Multifunctional conjugates of 2, 4-dinitrophenol and selective PPAR modulators, and compositions and methods thereof
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SHENZHEN HIGHTIDE BIOPHARM
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025133249-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025133249-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025133249-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
MULTIFUNCTIONAL CONJUGATES OF 2, 4-DINITROPHENOL AND SELECTIVE PPAR MODULATORS, AND COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS THEREOFTechnical Field of the Invention
[0001] The invention generally relates to novel compounds and therapeutic uses thereof. More particularly, the invention provides novel multifunctional drug conjugates of 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and selective modulators of PPARs, and derivatives thereof. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention and methods thereof for treating various diseases and disorders (e.g., metabolism and inflammation related diseases and disorders) .Background of the Invention
[0002] Metabolic syndrome, represented by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) , obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , is a cluster of diseases and disorders characterized by hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. (Fabbrini, et al. 2009 PNAS 106, 15430; Petersen, et al. 2018 Physiology Reviews 98, 2133. ) The likely causes of these conditions include excessive lipid accumulation within the respective organs, along with chronic inflammation caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production overtime. Over the past decade, despite significant progress made in drug discovery efforts from the perspective of reducing energy-intake (e.g., Glp-1R agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors) , the progress in exploring energy-out has not been as satisfactory.
[0003] Mitochondria uncoupling, an endogenous energy-dissipating process, where the ATP synthesis is dissociated at the end of the electron transport chain due to “proton leak” , occurs in all eukaryotic cells and accounts for 20~30%of the basal metabolic rate depending on the tissue type. (Geisler 2019 Cells 8, 280. ) Over the years, in addition to the endogenous uncoupling proteins, e.g., UCP-1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, many chemical uncouplers have been discovered and studied, among which 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is the best known (Chen, et al. 2021 Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 117, 154724; Goedeke, et al. 2021 Molecular Metabolism 46, 101178) . DNP was used in the 1930s for weight loss in well over 100,000 people; however, its dose related toxicities, such as rash, cataract or hyperthermia related death, limited its clinical use and eventually led to its ban by the FDA in 1938. Since then, much effort has been made to explore different approaches to increase the therapeutic windows for DNP. Examples of such effort included a liver-targeted approach, a formulation with slow release of DNP, and a drug conjugate that lowered the Cmax / AUC ratio significantly as compared to DNP itself (Perry, et al. 2013 Cell Metabolism 18, 740; Perry, et al. 2015 Science 347, 1253; WO 2018 / 129258A1) .
[0004] In addition to its utility in anti-obesity through elevated energy expenditure, in particular, through increased lipid metabolism, mitochondria uncouplers, in general, can be viewed as in-direct activators for Adenosine 5 ‘-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) , one of the master regulators for energy homeostasis, which critically impacts on maintaining / building muscle mass and function (Narkar, et al. 2008 Cell, 134, 405; Fan, et al, 2017, Cell Metabolism, 25, 242) .
[0005] Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of transcription factors implicated in a wide range of cellular functions, including lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses and cell proliferation and differentiation (Berger, J. et al, 2002, Diabetes Technol. Ther. 4, 163) . Three PPAR subtypes exist, namely, PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ. All three subtypes play essential roles in lipid and fatty acid metabolism by directly binding to and modulating genes involved in lipid metabolism, while each has distinct tissue / organ distributions and functions. For example, while PPARγ is known as a master regulator for adipocyte differentiation and does not seem to be involved in oxidative metabolism, both PPARα and PPARδ are essential regulators of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) (Wang et al. 2003, Cell, 113, 159; Rosen et al, 1999, Mol. Cell, 4, 611; Finck et al, 2002, J. Clin. Invest. 109, 121; Gilde et al, 2003, Circ. Res. 92, 518; Wang et al, 2004, PLoS Biol. 2: e294; Burkart et al, 2007, J. Clin. Invest. 117, 3930; Barbera et al, 2001, J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1486) .
[0006] Over the past few decades, many synthetic ligands for PPARs have been identified and gone through the regulatory approval process, e.g., the fibrates (PPARα agonists) for lowering triglyceride and raising HDL; Pioglitazone (aPPARγ agonist for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus) and more recently, Seladelpar (aselective PPARδ agonist) and Elafibranor (aPPAR α / δ dual agonist) for treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) . Impacts of PPARδagonism or PPAR α / δ dual agonism on lipid metabolisms (fatty acid transport, β-oxidation and OXPHOS) and other potential benefits to muscle (Phua et al, 2018, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 1425; Crossland et al, 2021, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 9775) and / or bone health (Chen et al, 2021, Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 753194) , have been studied, in particular, for the T2DM patients, without the liabilities associated with PPARγ agonism, e.g., weight gain, edema, etc.
[0007] There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic agents as modulators of mitochondria functions that are useful in treating metabolic syndrome and related diseases and disorders.Summary of the Invention
[0008] The invention is based in part on novel multifunctional drug conjugates of 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and a selective PPAR agonist (e.g., a selective PPARδ or a PPARα / δ dual agonist without significant PPARγ agonism) , and derivatives thereof, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of their preparation and use in treating or reducing various diseases or disorders. More particularly, the present invention provides novel compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that act as prodrugs for DNP and selective PPARδ or PPARα / δ modulators without significant PPARγ agonism. Upon oral administration, these compounds release DNP with significantly lowered plasma Cmax over AUC ratios, as compared to DNP itself, resulting in increased safety window. Compounds of the invention are useful for regulating mitochondria functions and PPAR activities. Compounds of the invention can therefore be used to treat metabolic and inflammatory diseases (e.g., obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) , metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) , heart failure, muscle atrophy, T2DM related sarcopenia or osteoporosis, etc. ) .
[0009] In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a compound having structural formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable form or an isotope derivative thereof, wherein X is O or S; Y is O or S; Z1 is CRZ1 or N; Z2 is CRZ2 or N; W is O or NSO2R; i is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; j is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; L is a bivalent group selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkylene (CH2) n moieties, wherein n is an integer from about 1 to about 6, wherein optionally 0 to 2 of the CH2 units is independently replaced with a heteroatom or group selected from O, S, NR, PO4 and PO3R, wherein the alkylene moiety is optionally substituted with 1-5 Ra; each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom they are bonded to, form a 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy and the 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each of R3 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, halo, CN and NRR', wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, R and R' are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each of R4 and R5 is independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy; or R4 and R5, together with the carbon atom they are bonded to, form a 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy and the 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each of RZ1, RZ2, R6, R7 and R9 is independently H, C1-3 alkyl or C1-3 alkoxy, F or Cl, wherein the C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each R8 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, halo and NRR', wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, R and R' are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: D, halo, CN, R and OR; each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of: D, halo, CN, R, OR and NRR’ ; and each of R and R’ is independently H or C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 groups selected from D, halo, C1-6 alkoxy and amino; or R and R’ together with the N atom they are bonded to form a 3-to 6-membered heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1-4 groups selected from D, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy and amino.
[0010] In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein.
[0011] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a unit dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition of a compound disclosed herein.
[0012] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating or reducing a disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.
[0013] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for reducing toxicity or side effects in treating mitochondria-related disorders or conditions comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.
[0014] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of a compound disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent, in preparation of a medicament for treating a disease or disorder.
[0015] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of a compound for treating a disease or disorder.
[0016] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for preparing a compound disclosed.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0017] FIG. 1. Exemplary data on mean plasma concentration of Compound 4 after an IV dose of 1 mg / kg and a PO dose of 5mg / kg, respectively, in male C57BL / 6 mice (N=3 / group) .
[0018] FIG. 2. Exemplary data on mean plasma concentration of Compound 9 after an IV dose of 1 mg / kg and a PO dose of 5mg / kg, respectively, in male C57BL / 6 mice (N=3 / group) .
[0019] FIG. 3. Exemplary data on mean plasma concentration of Compound 48 and its metabolites 2, 4-dinitrophenol and Compound 9 after IV (1 mg / kg) dosing in male C57BL / 6 mice (N=3) .
[0020] FIG. 4. Exemplary data on mean plasma concentration of Compound 48 and its metabolites 2, 4-dinitrophenol and Compound 9 after PO (5 mg / kg) dosing in male C57BL / 6 mice (N=3) .
[0021] FIG. 5. Exemplary data on mean plasma concentration of Compound 48 and its metabolites 2, 4-dinitrophenol and Compound 9 after IV (1 mg / kg) dosing in male SD rats (N=3.
[0022] FIG. 6. Exemplary data on mean plasma concentration of Compound 48 and its metabolites 2, 4-dinitrophenol and Compound 9 after PO (5 mg / kg) dosing in male SD rats (N=3) .
[0023] FIG. 7. Exemplary data on body weight changes after Compound 4 treatment (N=6 / group) .
[0024] .
[0025] FIG. 8. Exemplary data on fasting glucose levels after Compound 4 treatment (N=6 / group) .
[0026] FIG. 9a-9b. Exemplary data on ALT and AST levels after Compound 4 treatment (N=6 / group) .
[0027] FIG. 10. Exemplary data on MDA levels after Compound 4 treatment (N=6 / group) .
[0028] FIG. 11. Exemplary data on body weight changes after Compound 9 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0029] FIG..
[0030] FIG. 12. Exemplary data on fasting blood glucose levels after Compound 9 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0031] FIG. 13. Exemplary data on liver weights after Compound 9 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0032] FIG. 14a-14b. Exemplary data on ALT and AST levels after Compound 9 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0033] FIG. 15. Exemplary data on MDA levels after Compound 9 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0034] FIG. 16a-16d. Exemplary data on steatosis score (a) , hepatocyte ballooning score (b) , Inflammation score (c) and NAS score (d) after Compound 9 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0035] FIG. 17. Exemplary data on AMPK activation level after Compound 9 treatment (N=6 / group) .
[0036] FIG. 18. Exemplary data on PDK4 gene expression levels after Compound 9 treatment (N=6 / group) .
[0037] FIG. 19. Exemplary data on body weight changes after Compound 48 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0038]
[0039] FIG. 20. Exemplary data on fasting blood glucose levels after Compound 48 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0040] FIG. 21. Exemplary data on liver weights after Compound 48 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0041] FIG. 22a-22b. Exemplary data on ALT and AST levels after Compound 48 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0042] FIG. 23. Exemplary data on MDA levels after Compound 48 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0043] FIG. 24a-24d. Exemplary data on steatosis score (a) , hepatocyte ballooning score (b) , inflammation score (c) and NAS score (d) after Compound 48 treatment (N=10 / group) .
[0044] FIG. 25. Exemplary data on AMPK activation levels after Compound 48 treatment (N=6 / group) .
[0045] FIG. 26. Exemplary data on PDK4 gene expression levels after Compound 48 treatment (N=6 / group) . Definitions
[0046] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. General principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in “Organic Chemistry” , Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 2006.
[0047] The following terms, unless indicated otherwise according to the context wherein the terms are found, are intended to have the following meanings.
[0048] Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of the values within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 16 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16.
[0049] Any compositions or methods disclosed herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.
[0050] The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable or aspect herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.
[0051] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example, “C1-6 alkyl” is intended to encompass, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1-6, C1-5, C1-4, C1-3, C1-2, C2-6, C2-5, C2-4, C2-3, C3-6, C3-5, C3-4, C4-6, C4-5, and C5-6 alkyl.
[0052] Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., -C (=O) -O-is equivalent to -O-C (=O) -.
[0053] Structures of compounds of the invention are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with principles of chemical bonding and to give compounds that are not inherently unstable and / or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions (e.g., aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions) .
[0054] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a, " "an, " and "the" include plural reference, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0055] As used herein, “at least” a specific value is understood to be that value and all values greater than that value.
[0056] As used herein, the terms “comprises, ” “comprising” , or "having" when used to define compositions and methods, are intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but do not exclude other elements. The term “consisting essentially of” , when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements and exclude other elements of any essential significance to the compositions and methods. For example, “consisting essentially of” refers to administration of the pharmacologically active agents expressly recited and excludes pharmacologically active agents not expressly recited. The term consisting essentially of does not exclude pharmacologically inactive or inert agents, e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers or diluents. The term “consisting of” , when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding trace elements of other ingredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.
[0057] As used herein, the terms “disease” and “disorder” are used interchangeably and refer to any condition that damages or interferes with the normal function of a cell, tissue, or organ.
[0058] As used herein, the term “hydrate” means a compound which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
[0059] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to being suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and other mammals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. A "pharmaceutically acceptable form" of a disclosed compound includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, solvates, polymorphs, isomers and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof.
[0060] In certain embodiments, a "pharmaceutically acceptable form" includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof.
[0061] In certain embodiments, a "pharmaceutically acceptable form" includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable isomers and stereoisomers and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof.
[0062] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of subjects without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66: 1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds provided herein include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchioric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, besylate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. In some embodiments, organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, trifluoracetic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
[0063] The salts can be prepared in situ during the isolation and purification of the disclosed compounds, or separately, such as by reacting the free base or free acid of a parent compound with a suitable base or acid, respectively. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+ (C1-4alkyl) 4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines, including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, such as isopropyl amine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt can be chosen from ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
[0064] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable form is a "solvate" (e.g., a hydrate) . As used herein, the term "solvate" refers to compounds that further include a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces. The solvate can be of a disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a "hydrate" . Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and hydrates are complexes that, for example, can include 1 to about 100, or 1 to about 10, or 1 to about 2, about 3 or about 4, solvent or water molecules. It will be understood that the term "compound" as used herein encompasses the compound and solvates of the compound, as well as mixtures thereof.
[0065] As used herein, the term "prodrug" (or “pro-drug” ) refers to compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield a disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable form of the compound. A prodrug can be inactive when administered to a subject, but is converted in vivo to an active compound, for example, by hydrolysis (e.g., hydrolysis in blood) . In certain cases, a prodrug has improved physical and / or delivery properties over the parent compound. Prodrugs can increase the bioavailability of the compound when administered to a subject (e.g., by permitting enhanced absorption into the blood following oral administration) or which enhance delivery to a biological compartment of interest (e.g., the brain or lymphatic system) relative to the parent compound. Exemplary prodrugs include derivatives of a disclosed compound with enhanced aqueous solubility or active transport through the gut membrane, relative to the parent compound.
[0066] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, and polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide copolymer as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
[0067] As used herein, the term “polymorph” means solid crystalline forms of a compound or complex thereof which may be characterized by physical means such as, for instance, X-ray powder diffraction patterns or infrared spectroscopy. Different polymorphs of the same compound can exhibit different physical, chemical and / or spectroscopic properties. Different physical properties include, but are not limited to stability (e.g., to heat, light or moisture) , compressibility and density (important in formulation and product manufacturing) , hygroscopicity, solubility, and dissolution rates (which can affect bioavailability) . Differences in stability can result from changes in chemical reactivity (e.g., differential oxidation, such that a dosage form discolors more rapidly when comprised of one polymorph than when comprised of another polymorph) or mechanical characteristics (e.g., tablets crumble on storage as a kinetically favored polymorph converts to thermodynamically more stable polymorph) or both (e.g., tablets of one polymorph are more susceptible to breakdown at high humidity) . Different physical properties of polymorphs can affect their processing. For example, one polymorph might be more likely to form solvates or might be more difficult to filter or wash free of impurities than another due to, for example, the shape or size distribution of particles of it.
[0068] As used herein, the term “solvate” means a compound which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent such as water, acetone, ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, or the like, bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
[0069] As used herein, the term “stable compounds” refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., formulation into therapeutic products, intermediates for use in production of therapeutic compounds, isolatable or storable intermediate compounds, treating a disease or disorder responsive to therapeutic agents) .
[0070] As used herein, the term “stereoisomer” refers to both enantiomers and diastereomers. As used herein, the term “substantially free of other stereoisomers” means less than 25%of other stereoisomers, preferably less than 10%of other stereoisomers, more preferably less than 5%of other stereoisomers and most preferably less than 2%of other stereoisomers, or less than "X" %of other stereoisomers (wherein X is a number between 0 and 100, inclusive) are present. Methods of obtaining or synthesizing diastereomers are well known in the art and may be applied as practicable to final compounds or to starting material or intermediates. Other embodiments are those wherein the compound is an isolated compound. The term “at least X%enantiomerically enriched” as used herein means that at least X%of the compound is a single enantiomeric form, wherein X is a number between 0 and 100, inclusive.
[0071] As used herein, the terms “treating” or “reducing” a disease or disorder refers to a method of reducing, delaying or ameliorating such a condition before or after it has occurred. Treatment may be directed at one or more effects or symptoms of a disease and / or the underlying pathology. The treatment can be any reduction and can be, but is not limited to, the complete ablation of the disease or the symptoms of the disease. Treating or treatment thus refers to any indicia of success in the therapy or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; improving or stabilizing a patient's physical or mental well-being. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters, for example, the results of a physical examination, neuropsychiatric exams, and / or a psychiatric evaluation. As compared with an equivalent untreated control, such reduction or degree of amelioration may be at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%as measured by any standard technique.
