Process of reversible complexation mediated polymerization and product obtained therefrom
The process of reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt to generate iodine in situ for reversible complexation mediated polymerization addresses the toxicity and cost issues of traditional methods, enabling controlled polymerization with low PDI in various polymerization modes.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/121355
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-27
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-03
AI Technical Summary
Existing controlled radical polymerization techniques, such as ATRP and RAFT, involve toxic heavy metal complexes and unpleasant odors, and the use of alkyl iodide and iodine in reversible complexation mediated polymerization (RCMP) is costly and poses safety and stability issues.
A process for reversible complexation mediated polymerization that does not directly use alkyl iodide and iodine, instead reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt to generate iodine in situ, which then forms alkyl iodide with a radical polymerization initiator, allowing for polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in various polymerization modes.
This approach avoids the drawbacks of traditional methods by achieving controlled polymerization with low polydispersity index (PDI) and is applicable in various polymerization techniques, including emulsion polymerization, without the use of toxic substances.
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Abstract
Description
Process of reversible complexation mediated polymerization and product obtained therefromTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a living radical polymerization. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a process of reversible complexation mediated polymerization and products obtained therefrom.BACKGROUND
[0002] Free-radical polymerization technique has been widely used in emulsion polymerization. It is capable of accepting the least stringent experimental conditions and the widest range of monomers. However, one major limitation of conventional free-radical polymerization originates in the decisive significance of the irreversible termination reactions via combination and / or dismutation of the free radicals assuring the growth of the chains. Due to such limitation, many polymers synthesized via the conventional free-radical polymerization have a wide polydisperse index (PDI) . When the conventional free-radical polymerization is applied in emulsion polymerization, the synthesized polymer particles show significant variation in particle diameter.
[0003] Recently, emulsion polymerization has been combined with living radical polymerization (LRP) techniques. However, drawbacks of existing controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques are the presence of toxic heavy metal complexes (so-called Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) technique) and sulfur compounds with a very unpleasant odor (so-called Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization) . The combination of emulsion polymerization with ATRP and RAFT polymerizations has been established, but the obtained particles contain toxic heavy metal complexes and / or very unpleasant odor.
[0004] More recently, living polymerization technology utilizing iodide compounds has been developed. EP2147936B1 discloses a composition for use in a living polymerization which comprises a catalyst, a radical initiator and an organic halide. Such composition is useful for the synthesis of polymers with low PDI. However, such composition has not been proved to be useful in emulsion polymerization.
[0005] EP272698 disclosed an iodine transfer polymerization (ITP) technique. By using an initiating radical, iodofluorocompounds could enter in a controlled process, based on a degenerative transfer. However, it is silent about which iodo compounds are suitable for use in emulsion polymerization.
[0006] Meanwhile, the reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP) technique, which employs iodine as a control agent, has been developed. WO2020167600A1 discloses a method of making a (meth) acrylic acid polymer, comprising reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP) of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising (meth) acrylic acid, salt thereof, or combination thereof, in the presence of a radical polymerization initiator, an oxidant, an iodide salt and a solvent. However, the control of polymerization is poor. Only PDI >1.9 can be obtained.
[0007] Recently, reversible complexation mediated polymerization (RCMP) technology is developed, which is a novel organocatalyzed living radical polymerization using alkyl iodide (R-I) as an initiator.
[0008] However, using alkyl iodide (R-I) as initiator for RCMP has drawbacks. For example, alkyl iodide is expensive and not stable in long-term storage. In recent years, it has been tried to use I2 together with azo initiators to in-situ generate alkyl iodide. However, I2 has poor solubility in water, which limits the application in aqueous solution polymerization and emulsion polymerization. Moreover, I2 is toxic if handled unproperly, the direct use of I2 in industry will face many difficulties due to regulations and safety issues.
[0009] Hence, it is highly desirable to design a new polymerization route for RCMP, which does not involve the direct use of alkyl iodide and iodine. This will be beneficial to RCMP industrialization and also will broaden its application.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] It is an object of the invention to provide process of preparing a polymer from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M, comprising: a) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt in a reactor until the oxidant is completely consumed; and b) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step a) for the polymerization, wherein at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step a) and / or step b) , preferably in step b) , for polymerization. The process of the present invention provides a new polymerization route in RCMP, which does not involve the direct use of alkyl iodide and iodine and is applicable in various polymerizations, such as a bulk polymerization, a solution polymerization, a suspension polymerization, or an emulsion polymerization.
[0011] Another object of the present invention is to provide a polymer obtainable or obtained from the process of the present invention.
[0012] It has been surprisingly found that the above objects can be achieved by following embodiments:
[0013] 1. A process of preparing a polymer from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M, comprising:
[0014] a) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0015] b) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step a) , for the polymerization,
[0016] wherein the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step a) and / or step b) , preferably in step b) .
[0017] 2. The process according to embodiment 1, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is in the range of 1: 1 -40, preferably in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 –20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 –20.
[0018] 3. The process according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the oxidant is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, peroxy acids, ammonium and / or alkaline earth metal and / or alkali metal peroxodisulfates, more preferably organic peroxides or alkali metal peroxodisulfates, and most preferably benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium peroxodisulfate, potassium peroxodisulfate, or any combination thereof.
[0019] 4. The process according to embodiment any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the iodide salt comprises organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt and / or water-soluble iodide salt.
[0020] 5. The process according to embodiment 4, wherein the organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt is selected from substituted ammonium iodide and substituted phosphonium iodide, preferably selected from tetra-hydrocarbyl ammonium iodide and tetra-hydrocarbyl phosphonium iodide, wherein the hydrocarbyl is, in each occurrence, independently linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl or C6-C20-aryl, preferably linear or branched C1-C10-alkyl, or C6-C12-aryl, preferably, the organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt is selected from tetra-butylammonium iodide, tributylmethyl phosphonium iodide and tetra-n-octylammonium iodide.
[0021] 6. The process according to embodiment 4, wherein the water-soluble iodide salt is selected from an iodide of an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal and ammonium, preferably from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, calcium iodide and ammonium iodide.
