heat exchanger. [8] In particular, the invention recommends using the heat exchanger, in particular of the “Chiller” type, to exchange heat with the third fluid which circulates in the fluid path around the heat exchanger. This heat exchange mode for the third fluid may be sufficient when this third fluid in the external cooling circuit is used to cool an ancillary module which requires relatively low cooling power, for example a cooling power of less than 5 KW (kilowatts), being for example between 2 and 3 kW. [9] The invention makes it possible to obtain a performance gain when the cooling requirement is relatively low, in particular compared to the cooling power which is obtained within the heat exchanger between the first and second heat transfer fluids. For example, a driver assistance system (ADAS) requires only approximately 1 or 2 kW of cooling power.

[0010] The external cooling circuit may be separate from the flow of the first heat transfer fluid within the heat exchanger. It is thus possible to have, for the first heat transfer fluid circulating within the heat exchanger, a flow rate value and a temperature value which are different from those of the third fluid circulating in the external cooling circuit.

[0011] For example, the first heat transfer fluid circulating in the heat exchanger may have a temperature of approximately 25 degrees and a flow rate of approximately 1000 liters per hour in the case where the first heat transfer fluid is dedicated to cooling a vehicle battery. The third fluid circulating in the external cooling circuit may have a temperature of approximately 65 degrees and a flow rate of approximately 150 liters per hour to cool, for example, a driver assistance system (ADAS).

[0012] The integration of this fluid path around the heat exchanger makes it possible to manage the cooling of the additional electronic module without degrading the cooling power of the heat exchanger or “Chiller”.

[0013] An additional advantage that can be enabled by the invention is the compactness of the assembly around the heat exchanger due to the fact that the receptacle and the support that carries one or more components with a fluidic function can be made as a single piece. The invention thus allows greater integration of the different elements of the assembly.

[0014] According to one aspect of the invention, the receptacle and the support are made in one piece.

[0015] According to one aspect of the invention, the receptacle and the support form a single piece, in particular obtained by molding, in particular from a plastic material.

[0016] Alternatively, the receptacle and the support are produced as separate parts and then assembled together. In particular, the receptacle and the support can be assembled together in a removable manner.

[0017] According to one aspect of the invention, the support, for example made by molding a plastic material, comprises a flat base which carries fluidic components.

[0018] According to one aspect of the invention, the fluid path extends over at least a portion of the periphery of the peripheral wall of the heat exchanger.

[0019] According to one aspect of the invention, the side wall of the receptacle and the peripheral wall of the heat exchanger are parallel to each other.

[0020] According to one aspect of the invention, the peripheral wall of the heat exchanger comprises four faces perpendicular to each other, possibly with rounded corners at their junctions.

[0021] According to one aspect of the invention, the side wall of the receptacle comprises four faces perpendicular to each other, possibly with rounded corners at their junctions.

[0022] According to one aspect of the invention, the receptacle communicates with a third fluid inlet port for supplying third heat transfer fluid to the fluid path within the receptacle.

[0023] According to one aspect of the invention, this inlet orifice communicates with a nozzle on a transverse wall of the receptacle.

[0024] According to one aspect of the invention, this transverse wall, in particular flat, closes one end of the receptacle.

[0025] According to one aspect of the invention, the transverse wall is made in one piece with the side wall of the receptacle.

[0026] According to one aspect of the invention, the third fluid inlet orifice is placed opposite an enlargement of the receptacle.

[0027] According to one aspect of the invention, this widening locally defines, on one side of the heat exchanger, a fluid distribution volume, in particular over the entire height of the heat exchanger.

[0028] According to one aspect of the invention, this distribution volume has a divergent shape from the inlet orifice towards the peripheral wall of the heat exchanger.

[0029] According to one aspect of the invention, the receptacle communicates with a third fluid outlet orifice for discharging third heat transfer fluid having circulated in the fluid path inside the receptacle.

[0030] According to one aspect of the invention, this outlet orifice communicates with a nozzle on the transverse wall of the receptacle.

[0031] According to one aspect of the invention, the third fluid outlet orifice is placed opposite an enlargement of the receptacle.

[0032] According to one aspect of the invention, this widening locally defines, on one side of the heat exchanger, a fluid collection volume, in particular over the entire height of the heat exchanger.

[0033] According to one aspect of the invention, this collection volume has a convergent shape from the peripheral wall of the heat exchanger towards the fluid outlet orifice.

[0034] According to one aspect of the invention, the fluid inlet orifice and the fluid outlet orifice are arranged substantially diagonally opposite each other, on either side of the heat exchanger.