[0072] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to humans, non-human primates, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. Typically, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a human subject.
[0073] As used herein, the terms "alk" or "alkyl" refer to straight or branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, containing no unsaturation. The expression "lower alkyl" refers to alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms (inclusive) . Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "1 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "1 to 10 carbon atoms" means that the alkyl group can consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term "alkyl" where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, “alkyl” can be a C1-6 alkyl group. In some embodiments, “alkyl” can be a C1-3 alkyl group.
[0074] As used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to an -O-alkyl radical.
[0075] As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” as employed herein refers to a cyclic alkyl group and includes saturated and partially unsaturated cyclic, respectively, hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbons, preferably 3 to 8 carbons.
[0076] As used herein, the terms “aromatic” or “aryl” refer to a radical with 6 to 14 ring atoms (e.g., C6-14 aromatic or C6-14 aryl) that has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system which is carbocyclic (e.g., phenyl, fluorenyl, naphthyl, and anthracene) . An aryl group may be, for example, 6 membered monocyclic, 10 membered bicyclic or 14 membered tricyclic ring systems, each with 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
[0077] As used herein, the term “halo” or "halogen" refers to any radical of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
[0078] As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" or, alternatively, "heteroaromatic" refers to a refers to a radical of a 5-18 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic and the like) aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10 or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-6 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur ( "5-18 membered heteroaryl" ) . Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "5 to 18" refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "5 to 18 ring atoms" means that the heteroaryl group can consist of 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. In some instances, a heteroaryl can have 5 to 14 ring atoms. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has, for example, bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in "-yl" by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding "-ene" to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylene. The term “heteroaryl” , for example, may refer to a monocyclic or fused ring (i.e., rings which share an adjacent pair of atoms) group of 5 to 12 ring atoms containing one, two, three or four ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being C, and, in addition, having a completely conjugated pi-electron system, wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent. Examples, without limitation, of heteroaryl groups are pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, quinoline, quinazoline, isoquinoline, purine and carbazole.
[0079] As used herein, the terms “heterocycle” , “heterocyclic” or “heterocyclyl” refer to fully saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic groups, for example, 3 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 12 membered bicyclic, or 10 to 15 membered tricyclic ring systems, which have at least one heteroatom in at least one ring, wherein 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent. Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and / or sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized. The heterocyclic group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system.
[0080] As used herein, the term “substituents” refers to a group “substituted” on any functional group delineated herein, e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group at any atom of that group. Suitable substituents include, without limitation halogen, CN, NO2, OR15, SR15, S (O) 2OR15, NR15R16, C1-C2 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C2 perfluoroalkoxy, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, C (O) OR15, C (O) NR15R16, OC (O) NR15R16, NR15C (O) NR15R16, C (NR16) NR15R16, NR15C (NR16) NR15R16, S (O) 2NR15R16, R17, C (O) R17, NR15C (O) R17, S (O) R17, S (O) 2R17, R16, oxo, C (O) R16, C (O) (CH2) nOH, (CH2) nOR15, (CH2) nC (O) NR15R16, NR15S (O) 2R17, where n is independently 0-6 inclusive. Each R15 is independently hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl. Each R16 is independently hydrogen, alkenyl, alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 alkyl substituted with C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl. Each R17 is independently C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 alkyl substituted with C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl. Each C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl and C1-C4 alkyl in each R15, R16 and R17 can optionally be substituted with halogen, CN, C1-C4 alkyl, OH, C1-C4 alkoxy, NH2, C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 dialkylamino, C1-C2 perfluoroalkyl, C1-C2 perfluoroalkoxy, or 1, 2-methylenedioxy.
[0081] The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.
[0082] The compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers and diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention. The compounds of this invention may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein. All such isomeric forms of such compounds are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms of the compounds described herein are expressly included in the present invention.Detailed Description of the Invention
[0083] The invention provides novel multifunctional drug conjugates of DNP and a selective PPAR agonist (e.g., a PPARδ or a PPARα / δ dual agonist without significant PPARγ agonism) , and derivatives thereof, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of their preparation and use in treating or reducing various diseases or disorders (e.g., obesity, MASH / MAFLD, T2DM, heart failure, muscle atrophy, T2DM related sarcopenia or osteoporosis) .
[0084] Drug conjugates disclosed herein, formed by a PPARδ agonist or a PPAR α / δ dual agonist with DNP, have demonstrated additive, synergistic or complementary pharmacological effects combined with a low plasma Cmax / AUC ratio for DNP. These drug conjugates can profoundly impact treatment options for a number of metabolic diseases, including but not limited to obesity, MASH / MAFLD, T2DM, Heart failure, muscle atrophy, T2DM related sarcopenia or osteoporosis, etc.
[0085] In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a compound having structural formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable form or an isotope derivative thereof, wherein X is O or S; Y is O or S; Z1 is CRZ1 or N; Z2 is CRZ2 or N; W is O or NSO2R; i is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; j is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; L is a bivalent group selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkylene (CH2) n moieties, wherein n is an integer from about 1 to about 6, wherein optionally 0 to 2 of the CH2 units is independently replaced with a heteroatom or group selected from O, S, NR, PO4 and PO3R, wherein the alkylene moiety is optionally substituted with 1-5 Ra; each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom they are bonded to, form a 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy and the 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each of R3 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, halo, CN and NRR', wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, R and R' are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each of R4 and R5 is independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy; or R4 and R5, together with the carbon atom they are bonded to, form a 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy and the 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each of RZ1, RZ2, R6, R7 and R9 is independently H, C1-3 alkyl or C1-3 alkoxy, F or Cl, wherein the C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each R8 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, halo and NRR', wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, R and R' are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb; each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: D, halo, CN, R and OR; each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of: D, halo, CN, R, OR and NRR’ ; and each of R and R’ is independently H or C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 groups selected from D, halo, C1-6 alkoxy and amino; or R and R’ together with the N atom they are bonded to form a 3-to 6-membered heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1-4 groups selected from D, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy and amino.
[0086] In certain embodiments of (I) , X is O and Y is O, having the structural formula:
[0087] In certain embodiments of (I) , X is O and Y is S, having the structural formula:
[0088] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , Z1 is CRZ1 and Z2 is CRZ2.
[0089] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , each of Z1 and Z2 is CH.
[0090] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , Z1 is N and Z2 is CRZ2.
[0091] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , Z1 is N and Z2 is N.
[0092] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , i is 0.
[0093] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , i is 1.
[0094] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , each of R4 and R5 is H.
[0095] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , one of R4 and R5 is H and the other is not H.
[0096] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , each of R6 and R7 is H.
[0097] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , one of R6 and R7 is H and the other is not H.
[0098] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , j is 0.
[0099] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , j is 1.
[0100] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IB) , j is 2.
[0101] In certain embodiments of (I) , the compound has the structural formula:
[0102] In certain embodiments of (IC) , each of i and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula:
[0103] In certain embodiments of (IC) , each of i is 1 and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula:
[0104] In certain embodiments of (I) , the compound has the structural formula:
[0105] In certain embodiments of (IF) , each of i and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula:
[0106] In certain embodiments of (IF) , each of i is 1 and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula:
[0107] In certain embodiments of (I) , W is O, and the compound has the structural formula:
[0108] In certain embodiments of (II) , X is O and Y is O, and the compound has the structural formula:
[0109] In certain embodiments of (II) , X is O and Y is S, having the structural formula:
[0110] In certain embodiments of (I) , W is NRWSO2, and the compound has the structural formula:
[0111] In certain embodiments of (III) , X is O and Y is O, and the compound has the structural formula:
[0112] In certain embodiments of (III) , X is O and Y is S, and the compound has the structural formula:
[0113] In certain embodiments of (III) - (IIIB) , the R in SO2R is C1-3alkyl.
[0114] In certain embodiments of (III) - (IIIB) , the R in SO2R is cyclopropyl.
[0115] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IIIB) , R9 is a C1-2 alkyl group substituted with 0-6 F's .
[0116] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IIIB) , R9 is CF3.
[0117] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IIIB) , L is linear or branched (CH2) n, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
[0118] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IIIB) , L is CH2.
[0119] In certain embodiments of (I) - (IIIB) , L comprises PO4 or PO3R.
[0120] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from Table 1.
[0121] Compounds of the invention include those having one or more deuterium atoms in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.
[0122] In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein.
[0123] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a unit dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition of a compound disclosed herein.
[0124] In certain embodiments, the unit dosage form is a tablet.
[0125] In certain embodiments, the unit dosage form is a capsule.
[0126] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for treating or reducing a disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.
[0127] In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with mitochondria function of a subject.
[0128] In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is mediated by PPARδ and / or PPARα / δ.
[0129] In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is a metabolic disease or disorder.
[0130] In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder.
[0131] In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from metabolic syndrome, due to excessive lipid accumulation and chronic ROS over production, and related aging disorders or genetic diseases, including, obesity, MASH / MAFLD, insulin resistance, T2DM and its related sarcopenia or osteoporosis, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, acquired lipodystrophy, inherited lipodystrophy, partial lipodystrophy, heart or renal failure, muscle atrophy, including Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, and related diseases or disorders.
[0132] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for reducing toxicity or side effects in treating mitochondria-related disorders or conditions comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.
[0133] In certain embodiments of the methods of treatment, administration is via oral administration.
[0134] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of a compound disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent, in preparation of a medicament for treating a disease or disorder.
[0135] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of a compound for treating a disease or disorder.
[0136] In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is associated with one or more defect in mitochondrial function.
[0137] In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is mediated by PPARδand / or PPARα / δ.
[0138] In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is a metabolic disease or disorder.
[0139] In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder.
[0140] In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, due to excessive lipid accumulation and chronic ROS over production, and related aging disorders or genetic diseases, including, obesity, MASH / MAFLD, insulin resistance, T2DM and its related sarcopenia or osteoporosis, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, acquired lipodystrophy, inherited lipodystrophy, partial lipodystrophy, heart or renal failure, muscle atrophy, including Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, and related diseases or disorders.
[0141] In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for preparing a compound disclosed.
[0142] The specific approaches and compounds disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting. The chemical structures in the schemes herein depict variables that are hereby defined commensurately with chemical group definitions (moieties, atoms, etc. ) of the corresponding position in the compound formulae herein, whether identified by the same variable name (e.g., R1, R2, R, R', X, etc. ) or not. The suitability of a chemical group in a compound structure for use in synthesis of another compound structure is within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. Additional methods of synthesizing compounds of the formulae herein and their synthetic precursors, including those within routes not explicitly shown in schemes herein, are within the means of chemists of ordinary skill in the art. Methods for optimizing reaction conditions, if necessary, minimizing competing by-products, are known in the art. The methods described herein may also additionally include steps, either before or after the steps described specifically herein, to add or remove suitable protecting groups in order to ultimately allow synthesis of the compounds herein. In addition, various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the applicable compounds are known in the art and include, for example, those described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989) ; T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1999) ; L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser’s Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994) ; and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995) and subsequent editions thereof.
[0143] The methods delineated herein contemplate converting compounds of one formula to compounds of another formula. The process of converting refers to one or more chemical transformations, which can be performed in situ, or with isolation of intermediate compounds. The transformations can include reacting the starting compounds or intermediates with additional reagents using techniques and protocols known in the art, including those in the references cited herein. Intermediates can be used with or without purification (e.g., filtration, distillation, sublimation, crystallization, trituration, solid phase extraction, and chromatography) .
[0144] Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds.
[0145] Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis-and trans-isomers, atropisomers, R-and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D) -isomers, (L) -isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.
[0146] Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, where only two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50: 50, 60: 40, 70: 30, 80: 20, 90: 10, 95: 5, 96: 4, 97: 3, 98: 2, 99: 1, or 100: 0 isomer ratios are contemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated for more complex isomer mixtures.
[0147] If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic methods well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.
[0148] Solvates and polymorphs of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein. Solvates of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, hydrates.
[0149] The invention also provides compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or polymorph, if applicable, of said compound; and an acceptable carrier. Preferably, a composition of this invention is formulated for pharmaceutical use ( “apharmaceutical composition” ) , wherein the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier (s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and, in the case of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, not deleterious to the recipient thereof in amounts typically used in medicaments.
[0150] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
[0151] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual) , vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) administration. In certain embodiments, the compound of the formulae herein is administered transdermally (e.g., using a transdermal patch) . Other formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., tablets and sustained release capsules, and in liposomes, and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. See, for example, Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA (17th ed. 1985) .
[0152] Such preparative methods include the step of bringing into association with the molecule to be administered ingredients such as the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers, liposomes or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary, shaping the product.
[0153] In certain preferred embodiments, the compound is administered orally. Compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or packed in liposomes and as a bolus, etc. Soft gelatin capsules can be useful for containing such suspensions, which may beneficially increase the rate of compound absorption.
[0154] A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets optionally may be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. Methods of formulating such slow or controlled release compositions of pharmaceutically active ingredients, such as those herein and other compounds known in the art, are known in the art and described in several issued US Patents, some of which include, but are not limited to, US Patent Nos. 4, 369, 172; and 4, 842, 866, and references cited therein. Coatings can be used for delivery of compounds to the intestine (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,638,534, 5,217,720, and 6,569,457, 6,461,631, 6,528,080, 6,800,663, and references cited therein) . A useful formulation for the compounds of this invention is the form of enteric pellets of which the enteric layer comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate.
[0155] In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers that are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are administered orally, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and / or flavoring and / or coloring agents may be added.
[0156] Compositions suitable for topical administration include lozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia.
[0157] Compositions suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
[0158] Such injection solutions may be in the form, for example, of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant.
[0159] The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components. Such materials include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
[0160] The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and / or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
[0161] Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application. For application topically to the skin, the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches and iontophoretic administration are also included in this invention.
[0162] In another embodiment, a composition of the present invention further comprises a second therapeutic agent. The second therapeutic agent includes any compound or therapeutic agent known to have or that demonstrates advantageous properties when administered with a compound of any of the formulae herein.
[0163] Such agents are described in detail in the art. Preferably, the second therapeutic agent is an agent useful in the treatment or prevention of metabolic diseases or disorders.
[0164] In another embodiment, the invention provides separate dosage forms of a compound of this invention and a second therapeutic agent that are associated with one another. The term “associated with one another” as used herein means that the separate dosage forms are packaged together or otherwise attached to one another such that it is readily apparent that the separate dosage forms are intended to be sold and administered together (within less than 24 hours of one another, consecutively or simultaneously) .
[0165] In the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, the compound of the present invention is present in an effective amount. As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to an amount which, when administered in a proper dosing regimen, is sufficient to reduce or ameliorate the severity, duration or progression of the disorder being treated, prevent the advancement of the disorder being treated, cause the regression of the disorder being treated, or enhance or improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect (s) of another therapy.
[0166] The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described in Freireich, et al. 1966 Cancer Chemother Rep 50: 219. Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. (See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardley, N. Y., 1970, 537. ) An effective amount of a compound of this invention can range from about 0.001 mg / kg to about 500 mg / kg, more preferably 0.01 mg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, more preferably 0.1 mg / kg to about 2.5 mg / kg. Effective doses will also vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the diseases treated, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, the sex, age and general health condition of the patient, excipient usage, the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments such as use of other agents and the judgment of the treating physician.
[0167] For pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a second therapeutic agent, an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent is between about 20%and 100%of the dosage normally utilized in a monotherapy regime using just that agent. Preferably, an effective amount is between about 70%and 100%of the normal monotherapeutic dose. The normal monotherapeutic dosages of these second therapeutic agents are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Wells, et al., eds. 2000 Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. ; PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. 2000, each of which references are entirely incorporated herein by reference.
[0168] The invention also provides a method of treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease or disorder or symptom thereof (e.g., those delineated herein) comprising the step of administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound or a composition of this invention. Some diseases are well known in the art and are also disclosed herein.
[0169] In certain embodiments, the methods disclosed herein are suitable for treating diseases or disorders that are age-related including common neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, PD, and HD.
[0170] The term “co-administered” as used herein means that the second therapeutic agent may be administered together with a compound of this invention as part of a single dosage form (such as a composition of this invention comprising a compound of the invention and a second therapeutic agent as described above) or as separate, multiple dosage forms. Alternatively, the additional agent may be administered prior to, consecutively with, or following the administration of a compound of this invention. In such combination therapy treatment, both the compounds of this invention and the second therapeutic agent (s) are administered by conventional methods. The administration of a composition of this invention comprising both a compound of the invention and a second therapeutic agent to a subject does not preclude the separate administration of that same therapeutic agent, any other second therapeutic agent or any compound of this invention to said subject at another time during a course of treatment.
