Above-ground open parking garage having small column grid, stilt ground floor, and solid beamless slabs

Abstract

A parking garage having a reinforced concrete structure. The parking garage is built above ground, and uses a small column grid dimension, a stilt ground floor, and solid beamless slabs. All standard floors are open on all sides. Column capitals or drop panels need to be provided at positions where top ends of independent support columns of a stilt ground floor and top ends of independent support columns of all the standard floors of the parking garage are in contact with the bottoms of the beamless slabs. The parking garage has low manufacturing costs, low construction difficulty, a short construction period, and low use and maintenance costs.

Description

A ground-level, open-plan parking garage with a small column grid and an elevated ground floor, featuring a solid, beam-free slab design. I. Technical Field:

[0001] This invention relates to a reinforced concrete car parking garage, and more particularly to an open-air car parking garage with a small column grid size, an elevated ground floor, and a solid beam-free slab structure. II. Background Technology:

[0002] Currently, car parking garages are divided into two main categories based on their materials: one is mechanical parking garages, which have nine specific types. However, although they have been introduced to China for over thirty years, their market share is only about 4%. The main reasons for this are as follows:

[0003] 1. Its maintenance costs are high: After a few years of use, its costs increase dramatically.

[0004] 2. Especially when the service life is eight or nine years, the owner calculates that the accumulated maintenance cost is basically equal to the cost of replacing it. Moreover, since it is not a new one, it is more cost-effective to scrap it, demolish it, and rebuild a new one.

[0005] 3. During each period of demolition and reconstruction, and the months between the completion of the reconstruction and the acceptance of the facilities, car owners are unable to park and have to overcome this considerable inconvenience themselves.

[0006] The second type is a reinforced concrete car parking garage. Depending on their location, they are divided into above-ground and underground types. Their specific names are: solid beam-slab structure and prestressed hollow beamless slab structure. According to page 17 of the "Code for Design of Garage Buildings" (JGJ100-2015) issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, each column grid plane can accommodate three cars (i.e., three parking spaces). Therefore, the column grid plane size is approximately 8 meters by 8 meters. Compared to the smaller column grid size of this invention's parking garage (only 5 meters by 5 meters), this is considered a larger column grid size. This invention's parking garage accommodates only two cars per column grid area, i.e., only two car parking spaces. (Because the national regulations stipulate that the net dimensions of each car parking space must be no less than 5.3 meters in length and no less than 2.4 meters in width. See the last two columns of Table 4.3.4 on page 17 of the "Code for Design of Parking Garages" (JGJ100-2015) for specific values.)

[0007] The minimum cross-sectional dimension of a column is 0.5 meters by 0.5 meters. Therefore, for both solid beam-slab and prestressed hollow beam-slab structures, the clear lateral dimension of each column grid is: 7.5 meters / 3 parking spaces = 2.5 meters / clear width of each parking space. This is the fundamental reason why all parking garages in my country currently must use solid beam-slab structures or prestressed hollow beam-slab structures.

[0008] Because the floor area formed by each column grid dimension has a self-weight static load of more than 60 square meters (8 meters * 8 meters = 64 square meters), plus the dynamic load of 3 cars, this is necessary to meet the load requirements.

[0009] The parking garage of this invention has a smaller column grid size of 5.4 meters by 5.4 meters. The floor area formed by its column grid is less than 30 square meters (5.4 meters * 5.4 meters = 29.16 square meters). The self-weight (static load) of its floor is only about 46% of that of the above parking garage column grid (2g.16 square meters / 64 square meters = 45.6%). Moreover, only 2 cars can be parked on this floor area (dynamic load = 2 cars / 3 cars = 67%).

[0010] Therefore, both the static and dynamic loads are much smaller than those of the parking garages described above, allowing for the adoption of a solid, beam-free slab structure. This design results in two crucial parameters: the structural floor height of the parking garage in this invention can be less than 2.2 meters, and the net height inside the garage can be greater than 2.00 meters. This perfectly complies with the national standard "General Code for Civil Building Construction" (GB55031-2022), which mandates compliance with all its provisions. Article 3.1.6, Paragraph 1 explicitly states that building spaces with a structural floor height less than 2.2 meters are not included in the building area calculation; it also must simultaneously comply with Article 3.2.7, which states that the lowest point of areas with normal human activity should not have a net indoor height of less than 2.00 meters.

