polyurethane
A 100% biobased polyurethane is achieved by using a polymerization process based on lysine, overcoming the challenge of low biocontent in existing polyurethanes and waterborne polyurethanes by eliminating petroleum-derived components.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/GB2024/053192
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-12-21
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Current biobased polyurethanes and waterborne polyurethanes face challenges in achieving high biocontent due to the use of petroleum-derived materials such as methyl chloroformate and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA).
The development of a 100% biobased polyurethane using a polymerization process that incorporates a repeating structure derived from the naturally occurring amino acid lysine, eliminating the need for petroleum-based components and achieving stability in waterborne dispersions.
This approach results in a stable, 100% biobased polyurethane with increased biocontent, addressing the limitations of existing technologies by completely replacing petroleum-derived materials with renewable biomass sources.
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Abstract
Description
[0001] Polyurethane Background There is an urgent need for a worldwide transition away from plastics derived from petroleum products. Biobased polymers are known – i.e. polymers which are at least partially derived from renewable biomass, for example plants or microorganisms. Biopolymers are described in, for example, Farooq S. Al‐Jahwari and Tasneem Pervez, “The Potential of Environmental‐Friendly Biopolymers as an Alternative to Conventional Petroleum‐Based Polymers”, Encyclopaedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, Volume 5, 2020, Pages 200‐206. In 2020, polyurethanes made up nearly 8% of the world’s plastics (A. Kemona and M. Piotrowska, Polymers 2020, 12(8)). Bio‐based polyurethanes are disclosed in, for example, N Karak et al, “Biopolymers and Biotech Admixtures for Eco‐Efficient Construction Materials”, 2016, Pages 333‐ 368. Joshi et al “Development of L‐Lysine Based Biodegradable Polyurethanes and Their Dual‐Responsive Amphiphilic Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells”, ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2019, 1, 7, 1866–1880 discloses L‐lysine based polyurethanes made by a solvent and isocyanate free melt transurethane polycondensation approach. However, lysine dicarbamate disclosed in this reference is formed using methyl chloroformate, which is a petroleum‐based product and which is formed from the highly toxic substance phosgene. Waterborne polyurethanes provide an alternative to solvent (non‐aqueous)‐based polyurethanes, for example as disclosed in R. Tennebroek et al, “Water‐based polyurethane dispersions”, Polymer International, vol. 68, Issue 5, pages 832‐842, 15 May 2018. However, waterborne polyurethanes commonly contain dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) as an anionic stabiliser which is derived from petrochemicals. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a biobased polyurethane with increased biocontent. It is a further object of the invention to provide a waterborne polyurethane with increased biocontent.
[0002] 1 Summary of the Invention The present inventors have found that stable, waterborne polyurethane dispersions and solutions may be formed from a polyurethane containing a repeating structure derived from the naturally occurring amino acid lysine. Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention provides a polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (I‐X), (I‐Y) or formula (I): O wherein:
[0003] 2 each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group; R2 is an organic residue; X is independently selected from OH, O‐M+ and Y wherein M+ is a cation and Y is independently selected from OR3 and NR52 wherein R3 is a substituent and R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; Z is independently selected from OH, O‐M+, and Y1 wherein M+ is a cation and Y1 is independently selected from OR20 and NR52 wherein R20 is a substituent and R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; and n = 0‐10, optionally 1‐10. Polymers where X is OH or O‐M+ are particularly advantageous in the case of waterborne polyurethanes as they are particularly stable. The polymer may be formed by polymerisation of a dicarbamate and a diol, as illustrated below for a lysine dicarbamate and a diol. In the case of lysine, the dicarbamate monomer comprises a carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivative group. The present inventors have found that polymerisation may occur through the dicarbamate groups to give a repeat unit of formula (I), and / or through one of the dicarbamate groups and the carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivative groups to give a repeat unit of formula (I‐ Xa) or (I‐Y):
[0004] 3 OXO O substituted with OH. The monomer of formula (III‐A) may be formed by reaction of lysine, or a derivative thereof in which X is not OH, by reaction of lysine or the lysine derivative with a dialkyl carbonate, e.g. dimethylcarbonate, or an alkylene carbonate, e.g. ethylene carbonate. In the case where reaction is with a dialkyl carbonate, R10 is an alkyl group. In the case where reaction is with an alkylene carbonate, R10 is a hydroxyalkyl group, e.g. hydroxyethyl. Moreover, the present inventors have found that the carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivative sidechain group of formula (I) and / or the carbamate sidechain group of formula (I‐Xa) or (I‐Y) may undergo crosslinking with the diol of formula (IV). Accordingly, the polymer may comprise one or more crosslinked units in which X of Formula (I) is replaced with a crosslinking group ‐O‐R2‐O‐ and / or R10 of formulae (I‐Xa) or (I‐Y) is replaced with a crosslinking group ‐R2‐O‐. Accordingly, the invention provides a crosslinked polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (I), (I‐ X) or (I‐Y) wherein: X of Formula (I) is partially or completely replaced with a crosslinking group ‐O‐R2‐O‐ ;