[0171] Effective amounts of these second therapeutic agents are well known to those skilled in the art and guidance for dosing may be found in patents and published patent applications referenced herein, as well as in Wells et al., eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000) ; PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. (2000) , and other medical texts. However, it is well within the skilled artisan’s purview to determine the second therapeutic agent’s optimal effective-amount range.
[0172] In one embodiment of the invention where a second therapeutic agent is administered to a subject, the effective amount of the compound of this invention is less than its effective amount would be where the second therapeutic agent is not administered. In another embodiment, the effective amount of the second therapeutic agent is less than its effective amount would be where the compound of this invention is not administered. In this way, undesired side effects associated with high doses of either agent may be minimized. Other potential advantages (including without limitation improved dosing regimens and / or reduced drug cost) will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
[0173] In yet another aspect, the invention provides the use of a compound of any of the formulae herein alone or together with one or more of the above-described second therapeutic agents in the manufacture of a medicament, either as a single composition or as separate dosage forms, for treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom set forth above. Another aspect of the invention is a compound of the formulae herein for use in the treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom thereof delineated herein.
[0174] In other aspects, the methods herein include those further comprising monitoring subject response to the treatment administrations. Such monitoring may include periodic sampling of subject tissue, fluids, specimens, cells, proteins, chemical markers, genetic materials, etc. as markers or indicators of the treatment regimen. In other methods, the subject is prescreened or identified as in need of such treatment by assessment for a relevant marker or indicator of suitability for such treatment.
[0175] In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of monitoring treatment progress. The method includes the step of determining a level of diagnostic marker (Marker) (e.g., any target or cell type delineated herein modulated by a compound herein) or diagnostic measurement (e.g., screen, assay) in a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disorder or symptoms thereof delineated herein, in which the subject has been administered a therapeutic amount of a compound herein sufficient to treat the disease or symptoms thereof. The level of Marker determined in the method can be compared to known levels of Marker in either healthy normal controls or in other afflicted patients to establish the subject’s disease status. In preferred embodiments, a second level of Marker in the subject is determined at a time point later than the determination of the first level, and the two levels are compared to monitor the course of disease or the efficacy of the therapy. In certain preferred embodiments, a pre-treatment level of Marker in the subject is determined prior to beginning treatment according to this invention; this pre-treatment level of Marker can then be compared to the level of Marker in the subject after the treatment commences, to determine the efficacy of the treatment.
[0176] In certain method embodiments, a level of Marker or Marker activity in a subject is determined at least once. Comparison of Marker levels, e.g., to another measurement of Marker level obtained previously or subsequently from the same patient, another patient, or a normal subject, may be useful in determining whether therapy according to the invention is having the desired effect, and thereby permitting adjustment of dosage levels as appropriate. Determination of Marker levels may be performed using any suitable sampling / expression assay method known in the art or described herein. Preferably, a tissue or fluid sample is first removed from a subject. Examples of suitable samples include blood, urine, tissue, mouth or cheek cells, and hair samples containing roots. Other suitable samples would be known to the person skilled in the art. Determination of protein levels and / or mRNA levels (e.g., Marker levels) in the sample can be performed using any suitable technique known in the art, including, but not limited to, enzyme immunoassay, ELISA, radiolabeling / assay techniques, blotting / chemiluminescence methods, real-time PCR, and the like.
[0177] The present invention also provides kits for use to treat diseases, disorders, or symptoms thereof, including those delineated herein. These kits comprise: a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of the formula herein or a salt thereof; or a prodrug, or a salt of a prodrug thereof; or a hydrate, solvate, or polymorph thereof, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is in a container; and b) instructions describing a method of using the pharmaceutical composition to treat the disease, disorder, or symptoms thereof, including those delineated herein.
[0178] The container may be any vessel or other sealed or sealable apparatus that can hold said pharmaceutical composition. Examples include bottles, divided or multi-chambered holders or bottles, wherein each division or chamber comprises a single dose of said composition, a divided foil packet wherein each division comprises a single dose of said composition, or a dispenser that dispenses single doses of said composition. The container can be in any conventional shape or form as known in the art which is made of a pharmaceutically acceptable material, for example a paper or cardboard box, a glass or plastic bottle or jar, a re-sealable bag (for example, to hold a "refill" of tablets for placement into a different container) , or a blister pack with individual doses for pressing out of the pack according to a therapeutic schedule. The container employed can depend on the exact dosage form involved, for example a conventional cardboard box would not generally be used to hold a liquid suspension. It is feasible that more than one container can be used together in a single package to market a single dosage form. For example, tablets may be contained in a bottle, which is in turn contained within a box. Preferably, the container is a blister pack.
[0179] The kit may additionally comprise information and / or instructions for the physician, pharmacist or subject. Such memory aids include numbers printed on each chamber or division containing a dosage that corresponds with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested, or days of the week printed on each chamber or division, or a card which contains the same type of information.
[0180] The following examples are meant to be illustrative of the practice of the invention and not limiting in any way. Examples Abbreviations Chemistry Methods
[0181] All chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Unless otherwise specified, reactions were performed under an inert atmosphere of argon and monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and / or LCMS. All reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as provided. Synthetic intermediates and final compounds were purified using Biotage Isolera Prime 3.2 chromatography system on 230-400 mesh silica gel or GILSON GX-281 prep-HPLC. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were obtained using Bruker Ascend 400 spectrometer at 400 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively. NMR chemical shifts were described in δ (ppm) using residual solvent peaks as standard (Chloroform-d, 7.26 ppm (1H) , 77.16 ppm (13C) ; Methanol-d4, 3.31 ppm (1H) , 49.00 ppm (13C) ; DMSO-d6, 2.50 ppm (1H) , 39.52 ppm (13C) ) . Data were reported in a format as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, dd = doublet of doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, br = broad, m = multiplet, abq = ab quartet) , number of protons, and coupling constants. Mass spectral data were measured using Agilent 1260 and 6120MSD LC-MS. All compounds submitted for biological testing were confirmed to be ≥ 95%pure by Shimadzu LC-2030C 3D analytical HPLC. Synthetic methods, spectral data, and MS for novel compounds are described in detail below. Chemical Experimental General Procedures
[0182] General procedure I for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction. To a solution of keton (1.0 equiv) in DCM was added 3-chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid (mCPBA, 1.7 equiv) and 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (TsOH, 0.1 equiv) . The reaction mixture was stirred and heated at 50 ℃ until the reaction was completed. The reaction was quenched with 0.5 N NaOH and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers were washed with water. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product.
[0183] General procedure II for Suzuki coupling reaction. A mixture of boronic acid (1.0 equiv) , bromide (1.1 equiv) , Palladium catalyst (0.05 equiv) and Na2CO3 (2.5 equiv) in DME / H2O (V / V=2: 1) was stirred and heated at 100 ℃ under N2. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with sat. NH4Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (silica gel, EtOAc in PE) to give the product. General procedure III for Mitsunobu reaction. To a mixture of phenol (1.0 equiv) , alcohol (1.0 equiv) and PPh3 (1.3 equiv) in THF was added (E) -N- [ (ethoxycarbonyl) imino] ethoxyformamide (DEAD, 1.3 equiv) at 0 ℃ under N2. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was completed. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (silica gel, EtOAc in PE) to give the product.
[0184] General procedure IV for ester hydrolysis reaction. To a solution of ester (1.0 equiv) in THF / MeOH (V / V=1: 1) was added a solution of NaOH (2.0 equiv) in H2O at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was diluted with 1 N HCl and extracted with EtOAc twice. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (C18, MeCN / H2O (0.1%FA) ) to give product. Synthesis of intermediates and exemplary compounds Synthesis Scheme 1
[0185] Step-1: Ethyl 2- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate. A mixture of 1- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) ethan-1-one (5.0 g, 33.3 mmol) , ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (16.2 g, 83.2 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (43.3 g, 13.3 mol) in ACN (60 mL) was stirred and heated at 70 ℃ for 2 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and washed with water (100 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (120 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 10%) to give the product (7.2 g, 27.3 mmol, 82%yield) as a light brown oil.
[0186] Step-2: Ethyl 2- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate. Ethyl 2- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (6.5 g, 24.6 mmol) , mCPBA (7.4 g, 43 mmol) and TsOH (0.5 g, 2.9 mmol) in DCM (260 mL) was reacted as described in General procedure I to afford the title compound (5.1 g, crude) as a brown oil.
[0187] Step-3: Ethyl 2- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (Int 1) . To a stirred solution of ethyl 2- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (5.5 g, 19.6 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added EtONa (20%in EtOH, 8 g, 23.5 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (50 g silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 15%) to give the product (4.3 g, 18.1 mmol, 92%yield) as a brown oil.
[0188] Step-4: 1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethan-1-one (Int 2) . A mixture of (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (2.0 g, 10.5 mmol) , 1- (4-bromo-2-methylphenyl) ethan-1-one (2.5 g, 11.5 mmol) , Pd (PPh3) 4 (730 mg, 0.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (2.78 g, 26.2 mmol) in DME / H2O (30 mL / 15 mL) was reacted as described in General procedure II to afford the product (2.2 g, 7.9 mmol, 75%yield) as a white solid.
[0189] Step-5: 1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethan-1-ol. To a solution of Int 2 (2.2 g, 2.3 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added NaBH4 (0.44 g, 11.5 mmol) at 0 ℃. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with sat. NH4Cl (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product (2.1 g, crude) as a white solid.
[0190] Step-6: 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) propanoate. Int 1 (510 mg, 2.14 mmol) , 1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethan-1-ol (600 mg, 2.14 mmol) and PPh3 (730 mg, 2.78 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added DEAD (485 mg, 2.78 mmol) . The mixture was reacted as described in General procedure III to afford the product (550 mg, 1.1 mmol, 51%yield) as a colorless oil.
[0191] Step-7: 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid (1) . 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) propanoate (620 mg, 1.24 mmol) in THF / MeOH (3 mL / 3 mL) was added a solution of NaOH (100 mg, 2.48 mmol) in H2O (3 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was reacted as described in General procedure IV to afford compound 1 (474 mg, 1.0 mmol, 81%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H27F3O4 Exact Mass: 472.19 found tR = 1.737 min. [M-H] -= 471; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.86 (br s, 1H) , 7.98 –7.81 (m, 2H) , 7.81 –7.72 (m, 2H) , 7.61 –7.50 (m, 2H) , 7.49 –7.44 (m, 1H) , 6.78 –6.67 (m, 1H) , 6.63 –6.51 (m, 2H) , 5.54 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.47 (s, 3H) , 2.08 (s, 3H) , 1.51 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.40 (s, 6H) . Synthesis Scheme 2
[0192] Step-1A: (R) -1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethan-1-ol. To a solution of (S) -1-methyl-3, 3-diphenyltetrahydro-1H, 3H-pyrrolo [1, 2-c] [1, 3, 2] oxazaborole (1.1 g, 4.3 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added BH3-THF (0.37 g, 4.0 mmol) at -10 ℃ under N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at -10 ℃ for 30 minutes. Then Int 2 (1 g, 3.6 mmol) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at -10 ℃ for another 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with MeOH (10 mL) , then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was redispersed in H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product (0.9 g, 3.2 mmol, 86%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.68 (m, 4H) , 7.63 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.37 (m, 1H) , 5.19 (m, 1H) , 2.43 (s, 3H) , 1.76 (s, 1H) , 1.51 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0193] Step-2A: ethyl (S) -2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) propanoate. (R) -1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethan-1-ol (900 mg, 3.2 mmol) , Int 1 (880 mg, 3.69 mmol) and PPh3 (1 g, 3.85 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added DEAD (671 mg, 3.9 mmol) at 0 ℃ under N2. The reaction mixture was reacted as described in General procedure III to afford the product (900 mg, 1.7 mmol, 53%yield) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59 (m, 4H) , 7.45 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.34 –7.30 (m, 2H) , 6.60 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.49 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.36 (dd, J = 8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 5.33 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.13 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.39 (s, 3H) , 2.09 (s, 3H) , 1.52 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.43 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 6H) , 1.15 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H) .
[0194] Step-3A: (S) -2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid (2) . Following General procedure IV, from ethyl (S) -2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) propanoate (900 mg, 1.8 mmol) in THF / MeOH (6 mL / 3 mL) was added a solution of LiOH (220 mg, 9 mmol) in H2O (3 mL) at room temperature, compound 2 (500 mg, 1.0 mmol, 56%yield, ee: 86.4%) was obtained as a white solid. The product (100 mg) was further purified by chiral-SFC (DAICEL OJ-H, CO2 / MeOH [0.1%NH3 (7 M in MeOH) ] ) to give chiral pure compound 2 (60 mg, ee: 94.9%) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H27F3O4 Exact Mass: 472.19 found tR = 1.706 min. [M-H] -= 471.15; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.66 (m, 4H) , 7.51 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.40 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.71 (m, 2H) , 6.48 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.42 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.48 (s, 3H) , 2.17 (s, 3H) , 1.61 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.50 (s, 6H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ -62.39.
[0195] Step-1B, Step-2B and Step-3B: (R) -2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid (3) . Using the similar protocols described in Step-1A, Step-2A and Step-3A, compound 3 was obtained (20 mg, 0.042 mmol, ee: 95.8%) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H27F3O4 Exact Mass: 472.19 found tR = 1.699 min. [M-H] -= 471.20; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.66 (m, 4H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.40 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 6.71 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 6.48 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.42 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.48 (s, 3H) , 2.17 (s, 3H) , 1.61 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.50 (s, 6H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ -62.39. Synthesis Scheme 3
[0196] Step-1: Ethyl 3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-carboxylate. General procedure II was applied in the synthesis. A mixture of (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (1.87 g, 9.8 mmol) , ethyl 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoate (2 g, 8.2 mmol) , Na2CO3 (2.17 g, 20.5 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (0.47 g, 0.41 mmol) in DME / H2O (20 mL / 2 mL) was stirred and heated at 90 ℃ under N2 for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 15%) to give the product (1 g, 2.9 mmol, 39%yield) as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.04 –7.99 (m, 1H) , 7.71 (m, 4H) , 7.46 (m, 2H) , 4.39 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.68 (s, 3H) , 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H) .
[0197] Step-2: (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methanol (Int 3) . To a solution of ethyl 3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-carboxylate (1.2 g, 3.9 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DIBAL-H (15 mL, 15 mmol, 1 M in THF) at -78 ℃. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at this temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g silica gel, MeOH in DCM = 5%) to give the product (0.7 g, 2.4 mmol, 61.5%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.68 (m, 4H) , 7.49 –7.42 (m, 3H) , 4.76 (s, 2H) , 2.43 (s, 3H) .
[0198] Preparation of (4'-chloro-3-methyl- [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methanol (Int 4) . Similar protocols were applied to afford the Int 4 (43%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.53 –7.49 (m, 2H) , 7.43 (m, 1H) , 7.41 –7.39 (m, 2H) , 7.38 (m, 2H) , 4.75 (s, 2H) , 2.42 (s, 3H) .
[0199] Preparation of (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethoxy) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methanol (Int 5) . Similar protocols were applied to afford the Int 5 (94%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.63–7.54 (m, 2H) , 7.45–7.38 (m, 3H) , 7.29–7.24 (m, 2H) , 4.75 (s, 2H) , 2.42 (s, 3H) .
[0200] Step-3: Ethyl 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoate. To a solution of Int 3 (250 mg, 0.94 mmol) , Int 1 (258 mg, 1.08 mmol) and PPh3 (296 mg, 1.13 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DEAD (196 mg, 1.13 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was reacted as described in General procedure III to afford the product (250 mg, 0.49 mmol, 52%yield) as a white solid.
[0201] Step-4: 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid (4) . Ethyl 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoate (250 mg, 0.51 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to afford the compound 4 (200 mg, 0.43 mmol, 84%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O4 Exact Mass: 458.17 found tR = 1.523 min. [M-H] -= 457.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.69 (s, 4H) , 7.50 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.44 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 6.85 (m, 2H) , 6.75 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.02 (s, 2H) , 2.45 (s, 3H) , 2.25 (s, 3H) , 1.58 (s, 6H) .
[0202] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (4'-chloro-3-methyl- [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (5) . Similar protocols were applied from Int 4 to give compound 5 (50%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C25H25ClO4 Exact Mass: 424.14 found tR = 1.526 min. [M-H] -= 423.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.55 –7.49 (m, 2H) , 7.46 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.40 (m, 3H) , 6.88 –6.81 (m, 2H) , 6.74 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.01 (s, 2H) , 2.43 (s, 3H) , 2.25 (s, 3H) , 1.57 (s, 6H) .