[0022] 7. The process according to any of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein monomer M has at least one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and the monomer M is selected from a hydrophobic monomer and a hydrophilic monomer, preferably is selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene, (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylonitrile, styrene and substituted styrene, vinyl alkanoate, monoethylenically unsaturated di-and tricarboxylic ester, monoethylenically unsaturated monomer containing at least one functional group selected from a group consisting of carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, hydroxyl and amide.
[0023] 8. The process according to any of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein monomer M is a hydrophobic monomer, preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene, C1-C20 alkyl (meth) acrylate, C3-C20 cycloalkyl (meth) acrylate, C6-C20 aryl (meth) acrylate, styrene, styrene mono-or multi-substituted with C1-C5 alkyl; more preferably, monomer M is selected from the group consisting of methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, n-decyl (meth) acrylate, n-dodecyl (meth) acrylate (i.e. lauryl (meth) acrylate) , tetradecyl (meth) acrylate, oleyl (meth) acrylate, palmityl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl (meth) acrylate, phenyl (meth) acrylate, styrene, α-methylstyrene, ortho-, meta-and para-methylstyrene, ortho-, meta-and para-ethylstyrene, o, p-dimethylstyrene, o, p-diethylstyrene, ispropylstyrene and o-methyl-p-isopropylstyrene.
[0024] 9. The process according to any of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein monomer M is a hydrophilic monomer, preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers, especially monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising amide group; monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising at least one acidic group selected from -COOH, -SO3H and -PO3H2; and monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising hydroxyl and / or ether groups, preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate, allyl alcohol, hydroxy vinyl C1-C6 alkyl ether, and poly (ethylene glycol) C1-C6 alkyl ether (meth) acrylate, and more preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) .
[0025] 10. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant added to the reactor to the monomer M added into the reactor is in the range of 1: 2 -1600, preferably in the range of 1: 10 -800, more preferably in the range of 1: 50 –400.
[0026] 11. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the radical polymerization initiator is an azo polymerization initiator, preferably the radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of 2, 2′-azobisisobutylonitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile) , 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) , 2, 2′-azobis-2-methylbutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis-2, 3-dimethylbutyronitrile, 2, 2-azobis-2, 3, 3-trimethylbutyronitrile, 2-phenylazo-2, 4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis-2-isopropylbutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis- (2, 4, 4-trimethylpentane) , and 1, 1′-azobis (cyclohexanecarbonitrile) , more preferably the radical polymerization initiator is selected from 2, 2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2, 2′-azobis (4-methoxy-2, 4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) .
[0027] 12. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the radical polymerization initiator is added in an amount of 0.001%to 30%by weight, preferably 0.01%to 20%by weight, more preferably 0.1%to 10%by weight, and most preferably 0.3%to 5%by weight, based on the total weight of monomer M added to the reactor.
[0028] 13. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the radical polymerization initiator is in the range of 1: 0.1 -20, preferably in the range of 1: 0.2 -10, more preferably in the range of 1: 1-5, and most preferably in the range of 1: 1.5-2.5.
[0029] 14. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the reaction temperature in step a) is 10 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably 10 ℃ to 70 ℃, more preferably 10℃ to 50℃, and most preferably 15℃ to 30℃.
[0030] 15. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 –20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 –20; and the reaction temperature in step a) is 10 ℃ to 40 ℃, preferably 15 ℃ to 35 ℃, more preferably 15℃ to 30℃.
[0031] 16. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is 1: 1 -40, preferably in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 –20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 –20; the reaction temperature in step a) is 40 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably 45 ℃ to 80 ℃, more preferably 50℃ to 70℃; and the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step b) .
[0032] 17. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the polymerization temperature in step b) is 40 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably 50 ℃ to 95 ℃, more preferably 50 ℃ to 80 ℃.
[0033] 18. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17, wherein the polymerization is a bulk polymerization, a solution polymerization, or an emulsion polymerization.
[0034] 19. The process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the polymerization is a reversible complexation mediated polymerization.
[0035] 20. The polymer obtained from the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 19.
[0036] The present invention does not directly use alkyl iodide and I2 in RCMP, thereby avoiding drawbacks caused by using these materials directly. The present invention uses an oxidant and an iodide salt in RCMP, and reacts the oxidant with the iodide salt to generate iodine. The generated iodine will further in-situ form alkyl iodide after adding radical polymerization initiator. Then the alkyl iodide will initiate RCMP. In the process of the present invention, there is an excess amount of iodide salt over the oxidant, which both works as the source of iodine and the catalyst of RCMP. The process of the present invention is applicable for various ethylenically unsaturated monomers and is applicable in various polymerizations, such as a bulk polymerization, an emulsion polymerization, or a solution polymerization, using various appropriate solvents, including water, water-miscible or immiscible organic solvents.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0037] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which the invention belongs. As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise.
[0038] The articles “a” , “an” and “the” mean one or more of the species designated by the term following said article.
[0039] In the context of the present disclosure, any specific values mentioned for a feature (comprising the specific values mentioned in a range as the end point) can be recombined to form a new range.
[0040] Further embodiments of the present invention are discernible from the claims, the description, the examples, and the drawings. It will be understood that the aforementioned and hereinbelow still to be elucidated features of the subject matter of the present invention are utilizable not only in the particular combination indicated, but also in other combinations without leaving the realm of the present invention.
[0041] Process
[0042] One aspect of the present invention relates to a process of preparing a polymer from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M, comprising:
[0043] a) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0044] b) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step a) , for the polymerization,
[0045] wherein the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step a) and / or step b) , preferably in step b) .
[0046] Oxidant useful in the present invention may be determined by a skilled person, as long as it will react with an iodide salt. In some embodiments of the invention, the oxidant is an inorganic or organic peroxide, which may be defined as any compound that has an -O-O-group. Non-limiting examples of peroxide include ketone peroxides, diacyl peroxides, peresters, perketals, hydroperoxides, percarbonates, persulfates, perborate, peroxyphosphoric acid and salts thereof, and peroxymonosulfuric acid and salts thereof.