[0005] 4 R10 of formulae (I‐Xa) or is partially or completely replaced with a crosslinking group ‐R2‐O‐; and / or R10 of formulae (I‐Y) is partially or completely replaced with a crosslinking group ‐R2‐O‐. Optionally, R3 is C1‐20 alkyl; aryl (e.g. phenyl or naphthyl); heteroaryl (e.g. furan) or C1‐20 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl. Optionally, R5 is H; C1‐20 alkyl; aryl (e.g. phenyl or naphthyl); heteroaryl (e.g. furan) or C1‐20 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl. Optionally, R20 is optionally substituted C1‐20 alkyl; aryl (e.g. phenyl or naphthyl); heteroaryl (e.g. furan) or C1‐20 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl. Preferably, R20 in each occurrence is selected from C1‐4 alkyl and C1‐8 alkyl substituted with OH. In a second aspect, the invention provides a method of converting X of a polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (I) from OH to O‐M+, the method comprising treating a polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (I) in which X is OH with a base comprising M+. Alternatively, formation of a polymer in which X is O‐M+ may comprise polymerisation of a monomer in which X is O‐M+, for example a lysine dicarbamate salt. The present inventors have found a process by which a 100% biobased polyurethane may be formed. Accordingly, in a third aspect, the invention provides a 100% bio‐based polyurethane. Bio‐based content of monomers as described herein is determined by either Method B or Method C of the ASTM D6866‐12 test as set out in https: / / www.astm.org / d6866‐12.html, version dated 24 June 2016. The 100% bio‐based polyurethane may comprise a repeating structure of formula (II) wherein: each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group; R2 is an organic residue; and
[0006] 5 R4 is an organic residue. The 100% bio‐based polyurethane may contain only one repeating structure of formula (II). The 100% bio‐based polyurethane may contain two or more different repeating structures of formula (II). In these embodiments, the two or more different repeating structures of formula (II) may differ in: R4 only; R2 only; R1 only; or one or more of R1, R2 and R4. Repeating structures of formula (II) include the repeating structure of formula (I) and the repeating structure of formula (V): based repeating structure . Optionally, the repeating structure or structures of the 100% bio‐based polyurethane comprise or consist of the repeating structure of formula (I), (I‐X) or (I‐Y) described with reference to the first aspect. Optionally, the 100% bio‐based polyurethane includes a repeating structure of formula (I), (I‐X) or (I‐Y) and a repeating structure of formula (II) which is different from formula (I). In a fourth aspect the invention provides a method of forming a polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (II), the method comprising reacting a monomer of formula (III) and a monomer of formula (IV):
[0007] 6 wherein R10 in each occurrence is selected from C1‐4 alkyl and C1‐8 alkyl substituted with OH. Optionally, the repeating structure of formula (II) is a repeating structure of formula (I). The polymer comprising the repeating structure of formula (II) may be formed by a solvent‐free process, thereby avoiding solvent waste. Optionally, following solvent‐free polymerisation, a dispersion or solution of the polymer comprising the repeating structure of formula (II) is formed by mixing the polymer with a solvent. Optionally, the solvent mixed with the polymer comprises a base or a base is added following the mixing wherein the base is suitable for converting COOH of the polymer to COO‐M+. In a fifth aspect, the 100% bio‐based polyurethane of the second aspect is formed by reacting a 100% bio‐based monomer of formula (III) with a 100% bio‐based diol monomer of formula (IV). The present inventors have further found that an amino acid may be polymerised through the carboxylic acid group of the amino acid and at least one carbamate group derived from the amino‐ acid. Accordingly, the invention provides a method of forming a polymer according to the following reaction scheme: R15O R10
[0008] 7 wherein R15 is H or a substituent; and R16 is OH or O‐M+. Preferably, R15 is the side chain of any one of the proteogenic, natural or essential amino acids, including: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, selenocysteine, and pyrrolysine. In some embodiments, R15 is the side chain of any one of the natural amino acids, including: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. The polymerisation may include only one compound of formula (VII). The polymerisation may include two or more compounds of formula (VII). The polymerisation may include only one compound of formula (IV). The polymerisation may include two or more compounds of formula (IV). It will be understood that when R15 is the side chain of lysine then the polymer may have the repeating structure of formula (I‐X). The present invention provides a formulation comprising a polymer as described anywhere herein and a solvent comprising or consisting of water, water‐miscible solvents and mixtures thereof. The formulation may be a dispersion in which the polymer is dispersed in the solvent. The formulation may be a solution in which the polymer is dissolved in the solvent. The present invention provides a formulation as described herein for use as a medicament. The present invention provides a method of non‐therapeutic treatment of skin or hair comprising application of a formulation as described herein to skin or hair. The present invention provides a method of cosmetic treatment of skin or hair comprising application of a formulation as described herein. Detailed Description of the Invention Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise," "comprising," and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to." Additionally, the words "herein," "above," "below," and words of similar import, when used in this
[0009] 8 application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word "or," in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. References to a chemical element include isotopes of that element. The elements and acts of the various examples described below can be combined to provide further implementations of the technology. Some alternative implementations of the technology may include not only additional elements to those implementations noted below, but also may include fewer elements. These and other changes can be made to the technology in light of the following detailed description. While the description describes certain examples of the technology, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the description appears, the technology can be practiced in many ways. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the technology should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the technology with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the technology to the specific examples disclosed in the specification, unless the Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the technology encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the technology under the claims. To reduce the number of claims, certain aspects of the technology are presented below in certain claim forms, but the applicant contemplates the various aspects of the technology in any number of claim forms. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of implementations of the disclosed technology. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the disclosed technology may be practiced without some of these specific details. “Lysine” as used herein includes any lysine enantiomer or lysine racemic mixture. L‐lysine is preferred.