[0035] Thus the third fluid inlet and outlet ports for the fluid path are on the cross wall of the receptacle.

[0036] According to one aspect of the invention, the third fluid inlet and outlet orifices comprise connection tips, in particular of cylindrical shape, in particular made in one piece with the transverse wall.

[0037] According to one aspect of the invention, the end pieces are connectable to the external cooling circuit to cool an additional module, in particular an additional electronic module.

[0038] According to one aspect of the invention, the additional electronic module is in particular part of an ADAS system or driving assistance system, in particular the additional electronic module being an ADAS control unit connected to sensors (for example radars, lidars, cameras, etc.).

[0039] According to another aspect of the invention, the additional electronic module notably comprises battery switches.

[0040] According to one aspect of the invention, the transverse wall of the receptacle is substantially parallel to the support of the fluidic function components.

[0041] According to one aspect of the invention, the first heat transfer fluid and the third heat transfer fluid are of the same type, being for example glycolated water.

[0042] Alternatively, the first heat transfer fluid and the third heat transfer fluid are of different types, for example glycolated water for the first fluid and dielectric fluid for the third fluid.

[0043] According to one aspect of the invention, the heat exchanger comprises an inlet opening for the first fluid located on a plate of the heat exchanger, this plate being in particular perpendicular to the side wall of the receptacle.

[0044] According to one aspect of the invention, the heat exchanger comprises a first fluid outlet opening allowing the first fluid having circulated within the heat exchanger to exit therefrom, after having exchanged heat with the second heat transfer fluid within the heat exchanger.

[0045] According to one aspect of the invention, this outlet opening of the exchanger communicates with a pump of the assembly, in particular this outlet opening opens onto a seat of the pump.

[0046] According to one aspect of the invention, the pump seat is formed in one piece with the support.

[0047] According to one aspect of the invention, the receptacle configured to receive the heat exchanger comprises the side wall which is annular, in particular with a generally rectangular circumference.

[0048] According to one aspect of the invention, the receptacle which receives the heat exchanger comprises a transverse end wall which is substantially perpendicular to the side wall.

[0049] According to one aspect of the invention, this transverse end wall is arranged at an end opposite the plate of the heat exchanger.

[0050] Thus the receptacle is delimited by the side wall, and at the ends, by the transverse wall, on the one hand, and the plate, on the other hand.

[0051] According to one aspect of the invention, the closing plate comprises orifices allowing the passage of fixing elements such as screws for fixing the plate to the receptacle.

[0052] According to one aspect of the invention, the receptacle comprises perforated studs configured to be placed in coincidence with the orifices of the closing plate and allowing the insertion of fixing elements such as screws, in order to fix the closing plate to the receptacle.

[0053] According to one aspect of the invention, the closing plate carries a fluid connection flange comprising an inlet for the second heat transfer fluid and an outlet for the second heat transfer fluid having circulated in the heat exchanger.

[0054] This fluid connection flange allows the connection of pipes between the assembly according to the invention and an air conditioning system using the second heat transfer fluid.

[0055] According to one aspect of the invention, the closing plate further comprises a fluid connection end piece configured for connecting a tube for transporting the first heat transfer fluid used by the heat exchanger.

[0056] According to one aspect of the invention, the exchanger is a plate exchanger, in particular an evaporation exchanger, also called a “chiller” in English.

[0057] The term "fluidic function" means a function participating in the operation of the assembly, for example chosen to act on the flow of a heat transfer fluid (for example a fluid flow channel) or to measure a parameter linked to the fluid or its flow in channels.

[0058] According to one aspect of the invention, the fluidic function component is chosen from the following elements: a pump for pumping the first or second heat transfer fluid, a valve for directing the first or second heat transfer fluid, in particular a multi-way valve, a non-return valve for the first or second heat transfer fluid, a throttle valve for the first or second heat transfer fluid, a condensation exchanger, in particular a water condenser, an electric heating resistance heating device arranged to heat the first or second heat transfer fluid, a temperature and / or pressure sensor, a desiccant bottle or an accumulator, a filter for filtering particles present in the first or second heat transfer fluid, in particular a dielectric fluid.

[0059] According to one aspect of the invention, the support forms at least a portion of a body of the valve and / or the pump.

[0060] According to one aspect of the invention, the pump is actuable by an electric motor.

[0061] According to one aspect of the invention, the support is provided with two housings for receiving two pumps, in particular three housings for receiving three pumps.

[0062] According to one aspect of the invention, the assembly comprises a degassing tank which can be made in one piece with the support or, alternatively, can be fixed in a removable manner on the support to allow its maintenance. The first heat transfer fluid can undergo degassing in this degassing tank, making it possible to separate a gas, in particular air, present in the first heat transfer fluid, which is for example glycolated water.