[0047] In some embodiments of the invention, peroxide for example hydrogen peroxide, peroxy acids, an alkaline earth metal or alkali metal peroxide, such as sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, ammonium and / or alkaline earth metal and / or alkali metal peroxodisulfates, such as ammonium peroxodisulfate, sodium peroxodisulfate, potassium peroxodisulfate, calcium peroxodisulfate, alkali metal perborates, such as sodium perborate, peroxyphosphoric acid and salts thereof, peroxymonosulfuric acid and salts thereof, organic peroxide such as tert-alkyl hydroperoxide, such as cumene hydroperoxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide, tert-alkyl peroxide such as di-tert-butyl peroxide, bis (tert-butylperoxy) -diisopropylbenzene, and di (tert-butylperoxyisopropyl) benzene, and dicumyl peroxide, tert-alkyl perester such as t-butyl peroxybenzoate, and tert-amyl peroxybenzoate, dialkyl peroxydicarbonate, such as dicetyl peroxydicarbonate, and dimyristyl peroxydicarbonate, diperoxy ketals, such as 1, 1-di-tert-butylperoxy-3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane, ketone peroxides, such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxides, and 4, 4-ditert-butylperoxy-n-butyl valerate, and benzoyl peroxides, such as dibenzoyl peroxide, bis- (2-methylbenzoyl) -peroxide, bis- (3-methylbenzoyl) -peroxide and bis- (4-methylbenzoyl) -peroxide, are applicable, for example. The oxidant can also be an oxidant other than peroxide, for example potassium permanganate.
[0048] Combinations of two or more of oxidants, such as of those listed above, may also be used in the process of the invention.
[0049] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the oxidant is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, peroxy acids, ammonium and / or alkaline earth metal and / or alkali metal peroxodisulfates, more preferably organic peroxides or alkali metal peroxodisulfates, and most preferably benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium peroxodisulfate, potassium peroxodisulfate, or any combination thereof.
[0050] For the purpose of the process of the invention, the molar ratio of the added oxidant to the added monomer M may be in the range of 1: 2 -1600, preferably in the range of 1: 10 -800, more preferably in the range of 1: 50 –400.
[0051] Iodide salt useful in the present invention may be determined by a skilled person. Any inorganic or organic cation can be used as the counterion of the iodide salt, as long as the iodide salt will react with the oxidant. Non-limiting examples of iodide salt include organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt and / or water-soluble iodide salt, such as an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, an ammonium salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, phosphonium salt or any combination thereof.
[0052] As examples of organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt, substituted ammonium iodide and substituted phosphonium iodide, preferably those selected from tetra-hydrocarbyl ammonium iodide and tetra-hydrocarbyl phosphonium iodide, wherein the hydrocarbyl is, in each occurrence, independently linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl or C6-C20-aryl, preferably linear or branched C1-C10-alkyl, or C6-C12-aryl, may be mentioned. Combinations of the organic-solvent-soluble iodide salts may also be applicable in the process of the present invention. Preferably, the organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt is selected from tetra-butylammonium iodide, tributylmethyl phosphonium iodide and tetra-n-octylammonium iodide.
[0053] As examples of water-soluble iodide salt, an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, and an ammonium salt, in particular lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, ammonium iodide, calcium iodide, and magnesium iodide, may be mentioned. Preferably, the water-soluble iodide salt for step a) of the process of the present invention may be selected from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, calcium iodide and ammonium iodide.
[0054] In step a) of the process of the present invention, the oxidant is reacted with the iodide salt, with the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for the reaction being in the range of 1: 1 -40, preferably in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3-20, and most preferably in the range of 1: 6 –20.
[0055] After the reaction in step a) of the process of the invention, a radical polymerization initiator is added to the reactor. Any thermally unstable compound that generates carbon-centered radicals can serve as the radical polymerization initiator for the purpose of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the radical polymerization initiator is an azo polymerization initiator. Non-limiting examples of the azo polymerization initiator include 2, 2′-azobisisobutylonitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile) , 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) , 2, 2′-azobis-2-methylbutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis-2, 3-dimethylbutyronitrile, 2, 2-azobis-2, 3, 3-trimethylbutyronitrile, 2-phenylazo-2, 4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis-2-isopropylbutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis- (2, 4, 4-trimethylpentane) , 1, 1′-azobis (cyclohexanecarbonitrile) , and any combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the radical polymerization initiator suitable for step b) of the process of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of 2, 2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2, 2′-azobis (4-methoxy-2, 4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) .
[0056] For the purpose of the process of the invention, the radical polymerization initiator may be added in an amount of 0.001%to 30%by weight, preferably 0.01%to 20%by weight, more preferably 0.1%to 10%by weight, and most preferably 0.3%to 5%by weight, based on the total weight of monomer M added to the reactor.
[0057] In some embodiments of the invention, the molar ratio of the added oxidant to the added radical polymerization initiator is in the range of 1: 0.1-20, preferably in the range of 1: 0.2-10, more preferably in the range of 1: 1 -5, and most preferably in the range of 1: 1.5-2.5.
[0058] In the process of the present invention, at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added for the polymerization. Monomer M may be added in step a) and / or step b) , preferably in step b) .
[0059] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is a monomer that has an ethylenically unsaturated group, especially an ethylenically unsaturated group having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, such as those found in the following functional groups: allyl, vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, acryloxy, methacryloxy, acrylamido, methacrylamido, acetylenyl, maleimido, and the like.
[0060] In one embodiment, monomer M can be selected from the group consisting of conjugated dienes, (meth) acrylate monomers, (meth) acrylamide monomers, vinylaromatics having up to 20 carbon atoms, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having up to 20 carbon atoms, ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acid having 3 to 8 carbon atoms and their anhydrides, and vinyl substituted heterocycles.
[0061] In the context of the present disclosure, the term “ (meth) acrylate monomer” means a monomer comprises a (meth) acrylate moiety. The structure of the (meth) acrylate
[0062] moiety is as follows:
[0063] wherein R is H or methyl.