[0010] 9 “Lysine‐based” compounds as used herein means lysine and derivatives of the carboxylic acid group of lysine including carboxylates with a metal or organic cation; carboxylic acid esters; and amides. A “bio‐based” substance as described herein means a substance that is derived at least partially from renewable biomass, for example plants or microorganisms. A bio‐based polymer as described herein comprises at least one repeating unit formed by polymerisation of a bio‐based monomer. Polymerisation Polymers as described herein may be formed by reaction of a diol of formula (IV) and a dicarbamate of formula (III) according to the following general scheme: each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group, preferably H; R2 is an organic residue; R4 is an organic residue; and R10 in each occurrence is selected from C1‐4 alkyl and C1‐8 alkyl substituted with OH. The polymer may further form repeat units of formula (I‐X), repeat units of formula (I‐Y) and / or crosslinked derivatives thereof. For simplicity, the general scheme shows polymerisation between one dicarbamate and one diol however it will be understood that the polymerisation may include more than one dicarbamate and one diol; one dicarbamate and more than one diol; or more than one dicarbamate and more than one diol.
[0011] 10 The one or more dicarbamates and one or more diols may be selected according to the desired properties of the resultant polymer. The reaction may be catalysed by a suitable catalyst, for example triazabicyclodecene (TBD), iron oxide, copper acetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, potassium carbonate, 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, titanium(IV) butoxide, zinc (acac)2, titanium oxide, bismuth neodecanoate, zinc acetate, sodium octanoate, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, calcium oxide, bismuth(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate, zinc chloride or zirconium chloride. Preferably, the polymerisation is a solvent‐free polymerisation. According to the solvent‐free polymerisation process, the monomers of formulae (III) and (IV) are mixed in the absence of any solvents. It will be understood that in the polymerisation process of the above general scheme, a by‐product of an alcohol or diol of formula R10‐OH is formed. Accordingly, it will be understood that absence of solvents in the solvent‐free process as described herein does not exclude formation of the alcohol by‐product of the polymerisation. The alcohol by‐product may be removed during and / or after the polymerisation by evaporation. Preferably, the polymerisation includes at least one bio‐based monomer. Preferably, each monomer is a bio‐based monomer. Preferably, each bio‐based monomer is a 100% bio‐based monomer. Optionally, each R2 is selected from: - linear, branched or cyclic C1‐12 alkylene, preferably linear, branched or cyclic C2‐6 alkylene; - a group of formula ‐R13‐[OR13]n‐ wherein R13 is a C2‐6 alkylene, preferably ethylene, propylene or butylene, and n is 1‐200, optionally 1‐100; - a group of formula ‐R6‐Ar1‐R6‐ wherein R6 in each occurrence is independently a C1‐4 alkylene group and Ar1 is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, preferably furan; and - a non‐aromatic heterocyclic group substituted with two hydroxyl groups; - a polyester group, optionally a group of formula –[Z‐R8‐Z‐R9]n‐ wherein R8 and R9 are each independently selected from C1‐6 alkylene and phenylene; Z is ‐O‐C(=O)‐ or ‐C(=O)O‐; and n is 1‐200, optionally 1‐100. It will be understood that n may be a number average value.