[0063] The invention also relates to a motor vehicle system comprising an assembly with a heat exchanger as described above, and an external cooling circuit for cooling an ancillary module, in particular an ancillary electronic module which is part of an ADAS system or driver assistance system, in particular the ancillary electronic module being an ADAS control unit connected to sensors (for example radars, lidars, cameras, etc.), the assembly comprising a receptacle configured so that, when the heat exchanger is placed in this receptacle, a fluid path for a third heat transfer fluid is formed between a side wall of the receptacle and a peripheral wall of this heat exchanger, and this fluid path being configured to be fluidically connected to the external cooling circuit.

[0064] The ADAS control unit includes, among other things, an on-board computer.

[0065] Other characteristics, details and advantages of the invention will emerge more clearly on reading the description which follows on the one hand, and several examples of embodiment given for informational and non-limiting purposes with reference to the appended schematic drawings on the other hand, in which:

[0066] [Fig. 1] Figure 1 illustrates, very schematically, a motor vehicle system comprising an assembly with a heat exchanger according to an exemplary implementation of the invention;

[0067] [Fig. 2] Figure 2 illustrates, schematically and partially, in perspective, an assembly according to an exemplary implementation of the invention, according to a first view;

[0068] [Fig. 3] Figure 3 illustrates, schematically and partially, in perspective, according to a different view, the assembly of [Figure 1];

[0069] [Fig. 4] Figure 4 illustrates, schematically and partially, in cross-section the assembly of [Figure 1];

[0070] [Fig. 5] Figure 5 illustrates, schematically and partially, in cross-section, the assembly of [Figure 1], the section being made by a plane passing through two ends of the receptacle;

[0071] [Fig. 6] Figure 6 illustrates, schematically and partially, in section parallel to the heat exchanger plates, the assembly of [Figure 1],

[0072] The features, variants and different embodiments of the invention may be combined with each other in various combinations, provided that they are not incompatible or mutually exclusive. In particular, variants of the invention may be conceived comprising only a selection of features described below in isolation from the other features described, if this selection of features is sufficient to confer a technical advantage and / or to differentiate the invention from the prior art.

[0073] 1 shows a system 100 for a motor vehicle comprising an assembly 1 with a heat exchanger 10, and an external cooling circuit 200 for cooling an additional module 201, here an additional electronic module which is part of an ADAS system or driver assistance system. The additional electronic module 201 is in particular an ADAS control unit connected to sensors (for example radars, lidars, cameras, etc.).

[0074] The heat exchanger 10 is configured to allow an exchange of heat between, on the one hand, a flow of a first heat transfer fluid, here glycolated water, within the heat exchanger 10, and, on the other hand, a flow of a second heat transfer fluid, here a refrigerant fluid, within the heat exchanger 10.

[0075] The first heat transfer fluid is dedicated to cooling a vehicle battery via a 220 cooling loop.

[0076] The refrigerant fluid is selected from R134a, R1234yf, R290 or R744 fluid which supplies an air conditioning system 210 of the vehicle.

[0077] Exchanger 10 is a plate exchanger, in particular an evaporation exchanger, also called a “chiller” in English.

[0078] Assembly 1 is part of a heat pump, installed on the vehicle. The heat pump is, for example, an indirect type.

[0079] We will now describe assembly 1 in more detail.

[0080] As can be seen in Figures 2 and 3, the assembly 1 comprises a support 2 arranged to carry components with a fluidic function, here three pumps 3 configured to pump the first or second heat transfer fluid.

[0081] The support 2 forms a portion of a pump body for the three pumps 3.

[0082] The pumps are driven by an electric motor.

[0083] According to one aspect of the invention, the support is provided with three housings for receiving three pumps.

[0084] The assembly 1 further comprises a receptacle 5 arranged to receive the heat exchanger 10.

[0085] As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the receptacle 5 is configured so that, when the heat exchanger 10 is placed in this receptacle 5, a fluid path 6 for a third heat transfer fluid is formed between a side wall 7 of the receptacle 5 and a peripheral wall 11 of this heat exchanger 10. The fluid flow along this fluid path 6 is represented very schematically by the arrow F2. One of the plates 50 of the plate stack of the heat exchanger 10 is visible in Figure 5.

[0086] This fluid path 6 is configured to be fluidically connected to the external cooling circuit 200, as will be explained in detail below.

[0087] The receptacle 5 and the support 2 are made from a single piece.

