Modified tesla turbine for power generation in industrial settings
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- 102174309 SASKATCHEWAN LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-25
Smart Images
Figure CA2025051245_25062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
[0001] MODIFIED TESLA TURBINE FOR POWER
[0002] GENERATION IN INDUSTRIAL SETTINGS
[0003] Field of the Invention
[0004] The invention is in the field of power generation and, in particular, to a modified Tesla turbine for power generation in industrial settings.
[0005] Background
[0006] With increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions there is a need to improve the efficiency of present-day electrical power generation systems such as power plants using various types of energy sources such as, for example, coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear fission, for generating high pressure steam for driving a steam turbine connected to a generator. While the efficiency of electrical power generation has improved considerably since its beginnings in the late 1800s, present-day electrical power generation systems still release a substantial amount of unused energy in the form of exhaust steam as well as exhaust gases in the case of coal, oil, and natural gas fired power plants into the environment. Furthermore, natural gas fired power plants employing one or more gas turbines also release a substantial amount of unused energy in the form of exhaust gases into the environment. There is also a countless number of industrial processes that produce various forms of fluids at higher energy such as, for example, water, steam, and gases which are frequently released into the environment as effluents and exhaust gases.
[0007] Since the present-day technology does not provide sufficiently efficient systems for transforming a sufficiently large amount of the energy of fluids having a lower energy concentration into electricity, it is currently not cost-effective to use this vast source of energy of exhaust steam, exhaust gases, and effluents for electric power generation, resulting in release of the same into the environment.
[0008] There is a need for an improved system that is capable of efficiently using the energy of fluids having a lower energy concentration such as exhaust steam, exhaust gases, and effluents for generating electric power.
[0009] Summary of the Invention
[0010] The invention comprises a system for generating power in industrial settings. The system comprises a nozzle that converges from a first end having a first cross-sectional area to a second end having a second cross-sectional area. The first end of the nozzle is connected to a pipe for receiving a fluid. The second cross-sectional area is substantially smaller than the first cross-sectional area such that in operation a velocity of the fluid received at the first end is increased from a first velocity to a second velocity at the second end with the second velocity being substantially larger than the first velocity. Consequently, the kinetic energy of the fluid moving at the second velocity is substantially increased with the kinetic energy being proportional to the square of the velocity.
[0011] The fluid moving at the second velocity is then provided to a modified Tesla turbine. The turbine converts a substantial portion of the kinetic energy of the fluid into torque acting on shaft which is connected to generator. The generator driven by the shaft generates electric energy which is then provided, for example, to the electric grid, to machinery, or to a battery, connected to the generator. The fluid is then discharged through a discharge conduit to the ambient environment. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0012] If the energy concentration in the fluid is sufficiently high, the nozzle can be omitted and the modified Tesla turbine can be directly connected to the pipe. Optionally, the nozzle may then be employed to increase the velocity of the fluid in the discharge conduit of the modified Tesla turbine before provision of the same to a second modified Tesla turbine. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed. In one embodiment the nozzle comprises flow separating walls which are oriented approximately parallel to a flow direction of the fluid within the nozzle. The flow separating walls are arranged to create converging channels between successive flow separating walls. Each of the flow separating walls starts at the first end of the nozzle and ends a predetermined distance to the second end of the nozzle. The flow separating walls separate the fluid flow received at the first end into a multitude of individual converging channels, increase the velocity of the fluid individually in each channel before merging the fluid flow of adjacent channels. The merged fluid flow is then provided to the turbine. Providing flow separating walls reduces the formation of turbulence and vortices, in particular, at higher fluid velocities. Therefore, the provision of flow separating walls reduces losses in the nozzle and, consequently, increases the efficiency of the system.
[0013] The turbine of the system is provided as a Tesla turbine which has been modified in order to increase its efficiency. A turbine housing comprises a cylindrical cavity and an fluid inlet channel connected to the cylindrical cavity disposed therein. The fluid inlet channel has a slotlike cross-section extending the length of the cylindrical cavity. The fluid inlet channel has an approximately tangential orientation to a circumferential surface of the cylindrical cavity. In operation the fluid inlet channel provides the fluid into the cylindrical cavity having an approximately tangential orientation to the circumferential surface of the cylindrical cavity.