[0012] 11 Exemplary diols are: H OH O H O H O n O HO H P Porolypeytlheynleen gely gcloylcol Isosorbide HO OHO OO H H n 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan P oollyy(etrtihmyeletnheyle gnlyeco elther) glycol (PO3G) HO OH1,3-Propanediol O O HO R O R'OR OHn OH HO Polyester 1,4-Butanediol H O OHO OHO O H 1,5-Pentanediol n Polytetrahydrofuran Optionally, one or more diols may be used at the same time during polymerisation. For example, PEG and poly(trimethylene ether)glycol PO3G may be used at the same time. In the case where two different diols are used, the molar ratio may be in the range of 1:99 to 99:1. Optionally, this may be in a ratio of 1:5 to 5:1. Optionally, this may be in a ratio of 3:1. Optionally, each R4 is selected from linear, branched or cyclic C1‐40 alkylene which is optionally substituted with a group of formula ‐C(=O)X wherein X is selected from OH, O‐M+, and Y, wherein Y is selected from OR3 and NR52 wherein R3 is a substituent; R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; and M+ is a metal or organic cation; and in which a C atom of the C1‐40 alkylene which is
[0013] 12 not bound directly to NR1 may be replaced with O, S or S‐S. Optionally, each R5 is the same. Optionally, each R5 is different. Optionally, R5 is a substituent. Optionally, R5 is H; C1‐20 alkyl; aryl (e.g. phenyl or naphthyl); heteroaryl (e.g. furan) or C1‐20 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl. Optionally, R5 is C1‐20 alkyl; aryl (e.g. phenyl or naphthyl); heteroaryl (e.g. furan) or C1‐20 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl. Optionally, X may be selected from OR3, OH and O‐M+ wherein R3 is a substituent and wherein M is a cation. Optionally, X may be selected from NR52, OH and O‐M+ wherein R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent and wherein M is a cation. Optionally, X may be selected from OH and O‐M+ wherein M is a cation. Optionally, X may be selected from OR3 and NR52 wherein R3 is a substituent; R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent. Polymers as described herein may also be formed by reaction of a diol of formula (IV) and a dicarbamate of formula (III) wherein the R4 group of the dicarbamate of formula (III) is substituted with a group of formula ‐C(=O)X (see formula (III‐X) and the polymerisation occurs at the ‐C(=O)X group according to the following general scheme: O X O O . The crosslinked structure may have a repeating structure of formula (II‐Y):
[0014] 13 O NR1R2 (IV) and a dicarbamate of formula (III‐ X) may be a linear polymer, a crosslinked polymer, or a mixture of both. The extent of crosslinking may be controllable by controlling the ratio of formula (III‐X) to (IV) in the reaction mixture and the catalyst loading and reaction time. Exemplary dicarbamates are lysine dicarbamate and derivatives thereof in which COOH of lysine is converted to an ester or amide group; priamine dicarbamate; cadaverine dicarbamate; and cystamine dicarbamate. In the case of a lysine‐based polymer, the dicarbamate of formula (III) may be selected from formulae (III‐A) and (III‐B): R5 in each occurrence is independently H or a substituent.
[0015] 14 M+ may be a metal cation or a non‐metallic cation. Exemplary metal cations M+ are alkali metal cations, preferably Li+, Na+ or K+. Exemplary non‐metallic cations include (NR114)+ wherein R11 in each occurrence is independently H or a substituent, preferably H or C1‐12 hydrocarbyl. Preferably, X is OH and is converted to O‐M+ after polymerisation by treatment with a base comprising M+, preferably a compound of formula M+OH‐. For monomers of formula (III‐B), optionally, R3 is C1‐20 alkyl; aryl (e.g. phenyl or naphthyl); heteroaryl (e.g. furan) or C1‐20 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl. Optionally, R5 is H; C1‐20 alkyl; aryl (e.g. phenyl or naphthyl); heteroaryl (e.g. furan) or C1‐20 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl. The monomer of formula (III‐B) comprising an ester group of formula C(=O)OR3 may be formed by converting COOH or COO‐M+ by esterification with an alcohol according to any method known to the skilled person. Preferably, the alcohol is bio‐based, more preferably 100% bio based. The monomer of formula (III‐B) comprising an amide group of formula C(=O)NR52 may be formed by converting COOH or COO‐M+ by amidation with an amine according to any method known to the skilled person. Preferably, the amine is bio‐based, more preferably 100% bio based. In some embodiments, the repeating structure of formula (I) is the only dicarbamate repeating structure of the polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer contains a repeating structure of formula (I) and one or more further dicarbamate repeating structures. The one or more further dicarbamate repeating structures may be lysine‐based dicarbamate structures; non‐lysine based dicarbamate structures; or a combination thereof. A further lysine‐based dicarbamate repeating structure may have the following formula: OYO O wherein Y is OR3 or NR5 substituent. In some embodiments, the only dicarbamate monomer of the polymerisation mixture is a lysine‐based dicarbamate, as shown in the general scheme above. In some embodiments, the polymerisation mixture includes a lysine‐based dicarbamate and one or more further dicarbamates.