[0064] The (meth) acrylate monomer can be monofunctional or multifunctional (such as difunctional, trifunctional) (meth) acrylate monomer. Exemplary (meth) acrylate monomer can include C1 to C20 alkyl (meth) acrylate, C1 to C10 hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate, C3 to C10 cycloalkyl (meth) acrylate, urethane acrylate, 2- (2-ethoxy) ethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth) acrylate, 2-phenoxyethylacrylate, dicyclopentenyloxyethyl (meth) acrylate, dicyclopentadienyl (meth) acrylate, caprolactone (meth) acrylate, morpholine (meth) acrylate, ethoxylated nonyl phenol (meth) acrylate, (5-ethyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl) methyl acrylate, phenyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl (meth) acrylate, phenethyl (meth) acrylate, dicyclopentanyl (meth) acrylate, 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexyl (meth) acrylate and dicyclopentenyl (meth) acrylate.
[0065] Specific examples of C1 to C20 alkyl (meth) acrylate can include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, sec-butyl (meth) acrylate, pentyl (meth) acrylate, n-hexyl (meth) acrylate, octyl (meth) acrylate, isooctyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, decyl (meth) acrylate, isodecyl (meth) acrylate, lauryl (meth) acrylate, n-tridecyl (meth) acrylate, n-cetyl (meth) acrylate, isomyristyl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, and isostearyl (meth) acrylate (ISTA) . C6 to C18 alkyl (meth) acrylate, especially C6 to C16 alkyl (meth) acrylate or C8 to C12 alkyl (meth) acrylate is preferred.
[0066] Specific examples of C1 to C10 hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate, such as C2 to C8 hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate can include 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 3-hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, 6-hydroxyhexyl (meth) acrylate, or 3-hydroxy-2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate etc.
[0067] Specific examples of C3 to C10 cycloalkyl (meth) acrylate can include isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate or cyclohexyl methacrylate.
[0068] Examples of the multifunctional (meth) acrylate monomer can include (meth) acrylic esters and especially acrylic esters of polyfunctional alcohols, particularly those which other than the hydroxyl groups comprise no further functional groups or, if they comprise any at all, comprise ether groups. Examples of such alcohols are, e.g., difunctional alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and their counterparts with higher degrees of condensation, for example such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol etc., 1, 2-, 1, 3-or 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol, 3-methyl-1, 5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, alkoxylated phenolic compounds, such as ethoxylated and / or propoxylated bisphenols, 1, 2-, 1, 3-or 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol, alcohols with a functionality of three or higher, such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, butanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, and the corresponding alkoxylated, especially ethoxylated and / or propoxylated, alcohols.
[0069] In the context of the present disclosure, term “ (meth) acrylamide monomer” means a monomer comprises a (meth) acrylamide moiety. The structure of the (meth) acrylamide moiety is as follows: CH2=CR1-CO-N, wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl. Specific example of (meth) acrylamide monomer can include N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl (meth) acrylamide, N, N-diethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, acryloylmorpholine, methacryloylmorpholine, N- (hydroxymethyl) acrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N, N’ -methylenebisacrylamide, N- (butoxymethyl) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl methacrylamide, N-isopropylmethacrylamide, N-tert-butylmethacrylamide, N, N’ -methylenebismethacrylamide, N- [3- (dimethylamino) propyl] methacrylamide, N, N-dimethylmethacrylamide and N, N-diethylmethacrylamide. The (meth) acrylamide monomer can be used alone or in combination.
[0070] Examples of vinylaromatics having up to 20 carbon atoms can include, such as styrene and C1-C4-alkyl substituted styrene, such as vinyltoluene, p-tert-butylstyrene and α-methyl styrene.
[0071] Examples of vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having up to 20 carbon atoms (for example 2 to 20 or 8 to 18 carbon atoms) can include vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl acetate.
[0072] Example of ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acid having 3 to 8 carbon atoms and their anhydrides can be acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, citraconic acid, and their anhydrides.
[0073] Examples of vinyl substituted heterocycles can include monovinyl substituted heterocycles, wherein the heterocycle is a 5-to 8-membered ring containing 2 to 7 carbon atoms, and 1 to 4 (preferably 1 or 2) heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, such as vinylpyridines, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylmorpholin-2-one, N-vinyl caprolactam and 1-vinylimidazole, vinyl alkyl oxazolidinone such as vinyl methyl oxazolidinone.
[0074] Monomer M of the present invention has at least one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and the monomer M may be a hydrophobic monomer or a hydrophilic monomer, and preferably is selected from the group consisting of conjugated dienes, (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylonitrile, styrene and substituted styrene, vinyl alkanoate, monoethylenically unsaturated di-and tricarboxylic ester, monoethylenically unsaturated monomer containing at least one functional group selected from a group consisting of carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, hydroxyl and amide.
[0075] In an embodiment of the invention, monomer M is a hydrophilic monomer, preferably selected from the group consisting of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers, such as monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising amide group; monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising at least one acidic group selected from -COOH, -SO3H and -PO3H2; and monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising hydroxyl and / or ether groups. Preferably, monomer M is selected from the group consisting of N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate, such as hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, allyl alcohol, hydroxyvinyl C1-C6 alkyl ether, such as hydroxyvinyl ethyl ether, hydroxyvinyl propyl ether or hydroxyvinyl butyl ether, and poly (ethylene glycol) C1-C6 alkyl ether (meth) acrylate, such as poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether (meth) acrylate. More preferably, monomer M is selected from the group consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) (especially those having number average molecular weight in a range from 200 to 500, such as 300 g / mol) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) .
[0076] In an embodiment of the invention, monomer M is a hydrophobic monomer, preferably selected from the group consisting of conjugated dienes, C1-C20 alkyl (meth) acrylate, C3-C20 cycloalkyl (meth) acrylate, C6-C20 aryl (meth) acrylate, styrene, styrene mono-or multi-substituted with C1-C5 alkyl; more preferably, monomer M is selected from the group consisting of methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, n-decyl (meth) acrylate, n-dodecyl (meth) acrylate (i.e. lauryl (meth) acrylate) , tetradecyl (meth) acrylate, oleyl (meth) acrylate, palmityl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl (meth) acrylate, phenyl (meth) acrylate, styrene, α-methylstyrene, ortho-, meta-and para-methylstyrene, ortho-, meta-and para-ethylstyrene, o, p-dimethylstyrene, o, p-diethylstyrene, ispropylstyrene and o-methyl-p-isopropylstyrene.