[0011] [Revised according to Detailed Rule 9.2, 04.07.2025] Therefore, virtually no developer will build car parking garages above ground level: because whether it's a solid beam-slab structure or a prestressed hollow beamless slab structure, their structural floor height will inevitably exceed 2.2 meters. The structural floor height of a solid beam-slab structure = (net height 2 meters + beam height of several tens of centimeters + slab thickness of several tens of centimeters); the structural floor height of a prestressed hollow beamless slab structure = (net height 2 meters + slab thickness of several tens of centimeters). Doing so would necessitate calculating the building area, leading to two unfavorable consequences for the developer: one is the need to share the land price per square meter; the other is the offsetting of the total above-ground building area. (For example: if a construction project has a planned total building area of ​​100,000 square meters, and 20,000 square meters of parking garages with either a solid beam-slab structure or a prestressed hollow beamless slab structure are built, then after offsetting the above-ground building area, only 80,000 square meters remain). The state stipulates that the building area of ​​underground parking garages, regardless of whether they are solid beam-slab structures or prestressed hollow core slab structures, is not included in the floor area ratio (in layman's terms, it refers to the total building area above ground). We already know that traditional parking garages are included in the building area calculation, but this invention's patented parking garage is based on the national "General Code for Civil Building Construction." Therefore, they are not comparable in terms of standards, and thus this invention is not the closest existing technology.

[0012] That leaves only the two traditional structural forms of underground parking garages. Our online research shows that solid beam-slab underground parking garages have a market share of approximately 94%; mechanical slab underground parking garages have a market share of 3%; and prestressed hollow beam-slab underground parking garages have a market share of only about 1.5%. Therefore, only solid beam-slab underground parking garages are the closest to the existing technology.

[0013] The main reason why prestressed hollow core slabs are rarely used is that each steel wire in the prestressing strands must be individually tensioned at both ends using jacks, and then tested with instruments before being simultaneously fixed at both ends... A single slab can have hundreds or even thousands of such steel wires, which illustrates the technical difficulty and complexity. (The flat slab of the parking garage in this invention patent is also solid, so the construction difficulty is very small). III. Summary of the Invention:

[0014] The technical problem that this invention patent parking garage aims to solve is the following series of objective problems existing in underground parking garages:

[0015] (I) Many serious drawbacks of underground parking garages:

[0016] 1. Because underground parking garages use traditional technology, a bidding process is required. This results in a large number of bidders, often dozens or even hundreds, with only one winning the bid. The manpower, material resources, financial resources (costs), and time of the other unsuccessful bidders are wasted.

[0017] [Corrected according to Detailed Rules 91, 10.05.2026] 2. The huge foundation pit of the underground parking garage requires the excavation of a large amount of earth and stone to be dumped at a construction waste and earth dumping site at a certain distance. Therefore, a considerable number of excavators, loaders, dump trucks, etc. have to be used, resulting in a large consumption of energy. In order to prevent the city roads from being polluted by mud, high-pressure water guns are used to wash all the tires and bodies of every dump truck on the site, which also wastes water resources. Furthermore, since dump trucks are paid by piece, drivers often "haul more and drive faster", causing many traffic accidents on the city roads.

[0018] Because this earthwork foundation pit is large and deep, the surrounding pit walls are prone to collapse, necessitating effective technical solutions. To prevent the negative impact of groundwater, the basement's floor slab, roof slab, and both the inner and outer surfaces of the four shear walls must be coated with at least two coats of waterproofing material, followed by a cement mortar protective layer. This significantly increases the construction cost of the underground parking garage.

[0019] 3. Because underground parking garages are located at a certain depth, their lighting, ventilation, and air permeability are extremely poor, and there are significant fire hazards. Therefore, it is necessary to implement smoke control and ventilation systems, automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire smoke detectors and automatic alarm systems, as well as electric roller shutters and other water and electrical equipment and facilities, which are quite expensive.

[0020] 4. Long construction period: According to the national "Construction Project Construction Period Regulation" page 6, number 1-43 (excavation of Class I soil, three-story basement, total building area within 10,000 to 15,000 square meters), the stipulated construction period is 240 days.

[0021] 5. Since the underground parking garage is located underground, it is impossible to include green areas. Therefore, there are no green landscape features or ecological benefits.