[0016] 15 In some embodiments, the polymerisation mixture includes two or more different lysine‐based dicarbamates and, optionally, one or more further dicarbamates. In the case where one or more further dicarbamates are present, the lysine‐based dicarbamate : further dicarbamate molar ratio may be in the range of 1:99 – 99:1, optionally 10:90 – 90:10. Further carbamates are preferably bio‐based carbamates, more preferably 100% bio‐based carbamates, for example cadaverine dicarbamate, priamine dicarbamate and cystamine dicarbamate. In some embodiments, one or more further monomers may be present. Optionally, a diacid‐based monomer or a derivative thereof may be present, for example a diester, a diacid chloride or a dianhydride. The one or more further monomer may have the following formula: for R2 or R4. Dispersion A dispersion of a polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (I), formula (I‐Y) or formula (I‐ X) may be formed by mixing the polymer with one or more solvents selected from water and water‐miscible solvents. Water‐miscible solvents as described herein may or may not be protic solvents. Exemplary water‐miscible solvents are C1‐4 alcohols, preferably ethanol; ethyl acetate; tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide; and gamma‐butyrolactone. A base may be added to the dispersion to convert COOH groups of the repeating structure of formula (I), formula (I‐Y) or formula (I‐X) to COO‐M+ groups. Preferably, the only solvent of the dispersion is water. Preferably, the dispersion does not contain any additional emulsifier, for example dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA). The concentration of the polymer in the dispersion may be in the range of 1‐50 weight %. Solution A solution of a polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (I), formula (I‐Y) or formula (I‐X) may be formed by dissolving the polymer in one or more solvents selected from water and water‐
[0017] 16 miscible solvents. Water‐miscible solvents as described herein may or may not be protic solvents. Exemplary water‐miscible solvents are C1‐4 alcohols, preferably ethanol; ethyl acetate; tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide; and gamma‐butyrolactone. The solution may consist of the polymer and the solvent or solvents. Alternatively, the solution may comprise one or more further materials. Each of the further components may be dissolved or dispersed in the solution. A base may be added to the solution to convert COOH groups of the repeating structure of formula (I), formula (I‐Y) and formula (I‐X) to COO‐M+ groups. Preferably, the only solvent of the solution is water. Preferably, the solution does not contain any additional emulsifier, for example dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA). The concentration of the polymer in the solution may be in the range of 1‐50 weight %. Applications Polymers as described herein may be used as a film‐forming agent for hair or skin products such as cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals, shampoos and conditioners. The product may be a liquid, cream, foam, gel, lotion, ointment, paste, shake lotion, tincture, solution, transdermal patch, or vapor. In some embodiments, the product is a liquid, gel, or cream. In some embodiments, the product may be delivered as a spray. Optionally, the spray is a pressurised spray. In the case of a topical pharmaceutical, the product comprises a medicament suitable for topical drug delivery. The topical pharmaceutical may comprise one or more further pharmaceutically acceptable materials, for example, carriers or excipients. A hair or skin product may comprise a polymer as described herein and one or more of Cetearyl alcohol, Behentrimonium chloride, Glycerin, Cetyl esters, Lactic acid, Hydroxypropyltrimonium hydrolyzed wheat protein, Dodecene, Phenoxyethanol, Arginine, Chlorhexidine digluconate, Poloaxamer 407, Limonene, linalool, Benzyl salicylate, Benzyl alcohol, Isopropyl myristate, Isopropyl alcohol, 2‐Oleamido‐1,3 octadecanediol, Serine, BHT, Butylphenyl methylpropional, Citric acid, Lauryl PEG / PPG‐18 / 18 methicone, Glutamic acid, Hexyl Cinnamal, Glyceryl linoleate, Glyceryl oleate, and Glyceryl linolenate. Examples Synthesis of Lysine ‐based monomers
[0018] 17 Lysine dicarbamate was formed by reaction of dimethylcarbonate and lysine which was then used directly as a monomer or converted by esterification or amidation to an ester or amide monomer, respectively. Esterification of Lysine by TMSCl acid catalyst – general reaction Lysine dicarbamate was functionalised using Chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl) as a reagent and methanol or ethanol as an alcohol partner according to the following general scheme. This procedure was adapted from an existing procedure (J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 3747‐3752).: Methyl N2,N6‐bis(methoxycarbonyl)lysinate using TMSCl To a solution of the Lysine dicarbamate (0.43 g, 1.64 mmol) in dry methanol (6.6 mL) was added TMSCl (0.62 mL, 4.92 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 18 hours at room temperature and then concentrated and placed under high vacuum to afford the intermediate methyl ester as a colourless oil in quantitative yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 5.44 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (br s, 1H), 4.37 – 4.23 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.20 – 3.02 (m, 2H), 1.85 – 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.70 – 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.56 – 1.26 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 173.2, 157.3, 156.8, 53.7, 52.5, 52.4, 52.1, 40.5, 32.1, 29.4, 22.3. FTIR: νmax / cm‐1 3323 (N‐H), 2950 (C‐H), 1690 (C‐O), 1526 (N‐H), 1251 (C‐N), 1191 (C‐O‐C). Ethyl N2,N6‐bis(methoxycarbonyl)lysinate using TMSCl