[0077] In an embodiment of the process of the invention wherein monomer M is a hydrophobic monomer, the process further comprises adding a crown ether into the reactor during step a) . Preferably, the crown ether is selected from the group consisting of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, or diaza-18-crown-6, more preferably the crown ether is 18-crown-6. The addition of crown ether will lead to a better solubility of oxidant in monomer M due to chelate effect and macrocyclic effect.
[0078] Preferably, the molar ratio of the added crown ether to the added monomer M is in the range of 1: 2 -1600, preferably in the range of 1: 10 -800, more preferably in the range of 1: 50 -400.
[0079] The temperature and time for the reaction in step a) may be determined by a skilled person. Appropriately, the reaction in step a) may be carried out at a temperature in a range of from 10 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably in a range of from 10℃ to 70℃, more preferably in a range of from 10℃ to 50℃, and most preferably in a range of from 15℃ to 30 ℃, for example 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, 35℃, 40℃, 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, 60℃, 65℃, 70℃, 75℃, 80℃, 85℃, 90℃, 95℃, 100℃, and of any temperature between these values, such as room temperature (25℃ ± 2℃) , for a time of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 15 minutes, to 0.5 hours, 0.75 hours, 1 hour, or any time between these values.
[0080] According to one embodiment of the process of the invention, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 -20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 -20; and the reaction temperature in step a) is 10 ℃ to 40 ℃, preferably 15 ℃ to 35 ℃, more preferably 15℃ to 30℃.
[0081] According to another embodiment of the process of the invention, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is 1: 1 -40, preferably in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 –20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 –20; the reaction temperature in step a) is 40 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably 45 ℃ to 80 ℃, more preferably 50℃ to 70℃; and the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step b) .
[0082] The polymerization temperature in step b) may be in a range of from 40 to 100 ℃, such as 40℃, 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, 60℃, 65℃, 70℃, 75℃, 80℃, 85℃, 90℃, 95℃, 100℃, or any temperature between these values. Preferably the polymerization temperature in step b) is in a range of from 50 ℃ to 95 ℃, more preferably in a range of from 50 ℃ to 80 ℃, for a time of 1 hour, 3 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 9 hours, 11 hours, or any time between these values.
[0083] Pressure for step a) and step b) of the process of the present invention respectively may be determined by a skilled person according to practical needs. For example, pressure for step a) may be in a range of from 0.9 bar to 5 bar, especially 0.9 bar to 1.5 bar. Pressure for step b) may be in a range of from 0.9 bar to 10 bar, especially 0.9 bar to 5 bar.
[0084] The polymerization in the process of the present invention can be performed as a suspension polymerization, an emulsion polymerization, a solution polymerization or a bulk polymerization, especially as an emulsion polymerization, a solution polymerization or a bulk polymerization.
[0085] In one embodiment, the polymerization in the process of the present invention is an emulsion polymerization. In an embodiment of the invention, in addition to the radical polymerization initiator, the emulsion polymerization may be carried out in the presence of water, emulsifiers, and, if appropriate, regulators.
[0086] The emulsifiers used are generally anionic, nonionic, cationic or amphoteric emulsifiers, preference being given to anionic or nonionic emulsifiers. Suitable emulsifiers are sodium, potassium or ammonium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, alkali metal C12-16-alkylsulfates, oxyethylated and sulfated or sulfonated long-chain aliphatic alcohols or alkylphenols, sulfodicarboxylic esters, oxyethylated fatty alcohols and alkylphenols, in which the ethylene oxide units may be between 2 and 50 mol / mol, ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium compounds which comprise at least one long aliphatic hydrocarbon chain as a hydrophobic molecular moiety. It is also possible to use a combination of different emulsifiers, for example of ionic and nonionic emulsifiers.
[0087] The emulsifiers are used generally in an amount of from 0.5 to 15%by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 10%by weight, more preferably from 0.5 to 5%by weight, based on the amount of the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M added for the polymerization.
[0088] The water used is preferably distilled or demineralized, since salts can impair the emulsion stability. In general, the polymerization process is carried out under nitrogen, since oxygen inhibits the polymerization.
[0089] Regulators may also be used for the polymerization of the invention. Suitable regulators are, for example, halogenated compounds such as carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, bromal, benzyl bromide and trichlorobromomethane, or mercaptans such as butyl mercaptan or dodecyl mercaptan, or C. The amount of regulator used in the emulsion polymerization, if any, may be determined by a skilled person according to practical applications.
[0090] In a further embodiment of the invention, the polymerization in the process of the present invention is a solution polymerization. In an embodiment of the invention, in addition to the radical polymerization initiator, the solution polymerization may be carried out in the presence of solvent, and, if appropriate, regulators.
[0091] Solution polymerization is performed in the presence of a solvent. Non-limiting examples of the solvent may be determined by a skilled person according to practical applications and include water, dimethylformamide, ethers, such as dioxane, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, and diglyme (bis (2-methoxyethyl) ether) , N-methylpyrrolidone, (CH3) 2SO, dimethyl sulfone, sulfolane, cyclic ureas such as 1, 3-dimethyl-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone (DMPU) , imidazolidin-2-one, acetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, cumene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, technical-grade mixtures of alkyl aromatics, cyclohexane, technical-grade aliphatics mixtures, acetone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, glycols and glycol derivatives, polyalkylene glycols and derivatives thereof, methyl acetate, isopropanol. The amount of solvent may be determined by a skilled person according to practical applications.
[0092] Suitable regulators in the solution polymerization are, for example, mercapto compounds, such as mercaptoethanol, mercaptopropanol, mercaptobutanol, mercaptoacetic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, butyl mercaptan and dodecyl mercaptan. The amount of regulator used in the solution polymerization, if any, may be determined by a skilled person according to practical applications.