[0022] [Revised according to Detailed Rules 9.2 04.07.2025] 6. Underground parking garages are located several meters below the ground. When the city is experiencing summer rainstorms and floods, a large amount of water on the ground will flow into the underground parking garage, turning it into an "underground reservoir".

[0023] 7. The application scenarios for underground parking garages are very limited: they are only applicable to the main building of a construction project and the outdoor ground surface below.

[0024] 8. The average construction cost of each parking space in an underground parking garage is quite high, reaching 120,000 yuan per space. This is only the direct cost. Adding in dozens of other costs and expenses, which account for at least 80%, the total cost would be: 120,000 yuan * 1.8 = 216,000 yuan. Indeed, the price is very high.

[0025] [Revised according to Rule 9.2, 04.07.2025]

[0026] [Corrected according to Detailed Rules 91, 10.05.2026] Now, according to relevant national regulations, the parking garage of this invention is no longer considered part of the building area. That is to say, compared with underground parking garages, they are objects of the same size and are completely comparable. Therefore, let's make a realistic and direct comparison so that everyone can make a fair and impartial judgment and evaluation.

[0027] The major advantages of this patented parking garage technology:

[0028] 1. According to Article 16, Paragraph (1) of State Council Decree No. 662 and Article 9, Paragraph (1) of Decree No. 613, for construction projects employing irreplaceable patented technologies, the surveying, design, and general construction contracting can be directly awarded by the construction party. (That is to say, bidding is unnecessary). This saves both parties, especially the bidding party, considerable manpower, material resources, costs, and time.

[0029] 2. Because the parking garage of this invention is built above ground, only a small amount of earth and stone needs to be excavated. This earth and stone can be stockpiled at the construction site without affecting construction and can later be used as backfill and landscaping soil. Therefore, it saves a significant amount of energy consumption and water resources, and eliminates road traffic accidents and soil pollution on city roads.

[0030] 3. Because the parking garage of this invention is built above ground and has open exterior walls, it has excellent lighting, ventilation, and air permeability. Only a lighting system, fire hydrant boxes, and appropriate foam and dry powder fire extinguishers are needed to fully meet fire safety requirements, saving significant equipment and facility costs.

[0031] 4. Short construction period: The construction period for a standalone, multi-level, three-dimensional parking garage using this patented technology, with 300-400 parking spaces (total building area exceeding 10,000 square meters), is only about 130-140 days. (Compared to the 240-day construction period of traditional underground parking garages mentioned earlier, this saves a full 100 days). If other main buildings are under construction simultaneously, even a single day of construction time is eliminated. (The reason is as follows: the construction period of those main buildings is generally around 200-300 days. When constructed concurrently, since the construction period of the patented parking garage is shorter than that of the main buildings, its construction period is included within the construction period of the main buildings and is not calculated again). The reason why the construction period of the underground parking garage must be calculated is that the main buildings above it must be constructed first. Therefore, the construction period of the underground parking garage must be calculated.

[0032] 5. This invention's patented parking garage is located above ground, with the ground floor elevated for landscaping. The area of ​​the canopy panels on the outer perimeter of each floor's exterior walls is also used as a ring-shaped green belt, and the roof area is further developed into a rooftop garden. This combination of three types of green space creates a visually appealing, eco-friendly, and three-dimensional urban green landmark. Compared to an underground parking garage devoid of any greenery, the difference is striking, like one being "in the sky" and the other "underground."

[0033] 6. Because this patented parking garage is built above ground with an elevated ground floor, it allows for close monitoring of local meteorological department emergency notices before the annual summer rainstorms and floods, ensuring all parking spaces are fully occupied. Even if surface floodwaters are two to three meters high, they have no effect on the cars inside the garage. After the floodwaters recede in a few days or ten days, the ground is cleaned of debris and silt, and the elevator is repaired, the patented parking garage is ready for normal use again: the tragedy of "flooded cars" will never happen again.