[0019] 18 To a solution of the Lysine dry ethanol (11.2 mL) was added trimethylsilyl chloride (0.73 mL, 5.73 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 18 hours at room temperature and then concentrated and placed under high vacuum to afford the intermediate ethyl ester as a colourless oil in quantitative yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 5.30 (br s, 1H), 4.31 (br s, 1H), 4.23 – 4.14 (m, 1H), 3.78 – 3.69 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.15 (t, 2H), 1.89 – 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.72 – 1.59 (m, 1H), 1.58 – 1.29 (m, 4H), 1.29 – 1.20 (m, 3H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 172.7, 157.4, 156.8, 61.6, 53.7, 52.4, 52.2, 40.7, 32.3, 29.5, 22.3, 14.3. FTIR: νmax / cm‐1 3327 (N‐H), 2948 (C‐H), 1694 (C=O), 1523 (N‐H), 1448 (C‐H), 1248 (C‐N), 1187 (C‐O‐C), 779 (C‐H). Characterisation (Furan‐2‐ylmethyl N2,N6‐bis(methoxycarbonyl)lysinate): 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) , 7.10 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 3H), 3.93 – 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 2.94 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.72 – 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.44 – 1.17 (m, 4H) 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO): δ 174.1, 156.8, 156.7, 155.4, 142.1, 110.3, 106.9, 55.6, 53.8, 51.4, 51.2, 30.5, 29.0, 22.9 FTIR: νmax / cm‐1 3330 (N‐H), 2948 (C‐H), 2866 (C‐H), 1690 (C‐O), 1526 (N‐H), 1252 (C‐N), 1191 (C‐O‐ C). Esterification of Lysine (EDC strategy)
[0020] 19 Lysine dicarbamate (0.524 g, 2.00 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) and octan‐2‐ol (0.32 mL, 2.0 mmol) was added. The solution was cooled to 0 ℃ in an ice‐water bath and 1‐Ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (0.466 g, 3.00 mmol) and 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine (0.024 g, 0.200 mmol) were added. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Water (20 mL) was added, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 20 mL), the combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a colourless oil (0.292 g, 39%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.96 – 4.89 (m, 1H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 4.35 – 4.22 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.21 – 3.08 (m, 2H), 1.88 – 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.71 – 1.16 (m, 16H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 172.2, 157.3, 156.8, 72.8, 53.8, 52.4, 52.2, 40.7, 35.9, 32.5, 31.8, 29.5, 29.2, 25.4, 22.7, 22.3, 20.0, 14.2. FTIR: νmax / cm‐1 3332 (N‐H), 2948 (C‐H), 2865 (C‐H), 1702 (C=O), 1530 (N‐H), 1254 (C‐N), 1190 (C‐O‐C). Synthesis of lysine dicarbamate n‐butylamide Lysine dicarbamate (0.131 g, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (2.5 mL). n‐Butylamine (0.055 mL, 0.60 mmol) was added to the solution. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and EDCI hydrochloride (0.23 g, 1.50 mmol) and 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine (0.01 g, 0.10 mmol) were added. The solution
[0021] 20 was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Water (10 mL) was added, and the solution was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a white solid (0.118 g, 74%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.73 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.13 – 5.01 (m, 1H), 4.16 – 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.28 – 3.03 (m, 4H), 1.85 – 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.67 – 1.54 (m, 1H), 1.54 – 1.39 (m, 4H), 1.39 – 1.19 (m, 4H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.9, 157.4, 157.1, 54.8, 52.3, 52.0, 40.2, 39.2, 32.0, 31.5, 29.4, 22.3, 20.0, 13.7. FTIR: νmax / cm‐1 3301 (N‐H), 2933 (C‐H), 2861 (C‐H), 1692 (C=O), 1646 (C‐O), 1534 (N‐H), 1281 (C‐N). Dimethyl (6‐((furan‐2‐ylmethyl)amino)‐6‐oxohexane‐1,5‐diyl)dicarbamate Procedure (from publication Org. Biomol. Chem., 2021, 19, 10073–10080) To a 50 mL RBF, compound 1 (0.526 g, 2.0 mmol, 1 equiv.), compound 2 (0.194 g, 2.0 mmol, 1 equiv.) and EDC.HCl (0.383 g, 2.0 mmol, 1 equiv.) were added. The solid mixture was stirred, followed by the addition of 7 mL of the mixture H2O / MeCN (2 / 1). The total mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After that, it was extracted with 2 x 25 mL of ethyl acetate, then washed with 5% NaHSO4(aq.) and 5% NaHCO3(aq.), respectively. The organic layer was concentrated, dried under reduced pressure to afford a clean product as white solid without additional purification 0.313 g, yield 46 %.
[0022] 21 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.34 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (br s, 1H), 6.30 (dd, J = 3.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (br s, 1H), 4.42 (dd, J = 5.6, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (br s, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H) 3.27 – 3.01 (m, 2H), 1.93 – 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.73 – 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.56 – 1.41 (m, 2H), 1.41 – 1.27 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.8, 157.5, 157.2, 151.1, 142.4, 110.6, 107.7, 54.9, 52.6, 52.2, 40.3, 36.6, 32.0, 29.5, 22.3. FTIR: νmax / cm‐1 3291 (N‐H), 2939 (C‐H), 2861 (C‐H), 1692 (C=O), 1644 (C‐O), 1532 (N‐H), 1265 (C‐O‐C), 1237 (C‐N), 1190 (C‐O‐C). Polymer synthesis For the synthesis of polyurethanes, a 1:1 molar ratio of total dicarbamate(s): total diol(s) was used. Optionally, the ratio ranges from 1:10 and 10:1, optionally 1:5 and 5:1, optionally 1:3 and 3:1. Dicarbamate(s) and diol(s) were added to a two‐necked round bottom flask and heated to 80 ℃ until a homogenous liquid formed. The flask was then placed under reduced pressure to remove any water from the mixture. Once gas evolution ceased the flask was placed under an atmosphere of nitrogen. At this point any components of the polymer which were volatile at 80 ℃ under reduced pressure