[0093] Preferably, the polymerization in the process of the present invention is a reversible complexation mediated polymerization.
[0094] In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a process of preparing a polymer from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M, comprising:
[0095] a) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0096] b) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step a) , for the polymerization,
[0097] wherein the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step b) .
[0098] In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a process of preparing a polymer from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M, comprising:
[0099] a) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0100] b) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step a) , for the polymerization,
[0101] wherein the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step b) , wherein monomer M is a hydrophobic monomer, and the process further comprises adding a crown ether into the reactor during step a) , preferable the crown ether is selected from the group consisting of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, or diaza-18-crown-6, more preferably the crown ether is 18-crown-6, preferably the molar ratio of the added crown ether to the added monomer M is in the range of 1: 2 -1600, preferably in the range of 1: 10 -800, more preferably in the range of 1: 50 –400.
[0102] In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a process of preparing a polymer from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M, comprising:
[0103] a) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0104] b) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step a) , for the polymerization,
[0105] wherein the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step b) , wherein the oxidant is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide, an organic peroxide, a peroxy acid, a peroxodisulfate of an alkaline earth metal or an alkali metal, more preferably an organic peroxide or a peroxodisulfate of an alkali metal, especially benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, potassium peroxodisulfate or sodium peroxodisulfate,
[0106] wherein the iodide salt comprises organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt and / or water-soluble iodide salt, preferably, the organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt is selected from tetra-butylammonium iodide, tributylmethyl phosphonium iodide and tetra-n-octylammonium iodide, and the water-soluble iodide salt is selected from an iodide of an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal and ammonium, preferably from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, calcium iodide and ammonium iodide, wherein the radical polymerization initiator is an azo polymerization initiator, preferably the radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of 2, 2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2, 2′-azobis (4-methoxy-2, 4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) , and
[0107] wherein the radical polymerization initiator is added in an amount of 0.001%to 30%by weight, preferably 0.01%to 20%by weight, more preferably 0.1%to 10%by weight, and most preferably 0.3%to 5%by weight, based on the total weight of monomer M added to the reactor.
[0108] Initiator system
[0109] The present invention also provides an initiator system, obtained by:
[0110] (1) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0111] (2) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step (1) ,
[0112] wherein the oxidant, the iodide salt and the radical polymerization initiator are those disclosed above.
[0113] The conditions for step (1) may be those disclosed above for step a) of the process of the invention, and conditions for step (2) may be those disclosed above for step b) of the process of the invention.
[0114] In a preferred embodiment, the initiator system of the present invention is obtained by:
[0115] (1) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0116] (2) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step (1) ,
[0117] wherein the oxidant is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide, an organic peroxide, a peroxy acid, a peroxodisulfate of an alkaline earth metal or an alkali metal, more preferably an organic peroxide or a peroxodisulfate of an alkali metal, especially benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, or potassium peroxodisulfate, the iodide salt is an organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt selected from tetra-butylammonium iodide, tributylmethyl phosphonium iodide and tetra-n-octylammonium iodide, and the radical polymerization initiator is an azo polymerization initiator, preferably the radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of 2, 2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2, 2′-azobis (4-methoxy-2, 4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) , and
[0118] wherein the molar ratio of the added oxidant to the added radical polymerization initiator is in the range of 1: 0.1-20, preferably in the range of 1: 0.2-10, more preferably in the range of 1: 1 -5, and most preferably in the range of 1: 1.5-2.5.
[0119] In a preferred embodiment, the initiator system of the present invention is obtained by:
[0120] (1) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, and
[0121] (2) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step (1) ,
[0122] wherein the oxidant is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide, an organic peroxide, a peroxy acid, a peroxodisulfate of an alkaline earth metal or an alkali metal, more preferably an organic peroxide or a peroxodisulfate of an alkali metal, especially benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, or potassium peroxodisulfate, the iodide salt is a water-soluble iodide salt selected from an iodide of an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal and ammonium, preferably from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, calcium iodide and ammonium iodide, and the radical polymerization initiator is an azo polymerization initiator, preferably the radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of 2, 2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2, 2′-azobis (4-methoxy-2, 4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) , and
[0123] wherein the molar ratio of the added oxidant to the added radical polymerization initiator is in the range of 1: 0.1-20, preferably in the range of 1: 0.2-10, more preferably in the range of 1: 1 -5, and most preferably in the range of 1: 1.5-2.5.
[0124] Polymer
[0125] The present invention further relates to a polymer obtainable or obtained from the process of the present invention or obtainable or obtained by using the initiator system of the present invention.
[0126] The polymer obtained from the process of the present invention or obtained by using the initiator system of the present invention may have a number average molecular weight of no more than 100,000 g / mol, for example no more than 95,000 g / mol, no more than 90,000 g / mol, no more than 85,000 g / mol, no more than 80,000 g / mol, no more than 75,000 g / mol, no more than 70,000 g / mol, no more than 65,000 g / mol, no more than 60,000 g / mol, no more than 55,000 g / mol, no more than 50,000 g / mol, no more than 45,000 g / mol, no more than 40,000 g / mol, no more than 35,000 g / mol, no more than 30,000 g / mol, no more than 25,000 g / mol, no more than 22,000 g / mol, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) . Preferably, the polymer obtained from the process of the present invention or obtained by using the initiator system of the present invention has a number average molecular weight of no more than 25,000 g / mol, for example no more than 22,000 g / mol, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) .
[0127] The polymer obtained from the process of the present invention or obtained by using the initiator system of the present invention may have a polydisperse index (PDI, also expressed as ) of no more than 1.9, preferably no more than 1.8, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) .
[0128] Examples
[0129] The present invention will be better understood in view of the following non-limiting examples.
[0130] Materials and abbreviation
[0131] Measurement methods
[0132] The number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydisperse index (PDI) were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with DMF as an eluent. The GPC analysis using DMF as the eluent was performed on a Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) LC-2030C plus liquid chromatograph equipped with two Shodex LF-804 columns (300 × 8.0 mm; bead size = 6 μm; pore ) and one KD-802 column (300 × 8.0 mm;bead size = 6 μm; pore ) . The eluent (DMF) contained LiBr (10 mM) . The flow rate was 0.34 mL / min (40 ℃) . The sample detection and quantification were conducted using a Shimadzu differential refractometer RID-20A. The column system was calibrated with standard poly (methyl methacrylate) s (PMMAs) or standard polystyrenes (PSts) .