[0034] [Corrected according to Detailed Rules 91, 10.05.2026] 7. The ground of this invention can be the green landscape area of ​​an urban park, the municipal public green space of the city, the outdoor green space of a construction project, or the area of ​​a public activity space. It can also include urban areas where cars are parked in an open-air, single-level manner, like a "spreading pancake," and the upper space of sidewalks and non-motorized vehicle lanes on both sides of roads. (However, the latter two parking methods are the most wasteful of the city's precious land resources). That is to say, these already have specific uses. The parking garage of this invention can be built in the "air" above them, while completely preserving their existing uses, to obtain area and three-dimensional space from the "air above them," creating hundreds or even more patented parking spaces out of thin air. In addition, the patented parking garage of this invention can also make full use of all land areas in the city that have basically no economic value: such as ditches, canals, lakes, ponds, riverbanks, beaches, slopes, valleys, etc. Technically, there is no difficulty. It is only necessary to ensure that the upper end face of all the independent support columns in the ground floor is on a uniform horizontal plane. In this way, each standard floor above can be constructed in an orderly manner, layer by layer.

[0035] In other words, traditional underground parking garages have only one possible land use scenario, but the parking garage using this patented technology can be used in dozens of different ground-level scenarios, greatly expanding the sources of applicable land. Even in cities like Shenzhen, where land resources are extremely scarce and there is a huge shortage of parking spaces (more than two million), the parking garage technology of this invention can provide a complete solution.

[0036] 8. The average construction cost per parking space in this patented parking garage is only about 45,000 yuan. This calculation has been verified by several cost professionals and should be accurate. Even applying the 80% increase factor to the total cost, the price per parking space is only: 45,000 yuan * 1.8 = 81,000 yuan. Comparing the two, the price difference between the average parking space using this patented technology and a traditional underground parking space is as high as 135,000 yuan. (216,000 yuan - 81,000 yuan)

[0037] [Revised according to Detailed Rules 9.2 04.07.2025] 9. Because the total cost of traditional underground parking garages is allocated to the total area of ​​the main building above ground, this results in a cost of several thousand yuan per square meter being included in the housing price. With the parking garage using this patented technology, since it is built separately and not mixed with the main building above ground, this cost per square meter for the underground parking garage no longer exists. (III) Beneficial Effects:

[0038] Based on the above, the technical effects of the parking garage of this invention can be summarized as follows:

[0039] [Revised according to Detailed Rules 9.2 04.07.2025] 1. Engineering projects using patented technologies do not require bidding and can be directly contracted out by the construction party, saving both the bidding and tendering parties, especially the tendering party, a considerable amount of manpower, material resources, costs and time.

[0040] 2. Since the parking garage of this invention is built above ground, it saves a lot of energy and water resources, as well as civil engineering costs, compared with traditional underground parking garages.

[0041] 3. Because the parking garage of this invention is built above ground and has an open exterior wall, it has good lighting, ventilation and air permeability, which saves a lot of equipment costs compared with traditional underground parking garages.

[0042] 4. The construction period of the parking garage with the patented technology of this invention is very short. If built alone, the construction period of a parking garage with three to four hundred or five hundred parking spaces only takes a little over one hundred days. If it is constructed in parallel with other main buildings, since the construction period of the main buildings is often longer than that of the patented parking garage, the construction period of the patented parking garage does not need to be calculated separately.

[0043] 5. This invention patents a parking garage with a raised ground floor green area, a green belt area on the outer perimeter of each parking garage using canopy panels covered with soil, fertilizer, and appropriate watering, and a roof garden area. These three areas combined form a three-dimensional green building.

[0044] 6. The parking garage of this invention is built above ground, and the ground floor has a certain net height, so there is no "flooded car" or "waterlogged car" situation during summer rainstorms and floods.

[0045] 7. The elevated ground floor of this invention can be used in dozens of different scenarios, which is dozens of times more than the single application scenario of traditional underground parking garages. Even in first-tier cities like Shenzhen, where urban land resources are extremely scarce, this approach can identify a large number of applicable land scenarios, thus completely solving the current shortage of more than two million car parking spaces in Shenzhen.

[0046] 8. The average construction cost per parking space in this patented parking garage is very low, only about 45,000 yuan. The total cost, calculated as 45,000 yuan * 1.8, is only 81,000 yuan. Compared to the previously calculated average total cost of 216,000 yuan per parking space in traditional underground parking garages, this represents a saving of 135,000 yuan (216,000 yuan - 81,000 yuan) = 135,000 yuan. This is an unbelievable economic benefit, yet it is an undeniable fact.