were added to the flask followed by dibutyltin dilaurate (0.01 mol% to 20 mol%, optionally 0.02 mol% to 1 mol% with respect to the total amount of carbamate used) or potassium carbonate (1‐10 mol%, optionally 2 mol% with respect to the total amount of carbamate used). The solution was then heated (to 140‐160 ℃, optionally to 140 ℃, optionally to 160 ℃) and stirred under an atmosphere of nitrogen (for 0‐8 hours, optionally for 2‐8 hours), then under reduced pressure (for 1‐4 hours, optionally for 2‐ 4 hours). OO RO R ORCatalyst 10 mol% O O 140 °C, 6 h n Polymers were formed following the above general procedure with either: ‐ lysine dicarbamate as the sole dicarbamate with one or two diols; or ‐ lysine dicarbamate and another dicarbamate with one or two diols as follows 1) Dicarbamates: (0.2 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.8 equivalents cadaverine dicarbamate), diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 3350. 2) Dicarbamates: (0.5 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.5 equivalents Priamine1075 dicarbamate), diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 3350. 3) Dicarbamates: (0.8 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.2 equivalents Priamine1075 dicarbamate), diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 3350. 4) Dicarbamates: (0.8 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.2 equivalents lysine ethyl ester dicarbamate), diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 3350. 5) Dicarbamates: (0.75 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.25 equivalents lysine n‐butylamide dicarbamate), diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 3350. 6) Dicarbamates: (0.8 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.2 equivalents cadaverine dicarbamate), diols: (0.8 equivalents PEG 3350 + 0.2 equivalents 1,4‐butanediol). 7) Dicarbamate: (1.0 equivalents lysine dicarbamate) diols: (0.8 equivalents PEG 3350 + 0.2 equivalents 1,4‐butanediol). 8) Dicarbamate: (1.0 equivalents lysine dicarbamate) diols: (0.6 equivalents PEG 3350 + 0.4 equivalents 1,4‐butanediol). 9) Dicarbamate: (1.0 equivalents lysine dicarbamate) diols: (0.8 equivalents PEG 3350 + 0.2 equivalents 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan). 10) Dicarbamates: (0.8 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.2 equivalents Priamine1075 dicarbamate), diols: (0.8 equivalents PEG 3350 + 0.2 equivalents 1,4‐butanediol). 11) Dicarbamate: (1.0 equivalents lysine dicarbamate) diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 2000. 12) Dicarbamates: (1.0 equivalents lysine dicarbamate) diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 1450. 13) Dicarbamates: (0.2 equivalents lysine dicarbamate + 0.8 equivalents cadaverine dicarbamate), diol: 1.0 equivalents PEG 2000. 14) Dicarbamate: (1.0 equivalents lysine dicarbamate) diol: (0.8 equivalents PEG 3350 + 0.2 equivalents 1,3‐propanediol sebacic acid polyester MW:3040). 15) lysine dicarbamate (1g) + PEG 3350 (12.7g) and lysine dicarbamate ethyl ester (3.63g) + PEG 3350 (31.41g) + PO3G 2094 (6.54g).
[0023] 23 16) Dicarbamates: 1 equivalents lysine dicarbamate ethyl ester, diol: 0.95 equivalents PEG 3350 + 0.05 equivalents PO3G. The polymer synthesis outlined above may be used to form polymers of formula (I‐X), formula (I‐Y) and formula (I) described herein. The reaction conditions may be altered to favour the formation of one of formula (I‐X), formula (I‐Y) or formula (I) over the other. The product of the polymerisation may contain a mixture of polymers of formula (I‐X), formula (I‐Y) and formula (I). Polymerisation in the presence of diacid‐based monomers or derivatives thereof The polymerisation outlined below is provided as an example. This example is non‐limiting, and the skilled person will understand that the procedure can be applied for variants achieving substantially the same result. In the polymerisation outlined below, Ra may be an organic residue, preferably a C2‐10 alkyl.
[0024] 24 PEG3350 (A) (3.35 g) and lysine (ethylenediol)dicarbamate potassium salt (B) (0.80 g) were added to a RBF and dried at 100 under reduced pressure. Dianhydride (C) (0.80 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred 100 ℃ for 1 h. Synthesis of C was added, and the mixture was heated to 120 ℃ and stirred until the desired acid value was obtained. Tetracid (1.0 g) was dissolved in acetic acid (2.0 mL) and acetic anhydride (0.47 mL) was added. The mixture was heated to 40 °C stirred for 16 h. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to give dianhydride as a brown solid. General procedure 1 for the generation of waterborne polyurethane dispersions Polyurethane (0.200 g) was dissolved in a minimum amount of organic solvent (0.25 ‐ 0.5 mL), usually acetone, however DMF can also be used. Once dissolved the neutralising agent (one of triethylamine, triethanolamine, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) was added so that the number of moles of neutralising agent was equal to the number of moles of carboxylic acid groups present in the polymer. The solution of polyurethane and neutralising agent was stirred at room temperature for one hour. Water was added dropwise with vigorous stirring (1000 rpm) to generate a dispersion. If required, the samples were also vortexed for twenty seconds to generate dispersions. The organic solvent can then be removed under reduced pressure. General procedure 2 for the generation of waterborne polyurethane dispersions Polyurethane is directly stirred to dissolve in H2O / Ethanol mixture of ratio ranging from 100% : 0% to 0% : 100% from room temperature to 50 degrees Celsius. Optionally, M+OH is added to neutralise the
[0025] 25 carboxylic acid. Optionally, a blade mixer is used during polymer dissolution to achieve homogeneity. Optionally, the polymer is dissolved in ethanol before precipitating in petroleum ether for purification.