[0203] Preparation of 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethoxy) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid (6) . Similar protocols were applied from Int 5 to give compound 6 (54%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O5 Exact Mass: 474.17 found tR = 1.747 min. [M-H] -=473; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.93 (br s, 1H) , 7.86–7.73 (m, 2H) , 7.58–7.47 (m, 3H) , 7.47–7.36 (m, 2H) , 6.93–6.86 (m, 1H) , 6.84–6.76 (m, 1H) , 6.76–6.67 (m, 1H) , 5.04 (s, 2H) , 2.39 (s, 3H) , 2.16 (s, 3H) , 1.46 (s, 6H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -56.77. Synthesis Scheme 4
[0204] Step-1: Ethyl 1- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. A mixture of 1- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) ethan-1-one (2 g, 13.3 mmol) , ethyl 1-bromocyclobutane-1-carboxylate (27.5 g, 133 mmol) , Cs2CO3 (26 g, 79.8 mmol) and KI (1.1 g, 6.6 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred and heated at 100 ℃ under N2 for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with H2O (100 mL) , extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (80 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 20%) to give 3 (1.5 g, 5.43 mmol, 41%yield) as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C16H20O4 Exact Mass: 276.14 found tR = 1.409 min. [M+H] + = 277.05.
[0205] Step-2: Ethyl 1- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. Ethyl 1- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (2 g, 7.2 mmol) , mCPBA (2.17 g, 12.6 mmol) and TsOH (150 mg, 0.9 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was react as described in General procedure I to give the titled product (2 g, 6.2 mmol, 86%yield) as a brown oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C16H20O5 Exact Mass: 292.13 found tR = 1.428 min. [M+NH4] + = 310.10.
[0206] Step-3: Ethyl 1- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (Int 6) . To a solution of Ethyl 1- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (2 g, 6.8 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added NaOMe (2.78 g, 8.2 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 20%) to give Int 6 (1.35 g, 4.9 mmol, 72%yield) as a brown solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.83 (s, 1H) , 6.57 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.41 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.14 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.11 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.63 –2.56 (m, 2H) , 2.53 –2.47 (m, 2H) , 2.11 (s, 3H) , 1.91 –1.83 (m, 2H) , 1.08 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0207] Step-4: Ethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4- yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of Int 6 (350 mg, 1.40 mmol) , Int 3 (428 mg, 1.61 mmol) and PPh3 (440 mg, 1.68 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DEAD (292 mg, 1.68 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was reacted as described in General procedure III to afford the titled product (300 mg, 0.48 mmol, 34%yield) as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.56 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.91 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.74 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.26 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.04 (s, 2H) , 4.12 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.66 –2.62 (m, 2H) , 2.40 (s, 3H) , 2.36 –2.31 (m, 2H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 1.90 –1.88 (m, 2H) , 1.10 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0208] Step-5: 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (7) . Ethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.60 mmol) was react as described in General procedure IV to give product 7 (200 mg, 0.41 mmol, 69%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H25F3O4 Exact Mass: 470.17 found tR = 1.729 min. [M-H] -= 469.05; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.87 (s, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.90 (s, 1H) , 6.75 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.28 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.04 (s, 2H) , 2.66 -2.62 (m, 2H) , 2.40 (s, 3H) , 2.34 -2.26 (m, 2H) , 2.17 (s, 3H) , 1.93 -1.87 (m, 2H) .
[0209] Preparation of 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethoxy) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (8) . Int 5 was react as the similar protocols to afford the titled compound 8 as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H25F3O5 Exact Mass: 486.17 found tR = 1.725 min. [M-H] -= 485.05; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ12.84 (s, 1H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.54 (s, 1H) , 7.50 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.45 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.90 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.74 (dd, J = 8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.28 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.02 (s, 2H) , 2.67-2.60 (m, 2H) , 2.39 (s, 3H) , 2.34-2.26 (m, 2H) , 2.17 (s, 3H) , 1.93-1.87 (m, 2H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -56.74. Synthesis Scheme 5
[0210] Step-1: Methyl 2- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) -4-bromobutanoate. A mixture of 1- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) ethanone (2.0 g, 13.3 mmol) , methyl 2, 4-dibromobutanoate (17.3 g, 66.5 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (17.3 g, 53.2 mmol) in ACN (50 mL) was stirred and heated at 70 ℃for 10 hours under N2. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were collected and concentrated to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 10%) to give the product (2.6 g, 95%purity, 56%yield) as a colorless oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C14H17BrO4 Exact Mass: 328.03 found tR = 1.350 min. [M+H] + = 329.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.85 –7.72 (m, 2H) , 6.72 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 5.05 –4.94 (m, 1H) , 3.77 (s, 3H) , 3.67 –3.57 (m, 2H) , 2.60 –2.47 (m, 5H) , 2.32 (s, 3H) .
[0211] Step-2: methyl 1- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of methyl 2- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) -4-bromobutanoate (2.6 g, 7.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added tBuOK (1.33 g, 11.8 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with Sat. NH4Cl (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product (1.6 g, 90%purity, 73%yield) as a brown oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C14H16O4 Exact Mass: 248.10 found tR = 1.259 min. [M+H] + = 249.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.79 –7.74 (m, 2H) , 6.90 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.72 (s, 3H) , 2.55 (s, 3H) , 2.25 (s, 3H) , 1.70 –1.66 (m, 2H) , 1.36 –1.32 (m, 2H) .
[0212] Step-3: methyl 1- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. methyl 1- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate was react as General procedure I described to give the product (95%purity, 47%yield) as a colorless oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C14H16O5 Exact Mass: 264.10 found tR = 1.293 min. [M+H] + = 265.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 6.88 –6.83 (m, 1H) , 6.83 –6.78 (m, 2H) , 3.72 (s, 3H) , 2.27 (s, 3H) , 2.19 (s, 3H) , 1.65 –1.59 (m, 2H) , 1.33 –1.28 (m, 2H) .
[0213] Step-4: Methyl 1- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (Int 7) .To a solution of methyl 1- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (210 mg, 0.79 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added methoxysodium (64 mg, 1.19 mmol) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Int 7 (147 mg, 90%purity, 84%yield) as a colorless oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C12H14O4 Exact Mass: 222.09 found tR = 1.098 min. [M+H] + = 223.1.
[0214] Step-5: Methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Int 3 (170 mg, 0.64 mmol) and Int 7 (142 mg, 0.64 mmol) were react as General procedure III described to give titled product (165 mg, 80%purity, 44%yield) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.72 –7.65 (m, 4H) , 7.53 –7.48 (m, 1H) , 7.46 –7.42 (m, 2H) , 6.85 –6.82 (m, 1H) , 6.79 –6.74 (m, 2H) , 5.01 (s, 2H) , 3.74 (s, 3H) , 2.45 (s, 3H) , 2.20 (s, 3H) , 1.63 –1.60 (m, 2H) , 1.31 –1.28 (m, 2H) .
[0215] Step-6: 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (9) . Methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (185 mg, 0.39 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give compound 9 (37 mg, 99%purity, 21%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H23F3O4 Exact Mass: 456.15 found tR = 1.536 min. [M-H] -= 455; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.74 –7.62 (m, 4H) , 7.53 –7.47 (m, 1H) , 7.46 –7.39 (m, 2H) , 6.89 –6.79 (m, 2H) , 6.78 –6.73 (m, 1H) , 5.01 (s, 2H) , 2.44 (s, 3H) , 2.19 (s, 3H) , 1.72 –1.61 (m, 2H) , 1.44 –1.31 (m, 2H) ; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) : δ -62.38.
[0216] Preparation of 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethoxy) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (10) . The similar protocols were applied to afford compound 10 as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H23F3O5 Exact Mass: 472.15 found tR = 1.739 min. [M-H] -=471; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.82 (br s, 1H) , 7.85–7.74 (m, 2H) , 7.59–7.41 (m, 5H) , 6.92–6.85 (m, 1H) , 6.85–6.76 (m, 2H) , 5.04 (s, 2H) , 2.39 (s, 3H) , 2.11 (s, 3H) , 1.54–1.41 (m, 2H) , 1.26–1.13 (m, 2H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -56.74. Synthesis Scheme 6
[0217] Step-1: Methyl 2- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) acetate. A mixture of 1- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) ethan-1-one (12 g, 0.08 mol) , methyl 2-bromoacetate (12 g, 0.08 mol) and Cs2CO3 (52.07 g, 0.16 mol) in ACN (120 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was dispersed with H2O (100 mL) , extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by FCC (80 g, silica gel, MeOH in DCM = 5%) to give the product (16 g, 0.065 mol, 81%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C12H14O4 Exact Mass: 222.09 found tR = 1.162 min. [M+H] + = 223.10.
[0218] Step-2: Methyl 2- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) acetate. Methyl 2- (4-acetyl-2-methylphenoxy) acetate (16 g, 0.072 mol) was reacted as described in General procedure I to afford the titled compound (12 g, 0.045 mol, 62%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C12H14O5 Exact Mass: 238.08 found tR = 1.177 min. [M+NH4] + = 255.95.
[0219] Step-3: Methyl 2- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxy) acetate (Int 8) . To a solution of Methyl 2- (4-acetoxy-2-methylphenoxy) acetate (12 g, 0.05 mol) in MeOH (120 mL) was added NaOMe (3.25 g, 0.06 mol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (80 g silica gel, MeOH in DCM = 2%) to give the product (10 g, 0.046 mol, 91%yield) as a yellow solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 6.64 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.56 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.58 (s, 2H) , 3.80 (s, 3H) , 2.23 (s, 3H) .
[0220] Step-4: Methyl 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) acetate. Int 8 (300 mg, 1.53 mmol) , Int 3 (468 mg, 1.76 mmol) and PPh3 (481 mg, 1.83 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DEAD (320 mg, 1.83 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was reacted as described in General procedure III to afford the titled compound (300 mg, 0.61 mmol, 40%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ7.69 (s, 4H) , 7.50 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.44 (m, 2H) , 6.86 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.75 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.02 (s, 2H) , 4.61 (s, 2H) , 3.80 (s, 3H) , 2.45 (s, 3H) , 2.30 (s, 3H) .
[0221] Step-5: 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) acetic acid (11) . Methyl 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) -[1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) acetate (300 mg, 0.68 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give compound 11 (110 mg, 0.25 mmol, 38%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H21F3O4 Exact Mass: 430.14 found tR = 1.631 min. [M-H] -= 429.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.86 (br s, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.90 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.80 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.76 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.06 (s, 2H) , 4.61 (s, 2H) , 2.41 (s, 3H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 19F NMR (377 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -60.84. Synthesis Scheme 7
[0222] Step-1: Methyl 2- (4-acetyl-2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate. A mixture of 1- (4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethylphenyl) ethanone (4 g, 0.0244 mol) , KI (2.03 g, 0.0122 mol) , methyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (44 g, 0.244 mol) and Cs2CO3 (48 g, 0.146 mol) in DMF (100 mL) was stirred and heated at 100 ℃ for 3 hours under N2. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with water (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL × 3) .The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (120 g, silica gel, DCM in PE = 50%) to give product (4.5 g, 17 mmol, 70%yield) as a colorless oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C15H20O4 Exact Mass: 264.14 found tR = 1.313 min. [M+H] + = 265.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.61 (s, 2H) , 3.85 (s, 3H) , 2.55 (s, 3H) , 2.24 (s, 6H) , 1.50 (s, 6H) .
[0223] Step-2: Methyl 2- (4-acetoxy-2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate. Methyl 2- (4-acetyl-2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (4.5 g, 17 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure I to give titled product (2.8 g, 10 mmol, 59%yield) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 6.72 (s, 2H) , 3.83 (s, 3H) , 2.25 (s, 3H) , 2.18 (s, 6H) , 1.47 (s, 6H) .
[0224] Step-3: Methyl 2- (4-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate. To a stirred solution of methyl 2- (4-acetoxy-2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (5.5 g, 19.6 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added NaOMe (1.3 g, 23.5 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (50 g silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 15%) to give the product (4.3 g, 18.1 mmol, 92%yield) as a brown oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C13H18O4 Exact Mass: 238.12 found tR = 1.115 min. [M+H] + = 239.2; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 6.44 (s, 2H) , 5.14 (br s, 1H) , 3.82 (s, 3H) , 2.11 (s, 6H) , 1.45 (s, 6H) .
[0225] Step-4: Methyl 3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-carboxylate. A mixture of (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (1.87 g, 17.9 mmol) , methyl 4-bromo-2, 6-dimethylbenzoate (4.79 g, 19.7 mmol) , Na2CO3 (4.66 g, 44.8 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (1.03 g, 0.89 mmol) in DME: H2O = 10: 1 (60 mL) was react as described in General procedure II to give the product (3.4 g, 9.9 mmol, 55%yield) as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.71-7.64 (m, 4H) , 7.26 (s, 2H) , 3.94 (s, 3H) , 2.39 (s, 6H) .
[0226] Step-5: (3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methanol. To a solution of methyl 3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-carboxylate (1.0 g, 3.2 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DIBALH (1 M in THF, 15 mL) at 0 ℃ under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g silica gel, MeOH in DCM = 5%) to give the product (0.6 g, 1.7 mmol, 53%yield) as a yellow solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.67-7.65 (m, 4H) , 7.28 (s, 2H) , 4.79 (s, 2H) , 2.51 (s, 6H) .
[0227] Step-6: Methyl 2- (4- ( (3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate. To a mixture of methyl 2- (4-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (170 mg, 0.71 mmol) and (3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methanol (200 mg, 0.71mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added (E) -N- [ (ethoxycarbonyl) imino] ethoxyformamide (161 mg, 0.93 mmol) and PPh3 (243 mg, 0.93 mmol) at 0 ℃ under N2. Then the reaction mixture was react as described in General procedure III to give the product (240 mg, 0.48 mmol, 67%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.72 –7.64 (m, 4H) , 7.31 (s, 2H) , 6.64 (s, 2H) , 5.00 (s, 2H) , 3.84 (s, 3H) , 2.47 (s, 6H) , 2.19 (s, 6H) , 1.48 (s, 6H) . Step-5: 2- (4- ( (3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (12) . Methyl 2- (4- ( (3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (240 mg, 0.48 mmol) was react as described in General procedure IV to give product 12 as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C28H29F3O4 Exact Mass: 486.20 found tR = 1.751 min. [M-H] -= 485; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.75 –7.62 (m, 4H) , 7.31 (s, 2H) , 6.68 (s, 2H) , 5.01 (s, 2H) , 2.48 (s, 6H) , 2.25 (s, 6H) , 1.53 (s, 6H) ; 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) : δ -62.38.
[0228] Preparation of 2- (2, 6-dimethyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (13) . Compound 13 was synthesized through similar protocols as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H27F3O4 Exact Mass: 472.19 found tR = 1.722 min. [M-H] -= 471; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.72 –7.62 (m, 4H) , 7.53 –7.48 (m, 1H) , 7.47 –7.41 (m, 2H) , 6.66 (s, 2H) , 5.01 (s, 2H) , 2.45 (s, 3H) , 2.24 (s, 6H) , 1.52 (s, 6H) .
[0229] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (3, 5-dimethyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (14) . Compound 14 was synthesized through similar protocols as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H27F3O4 Exact Mass: 472.19 found tR = 1.727 min. [M-H] -= 471.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.90 (s, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.46 (s, 2H) , 6.90 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.80 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.74 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.00 (s, 2H) , 2.41 (s, 6H) , 2.17 (s, 3H) , 1.46 (s, 6H) ; 19F NMR (377 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -60.83.
[0230] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (3-methoxy-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (15) . Compound 15 was synthesized through similar protocols as a white solid MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O5 Exact Mass: 474.17 found tR = 1.679 min. [M-H] -= 473.20; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.93 (s, 1H) , 7.95 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.35 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.33 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.86 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.76-6.70 (m, 2H) , 5.02 (s, 2H) , 3.94 (s, 3H) , 2.15 (s, 3H) , 1.44 (s, 6H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -60.85. Synthesis Scheme 8
[0231] Step-1: Ethyl 1- (o-tolyloxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. A mixture of o-cresol (2.0 g, 18.5 mmol) , ethyl 1-bromocyclobutane-1-carboxylate (9.6 g, 46.3 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (24.1 g, 74.0 mmol) in ACN (50 mL) was stirred and heated at 70 ℃ for 10 hours under N2. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was filtered, the filtrate was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 5%) to give product (3.0 g, 12.8 mmol, 69%yield) as a colorless oil.
[0232] Step-2: Ethyl 1- (4- (chlorosulfonyl) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of ethyl 1- (o-tolyloxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (3.0 g, 12.8 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added ClSO3H (6.0 g, 51.3 mmol) at 0 ℃. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with DCM (10 mL) , washed with water (10 mL × 2) . The organic layer was collected, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 20%) to give product (2.2 g, 6.6 mmol, 52%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.78–7.75 (m, 1H) , 7.68–7.65 (m, 1H) , 6.34 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.15–4.12 (m, 2H) , 2.78–2.71 (m, 2H) , 2.47–2.39 (m, 2H) , 2.28 (s, 3H) , 2.04–1.96 (m, 2H) , 1.14–1.10 (m, 3H) .