[0014] A shaft is rotatable movable mounted to the housing such that an axis of rotation of the shaft coincides with a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical cavity. The shaft has a hollow portion extending the length of the cylindrical cavity and to an fluid outlet port. A slot is disposed in the shaft such that the length of the slot coincides with the length of the cylindrical cavity. The slot enables fluid flow from the cylindrical cavity into the hollow portion of the shaft and via the fluid outlet port to the discharge conduit. A second end of the shaft is adapted for being connected to the generator. A set of discs is disposed along the shaft and mounted thereto. The discs are disposed along the shaft in close proximity to each other with a distance between successive discs of, for example, 0.005” or less. In operation, the fluid flow drives the discs when propagating between the discs from the outer edges of the discs towards the inner edges and the shaft in a spiraling manner. Placing a large number of discs in close proximity to each other provides a large disc surface area for the fluid flow to interact with, resulting in increased torque acting on the shaft and, consequently, in increased efficiency of the turbine. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0015] A multitude of blades is fixedly connected to the shaft such that the blades are arranged to form an annulus surrounding the discs. The blades form a channel between successive blades that narrows towards an inner end of the annulus. The channel is oriented approximately tangential to the outer edges of the set of discs in proximity to the inner end of the annulus such that in operation the fluid is provided to the set of discs having an approximately tangential orientation to the outer edges of the set of discs. Directing the fluid flow through the blades increases the velocity of the fluid flow when reaching the outer edges of the discs as well as provides the fluid flow having an orientation approximately tangential to the outer edges of the discs, which further increases the torque acting on the shaft when the fluid flow interacts with the discs and, consequently, increases the efficiency of the turbine. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0016] Brief Description of the Drawings
[0017] Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described herein, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0018] Fig. 1 depicts in a block diagram a system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine according to the present disclosure;
[0019] Figs. 2 and 3 are a perspective view and a perspective cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a nozzle of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine according to the present disclosure;
[0020] Fig. 4 is a top perspective view of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine according to the present disclosure; Figs. 5 and 6 are a perspective view and a perspective cross-sectional view, respectively, of a turbine housing of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine according to the present disclosure;
[0021] Fig. 7 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a cover plate of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine according to the present disclosure;
[0022] Figs. 8 and 9 are cross-sectional views of the turbine of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine of the present disclosure;
[0023] Fig. 10 is an exploded view of the turbine of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine of the present disclosure;
[0024] Fig. 11 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a rotor part of the turbine of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine of the present disclosure;
[0025] Fig. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of the turbine of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine of the present disclosure;
[0026] Fig. 13 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a rotor part of the turbine of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine of the present disclosure; and Fig. 14 is a face-on view of a disc of the turbine of an embodiment of the system for generating power using a modified Tesla turbine of the present disclosure.
[0027] Detailed Description of the Invention
[0028] Embodiments of the present invention provide a system 100 for generating power in industrial settings. As depicted in Figure 1, the embodiments of the system 100 comprise a nozzle 102 that converges from a first end 102 A having a first cross-sectional area to a second end 102B having a second cross-sectional area. The first end 102A of the nozzle 102 is connected to piping 12 receiving a fluid in an industrial setting such as, for example, a power plant or an industrial processing plant 10, as indicated by the block arrow in Figure 1. The fluid may comprise various liquids, steam, and gases. The second cross-sectional area is substantially smaller than the first cross-sectional area such that in operation a velocity of the fluid received at the first end 102A is increased from a first velocity to a second velocity at the second end 102B with the second velocity being substantially larger than the first velocity. Consequently, the kinetic energy of the fluid moving at the second velocity is substantially increased with the kinetic energy being proportional to the square of the velocity.
[0029] The fluid moving at the second velocity is then provided to modified Tesla turbine 150, as indicated by the block arrow in Figure 1. The turbine 150 converts a substantial portion of the kinetic energy of the fluid into torque acting on shaft 178 which is connected to generator 20. The generator 20 driven by the shaft 178 generates electric power which is then provided, for example, to the electric grid 30, to machinery, or to a battery, connected to the generator 20. The fluid is then discharged through discharge conduit 140 to the ambient environment. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0030] If the energy concentration in the fluid is sufficiently high, the nozzle 102 can be omitted and the modified Tesla turbine 150 can be directly connected to the pipe 12. Optionally, the nozzle 102 may then be employed to increase the velocity of the fluid in the discharge conduit 140 of the modified Tesla turbine 150 before provision of the same to a second modified Tesla turbine. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0031] Figures 2 to 4 depict an embodiment of the system 100 wherein the nozzle 102 comprises flow separating walls which are oriented approximately parallel to a flow direction of the fluid within the nozzle. For example, the nozzle 102 has a rectangular cross-section as depicted in Figures 2 to 4, but is not limited thereto. The flow separating walls 104.1, 104.2, 104.3, and 104.4 are arranged to create converging channels between successive flow separating walls, and between flow separating wall 104.4 and the wall 102C of the nozzle 102. Each of the flow separating walls 104.1, 104.2, 104.3, and 104.4 starts approximately at the first end 102A of the nozzle 102 and ends a predetermined distance to the second end 102B of the nozzle 102. For example, the central flow separating wall 104.1 ends in proximity to the second end 102B of the nozzle 102, while the flow separating walls 104.2, 104.3, and 104.4 end at an increasing distance to the second end 102B of the nozzle 102, respectively. The flow separating walls 104.1, 104.2, 104.3, and 104.4 separate the fluid flow received at the first end 102A into a multitude of individual converging channels, as indicated by the block arrows in Figure 4, increase the velocity of the fluid individually in each channel before merging the fluid flow of adjacent channels starting with the channels formed by wall 102C of the nozzle 102 and flow separating walls 104.3 and 104.4 and continuing successively towards the center. The merged fluid flow is then provided to the turbine 105 via duct 120, as indicated by the block arrow in Figure 4. Providing flow separating walls reduces the formation of turbulence and vortices, in particular, at higher fluid velocities. Therefore, the provision of flow separating walls reduces losses in the nozzle 102 and, consequently, increases the efficiency of the system 100.