[0133] The average particle diameter as referred herein relates to the Z average particle diameter as determined by means dynamic light scattering (DLS) . The measurement method is described in the ISO 13321 : 1996 standard. For this purpose, a sample of the aqueous polymer latex will be diluted and the dilution will be analysed. In the context of DLS, the aqueous dilution may have a polymer concentration in the range from 0.001 to 0.5 %by weight, depending on the particle size. For most purposes, a proper concentration will be 0.01 %by weight. However, higher or lower concentrations may be used to achieve an optimum signal / noise ratio. The dilution can be achieved by addition of the polymer latex to water or an aqueous solution of a surfactant in order to avoid flocculation. Usually, dilution is performed by using a 0.1 %by weight aqueous solution of a non-ionic emulsifier, e.g. an ethoxylated C16 / C18 alkanol (degree of ethoxylation of 18) , as a diluent. Measurement configuration: HPPS from Malvern, automated, with continuous-flow cuvette and Gilson autosampler.
[0134] Parameters: measurement temperature 20.0℃; measurement time 120 seconds (6 cycles each of 20 s) ; scattering angle 173°; wavelength laser 633 nm (HeNe) ; refractive index of medium 1 . 332 (aqueous) ; viscosity 0.9546 mPa-s. The measurement gives an average value of the second order cumulant analysis (mean of fits) , i.e. Z average. The "mean of fits" is an average, intensity-weighted hydrodynamic particle diameter in nm.
[0135] The monomer conversion percentage was determined with 1H NMR. The 1H NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker (Germany) AV500 spectrometer (500 MHz) or AV300 (300 MHz) at ambient temperature. CDCl3 (for purified polymers) , acetone-d6 (for crude methacrylate polymers) , and tetrahydrofuran-d8 (for crude styrene polymers) (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, USA) were used as the solvents for the NMR analysis, and the chemical shift was calibrated using residual undeuterated solvents or tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard.
[0136] Bulk polymerization
[0137] General procedure for polymerization (Example 2 to 6) .
[0138] In a typical run, a mixture of a Monomer (25.0 g) , BNI, and KPS was added in a reaction vessel at room temperature under argon atmosphere with mechanical stirring (1000 rpm) for 30 min to allow sufficient reaction between BNI and KPS. After that an azo initiator V65 was added and the reaction mixture was heated at a prescribed temperature T. The vessel was a 100 mL jacketed cylindrical reaction vessel (ChemGlass, USA) connected with an overhead mechanical stirrer (Heidolph, Germany) and immersed in a water bath (Lauda, Germany) . After a prescribed time t, an aliquot (2 mL) of the solution was taken out by a syringe, cooled to room temperature, and analyzed with GPC (DMF as eluent) and 1H NMR.
[0139] The detailed information regarding the monomers, reaction time and temperature, etc and characterization of the polymer have been summarized in Table 1.
[0140] Example 1
[0141] Example 1 is a comparative example without adding any azo initiator.
[0142] Example 3, 5 and 6
[0143] For a better solubility of KPS in hydrophobic monomers, 18-crown-6-ether was added together with KPS.
[0144] Example 7
[0145] Example 7 is a comparative example wherein the monomer, KPS, BNI, 18-crown-6-ether and azo initiator V65 were mixed at the same time for one-pot reaction.
[0146] Table 1. Bulk RCMP without direct use of alkyl iodide or iodine
[0147] aadditional [18-crown-6-ether] 0 = 1 mMol
[0148] *comparative example
[0149] As shown in Table 1, the process of the present disclosure results in high conversion and relatively small PDI, which indicated that the polymerization was controlled (Example 2 to 6) . When no azo initiator was added in the process, there is no polymerization occurred, indicating that all the KPS was consumed during the reaction with BNI. The polymerization cannot proceed with only I2 or I3-species (Example 1) . When all the reactants are reacted at the same time for one-pot reaction, gelation was caused and the generated polymer could not dissolve in THF, hence no GPC analysis was carried out, which indicated that the polymerization was not controlled (Example 7) .
[0150] Solution polymerization
[0151] General procedure for polymerization (Example 8 to 10) .
[0152] In a typical run, NaI (1.5 g) and KPS was mixed in Solvent in a reaction vessel at room temperature under argon atmosphere with mechanical stirring (1000 rpm) for 15 min to allow sufficient reaction between NaI and KPS. After that a Monomer (25.0 g, 80.0-90.0 wt%) , an azo initiator V65 was added and the reaction mixture was heated at a prescribed temperature T. The vessel was a 100 mL jacketed cylindrical reaction vessel (ChemGlass, USA) connected with an overhead mechanical stirrer (Heidolph, Germany) and immersed in a water bath (Lauda, Germany) . After a prescribed time t, an aliquot (2 mL) of the solution was taken out by a syringe, cooled to room temperature, and analyzed with GPC (DMF as eluent) and 1H NMR.
[0153] The reaction mixture of NaI and KPS was subjected to UV-Vis spectrophotometer. In water, the generated iodine formed I3-complex with I-. According to the absorbance in UV-Vis spectrum, the concentrations of I-and I3-were calculated, the ratio of which was nearly 5: 1, suggesting a complete reaction between KPS and NaI. Calculated concentrations of I-and I3-from UV-Vis spectrum were provided in Table 2.
[0154] Table 2 shows the result of UV-Vis spectrum of KPS and NaI reaction in water after 15min. The samples were diluted for 5000 times. The optical path length is 1cm. The concentration was calculated according to Beer-Lambert Law. Calculated concentration= Absorbance / (molar absorptivity*optical path length) *5000
[0155] Table 2. Calculated concentrations of I-and I3-from UV-Vis spectrum
[0156] **The UV-Vis spectrum can not detect absorption peak below 200nm.