[0233] Step-3: Ethyl 1- (4- (acetylthio) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of ethyl 1- (4- (chlorosulfonyl) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (2.2 g, 6.6 mmol) in AcOH (10 mL) was added red phosphorus (349 mg, 11.3 mmol) and iodine (34 mg, 0.13 mmol) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was stirred and heated at 120 ℃for 3 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) , washed with water (30 mL × 2) . The organic layer was collected, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 20%) to give product (1.7 g, 5.5 mmol, 83%yield) as a colorless oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C16H20O4S Exact Mass: 308.11 found tR = 1.875 min. [M+NH4] + = 326.2.
[0234] Step-4: Ethyl 1- (4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of ethyl 1- (4- (acetylthio) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) in EtOH (15 mL) was added sodium ethoxide (442 mg, 1.30 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with H2O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×3) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give product (90 mg, crude) as a yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C14H18O3S Exact Mass: 266.10 found tR = 1.404 min. [M+H] + = 267.10.
[0235] Step-5: 4- (bromomethyl) -3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) -1, 1'-biphenyl (Int 9) . To a solution of Int 3 (1 g, 3.76 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added PBr3 (0.41 g, 1.50 mmol) at 0 ℃. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with DCM (20 mL) , washed with water (10 mL × 2) . The organic layer was collected, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 20%) to give product (1.2 g, 98%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.61 (s, 4H) , 7.35–7.34 (m, 3H) , 4.50 (s, 2H) , 2.43 (s, 3H) .
[0236] Step-6: Ethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate. A solution of ethyl 1- (4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.38 mmol) , Int 9 (124 mg, 0.38 mmol) and N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (97 mg, 0.75 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, MeOH in DCM = 5%) to give product (100 mg, 0.17 mmol, 47%yield) as a yellow oil.
[0237] Step-7: 1- (2-methyl-4- ( ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (16) . Ethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 16 (50 mg, 0.10 mmol, 52%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H25F3O3S Exact Mass: 486.15 found tR = 1.764 min. [M-H] -= 485.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.98 (br s, 1H) , 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.56 (s, 1H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.26 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.20 (s, 1H) , 7.12 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.28 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.14 (s, 2H) , 2.69-2.63 (m, 2H) , 2.42 (s, 3H) , 2.33-2.30 (m, 2H) , 2.14 (s, 3H) , 1.95-1.88 (m, 2H) . Synthesis Scheme 9
[0238] Step-1: Methyl 4-bromo-2- (o-tolyloxy) butanoate. A mixture of 2-methylphenol (18 g, 0.17 mol) , methyl 2, 4-dibromobutanoate (95 g, 0.37 mol) and Cs2CO3 (162 g, 0.5 mol) in ACN (500 mL) was stirred and heated at 70 ℃ for 2 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was filtered, and filtration was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (330 g, silica gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 10%) to give product (33 g) as a colorless oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C12H15BrO3 Exact Mass: 286.02 found tR = 1.475 min. [M+H] + = 287.
[0239] Step-2: Methyl 1- (o-tolyloxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of methyl 4-bromo-2- (o-tolyloxy) butanoate (29 g, 0.101 mol) in THF (500 mL) was added (tert-butoxy) potassium (11.33 g, 0.101 mol) at 0 ℃. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 20 ℃for 1 h. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with sat. NH4Cl (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (330 g, silica gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 10%) to give product (13 g) as a colorless oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C12H14O3 Exact Mass: 206.09 found tR = 1.384 min. [M+H] + = 207; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.17–7.07 (m, 2H) , 6.93–6.81 (m, 2H) , 3.72 (s, 3H) , 2.21 (s, 3H) , 1.66–1.59 (m, 2H) , 1.33–1.27 (m, 2H) .
[0240] Step-3: Methyl 1- (4- (chlorosulfonyl) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of methyl 1- (o-tolyloxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (13.3 g, 0.065 mol) in DCM (200 mL) was added chloranesulfonic acid (15.0 g, 0.129 mol) at 0 ℃ dropwise. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for 2 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL) and washed with water (200 mL × 2) . The organic layer was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (120 g, silca gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 10%) to give desired product (14.6 g, 0.048 mol, 74%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.88–7.76 (m, 2H) , 7.05–6.98 (m, 1H) , 3.74 (s, 3H) , 2.30 (s, 3H) , 1.76–1.68 (m, 2H) , 1.43–1.33 (m, 2H) .
[0241] Step-4: Methyl 1- (4- (acetylthio) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of methyl 1- (4- (chlorosulfonyl) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (14.6 g, 0.048 mol) in AcOH (60 mL) was added P (3.26 g, 0.105 mol) and I2 (0.61 g, 0.002 mol) respectively at 20 ℃. Then the reaction mixture was stirred and heated at 120 ℃ for 2 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with MTBE (200 mL) and washed with water (200 mL × 3) . The organic layers was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (120 g, silica gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 10%) to give product (11 g, 0.040 mol, 84%yield) as a yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C14H16O4S Exact Mass: 280.08 found tR = 1.416 min. [M+H] + = 281; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.22–7.02 (m, 2H) , 6.94–6.79 (m, 1H) , 3.72 (s, 3H) , 2.39 (s, 3H) , 2.20 (s, 3H) , 1.69–1.59 (m, 2H) , 1.37–1.27 (m, 2H) .
[0242] Step-5: Methyl 1- (4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (Int 10) . To a solution of methyl 1- (4- (acetylthio) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (400 mg, 1.43 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was added sodium methoxide (386 mg, 7.13 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Int 10 (320 mg, crude) as a yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C12H14O3S Exact Mass: 238.07 found tR = 1.206 min. [M+H] + = 239.05.
[0243] Step-6: Methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. A solution of Int 10 (290 mg, 1.22 mmol) , Int 9 (400 mg, 1.215 mmol) and Diisopropylethylamine (314 mg, 2.43 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, MeOH in DCM = 5%) to give product (320 mg, 0.59 mmol, 49%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H25F3O3S Exact Mass: 486.15 found tR = 1.688 min. [M+H] + = 487.20.
[0244] Step-7: 1- (2-methyl-4- ( ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (17) . Methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (380 mg, 0.78 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 17 (280 mg, 0.59 mmol, 75%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H23F3O3S Exact Mass: 472.13 found tR = 1.728 min. [M-H] -= 471.05; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.92 (s, 1H) , 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.57 (s, 1H) , 7.47 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.27 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.19 (m, 2H) , 6.85 (m, 1H) , 4.16 (s, 2H) , 2.43 (s, 3H) , 2.09 (s, 3H) , 1.51 (m, 2H) , 1.23 (m, 2H) . Synthesis Scheme 10
[0245] Step-1: Methyl 1- (4- ( (2- (4-bromophenyl) propan-2-yl) oxy) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. A solution of 2- (4-bromophenyl) propan-2-ol (300 mg, 1.395 mmol) , methyl 1- (4-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (403 mg, 1.813 mmol) , Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (40 mg, 0.09 mmol) and Lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (45 mg, 0.09 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was stirred and heated at 40 ℃ for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 15%) to give product (300 mg, 0.64 mmol, 46%yield) as a colorless oil.
[0246] Step-2: Methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) oxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. A solution of methyl 1- (4- ( (2- (4-bromophenyl) propan-2-yl) oxy) -2-methylphenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.716 mmol) , (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (178 mg, 0.93 mmol) , Na2CO3 (186 mg, 1.79 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (42 mg, 0.036 mmol) in DME / H2O = 2: 1 (15 mL) was stirred and heated at 100 ℃ for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 15%) to give product (300 mg, 0.62 mmol, 87%yield) as a white solid.
[0247] Step-3: 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) oxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (18) . Methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) oxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.62 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 18 (155 mg, 0.33 mmol, 53%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H25F3O4 Exact Mass: 470.17 found tR = 1.530 min. [M-H] -= 469.05; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.82 (s, 1H) , 8.47 (s, 1H) , 7.84 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.78 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.58 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.25 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.94 (s, 1H) , 6.44 (s, 1H) , 2.01 (s, 3H) , 1.62 (s, 6H) , 1.47-1.44 (m, 2H) , 1.22-1.19 (m, 2H) .
[0248] Preparation of 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) thio) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (19) . Compound 19 was synthesized through similar protocols as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H25F3O3S Exact Mass: 486.15 found tR = 1.772 min. [M-H] -= 485.05; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 7.69 (s, 4H) , 7.52-7.47 (m, 4H) , 6.98 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.89 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.04 (s, 3H) , 1.69 (s, 6H) , 1.67-1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.37-1.34 (m, 2H) .
[0249] Preparation of 1- (2-methyl-4- (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) cyclobutoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (20) . Compound 20 was synthesized through similar protocols as a white solid MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C28H25F3O4 Exact Mass: 482.17 found tR = 1.537 min. [M-H] -= 481.05; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 12.87 (s, 1H) , 8.60 (s, 1H) , 7.84 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.78 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.82 (s, 1H) , 6.43 (s, 1H) , 2.67-2.63 (m, 4H) , 1.98 (s, 3H) , 1.90-1.82 (m, 2H) , 1.52-1.49 (m, 2H) , 1.22-1.19 (m, 2H) .
[0250] Preparation of 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) cyclobutyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (21) . Compound 13 was synthesized through similar protocols as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C28H25F3O3S Exact Mass: 498.15 found tR = 1.830 min. [M-H] -= 497.15; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ12.94 (s, 1H) , 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.64 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.13 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.01 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.82-6.79 (m, 2H) , 2.63-2.55 (m, 2H) , 2.45-2.39 (m, 2H) , 2.22-2.13 (m, 1H) , 1.98 (s, 3H) , 1.86-1.78 (m, 1H) , 1.52-1.48 (m, 2H) , 1.23-1.20 (m, 2H) . Synthesis Scheme 11
[0251] Step-1: Ethyl 2- (o-tolyloxy) acetate. To a solution of the 1 (5 g, 0.046 mol) and 2 (9.26 g, 0.055 mol) in MeCN (50 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (30 g, 0.0924 mol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (40 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 15%) to give the product as a yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C11H14O3 Exact Mass: 194.09 found tR = 1.304min. [M+H] += 195.1.
[0252] Step-2: Ethyl 2- (4- (chlorosulfonyl) -2-methylphenoxy) acetate. To a solution of ethyl 2- (o-tolyloxy) acetate (4.0 g, 0.02 mol) in DCM (40 mL) at an ice bath was added chloranesulfonic acid (10.5 g, 0.09 mol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for 2 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL) and washed with water (200 mL × 2) . The organic layer was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25g, silca gel, EtOAc in petroleum ether = 10%) to give product (3.7 g, 0.012 mol, 61%yield) as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.90 –7.75 (m, 2H) , 6.84 –6.74 (m, 1H) , 4.75 (s, 2H) , 4.27 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 1.30 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H) .
[0253] Step-3: Ethyl 2- (4-mercapto-2-methylphenoxy) acetate (Int 11) . To a solution of ethyl 2- (4- (chlorosulfonyl) -2-methylphenoxy) acetate (3.7 g, 0.012 mol) in EtOH (30 mL) were added HCl in dioxane (4.0 M, 16 mL, 0.062 mol) and tin powder (7.5 g, 0.063 mmol) . The mixture was heated to 80℃ and stirred for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into ice and extracted with DCM (100 mL × 3) . The organic layers were combined and dried over Na2SO4. After filtration, the solution was concentration under vacuum, and the crude product was purified by Combiflash column (PE / EA=0 ~ 50 %) to give the product (2.3 g, 0.09 mol, 72%yield) as a yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C11H14O3S Exact Mass: 226.07 found tR = 1.308 min. [M+H] + = 227.0.
[0254] Step-4: Ethyl 2- (4- ( (1- (4-bromophenyl) cyclobutyl) thio) phenoxy) acetate. Li (NTf) 2 (70 mg, 0.24 mmol) and Bu4NPF6 (47 mg, 0.12 mmol) were added to a solution of 1- (4-bromophenyl) cyclobutan-1-ol (500 mg, 2.2 mmol) and Int 11 (467 mg, 2.2 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 1 hour. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by Combiflash column (PE / EA=0 ~ 30 %) to give the product (500 mg, 1.2 mmol, 53%yield) as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38 –7.27 (m, 2H) , 7.11 –7.00 (m, 2H) , 6.86 –6.64 (m, 4H) , 4.59 (s, 2H) , 4.27 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.60 –2.34 (m, 6H) , 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) .
[0255] Step-5: Ethyl 2- (4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) cyclobutyl) thio) phenoxy) acetate. A mixture of ethyl 2- (4- ( (1- (4-bromophenyl) cyclobutyl) thio) phenoxy) acetate (500 mg, 1.2 mmol) , (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (270 mg, 1.4 mmol) , Na2CO3 (318 mg, 3.0 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (69 mg, 0.06 mmol) in dioxane / H2O (5 mL / 1 mL) was heated to100 ℃ and stirred under N2 for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by Combiflash column (PE / EA=0 ~ 30 %) to give the product (300 mg, 0.62 mmol, 51%yield) as a yellow oil. TLC (PE / EA=3 / 1, Rf=0.7) .
[0256] Step-6: 2- (4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) cyclobutyl) thio) phenoxy) acetic acid (22) . Ethyl 2- (4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) cyclobutyl) thio) phenoxy) acetate (300 mg, 0.62 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 22 (115 mg, 0.25 mmol, 40%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C25H21F3O3S Exact Mass: 458.12 found tR = 1.517min. [M-H] -= 457.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.02 (s, 1H) , 7.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.64 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.12 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.07 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.66 (s, 2H) , 2.62 –2.54 (m, 2H) , 2.46 –2.38 (m, 2H) , 2.25 –2.11 (m, 1H) , 1.91 –1.75 (m, 1H) . Synthesis Scheme 12
[0257] Step-1: Methyl 2- (4- (1- (4-bromophenyl) ethoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) acetate. To a solution of 1- (4-bromophenyl) ethan-1-ol (500 mg, 2.49 mmol) and Int 8 (537 mg, 2.73 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added PPh3 (978 mg, 3.73 mmol) . The mixture was stirred for 10 min at 0 ℃ and DEAD (650 mg, 3.73 mmol) was added in. The reaction mixture was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give titled product (280 mg, 0.73 mmol, 29%yield) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52 –7.40 (m, 2H) , 7.28 –7.19 (m, 2H) , 6.70 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.62 –6.47 (m, 2H) , 5.15 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.54 (s, 2H) , 3.78 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 3H) , 2.21 (s, 3H) , 1.56 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0258] Step-2: Methyl 2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) acetate. A mixture of Methyl 2- (4- (1- (4-bromophenyl) ethoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) acetate (280 mg, 0.74 mmol) , (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (168 mg, 0.88 mmol) , Na2CO3 (196 mg, 1.85 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (43 mg, 0.04 mmol) in dioxane / H2O (5 mL / 1 mL) was heated to 100 ℃ and stirred under N2 for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by Combiflash column (PE / EA=0 ~ 30 %) to give the titled product (200 mg, 0.45 mmol, 64%yield) as a yellow oil. TLC (PE / EA=2 / 1, Rf=0.7) .
[0259] Step-3: 2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) acetic acid (23) . Methyl 2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) acetate (200 mg, 0.45 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 23 (110 mg, 0.57 mmol, 57%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H21F3O4 Exact Mass: 430.14 found tR = 1.432 min. [M-H] -= 429.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.93 (s, 1H) , 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.79 (s, 1H) , 6.64 (s, 2H) , 5.51 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.52 (s, 2H) , 2.11 (s, 3H) , 1.54 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0260] Preparation of (R) -2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) acetic acid (24) . Compound 24 was synthesized through similar protocols from (S) -1- (4-bromophenyl) ethan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H21F3O4 Exact Mass: 430.14 found tR = 1.452 min. [M-H] -= 429.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ12.87 (s, 1H) , 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.71 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.80 (s, 1H) , 6.65 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 2H) , 5.46 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.55 (s, 2H) , 2.12 (s, 3H) , 1.54 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0261] Preparation of (S) -2- (2-methyl-4- (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethoxy) phenoxy) acetic acid (25) . Compound 25 was synthesized through similar protocols from (R) -1- (4-bromophenyl) ethan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H21F3O4 Exact Mass: 430.14 found tR = 1.447 min. [M-H] -= 429.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.70 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.76 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.65 –6.54 (m, 2H) , 5.43 (dd, J = 12.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.30 (s, 2H) , 2.09 (s, 3H) , 1.53 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0262] Preparation of 2- (4- (3-methoxy-1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (26) . Compound 26 was synthesized through similar protocols from 1- (4-bromophenyl) -3-methoxypropan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O5 Exact Mass: 474.17 found tR = 1.442min. [M-H] -= 473.2; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.90 (s, 1H) , 7.88 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.78 (s, 1H) , 6.62 (s, 2H) , 5.39 –5.28 (m, 1H) , 4.53 (s, 2H) , 3.57 –3.51 (m, 1H) , 3.42 –3.35 (m, 1H) , 3.25 (s, 3H) , 2.18 –2.09 (m, 4H) , 2.04 –1.93 (m, 1H) .