[0088] In particular, the receptacle 5 and the support 2 form a single piece, obtained by molding a plastic material.

[0089] The support 2 comprises a flat base 9 which carries the components with fluidic function.

[0090] The fluid path 6 extends around the circumference of the peripheral wall 11 of the heat exchanger 10.

[0091] The side wall 7 of the receptacle 5 and the peripheral wall 11 of the heat exchanger 10 are parallel to each other.

[0092] The peripheral wall 11 of the heat exchanger 10 has four faces 12 perpendicular to each other, with rounded corners at their junctions.

[0093] The side wall 7 of the receptacle 5 has four faces 14 perpendicular to each other, with rounded corners at their junctions.

[0094] The receptacle 5 communicates with a third fluid inlet orifice 20 to bring third heat transfer fluid to the fluid path 6 inside the receptacle 5.

[0095] This inlet orifice 20 communicates with a nozzle 21 on a transverse wall 23 of the receptacle 5.

[0096] This flat transverse wall 23 closes one end of the receptacle 5.

[0097] The transverse wall 23 is made in one piece with the side wall 7 of the receptacle 5.

[0098] The third fluid inlet orifice 20 is placed opposite an enlargement 25 of the receptacle 5.

[0099] This enlargement 25 locally defines, on one side of the heat exchanger 10, a fluid distribution volume, over the entire height of the heat exchanger.

[0100] This distribution volume has a divergent shape from the inlet orifice 25 towards the peripheral wall 11 of the heat exchanger 10.

[0101] The receptacle 5 communicates with a third fluid outlet orifice 26 for discharging the third heat transfer fluid having circulated in the fluid path 6 inside the receptacle 5.

[0102] This outlet orifice 26 communicates with a nozzle 28 on the transverse wall 23 of the receptacle 5.

[0103] The third fluid outlet orifice 26 is placed opposite an enlargement of the receptacle 27.

[0104] This enlargement 27 locally defines, on one side of the heat exchanger 10, a fluid collection volume, over the entire height of the heat exchanger 10.

[0105] The height corresponds to the dimension measured perpendicular to the transverse wall 23.

[0106] The collection volume formed by the enlargement 27 has a convergent shape from the peripheral wall 11 of the heat exchanger 10 towards the fluid outlet orifice 26.

[0107] The fluid inlet orifice 20 and the fluid outlet orifice 26 are arranged substantially diagonally opposite each other, on either side of the heat exchanger 10.

[0108] Thus the inlet orifices 20 and outlet orifices 26 of the third fluid for the fluid path 6 are on the transverse wall 23 of the receptacle.

[0109] The third fluid inlet orifices 20 and outlet orifices 26 comprise cylindrical connection tips 21 and 28, made in one piece with the transverse wall 23.

[0110] The tips 21 and 28 are connectable to the external cooling circuit 200.

[0111] The transverse wall 23 of the receptacle 5 is substantially parallel to the support 2 of the fluidic function components.

[0112] The first heat transfer fluid and the third heat transfer fluid are of the same type, here being glycolated water.

[0113] As clearly visible in Figures 2 and 4, the heat exchanger 10 comprises an inlet opening 30 for the first fluid located on a plate 31 of the heat exchanger 10, this plate 31 being perpendicular to the side wall 7 of the receptacle 5. This inlet opening 30 comprises a nozzle 37 fixed to the plate 31.

[0114] The heat exchanger 10 comprises an outlet opening 32 for the first fluid allowing the first fluid having circulated within the heat exchanger 10, between internal plates, to exit therefrom, after having exchanged heat with the second heat transfer fluid within the heat exchanger 10. The flow within the heat exchanger 10 is represented very schematically by the arrow F1 in FIG. 4.

[0115] This outlet opening 32 of the exchanger communicates with a pump 3 of the assembly. In particular, this outlet opening opens onto a seat 33 of the pump 3. The seat 33 of the pump is formed in one piece with the support 2.

[0116] The transverse end wall 23 is arranged at an end opposite the plate 31 of the heat exchanger 10.

[0117] Thus the receptacle 5 is delimited by the side wall 7, and at the ends, by the transverse wall 23, on the one hand, and the plate 31, on the other hand.

[0118] The closing plate 31 has orifices 35 allowing the passage of fixing elements such as screws for fixing the plate to the receptacle 5.

[0119] The receptacle 5 comprises perforated studs 36 configured to be placed in coincidence with the orifices 35 of the closing plate 31 and allowing the insertion of fixing elements such as screws, in order to fix the closing plate 31 on the receptacle 5.