[0157] The detailed information regarding the monomers, reaction time and temperature, etc and characterization of the polymer have been summarized in Table 3
[0158] Table 3. Solution RCMP without direct use of alkyl iodide or iodine
[0159] bweight percentage based on the total weight of monomer and Solvent.
[0160] As shown in Table 3, the process of the present disclosure results in high conversion and relatively small PDI, which indicated that the polymerization was controlled for both hydrophobic monomer (Example 8) and hydrophilic monomer (Example 9 and 10) .
Claims
1.A process of preparing a polymer from at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M, comprising:a) reacting an oxidant with an iodide salt until the oxidant is completely consumed, andb) adding a radical polymerization initiator into the reactor after step a) , for the polymerization,wherein the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step a) and / or step b) , preferably in step b) .2.The process according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is in the range of 1: 1 -40, preferably in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 -20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 -20.3.The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the oxidant is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, peroxy acids, ammonium and / or alkaline earth metal and / or alkali metal peroxodisulfates, more preferably organic peroxides or alkali metal peroxodisulfates, and most preferably benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium peroxodisulfate, potassium peroxodisulfate, or any combination thereof.4.The process according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the iodide salt comprises organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt and / or water-soluble iodide salt.5.The process according to claim 4, wherein the organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt is selected from substituted ammonium iodide and substituted phosphonium iodide, preferably selected from tetra-hydrocarbyl ammonium iodide and tetra-hydrocarbyl phosphonium iodide, wherein the hydrocarbyl is, in each occurrence, independently linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl or C6-C20-aryl, preferably linear or branched C1-C10-alkyl, or C6-C12-aryl, preferably, the organic-solvent-soluble iodide salt is selected from tetra-butylammonium iodide, tributylmethyl phosphonium iodide and tetra-n-octylammonium iodide.6.The process according to claim 4, wherein the water-soluble iodide salt is selected from an iodide of an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal and ammonium, preferably from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, calcium iodide and ammonium iodide.7.The process according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein monomer M has at least one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and the monomer M is selected from a hydrophobic monomer and a hydrophilic monomer, preferably is selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene, (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylonitrile, styrene and substituted styrene, vinyl alkanoate, monoethylenically unsaturated di-and tricarboxylic ester, monoethylenically unsaturated monomer containing at least one functional group selected from a group consisting of carboxyl, carboxylic anhydride, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, hydroxyl and amide.8.The process according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein monomer M is a hydrophobic monomer, preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene, C1-C20 alkyl (meth) acrylate, C3-C20 cycloalkyl (meth) acrylate, C6-C20 aryl (meth) acrylate, styrene, styrene mono-or multi-substituted with C1-C5 alkyl; more preferably, monomer M is selected from the group consisting of methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, n-decyl (meth) acrylate, n-dodecyl (meth) acrylate (i.e. lauryl (meth) acrylate) , tetradecyl (meth) acrylate, oleyl (meth) acrylate, palmityl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl (meth) acrylate, phenyl (meth) acrylate, styrene, α-methylstyrene, ortho-, meta-and para-methylstyrene, ortho-, meta-and para-ethylstyrene, o, p-dimethylstyrene, o, p-diethylstyrene, ispropylstyrene and o-methyl-p-isopropylstyrene.9.The process according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein monomer M is a hydrophilic monomer, preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers, especially monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising amide group; monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising at least one acidic group selected from -COOH, -SO3H and -PO3H2; and monoethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomers comprising hydroxyl and / or ether groups, preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate, allyl alcohol, hydroxy vinyl C1-C6 alkyl ether, and poly (ethylene glycol) C1-C6 alkyl ether (meth) acrylate, and more preferably monomer M is selected from the group consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) .10.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant added to the reactor to the monomer M added into the reactor is in the range of 1: 2 -1600, preferably in the range of 1: 10 -800, more preferably in the range of 1: 50 –400.11.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the radical polymerization initiator is an azo polymerization initiator, preferably the radical polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of 2, 2′-azobisisobutylonitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile) , 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) , 2, 2′-azobis-2-methylbutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis-2, 3-dimethylbutyronitrile, 2, 2-azobis-2, 3, 3-trimethylbutyronitrile, 2-phenylazo-2, 4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis-2-isopropylbutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis- (2, 4, 4-trimethylpentane) , and 1, 1′-azobis (cyclohexanecarbonitrile) , more preferably the radical polymerization initiator is selected from 2, 2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2′-azobis (2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2, 2′-azobis (4-methoxy-2, 4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) .12.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the radical polymerization initiator is added in an amount of 0.001%to 30%by weight, preferably 0.01%to 20%by weight, more preferably 0.1%to 10%by weight, and most preferably 0.3%to 5%by weight, based on the total weight of monomer M added to the reactor.13.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the radical polymerization initiator is in the range of 1: 0.1 -20, preferably in the range of 1: 0.2 -10, more preferably in the range of 1: 1-5, and most preferably in the range of 1: 1.5-2.5.14.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the reaction temperature in step a) is 10 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably 10 ℃ to 70 ℃, more preferably 10℃ to 50℃, and most preferably 15℃ to 30℃.15.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 –20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 –20; and the reaction temperature in step a) is 10 ℃ to 40 ℃, preferably 15 ℃ to 35 ℃, more preferably 15℃ to 30℃.16.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the molar ratio of the oxidant to the iodide salt added for step a) is 1: 1 -40, preferably in the range of 1: 2 -30, more preferably in the range of 1: 3 –20, and most preferred in the range of 1: 6 –20; the reaction temperature in step a) is 40 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably 45 ℃ to 80 ℃, more preferably 50℃ to 70℃; and the at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer M is added in step b) .17.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the polymerization temperature in step b) is 40 to 100 ℃, preferably 50 ℃ to 95 ℃, more preferably 50 ℃ to 80 ℃.18.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the polymerization is a bulk polymerization, a solution polymerization, or an emulsion polymerization.19.The process according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the polymerization is a reversible complexation mediated polymerization.20.The polymer obtained from the process according to any one of claims 1 to 19.
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