[0263] Preparation of (R) -2- (4- (3-methoxy-1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (27) . Compound 27 was synthesized through similar protocols from (S) -1- (4-bromophenyl) -3-methoxypropan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O5 Exact Mass: 474.17 found tR = 1.450 min. [M-H] -= 473.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.88 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.78 (s, 1H) , 6.62 (s, 2H) , 5.34 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.8 Hz, 3H) , 4.54 (s, 2H) , 3.56 -3.48 (m, 1H) , 3.42 –3.34 (m, 1H) , 3.25 (s, 3H) , 2.17 –2.13 (m, 1H) , 2.10 (s, 3H) , 2.03 -1.93 (m, 1H) .
[0264] Preparation of (S) -2- (4- (3-methoxy-1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (28) . Compound 28 was synthesized through similar protocols from (R) -1- (4-bromophenyl) -3-methoxypropan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O5 Exact Mass: 474.17 found tR = 1.483 min. [M-H] -= 473.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.71 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.77 (s, 1H) , 6.61 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 2H) , 5.34 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.49 (s, 2H) , 3.56 –3.48 (m, 1H) , 3.42 –3.35 (m, 1H) , 3.25 (s, 3H) , 2.18 –2.13 (m, 1H) , 2.10 (s, 3H) , 2.01 –1.93 (m, 1H) . Synthesis Scheme 13
[0265] Step-1: Ethyl 2- (4- ( (1- (4-bromophenyl) ethyl) thio) -2-methylphenoxy) acetate. To a 50 mL single-neck round-bottom flask were added the Int 11 (433 mg, 1.91 mmol) , the 1- (4-bromophenyl) ethan-1-ol (350 mg, 1.74 mmol) , In (OTf) 3 (49 mg, 0.09 mmol) , and CH3NO2 (8 mL) . The reaction mixture was heated to 80 ℃ and stirred until there was complete consumption of the starting alcohol / thiol. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by Combiflash column (PE / EA=0 ~ 15 %) to give the product (530 mg, 1.30 mmol, 67%yield) as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38 –7.31 (m, 2H) , 7.10 –7.04 (m, 3H) , 7.00 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.53 (dd, J = 8.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.59 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.27 –4.21 (m, 2H) , 4.11 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H) , 2.20 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.54 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.30 –1.25 (m, 3H) .
[0266] Step-2: Ethyl 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethyl) thio) phenoxy) acetate. A mixture of ethyl 2- (4- ( (1- (4-bromophenyl) ethyl) thio) -2-methylphenoxy) acetate (530 mg, 1.30 mmol) , (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (295 mg, 1.55 mmol) , Na2CO3 (343 mg, 3.2 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (75 mg, 0.06 mmol) in dioxane / H2O (5 mL / 1 mL) was heated to 100 ℃ and stirred under N2 for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by Combiflash column (PE / EA=0 ~ 30 %) to give the product (300 mg, 0.63 mmol, 49%yield) as a yellow oil. TLC (PE / EA=3 / 1, Rf=0.7) .
[0267] Step-3: 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethyl) thio) phenoxy) acetic acid (29) . Ethyl 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethyl) thio) phenoxy) acetate (300 mg, 0.63 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 29 (110 mg, 0.25 mmol, 93%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H21F3O3S Exact Mass: 446.12 found tR = 1.496min. [M-H] -= 445.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.97 (s, 1H) , 7.88 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.80 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.67 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.44 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.18 –7.12 (m, 2H) , 6.75 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.66 (s, 2H) , 4.46 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.12 (s, 3H) , 1.53 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0268] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (3-methoxy-1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propyl) thio) -2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (30) . Compound 30 was synthesized through similar protocols from 1- (4-bromophenyl) -3-methoxypropan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O4S Exact Mass: 490.14 found tR = 1.484 min. [M-H] -= 489.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.99 (s, 1H) , 7.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.67 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.38 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.10 (s, 2H) , 6.77 –6.69 (m, 1H) , 4.66 (s, 2H) , 4.36 –4.27 (m, 1H) , 3.38 –3.33 (m, 1H) , 3.26 –3.18 (m, 1H) , 3.15 (s, 3H) , 2.16 –2.02 (m, 4H) .
[0269] Preparation of (R) -2- (4- ( (3-methoxy-1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propyl) thio) -2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (31) and (S) -2- (4- ( (3-methoxy-1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propyl) thio) -2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (32) . Compound 30 (47 mg) Chiral separation (Column: CHIRALPAK AD-H 250 mm × 20 mm, 5μm; Apparatus: SFC Thar prep 80; Modifier: 40%MeOH (NH4OH 0.2%) : 60%CO2; Total Flow: 40g / min; Total Flow: 2.5ml / min Temp: 40℃) .
[0270] Compound 31 (19 mg) as a white solid: t1: 1.48 min; MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O4S Exact Mass: 490.14 found tR = 1.450 min. [M-H] -= 489.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.89 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.80 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.68 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.38 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.13 –7.07 (m, 2H) , 6.76 -6.71 (m, 1H) , 4.65 (s, 2H) , 4.36 –4.30 (m, 1H) , 3.25 –3.18 (m, 2H) , 3.15 (s, 3H) , 2.16 –2.04 (m, 5H) .
[0271] Compound 32 (9 mg) as a white solid: t2: 1.71 min; MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O4S Exact Mass: 490.14 found tR = 1.483 min. [M-H] -= 489.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.67 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.11 –7.06 (m, 2H) , 6.69 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.52 (s, 2H) , 4.37 –4.28 (m, 1H) , 3.25 –3.18 (m, 2H) , 3.15 (s, 3H) , 2.15 –2.04 (m, 5H) .
[0272] Preparation of 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) thio) phenoxy) acetic acid (33) . Compound 33 was synthesized through similar protocols from 2- (4-bromophenyl) propan-2-ol as a pale yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C25H23F3O3S Exact Mass: 460.13 found tR = 1.511 min. [M-H] + = 459.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.97 (s, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.69 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.53 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.02 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.90 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.68 (s, 2H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) , 1.63 (s, 6H) .
[0273] Preparation of 1- {2-methyl-4- [ (1- {4- [4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] phenyl} ethyl) sulfanyl] phenoxy} cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (34) . Compound 34 was synthesized through similar protocols from Int 10 and 1- (4-bromophenyl) ethan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H23F3O3S Exact Mass: 472.13 found tR = 1.544 min. [M-H] -= 471.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.68 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.46 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.19 –7.14 (m, 2H) , 6.83 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.46 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 1.53 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) , 1.49 (t, J = 8.0, 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.21 (dd, J = 8.0, 4.8 Hz, 2H) . Synthesis Scheme 14
[0274] Step-1: Diethyl 2, 2'- ( (disulfanediylbis (4, 1-phenylene) ) bis (oxy) ) diacetate. To a solution of 4- [ (4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfanyl] phenol (2.0 g, 8.0 mmol) in THF (50 mL) at an ice bath was added NaH (1.0 g, 25 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and ethyl 2-bromoacetate (4.0 g, 24 mmol) was added in. The reaction was stirred for 6 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with EA and water. The organic layer was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by Combiflash column (PE / EA=0~30 %) to give the product (1.8 g, 54%yield) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C20H22O6S2 Exact Mass: 422.09; found tR = 1.425min. [M+H2O] + = 440.0
[0275] Step-2: Ethyl 2- (4-mercaptophenoxy) acetate (Int 12) . To a solution of ethyl 2- (4- { [4- (2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy) phenyl] disulfanyl} phenoxy) acetate (1.8 g, 4.3 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added Zn powder (1.0 g, 15.3 mmol) and 3N aqueous HCl (10 mL, 30 mmol) . The mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with brine twice. The organic layer was dried over with Na2SO4 and concentrated to give the product Int 12 (1.8 g, 100%yield) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C10H12O3S, Exact Mass: 212.05; found tR = 1.246min. [M+H] + = 213.1
[0276] Step 3: 1- (4-bromophenyl) cyclobutan-1-ol. To a solution of 1, 4-dibromobenzene (5.0 g, 21.2 mmol) in THF (30.0 mL) under nitrogen was added dropwise n-BuLi (2.5M in THF, 8.50 mL, 21.2 mmol) at -78℃. The mixture was stirred at the temperature for 1 hour, then the solution of cyclobutanone (1.26 g, 18.02 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) was added. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched by saturated NH4Cl and extracted with EA (10.0 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by FCC (100 g, eluted with PE 100%) to afford 1- (4-bromophenyl) cyclobutan-1-ol (5.0 g, 19.8 mmol, 93%yield) as yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C10H11BrO, Exact Mass: 226.00; found tR = 1.242min. [M-17] + = 209.0
[0277] Step-4: Ethyl 2- (4- ( (2- (4-bromophenyl) propan-2-yl) thio) phenoxy) acetate. A mixture of 2- (4-bromophenyl) propan-2-ol (500 mg, 2.32 mmol ) , Int 12 (493 mg, 2.32 mmol) and In (OTf) 3 (65 mg, 0.12 mmol) in CH3NO2 (5.0 mL) was stirred at 40℃ for 1 hour. The mixture was purified by FCC (4 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 10%) directly to afford product (500 mg, yield: 53%) as white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C19H21BrO3S Exact Mass: 408.04.
[0278] Step-5: Ethyl 2- (4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) thio) phenoxy) acetate. A mixture of ethyl 2- (4- ( (2- (4-bromophenyl) propan-2-yl) thio) phenoxy) acetate (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) , (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) boronic acid (60 mg, 0.32 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (14 mg, 0.01 mmol) and sodium carbonate (78 mg, 0.73 mmol) in 20%H2O in DME (10.0 mL) under nitrogen. The mixture was reacted as described in General procedure II to afford product (50 mg, yield: 43%) as yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H25F3O3S Exact Mass: 474.15
[0279] Step-6: 2- (4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) thio) phenoxy) acetic acid (35) . Ethyl 2- (4- ( (2- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) propan-2-yl) thio) phenoxy) acetate (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 35 (23 mg, 0.05 mmol, 50%yield) as pale yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H21F3O3S Exact Mass: 446.12 found tR = 1.454 min. [M-H] -= 445.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.70 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.13 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.65 (s, 2H) , 1.63 (s, 6H) .
[0280] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) cyclobutyl) thio) phenoxy) acetic acid (36) . Compound 36 was synthesized through similar protocols from 1- (4-bromophenyl) cyclobutan-1-ol as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C25H21F3O3S Exact Mass: 458.12 found tR = 1.517min. [M-H] -= 457.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.02 (s, 1H) , 7.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.64 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.12 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.07 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.66 (s, 2H) , 2.62 –2.54 (m, 2H) , 2.46 –2.38 (m, 2H) , 2.25 –2.11 (m, 1H) , 1.91 –1.75 (m, 1H) . Synthesis Scheme 15
[0281] Step-1: 4- (trifluoromethoxy) benzimidamide hydrochloride. A solution of 4- (trifluoromethoxy) benzonitrile (2.0 g, 10.7 mmol) and NaOMe (1.2 g, 21.4 mmol) in MeOH (25 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (10 mL) , followed by the addition of NH4Cl (0.69 g, 12.8 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred and heated at 60 ℃ for 1 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by reverse phase (C18, MeCN / H2O (0.1%FA) ) to give the product (0.4 g, 1.9 mmol, 18%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C8H7F3N2O Exact Mass: 204.05 found tR = 0.583 min. [M+H] + = 204.80.
[0282] Step-2: Ethyl (E) -2- (ethoxymethylene) -4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate. A solution of ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate (6 g, 38.4 mmol) in triethyl orthoformate (80 mL) was stirred and heated at 130 ℃ for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (80 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 10%) to give the product (1.6 g, 6.8 mmol, 18%yield) as a yellow oil.
[0283] Preparation of ethyl (E) -2- (cyclopropanecarbonyl) -3-ethoxyacrylate. Titled compound was synthesized through similar protocol from 3-cyclopropyl-3-oxopropanoate as a yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C11H16O4 Exact Mass: 212.10 found tR = 1.099 min. [M+H] + = 212.90.
[0284] Step-3: Ethyl 4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate. To a solution of 4- (trifluoromethoxy) benzimidamide hydrochloride (400 mg, 2.0 mmol) , ethyl (E) -2- (ethoxymethylene) -3-oxobutanoate (370 mg, 2.0 mmol) and t-BuONa (190 mg, 2.0 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 15%) to give the product (400 mg, 1.2 mmol, 60%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C15H13F3N2O3 Exact Mass: 326.09 found tR = 1.705 min. [M+H] + = 327.00.
[0285] Step-4: (4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methanol. To a solution of ethyl 4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (400 mg, 1.2 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DIBALH (9 mL, 9 mmol, 1 M in THF) at -78 ℃. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at this temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g silica gel, MeOH in DCM = 5%) to give the product (300 mg, 1.0 mmol, 82%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C13H11F3N2O2 Exact Mass: 284.08 found tR = 1.287 min. [M+H] += 285.05.
[0286] Step-5: Ethyl 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoate. To a solution of (4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methanol (300 mg, 1.0 mmol) , Int 1 (289 mg, 1.21 mmol) and PPh3 (332 mg, 1.27 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DEAD (221 mg, 1.27 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at this temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (25 g, silica gel, EtOAc in PE = 15%) to give the product (250 mg, 0.47 mmol, 45%yield) as a white solid.
[0287] Preparation of ethyl 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoate (43) . Compound 43 was synthesized through similar protocols from 4- (trifluoromethyl) benzimidamide hydrochloride and ethyl (E) -2- (ethoxymethylene) -3-oxobutanoate as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H27F3N2O4 Exact Mass: 488.19 found tR = 1.824 min. [M+H] + = 489.10.
[0288] Preparation of ethyl 2- (4- ( (2- (4-chlorophenyl) -4-methylpyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoate (44) . Compound 44 was synthesized through similar protocols from 4-chlorobenzimidamide hydrochloride and ethyl (E) -2- (ethoxymethylene) -3-oxobutanoate as a white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.73 (s, 1H) , 8.45 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 6.81 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.69 (m, 2H) , 5.01 (s, 2H) , 4.26 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.67 (s, 3H) , 2.24 (s, 3H) , 1.55 (s, 6H) , 1.29 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0289] Step-6: 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid (37) . Ethyl 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (4-methyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoate (250 mg, 0.50 mmol) was reacted as described in General procedure IV to give product 37 (150 mg, 0.31 mmol, 63%yield) as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H23F3N2O5 Exact Mass: 476.16 found tR = 1.658 min. [M+H] + = 477.0; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.76 (s, 1H) , 8.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.85 (m, 2H) , 6.73 (m, 1H) , 5.04 (s, 2H) , 2.69 (s, 3H) , 2.26 (s, 3H) , 1.58 (s, 6H) .
[0290] Preparation of 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (4-methyl-2- (4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid (38) . Compound 38 was synthesized through similar protocols from 4- (trifluoromethyl) benzimidamide hydrochloride and ethyl (E) -2- (ethoxymethylene) -3-oxobutanoate as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C24H23F3N2O4 Exact Mass: 460.45 found tR = 1.651 min. [M+H] + = 460.95; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.75 (s, 1H) , 8.58 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.85 (m, 2H) , 6.73 (dd, J = 8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 5.04 (s, 2H) , 2.67 (s, 3H) , 2.26 (s, 3H) , 1.58 (s, 6H) .
[0291] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (2- (4-chlorophenyl) -4-methylpyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (39) . Compound 39 was synthesized through similar protocols from 4-chlorobenzimidamide hydrochloride and ethyl (E) -2- (ethoxymethylene) -3-oxobutanoate as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C23H23ClN2O4 Exact Mass: 426.13 found tR = 1.639 min. [M+H] + = 427; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.75 (s, 1H) , 8.47 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.48 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.85 (m, 2H) , 6.73 (dd, J = 8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 5.03 (s, 2H) , 2.69 (s, 3H) , 2.25 (s, 3H) , 1.58 (s, 6H) .
[0292] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (4-isopropyl-2- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) pyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (40) . Compound 40 was synthesized through similar protocols from 4- (Trifluoromethyl) benzamidine Hydrochloride and ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H27F3N2O4 Exact Mass: 488.19 found tR = 1.770 min. [M+H] + = 489.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.85 (s, 1H) , 8.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.85 (m, 2H) , 6.73 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.09 (s, 2H) , 3.40 –3.31 (m, 1H) , 2.26 (s, 3H) , 1.58 (s, 6H) , 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H) .