[0120] The closing plate 31 carries a fluid connection flange 38 comprising an inlet for the second heat transfer fluid and an outlet for the second heat transfer fluid (refrigerant) having circulated in the heat exchanger 10.

[0121] This fluid connection flange 38 allows the connection of pipes between the assembly according to the invention and an air conditioning system 210 using the second heat transfer fluid.

[0122] The support 2 also carries a valve 40 to regulate the flow of the first heat transfer fluid (glycol water) according to the required operating modes.

[0123] The support 2 also comprises flow channels 41 for the first heat transfer fluid.

[0124] Thus, the support 2 integrates different functions in a compact way.

Claims

CLAIMS

1. Assembly (1), in particular for a vehicle, comprising: a heat exchanger (10) configured to allow a heat exchange between, on the one hand, a flow of a first heat transfer fluid, in particular water-based, within the heat exchanger (10), and, on the other hand, a flow of a second heat transfer fluid, in particular a refrigerant fluid or a dielectric fluid, within the heat exchanger (10), a support (2) arranged to carry at least one component with a fluidic function, in particular a plurality of components with a fluidic function, a receptacle (5) arranged to receive the heat exchanger (10), the receptacle (5) being configured so that, when the heat exchanger (10) is placed in this receptacle, a fluid path (6) for a third heat transfer fluid is formed between a side wall (7) of the receptacle and a peripheral wall (11) of this heat exchanger,and this fluid path being configured to be fluidically connected to an external cooling circuit (200) for cooling at least one ancillary module (201), in particular an ancillary electronic module, the operation of which is temperature-sensitive, the assembly (1) being characterized in that the at least one component with a fluidic function is chosen from the following elements: a pump for pumping the first or second heat transfer fluid, a valve for directing the first or second heat transfer fluid, in particular a multi-way valve, a non-return valve for the first or second heat transfer fluid, a throttle valve for the first or second heat transfer fluid, a condensation exchanger, in particular a water condenser, an electric heating resistance heating device arranged to heat the first or second heat transfer fluid, a temperature and / or pressure sensor, a desiccant bottle or an accumulator,a filter for filtering particles present in the first or second heat transfer fluid, in particular a dielectric fluid.,

2. Assembly (1) according to the preceding claim, in which the receptacle (5) and the support (2) form a single piece, in particular obtained by molding, in particular of a plastic material.

3. Assembly (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the fluid path (6) extends over at least a portion of the periphery of the peripheral wall (11) of the heat exchanger (10), and the side wall (7) of the receptacle (5) and the peripheral wall (11) of the heat exchanger are parallel to each other.

4. Assembly (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the receptacle (5) communicates with an inlet orifice (20) for a third fluid to bring third heat transfer fluid to the fluid path (6) inside the receptacle, and this inlet orifice communicates with a nozzle on a transverse wall (23) of the receptacle, this transverse wall, in particular flat, closes one end of the receptacle (5), and in particular the transverse wall (23) is made in one piece with the side wall of the receptacle (5).

5. Assembly (1) according to the preceding claim, in which the inlet orifice (20) for the third fluid is placed opposite an enlargement (25) of the receptacle (5), and in particular this enlargement (25) defines locally, on one side of the heat exchanger, a fluid distribution volume, in particular over the entire height of the heat exchanger.

6. Assembly (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the heat exchanger (10) comprises an inlet opening (30) for a first fluid located on a plate (31) of the heat exchanger, this plate being in particular perpendicular to the side wall of the receptacle (5), and the heat exchanger comprises an outlet opening (32) for a first fluid allowing the first fluid having circulated within the heat exchanger to exit therefrom, after having exchanged heat with the second heat transfer fluid within the heat exchanger (10).

7. Assembly (1) according to the preceding claim, in which this outlet opening (32) of the exchanger communicates with a pump (3) of the assembly, in particular this outlet opening opens onto a seat (33) of the pump, and the seat of the pump is in particular formed in a single piece with the support (2).

8. Assembly (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the assembly comprises a degassing tank made in one piece with the support (2) or fixed in a removable manner on the support (2) to allow its maintenance.

9. Motor vehicle system (100) comprising an assembly (1) with a heat exchanger according to one of the preceding claims, and an external cooling circuit (200) for cooling an ancillary module (201), the assembly comprising a receptacle (5) configured so that, when the heat exchanger is placed in this receptacle (5), a fluid path (6) for a third heat transfer fluid is formed between a side wall (7) of the receptacle (5) and a peripheral wall (11) of this heat exchanger, and this fluid path being configured to be fluidically connected to the external cooling circuit.

10. System (100) according to the preceding claim, in which the additional electronic module is part of an ADAS system or driving assistance system.

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