[0047] 9. Because this patented parking garage is constructed and its costs are accounted for separately, unlike traditional underground parking garages where the total cost is allocated to the total building area above ground, using this patented parking garage can directly reduce the price per square meter of building area by several thousand yuan. Furthermore, with all the independent accounting documents in hand, the developer can use them as legal evidence, allowing them to legally and reasonably collect parking fees from the patented parking garage. IV. Description of the attached drawings:

[0048] The specification of this invention's patented parking garage includes four accompanying drawings. The descriptions of these drawings are as follows:

[0049] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the floor plan of the ground floor of the multi-level parking garage of this invention (the ground floor is a green landscape surface).

[0050] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the standard floor layout of the multi-level parking garage of the present invention.

[0051] Figure 3 is a color-coded schematic diagram of the horizontal cross-section of a standard floor of the multi-level parking garage of the present invention.

[0052] Figure 4 is a color rendering of the front and side facades of the multi-level parking garage of the present invention, as well as the roof garden. 1-Independent support column, 2-Solid beam-free slab of standard floor, 3-Open exterior wall (i.e., the surrounding car barrier wall), 4-Ring-shaped canopy panel on the outside of the surrounding car barrier wall (used as a ring-shaped green belt), 5-Planar part of the vertical lift (all drawings, design, manufacturing, assembly and debugging are the responsibility of the manufacturer).

[0053] 6. Column cap or support plate. V. Detailed Implementation Methods:

[0054] We have a green space in a city park, a public green space, or the outdoor green area of ​​a residential complex in a construction project. Using a level, theodolite, and long measuring tape, we accurately determine the column grid dimensions and horizontal elevation on this green space. The column grid dimension for each parking area is the centerline of a 5.4-meter by 5.4-meter independent support column. Only the middle row of 11 longitudinal spans, because it is the longitudinal passageway for car parking, needs to meet the national standard of 5.5 meters in net width. Therefore, adding the 0.4-meter dimension of the independent support column, the column grid centerline dimension is 5.9 meters (5.5 meters + 0.4 meters = 5.9 meters). The ground floor of this patented parking garage has a length of 59.8 meters multiplied by a width of 17.1 meters, with an area of ​​1022.6 square meters. The entire ground floor is existing landscaping intended for its intended purpose. (See Figure 1) The cross-sectional dimensions of all independent support columns in this elevated floor are 40 cm x 40 cm (i.e., 0.4 m x 0.4 m). The foundation uses pile foundations (thus eliminating the need for extensive earthwork excavation). The upper ends of the piles are cast together with a cast-in-place reinforced concrete foundation. Simultaneously, the lower part of the main reinforcing bars of each independent support column in the elevated floor is inserted into the center of this reinforced concrete foundation, preparing for subsequent construction processes. The top elevation of this foundation is several tens of centimeters lower than the green area, providing favorable conditions for future backfilling and landscaping. The excavation volume for each foundation is approximately two cubic meters. As shown in Figure 1, the bottom elevated floor has only 11 longitudinal spans and 3 transverse spans. There are only 48 independent support columns in total, and the excavation volume for the 48 foundations beneath them is less than 100 cubic meters. This can be piled up in a location on the construction site that does not interfere with construction. It can be used as backfill soil or for landscaping in the future. Then, the clear height of the independent support columns on the ground floor has several nationally recognized dimensions (depending on the type of object passing through: 1. For pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles, the clear height must not be less than 2.5 meters; 2. For large motor vehicles on the ground floor, the clear height must not be less than 3.6 meters; for double-decker buses, the clear height must not be less than 4.5 meters; for trams or trolleybuses, the clear height must not be less than 5 meters). These different clear height regulations can be determined by the construction party. There is no need to elaborate on conventional construction methods.

[0055] Figure 2 shows that the column grid dimensions of the independent support columns on the standard floor of the parking garage in this invention patent are completely consistent with those of the independent support columns on the elevated floor. It can be seen that on both sides of the longitudinal two-way car aisle, there are parking space areas formed by each column grid plane dimension, which can accommodate two cars, i.e., two parking spaces. There are 22 parking space areas on both sides of this car aisle, providing a total of 44 parking spaces. However, the net height must be set at 2.03 meters, and the thickness of the solid beam-free slab must be set at 16 centimeters, or 0.16 meters. This fully complies with the mandatory provisions of Articles 3.1.6, Paragraph 1 and 3.2.7 of the National Standard for General Civil Building Construction: building spaces with a structural floor height of less than 2.2 meters are not included in the building area calculation; and also meets the mandatory provisions that the net height of indoor areas with normal human activity should not be less than 2.00 meters (2 meters).