[0293] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (2- (4-chlorophenyl) -4-isopropylpyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (41) . Compound 41 was synthesized through similar protocols from 4-chlorobenzimidamide hydrochloride and ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C25H27ClN2O4 Exact Mass: 454.17 found tR = 1.782 min. [M+H] + = 455.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.73 (s, 1H) , 8.49 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.84 (m, 2H) , 6.72 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.04 (s, 2H) , 3.36 –3.24 (m, 1H) , 2.25 (s, 3H) , 1.58 (s, 6H) , 1.38 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H) .
[0294] Preparation of 2- (4- ( (2- (4-chlorophenyl) -4-cyclopropylpyrimidin-5-yl) methoxy) -2-methylphenoxy) -2-methylpropanoic acid (42) . Compound 42 was synthesized through similar protocols from 4-chlorobenzimidamide hydrochloride and ethyl 3-cyclopropyl-3-oxopropanoate as a white solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C25H25ClN2O4 Exact Mass: 452.15 found tR = 1.550 min. [M+H] + = 453.15; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.63 (s, 1H) , 8.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.86 (m, 2H) , 6.78 –6.72 (m, 1H) , 5.14 (s, 2H) , 2.25 (s, 3H) , 2.22 –2.17 (m, 1H) , 1.58 (s, 6H) , 1.43 (m, 2H) , 1.19 (m, 2H) . Synthesis Scheme 16
[0295] Step-1: 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) -N- (methylsulfonyl) propenamide (45) . A mixture of compound 4 (60 mg, 0.13 mmol) , Methanesulfonamide (25 mg, 0.262 mmol) , HATU (65 mg, 0.170 mmol) and DIPEA (51 mg, 0.393 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was diluted with H2O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (C18, MeCN / H2O (0.1%FA) ) to give product 45 (21 mg, 0.039 mmol, 30%yield) as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C27H28F3NO5S Exact Mass: 535.16 found tR = 1.679 min. [M-H] -= 534.10; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 11.93 (s, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.59–7.55 (m, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.91 (dd, J = 12.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.84–6.77 (m, 1H) , 6.69 (dd, J = 20.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.06 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.29 (s, 3H) , 2.41 (s, 3H) , 2.17 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 3H) , 1.44 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 6H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -60.85.
[0296] Preparation of 2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propenamide (46) . Compound 46 was synthesized through similar protocol from NH3·H2O as a yellow oil: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H26F3NO3 Exact Mass: 457.19 found tR = 2.075 min. [M+H] + = 458.30.
[0297] Preparation of N-hydroxy-2-methyl-2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) -[1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) propenamide (47) . Compound 47 was synthesized through similar protocol from NH2OH·HCl as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C26H26F3NO4 Exact Mass: 473.18 found tR = 1.574 min. [M-H] -= 472.15; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 10.83 (s, 1H) , 8.80 (s, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.62-7.52 (m, 2H) , 6.90 (s, 1H) , 6.78 (s, 2H) , 5.07 (s, 2H) , 2.41 (s, 3H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 1.38 (s, 6H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -60.85. Synthesis Scheme 17
[0298] Step-1: Chloromethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of compound 9 (100 mg, 0.22 mmol) , NaHCO3 (74 mg, 0.88 mmol) and Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (74 mg, 0.22 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) and water (1 mL) was added chloro ( (chlorosulfonyl) oxy) methane (54 mg, 0.329 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (20 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL × 2) , dried over sodium sulphate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (4 g, silica gel, 0~15%EtOAc in petroleum ether) to afford product (67 mg, 0.13 mmol, 60%yield) as an off-white solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.91 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.82 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.78 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.89 (s, 2H) , 5.06 (s, 2H) , 2.41 (s, 3H) , 2.13 (s, 3H) , 1.61-1.59 (m, 2H) , 1.40-1.37 (m, 2H) .
[0299] Step-2: Iodomethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate. To a solution of chloromethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (67 mg, 0.13 mmol) in acetone (1 mL) was added NaI (53 mg, 0.36 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (4 g, silica gel, 0~15%EtOAc in petroleum ether) to afford iodomethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (71 mg, 0.12 mmol, 90%yield) as a yellow oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.52 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.90 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.80 (q, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 5.89 (s, 2H) , 5.07 (s, 2H) , 2.41 (s, 3H) , 2.24 (s, 3H) , 1.61 (dd, J = 8.4, 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.38 (dd, J = 8.4, 5.2 Hz, 2H) .
[0300] Step-3: (2, 4-dinitrophenoxy) methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (48) . To a solution of iodomethyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (70 mg, 0.12 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) was added 2, 4-dinitrophenol (43 mg, 0.24 mmol) and Ag2CO3 (32 mg, 0.117 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (20 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL × 2) , dried over sodium sulphate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (4 g, silica gel, 0~15%EtOAc in petroleum ether) to afford product 48 (36 mg, 0.055 mmol, 47%yield) as a yellow solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.75 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.33 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.42 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.75 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.65 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.49 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.08 (s, 2H) , 4.92 (s, 2H) , 2.38 (s, 3H) , 2.10 (s, 3H) , 1.58 (dd, J = 8.4, 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.37 (dd, J = 8.4, 5.2 Hz, 2H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -181.52.
[0301] Preparation of (2, 4-dinitrophenoxy) methyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (1- (4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethyl) thio) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (49) . Compound 49 was synthesized through similar protocols from compound 34 as a yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C33H27F3N2O8S Exact Mass: 668.14 found tR = 1.625 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.63 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.06 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.67 (s, 4H) , 7.50 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.33 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.96 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.84 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.76 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.63 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.89 (s, 2H) , 2.09 (s, 3H) , 1.71 –1.68 (m, 2H) , 1.59 (s, 3H) , 1.43 –1.40 (m, 2H) .
[0302] Preparation of (2, 4-dinitrophenoxy) methyl 2- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) acetate (50) . Compound 50 was synthesized through similar protocols from compound 11 as a light yellow solid: MS (ESI) , m / z: calcd for C31H25F3N2O9 Exact Mass: 626.15 found tR = 1.589 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.78 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 8.48 (dd, J = 9.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.65 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.50 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.83 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.73 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.12 (s, 2H) , 5.01 (s, 2H) , 4.86 (s, 2H) , 2.40 (s, 3H) , 2.16 (s, 3H) . Synthesis Scheme 18
[0303] Step-1: 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carbonyl chloride. To a solution of compound 9 (150 mg, 0.33 mmol) and TEA (67 mg, 0.66 mmol) in DCM (1.5 mL) was added Thionyl chloride (59 mg, 0.493 mmol) at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product (150 mg, crude) .
[0304] Step-2: 2, 4-dinitrophenyl 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (51) . To a solution of 1- (2-methyl-4- ( (3-methyl-4'- (trifluoromethyl) - [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) methoxy) phenoxy) cyclopropane-1-carbonyl chloride (150 mg, crude) and triethylamine (96 mg, 0.948 mmol) in DCM (1.5 mL) was added 2, 4-dinitrophenol (116 mg, 0.632 mmol) at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL × 2) and dried over Na2SO4 then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was purified by FCC (4 g, silica gel, 0~15%EtOAc in petroleum ether) and prep-HPLC (C18, MeCN in H2O (containing 0.1%TFA) ) to afford the product 51 (42 mg, 0.068 mmol, 17%yield over two steps) as a yellow solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.87 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.66 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.87 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.92 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.85 (dd, J = 8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 5.08 (s, 2H) , 2.41 (s, 3H) , 2.14 (s, 3H) , 1.91 (dd, J = 8.8, 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.57 (dd, J = 8.8, 5.2 Hz, 2H) ; 19F NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ -60.85. Table 1. Exemplary Compounds Study I. Human PPAR α, δ, γ Cell report gene assay General Protocol Plasmids: For human PPARα:
[0305] Human PPARα cDNAwas obtained by reverse transcription of human PPARαmRNA squence refer to accession number NM_005036.6. The amplified cDNA ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPARα was (PPARα amino acid 201 to C-terminus) fused to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the yeast transcription factor GAL4 by sub cloned fragments in frame into the vector pcDNA3.1 generating the plasmid PPARα LBD. Ensuing fusions, in some cases, were verified by sequencing. The pGL4.35 luciferase reporter was purchased from Promega (E1370) . For human PPAPδ:
[0306] Human PPARδ was obtained by reverse transcription of human PPAPδ mRNA squence refer to the accession number NM_006238.5. The amplified cDNA ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPAPδ was (PPAPδ amino acid 173 to C-terminus) fused to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the yeast transcription factor GAL4 by sub cloned fragments in frame into the vector pcDNA3.1 generating the plasmid PPARδ LBD. Ensuing fusions, in some cases, were verified by sequencing. The pGL4.35 luciferase reporter was purchased from Promega (E1370) . For human PPAPγ:
[0307] human PPAPγ cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription of human PPAPγ mRNA squence refer to accession number NM_005037.7. The amplified cDNA ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPAPγ was (PPAPγ amino acid 237 to C-terminus) fused to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the yeast transcription factor GAL4 by sub cloned fragments in frame into the vector pcDNA3.1 generating the plasmid PPARγ LBD. Ensuing fusions, in some cases, were verified by sequencing. The pGL4.35 luciferase reporter was purchased from Promega (E1370) . Cell Culture and Transfection:
[0308] Prepare a total of 350 ng DNA containing PPARs LBD and pGL4.35 using Fugene according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega) then keep it at room temperature for 15 minutes.
[0309] HEK293 cells (ATCC) were grown in DMEM+10%charcoal stripped FCS. Cells were seeded into 96 well plate the day before transfection to give a confluency of 50%to 80%at transfection. To get cell suspension, 2 mL of pre-warmed trypsin was added, and the flask was incubated at 37℃ for 2 minutes. Once ≥ 90%of the cells detached, they were suspended in 10 mL of pre-warmed assay medium. Dilute cell suspension with cell seeding medium and transfer the transfection reagent into it to reach 5×105 cells / mL, and distribute 90 uL of cell suspension to the plate (40,000 cells / well) , and keep the plate in room temperature for 10 minute, then incubate assay plate in CO2 incubator overnight. Compound treatment:
[0310] All compounds were dissolved in DMSO and serially diluted using an ECHO system. Compounds, in some cases, were tested in concentrations ranging from 10000 nM to 0.61 nM, or from 2000 nM to 0.12 nM, or from 5000 nM to 3.05 nM., Each compound was transferred to a compound dilution plate. Following the addition of 40 μL of assay medium to each well. Transfer 10 μl compound dilutions into 96 well assay plates with transfected cells. Cells were treated with compounds for 16hours to18hours followed by luciferase assay. Luciferase assay:
[0311] The luciferase assay was performed using the Assay System according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega) . Light emission was quantified by counting on a Perkin Elmer Envision reader. Statistical Methods:
[0312] The activity of a compound is calculated as below. %Effect = 100 × (1- (Sample Raw Value -Low Control Average) / (High Control Average -Low Control Average) ) .
[0313] For each compound, the PPARα efficacy (PPARα maximal activity) is given as a relative activity compared to GW7647, a PPARα agonist. The PPARδ efficacy (PPARδ maximal activity) is given as a relative activity compared to GW0742, a PPARδ agonist. The PPARγefficacy (PPARγ maximal activity) is given as a relative activity compared to Rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist. EC50 values were calculated via Dose -response -Stimulation-log [agonist] vs.response --Variable slope Table 2. Exemplary Compounds on human PPAR alpha, delta, gamma reporter gene assay NA: Not Active; For PPARα, EC50 > =10 μM; PPARδ. EC50 >= 2 μM; For PPARγ, EC50 >= 5 μM ND:Not Determined Study II. Pharmacokinetics Studies in Mice General Protocol
[0314] Male C57BL / 6 mice (20~25 g, Zhejiang Vital River) were randomly divided into groups (n = 3) to receive the test article via intravenous (IV, 1 mg / kg, 5 mL / kg) or oral gavage (PO, 5 mg / kg, 10 mL / kg) . The formulations were prepared by adding the appropriate volume of the vehicle to the test article to achieve the desired concentration. For the IV group, mice received a single IV bolus administration of test article via the tail vein. For the PO group, mice received a single oral gavage of test article. At least 30 μL of blood / time point was collected at 2 min (IV only) , 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h after dosing. The whole blood was collected into an EP tube containing EDTA-K2, immediately placed on wet ice, and centrifuged at 3500 g and at 4℃ for 5 min within 30 min to obtain the plasma. Plasma samples were transferred in sealed tubes on dry ice, then transferred and stored under -80℃ until analysis. The concentration of the analytes in the mouse plasma was quantified using LC-MS / MS. Two separate standard curves were used to bracket all samples. Three levels of QCs (low, medium, and high) were used to ensure the reliability of the assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with Phoenix WinNonlin software (version 8.3, Certara, Princeton, NJ) using non-compartmental analyses.
[0315] The pharmacokinetic parameters of Compound 4 and Compound 9 following IV injection at 1 mg / kg and oral gavage at 5 mg / kg in male C57BL / 6 mice are shown in Table 3 and the mean plasma concentrations are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. Table 3. Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Compound 4 &Compound 9 (Intravenous and Oral Administrations in Male C57BL / 6 mice, n=3) a Dosed IV at 1 mg / kg. b Dosed PO at 5 mg / kg.
[0316] The pharmacokinetic parameters of Compound 48, formed Compound 9, and formed 2, 4-dinitrophenol following IV injection at 1 mg / kg and oral gavage at 5 mg / kg in male C57BL / 6 mice are shown in Table 4 and the mean plasma concentrations are shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. Table 4. Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Compound 48, Compound 9 and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (Intravenous and Oral Administrations of Compound 48 in Male C57BL / 6 mice, n=3) a 2, 4-dinitrophenol released from the parent compound. b Compound 9 released from the parent compound. Study III. Pharmacokinetics Studies in Rat General Protocol
[0317] Male SD Rats (150~200 g, Zhejiang Vital River) were randomly divided into groups (n = 3) to receive the test article via intravenous (iv, 1 mg / kg, 5 mL / kg) or oral gavage (po, 5 mg / kg, 10 mL / kg) . The formulations were prepared by adding the appropriate volume of the vehicle to the test article to achieve the desired concentration. For the IV group, rats received a single IV bolus administration of test article via the tail vein. For the PO group, rats received a single oral gavage of test article. At least 30 μL of blood / time point was collected at 2 min (IV only) , 5 min (PO only) , 10 min (IV only) , 15 min (PO only) , 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h after dosing. The whole blood was collected into an EP tube containing EDTA-K2, immediately placed on wet ice, and centrifuged at 3500 g and at 4℃ for 5 min within 30 min to obtain the plasma. Plasma samples were transferred in sealed tubes on dry ice, and then transferred and stored under -80℃ until analysis. The concentration of the analytes in the mouse plasma was quantified using LC-MS / MS. Two separate standard curves were used to bracket all samples. Three levels of QCs (low, medium, and high) were used to ensure the reliability of the assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with Phoenix WinNonlin software (version 8.3, Certara, Princeton, NJ) using non-compartmental analyses.
[0318] The pharmacokinetic parameters of Compound 48, formed Compound 9, and formed 2,4-dinitrophenol following IV injection at 1 mg / kg and oral gavage at 5 mg / kg in male SD rats are shown in Table 5 and the mean plasma concentrations are shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. Table 5. Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Compound 48, Compound 9 and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (Intravenous and Oral Administrations of Compound 48 in Male SD Rats, n=3) a 2, 4-dinitrophenol released from the parent compound. b Compound 9 released from the parent compound. Study IV. Evaluation of the Effect of Compound 4 in Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) Mice
[0319] For diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice model development, C57BL / 6j mice (provided by Jiangsu GemPharmatech biotechnology Co. Ltd. ) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 23 weeks (D12492i, Rodent Diet with 60 kcal%Fat, Research diet) initiated at 6weeks old. Control mice were fed with standard control diet (SCD) during the study. DIO mice were randomized into four groups (Model, Compound 4 0.1 mg / Kg, 0.3 mg / Kg and 1.0 mg / Kg) base on body weight. Day0 was defined as the first day of compound dosing. Compound 4 was administered once daily (q. d. ) by oral gavage (p. o) for continuous ten days. Dose volume was 10 ml / kg. Mice in HFD model group and SCD control group were dosed with vehicle (5%DMSO+10%Solutol HS-15+85%water) . The test article formulation was freshly prepared for each dosing occasion. Mix well before using. Body weight was measured daily.
[0320] On day 9, animals were fasted overnight. Fasting blood glucose was measured at two hours post the compound treatment on day10. Blood glucose was measured using blood glucose meter and test strips.
[0321] At the end of study on Day10, animals were euthanized with carbon dioxide (CO2) . Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture, then collected into tubes for serum preparation. Serum was obtained by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4℃ and aliquoted. Serum samples were stored in -80 ℃ freezer for further analysis.