[0026] 26
Claims
CLAIMS 1. A polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (I‐X) , (I‐Y) or formula (I): O each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group; R2 is an organic residue; 27 X is independently selected from OH, O‐M+, and Y wherein M+ is a cation and Y is independently selected from OR3 and NR52 wherein R3 is a substituent and R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; Z is independently selected from OH, O‐M+, and Y1 wherein M+ is a cation and Y1 is independently selected from OR20 and NR52 wherein R20 is a substituent and R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; and n = 1‐10.
2. A polymer according to claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a repeating structure of formula (I): each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group; R2 is an organic residue; X is independently selected from OH, O‐M+, and Y wherein M+ is a cation and Y is independently selected from OR3 and NR52 wherein R3 is a substituent and R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent.
3. A polymer according to claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a repeating structure of formula (I‐X): 28 O wherein: each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group; R2 is an organic residue; X is independently selected from OH, O‐M+, and Y wherein M+ is a cation and Y is independently selected from OR3 and NR52 wherein R3 is a substituent and R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; Z is independently selected from OH, O‐M+, and Y1 wherein M+ is a cation and Y1 is independently selected from OR20 and NR52 wherein R20 is a substituent and R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; and n = 1‐10.
4. A polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein: each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group; R2 is an organic residue; and X is selected from OH and O‐M+ wherein M+ is a cation.
5. A polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein R3 is ‐CH3 or ‐CH2CH2OH.
6. A polymer according to any one of claims 1, 3, and 4 wherein n = 1‐4.
7. A polymer according to claim 6 wherein n = 1, 2, and 4.
8. The polymer according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein X is O‐M+.
9. The polymer according to any one of the preceding claims wherein each R1 is H. 29 10. The polymer according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of: - linear, branched or cyclic C1‐12 alkylene; - a group of formula ‐R13‐[OR13]n‐ wherein R13 is a C2‐6 alkylene and n is 1‐200; - a group of formula ‐R6‐Ar1‐R6‐ wherein R6 in each occurrence is independently a C1‐4 alkylene group and Ar1 is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group; and - a non‐aromatic heterocyclic group substituted with two hydroxyl groups; and - a polyester group.
11. The polymer according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the polymer comprises two different repeating structures of formula (I).
12. The polymer according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the polymer comprises two different repeating structures of formula (I‐X) or two different repeating structures of formula (I‐Y).
13. The polymer according to claim 11 wherein the two different repeating structures of formula (I) have different R2 groups.
14. The polymer according to claim 12 wherein the two different repeating structures of formula (I‐X) or (I‐Y) have different R2 groups.
15. The polymer according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the polymer comprises a further repeating structure of formula (V) which is different from the repeating structure of formula (I): 30 16.alkylene in which a C atom of the C1‐40 alkylene which is not bound directly to NR1 may be replaced with O, S or S‐S.
17. The polymer according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the polymer is at least partially bio‐based.
18. The polymer according to claim 17 wherein the polymer is 100% bio‐based.
19. The polymer according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the polymer is crosslinked.
20. A formulation comprising a polymer according to any one of the preceding claims and a solvent selected from water, water‐miscible solvents and mixtures thereof.
21. The formulation according to claim 20 wherein the formulation is a dispersion comprising the polymer dispersed in the solvent selected from water, water‐miscible solvents and mixtures thereof.
22. The formulation according to claim 20 wherein the formulation is a solution comprising the polymer dissolved in the solvent selected from water, water‐miscible solvents and mixtures thereof.
23. The formulation according to any one o f claims 20 to 22 wherein the solvent comprises water.
24. A method of forming a formulation according to any one of claims 20‐23 comprising mixing the polymer with the solvent.
25. A method of forming a polymer comprising the polymerisation of a monomer of formula (III) and a monomer of formula (IV): 31 wherein: each R1 is independently H or a C1‐12 hydrocarbyl group, preferably H; R2 is an organic residue; R4 is an organic residue; and R10 in each occurrence is selected from C1‐4 alkyl and C1‐8 alkyl substituted with OH.
26. The method according to claim 25, the method comprising one further monomer.
27. The method according to claim 26 wherein the further monomer is a monomer of formula (VI): (VI) wherein Q is an acid or acid derivative and R14 is an organic residue.
28. The method of forming a polymer according to any of claims 25‐27 wherein the polymer is formed by a solvent‐free process.
29. The method according to any one of claims 25 to 28, the method further comprising contacting the polymer with a base.
30. A polymer obtainable by the method according to any one of claims 25 to 29.
31. A film‐former comprising the polymer according to any one of claims 1‐19 or a formulation according to any one of claims 20‐23 or the polymer obtainable by the method according to claim 30.
32. A skincare or haircare composition comprising a film‐former according to claim 31.
33. Use of a polymer according to any one of claims 1‐19 or a formulation according to any one of claims 20‐23 or a polymer obtainable by the method according to claim 30 as a film‐former. 32 ABSTRACT Polyurethane A polymer comprising a repeating structure of formula (I‐X) or formula (I) or combinations thereof: 33