[0056] The parking garage of this invention patent technology can simultaneously meet the following requirements: structural floor height = (clear height of independent support column 2.03 meters + thickness of solid beamless slab 0.16 meters) = 2.19 meters, and the indoor clear height is the clear height of the independent support column = 2.03 meters.

[0057] As for the pile cap foundation, independent support columns, solid flat slabs, retaining walls around the car parking spaces, and the concrete grade and reinforcement details of the canopy slab, these are all determined by professional structural engineers through careful calculations and a three-level review process. There's no need to elaborate further here. Just a reminder: the clear height of the outer edge of this circular canopy slab should be at least thirty centimeters high to prevent the soil layered about thirty centimeters thick for the green belt from overflowing.

[0058] At the point where the upper ends of all independent supporting columns (including those in the elevated floors and all standard floors) contact the bottom of the solid flat slab, column caps or brackets must be installed. This serves two purposes: 1) it further reduces the clear span of the slab; 2) it enhances the slab's resistance to punching shear on the columns.

[0059] Figure 3 is a color-coded horizontal cross-sectional view of the standard floor of the parking garage of this invention. We can see its independent supporting columns in a relatively three-dimensional and intuitive way. The area formed by the size of each column grid is just enough to park two cars (two parking spaces). We can also see the surrounding car retaining walls and the circular green belt outside the retaining walls, which is transformed from a ring-shaped canopy panel (the net width is about one meter). The area of ​​the circular green belt on each standard floor is 1500 square meters.

[0060] After completing the first standard floor, the process continues layer by layer upwards, with normal construction proceeding... until the parking garage of this invention patent is completed.

[0061] Figure 4 shows the front and side elevations of the parking garage and the roof garden of this invention. We can see that it has ten standard floors, which means there are a total of 440 parking spaces (44 spaces per standard floor * 10 floors).

[0062] In addition, there are several thousand square meters of green landscape area: = Ground floor area (1022.6 square meters - 8 square meters occupied by independent ground support columns) + () 11-story ring green belt: 150 square meters per floor * 11 floors) + approximately 1,000 square meters of roof garden (already deducting the area occupied by the surrounding car retaining walls of approximately 22 square meters) = 1015 square meters (ground floor area) + 1650 square meters (all ring green belts) + 1000 (roof garden) = 3675 square meters of green landscape area.

[0063] Compared to the 1022 square meters of outdoor green space originally intended for use as a park, urban public green space, or residential area, this not only doesn't reduce the green area by 1 square meter, but also significantly increases the green landscape area by 2653 square meters. (The current total green landscape area is 3675 square meters - the original 1022 square meters of green space on the elevated ground floor) = 2653 square meters of green area.

[0064] In addition, 440 car parking spaces were built out of thin air above this land originally designated for green landscaping.

[0065] [According to the detailed rules 9.2, revised 04.07.2025] The main change is to the column grid size of the traditional parking garage (reduced from the previous larger column grid size of 8 meters by 8 meters to the smaller column grid size of the parking garage of this invention, which is about 5 meters by 5 meters). This allows the use of a solid beam-free slab structure, and the structural floor height and interior net height of the building space fully comply with the two specific explicit provisions of the national mandatory provisions. This then produces a series of technical effects.

[0066] [Revised according to Rule 9.2, 04.07.2025]

[0067] [Revised according to Rule 9.2, 04.07.2025]

[0068] [Revised according to Rule 9.2, 04.07.2025]

[0069] [Revised according to Rule 9.2, 04.07.2025]

Claims

1. A ground-level, open-air parking garage with a small column grid and an elevated, solid, beam-free slab floor; characterized in that: It is a reinforced concrete building constructed above ground, with a small column grid size, an open ground floor, and is suitable for various specific uses and for ground with little value; it has a solid beam-free slab structure, and all standard floors are open-style multi-level car parking garages on all four sides.

2. As described in claim 1: an open-air parking garage with a small column grid and a solid, beamless slab on the ground floor; wherein the independent support columns of the ground floor and the upper ends of the independent support columns of all standard floor parking garages are provided with column caps or brackets at the contact points with the bottom of the beamless slab.

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