[0322] Data are presented as Mean ± SEM. Differences between the groups were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Graphpad Prism. p <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant difference, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 vs G2-model group.
[0323] As shown in FIG. 7, the body weight change of DIO mice and normal control mice treated with vehicle was minor throughout the study period. Treatment with compound 4 (1 mg / kg, q. d. for 10 days) significantly increased body weight change from day 5 until the end of the study when compared to the DIO model. On day 9, animals treated with compound 4 at 1 mg / kg exhibited an 18.82%reduction in body weight compared to the model group. The dose administration of compound 4 at 0.1 mg / kg and 0.3 mg / kg for 10 days showed mild effects on body weight change.
[0324] As illustrated in FIG. 8, HFD feeding (DIO group) significantly increased fasting blood glucose levels compared to the normal control group (G1) . Treatment with compound 4 for ten days decreased fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner; fasting blood glucose levels in animals treated with 0.1 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, and 1 mg / kg of compound 4 were all significantly lower (p < 0.01) than those in the DIO model group.
[0325] As depicted in FIG. 9a-9b, HFD feeding significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in mice compared to the normal control group. Treatment with compound 4 at 0.1 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, and 1 mg / kg significantly decreased serum ALT levels compared to the model group. HFD feeding also elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, although it was not statistically significant. However, treatments with compound 4 at 0.1 mg / kg and 0.3 mg / kg significantly reduced serum AST levels.
[0326] Furthermore, HFD feeding significantly increased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mice. In comparison to the model group, treatment with compound 4 at 0.1 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, and 1 mg / kg significantly decreased serum MDA levels (FIG. 10) . Study V. Evaluation of the Effect of Compound 9 in Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) Mice
[0327] For diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice model development, C57BL / 6j mice (provided by Jiangsu GemPharmatech biotechnology Co. Ltd. ) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks (D12492i, Rodent Diet with 60 kcal%Fat, Research diet) initiated at 6 weeks old. Control mice were fed with standard control diet (SCD) during the study. DIO mice were randomized into four groups (Model, compound 9 1 mg / Kg, 3 mg / Kg and 10 mg / Kg) based on body weight. Day 0 was defined as the first day of compound dosing. Compound 9 was administered once daily (q. d. ) by oral gavage (p. o) for continuous fourteen days. Dose volume was 10 mL / kg. Mice in model group and control group were dosed with vehicle (2%DMSO+10%Solutol HS-15+88%water) . The test article formulation was freshly prepared for each dosing occasion. Mix well before using. Body weight were measured daily.
[0328] On day13, animals were fasted overnight. Fasting glucose was measured using blood glucose meter and test strips on At study end (hours post the compound treatment on Day14) , animals were euthanized with CO2. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture, then collected into tubes for serum preparation. Serum was obtained by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4℃ and aliquoted. Serum samples were stored at -80 ℃ for further analysis (liver function test et al) . Soon after blood sample collection, all animals were sacrificed and perfused intracardially with ice-cold saline. Tissues (liver and skeletal muscle) were collected, and liver weight was measured. Left lobe of liver samples were kept in tubes containing 10%neutral buffered formalin (NBF) and processed into formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) block for further pathology staining and analysis. Quadriceps muscle was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept in -80 ℃ freezer for further analysis. AMPK activation and PDK4 expression level of quadriceps was determined by Jess and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) respectively.
[0329] Data are presented as Mean ± SEM. Differences between the groups were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Graphpad Prism. p <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant difference, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 vs G2-model group.
[0330] As shown in FIG. 11, the body weight change of DIO mice and normal control mice treated with vehicle was minor throughout the study period. Treatment with compound 9 (3 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg, q. d. for 13 days) significantly increased body weight change from day 5 until the end of the study, with compound 9 decreasing body weight in a dose-dependent manner.
[0331] As shown in FIG. 12, HFD feeding (DIO group) led to elevated fasting blood glucose levels compared to the normal control group (G1) . Treatment with compound 9 for fourteen days decreased fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner; fasting blood glucose levels in animals treated with 3 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg of compound 9 were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than those in the model group.
[0332] As illustrated in FIG. 13, HFD feeding (DIO group) led to increased liver weight compared to the normal control group (G1) . Treatment with compound 9 at 1 mg / kg and 3 mg / kg for fourteen days significantly decreased liver weight compared to the model group, and treatment with compound 9 at 10 mg / kg for fourteen days did not increase liver weight compared to the model group.
[0333] As shown in FIG. 14a-14b, HFD feeding significantly increased serum ALT levels in mice compared to the normal control group. In contrast, treatment with compound 9 decreased serum ALT levels in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, serum ALT levels in animals treated with 3 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg of compound 9 were significantly lower than those in the model control animals. HFD feeding also elevated serum AST levels, although the increase was not statistically significant. Nonetheless, treatments with compound 9 at 1 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, and 10 mg / kg significantly decreased serum AST level.
[0334] Moreover, HFD feeding significantly increased serum MDA levels in mice. Compared to the model group, treatment with compound 9 at 3 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg significantly decreased serum MDA levels (FIG. 15) , indicating that compound 9 treatment reduced lipid peroxidation.
[0335] Histological examination of the control livers showed normal lobular architecture with central veins and radiating hepatic cords. HFD feeding resulted in severe pathological changes, including steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, and inflammation in the liver, accompanied by a significantly increased Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score (NAS) . As shown in FIG. 16a-16d, treatment with compound 9 at 10 mg / kg significantly reduced the NAS score compared to the model group, indicating that compound 9 treatment significantly improved liver health by reducing liver fat accumulation, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation.
[0336] Additionally, muscle AMPK activation level and PDK4 gene expression levels were analyzed. AMPK is a metabolic sensor that detects low ATP levels and in turn increases oxidative metabolism. Pyruvate dehydronase kinase 4 (PDK4) is activated in part of the PPARs transcriptional cascade. Combined activation of AMPK and PPARδ caused increased PDK4 expression in mouse muscle, and this was associated with increased fat oxidation. As indicated in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18, HFD feeding led to a decreasing trend in AMPK activation and a significant reduction in PDK4 gene expression levels. Compound 9 treatment stimulated AMPK activation, and PDK4 gene expression was significantly upregulated following treatment with 3 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg of compound 9 (p < 0.05) . Study VI. Evaluation of the Effect of Compound 48 in Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) Mice
[0337] For diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice model development, C57BL / 6j mice (provided by Jiangsu GemPharmatech biotechnology Co. Ltd. ) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks (D12492i, Rodent Diet with 60 kcal%Fat, Research diet) initiated at 6weeks old. Control mice were fed with standard control diet (SCD) during the study. DIO mice were randomized into two groups (Model, compound 48 15mg / Kg) based on body weight. Day 0 was defined as the first day of compound dosing. Compound 48 was administered once daily (q. d. ) by oral gavage (p. o) for continuous fourteen days. Dose volume was 10 mL / kg. Mice in model group and control group were dosed with vehicle (2%DMSO+10%Solutol HS-15+88%water) . The test article formulation was freshly prepared for each dosing occasion. Mix well before using. Body weight was measured daily.
[0338] On day 13, animals were fasted overnight. Fasting blood glucose was measured using blood glucose meter and test strips on day 14. At study end (two hours post the compound treatment on Day 14) , animals were euthanized with carbon dioxide (CO2) . Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture, then collected into tubes for serum preparation. Serum was obtained by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4℃ and aliquoted. Serum samples were stored in -80 ℃ freezer for further analysis (liver function test et al) . Soon after blood sample collection, all animals were sacrificed and perfused intracardially with ice-cold saline. Tissues (liver and skeletal muscle) were collected, and liver weight was measured. Left lobe of liver samples were kept in tubes containing 10%NBF and processed into fFFPE block for further pathology staining and analysis. Quadriceps muscle was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept in -80 ℃ freezer for further analysis. AMPK activation and PDK4 expression level of quadriceps was determined by Jess and ddPCR respectively.
[0339] Data are presented as Mean ± SEM. Differences between the groups were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA, Graphpad Prism. p <0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant difference. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 vs G2-model group.
[0340] As shown in FIG. 19, the body weight change of DIO mice and normal control mice treated with vehicle was minor throughout the study period. Compared to the DIO mice model, treatment with compound 48 (15 mg / kg, q. d. for 13 days) significantly increased body weight change from day5 to the end of the study.
[0341] As shown in the FIG. 20 compared to the normal control group (G1) , HFD feeding (DIO group) lead to elevated fasting blood glucose level. Compared to the model group, treatment with compound 48 15 mg / Kg for fourteen days decreased fasting blood glucose level.
[0342] As shown in the FIG. 21 compared to the normal control group (G1) , HFD feeding (DIO group) lead to increased liver weight. Compared to the model group, treatment with compound 48 15 mg / Kg for fourteen days significantly decreased liver weight.
[0343] As shown in the FIG. 22a-22b, compared to the normal control group, HFD feeding significantly increased mice serum ALT level. Compared to the model group, treatment with compound 48 15 mg / Kg decreased serum ALT levels. HFD feeding also elevated serum AST level, although there is no statistical significance. And compound 48 15 mg / kg treatment could significantly decrease serum AST level.
[0344] Meanwhile, HFD feeding significantly increased mice serum MDA level. Compared to the model group, treatment with compound 48 15 mg / kg significantly decreased serum MDA levels (FIG. 23) , indicating reduced lipid peroxidation.
[0345] The control livers showed normal lobular architecture with central veins and radiating hepatic cords. HFD feeding resulted in severe pathological changes including steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, inflammation in mice liver and significantly increased NAS score. As shown in the FIG. 24a-FIG. 24d, compound 48 15 mg / kg treatment significantly reduced the NAS score, compared to the model group, indicating compound 48 treatment show significant improvement on liver health via reducing liver fat accumulation, reducing hepatocytes ballooning, and anti-inflammation.
[0346] Besides, Quadriceps AMPK activation and PDK4 gene expression level were analysed. As shown in the FIG. 25 and FIG. 26, HFD feeding lead to a decrease trend of AMPK activation and significant reduction of PDK4 gene expression level. AMPK activation was stimulated via compound 48 15 mg / kg treatment. And PDK4 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated after compound 48 15 mg / kg treatment (p<0.05) .
[0347] Applicant’s disclosure is described herein in preferred embodiments with reference to the Figures, in which like numbers represent the same or similar elements. Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment, ” “in an embodiment, ” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
[0348] The described features, structures, or characteristics of Applicant’s disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the description, herein, numerous specific details are recited to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that Applicant’s composition and / or method may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the disclosure.
[0349] Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are now described. Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order that is logically possible, in addition to a particular order disclosed. Incorporation by Reference
[0350] References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patent applications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, web contents, have been made in this disclosure. All such documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material explicitly set forth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the present disclosure material. In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be resolved in favor of the present disclosure as the preferred disclosure. Equivalents
[0351] The representative examples are intended to help illustrate the invention, and are not intended to, nor should they be construed to, limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the full contents of this document, including the examples and the references to the scientific and patent literature included herein. The examples contain important additional information, exemplification and guidance that can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and equivalents thereof.
Claims
1.A compound having structural formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable form or an isotope derivative thereof, whereinX is O or S;Y is O or S;Z1 is CRZ1 or N;Z2 is CRZ2 or N;W is O or NSO2R;i is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;j is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;L is a bivalent group selected from linear, branched or cyclic alkylene (CH2) n moieties, wherein n is an integer from about 1 to about 6, wherein optionally 0 to 2 of the CH2 units is independently replaced with a heteroatom or group selected from O, S, NR, PO4 and PO3R, wherein the alkylene moiety is optionally substituted with 1-5 Ra;each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom they are bonded to, form a 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy and the 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb;each of R3 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, halo, CN and NRR', wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, R and R' are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb;each of R4 and R5 is independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy; or R4 and R5, together with the carbon atom they are bonded to, form a 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy and the 3-or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb;each of RZ1, RZ2, R6, R7 and R9 is independently H, C1-3 alkyl or C1-3 alkoxy, F or Cl, wherein the C1-3 alkyl and C1-3 alkoxy are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb;each R8 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, halo and NRR', wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, R and R' are optionally substituted with 1-6 Rb;each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: D, halo, CN, R and OR;each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of: D, halo, CN, R, OR and NRR’ ; andeach of R and R’is independently H or C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 groups selected from D, halo, C1-6 alkoxy and amino; orR and R’ together with the N atom they are bonded to form a 3-to 6-membered heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1-4 groups selected from D, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy and amino.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein X is O and Y is O, having the structural formula: 3.The compound of claim 1, wherein X is O and Y is S, having the structural formula: 4.The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Z1 is CRZ1 and Z2 is CRZ2.5.The compound of claim 4, wherein each of Z1 and Z2 is CH.6.The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Z1 is N and Z2 is CRZ2.7.The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Z1 is N and Z2 is N.8.The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein i is 0.9.The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein i is 1.10.The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein each of R4 and R5 is H.11.The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein one of R4 and R5 is H and the other is not H.12.The compound of any one of claims 1-11, wherein each of R6 and R7 is H.13.The compound of any one of claims 1-11, wherein one of R6 and R7 is H and the other is not H.14.The compound of any one of claims 1-13, wherein j is 0.15.The compound of any one of claims 1-13, wherein j is 1.16.The compound of claim 1, having the structural formula: 17.The compound of claim 16, wherein each of i and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula: 18.The compound of claim 16, wherein each of i is 1 and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula: 19.The compound of claim 1, having the structural formula: 20.The compound of claim 19, wherein each of i and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula: 21.The compound of claim 19, wherein each of i is 1 and j is 0, R6 is H, having the structural formula: 22.The compound of claim 1, wherein W is O, having the structural formula: 23.The compound of claim 22, wherein X is O and Y is O, having the structural formula: 24.The compound of claim 22, wherein X is O and Y is S, having the structural formula: 25.The compound of claim 1, wherein W is NSO2R, having the structural formula: 26.The compound of claim 25, wherein X is O and Y is O, having the structural formula: 27.The compound of claim 25, wherein X is O and Y is S, having the structural formula: 28.The compound of any one of claims 25-27, wherein the R in SO2R is C1-3 alkyl.29.The compound of any one of claims 25-27, wherein the R in SO2R is cyclopropyl.30.The compound of any one of claims 1-29, wherein R9 is a C1-2 alkyl group substituted with 0-6 F's .31.The compound of claim 30, wherein R9 is CF3.32.The compound of any one of claims 1-31, wherein L is linear or branched (CH2) n, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.33.The compound of claim 32, wherein L is CH2.34.The compound of any one of claims 1-31, wherein L comprises PO4 or PO3R.35.A compound selected from Table 1.36.The compound of any of claims 1-35, having one or more deuterium atoms in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.37.The compound of claim 36, having one deuterium atom in place of one hydrogen atom.38.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any of claims 1-37.39.A unit dosage form comprising a pharmaceutical composition of claim 38.40.The unit dosage form of claim 39, being a tablet.41.The unit dosage form of claim 39, being a capsule.42.A method for treating or reducing a disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-37.43.The method of claim 42, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with one or more defect in mitochondrial function.44.The method of claim 42, wherein the disease or disorder is mediated by PPARδ and / or PPARα / δ.45.The method of claim 42, wherein the disease or disorder is a metabolic and inflammatory disease or disorder.46.The method of claim 42, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from metabolic syndrome, due to excessive lipid accumulation and chronic ROS over production, and related aging disorders or genetic diseases, including, obesity, MASH / MAFLD, insulin resistance, T2DM and its related sarcopenia or osteoporosis, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, acquired lipodystrophy, inherited lipodystrophy, partial lipodystrophy, heart or renal failure, muscle atrophy, including Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, and related diseases or disorders.47.A method for reducing toxicity or side effects in treating mitochondria-related disorders or conditions comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-37.48.The method of any one of claims 42-47, wherein administration is via oral administration.49.Use of a compound of any of claims 1-37, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent, in preparation of a medicament for treating a disease or disorder.50.Use of a compound of any of claims 1-37 for treating a disease or disorder.51.The use of claim 49 or 50, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with one or more defect in mitochondrial function.52.The use of claim 49 or 50, wherein the disease or disorder is mediated by PPARδ and / or PPARα / δ.53.The use of claim 49 or 50, wherein the disease or disorder is a metabolic and inflammatory disease or disorder.54.The use of claim 49 or 50, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, due to excessive lipid accumulation and chronic ROS over production, and related aging disorders or genetic diseases, including, obesity, MASH / MAFLD, insulin resistance, T2DM and its related sarcopenia or osteoporosis, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, acquired lipodystrophy, inherited lipodystrophy, partial lipodystrophy, heart or renal failure, muscle atrophy, including Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, and related diseases or disorders.55.A method for preparing a compound of any one of claims 1-37.