[0032] Optionally, the separation of the fluid flow into individual channels may also be provided in a second direction. Furthermore, the nozzle may be provided having a different cross-section such as, for example, a circular cross-section with concentric flow separating walls.
[0033] The turbine 105 of the system 100 is provided as a Tesla turbine which has been modified in order to increase its efficiency as will be described hereinbelow with reference to Figures 5 to 14. Turbine housing 152 comprises a cylindrical cavity 156 having a length L and diameter D and an fluid inlet channel 154 connected to the cylindrical cavity 156 disposed therein. The fluid inlet channel 154 has a slot-like cross-section extending the length L of the cylindrical cavity 156. The fluid inlet channel 154 has an approximately tangential orientation to circumferential surface 162 of the cylindrical cavity 156. In operation the fluid inlet channel 154 receives the fluid from the nozzle 102 or the pipe 12 and provides the fluid into the cylindrical cavity 156 having an approximately tangential orientation to the circumferential surface 162 of the cylindrical cavity 156, as indicated by the block arrow in Figure 8. The housing 152 may be provided as two halves 152.1 and 152.2 in order to facilitate assembly of lager units by enabling placement of the assembled rotor into the bottom half 152.2 of the housing 152 using a crane.
[0034] Shaft 178 is rotatable movable mounted to the housing 152 such that an axis of rotation of the shaft 178 coincides with a longitudinal axis 160 of the cylindrical cavity 156. The shaft 178 is mounted to the housing 152 via bearings 194 and 196 such as, for example, commercially available ball bearings, which are accommodated in respective seats 170 disposed in the cover plates 168, respectively. Each of the cover plates 168 may be provided as two halves 168.1 and 168.2 in order to facilitate assembly of lager units. The shaft 178 has a hollow portion 179 extending the length L of the cylindrical cavity 156 and to fluid outlet port 177 at a first end thereof. Slot 180 is disposed in the shaft 178 such that the length of the slot 180 coincides with the length L of the cylindrical cavity 156. The slot 180 enables fluid flow from the cylindrical cavity 156 into the hollow portion 179 of the shaft 178 and via fluid outlet port 177 to the discharge conduit 140. Second end 198 of the shaft 178 is adapted for being connected to the generator 20. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed. A set of discs 182 is disposed along the shaft 178 and mounted thereto in a conventional manner with a center of each of the discs coinciding with the axis of rotation 160 and the discs 182 being oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation 160. The set of discs 182 comprises, for example, 200 to 300 discs, which are disposed along the shaft 178 in close proximity to each other with a distance between successive discs 182 of, for example, 0.005” or less. In operation, the fluid flow drives the discs 182 when propagating between the discs 182 from the outer edges 184 of the discs 182 towards the inner edges 185 and shaft 178 in a spiraling manner, as indicated by the block arrows in Figure 14. Placing a large number of discs 182 at close proximity to each other provides a large disc surface area for the fluid flow to interact with, resulting in increased torque acting on the shaft 178 and, consequently, in increased efficiency of the turbine 150. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0035] A multitude of blades 176 is fixedly connected to the shaft 178 such that the blades 176 are arranged to form an annulus surrounding the discs 182. Successive blades 176 form a channel 176C therebetween that narrows towards an inner end of the annulus. The channel 176 is oriented approximately tangential to the outer edges 184 of the set of discs 182 in proximity to the inner end of the annulus such that in operation the fluid is provided to the set of discs 182 having an approximately tangential orientation to the outer edges 184 of the set of discs 182. For example, the blades 176 are curved having a curvature changing from a tangential orientation at a first end 176 A and second end 176B of the blade 176 to an orientation pointing towards the shaft 178 in proximity to a center thereof, as illustrated in Figure 12. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0036] The blades 176 are mounted to the shaft via disc 186 at a first end thereof and to ring element 188 at a second end thereof, as illustrated in Figure 11. The ring element 188 is adapted for accommodating cover plate 190 therein when assembled. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0037] The rotor is easily assembled by mounting first the cover plate 190 and the set of discs 182 onto the shaft 178, followed by mounting the blades 176 with the disc 186 and the ring element 188 onto the shaft 178 such that the cover plate 190 is accommodated in the ring element 188. The blades 176 with the disc 186 and the ring element 188 together with the cover plate 190 form an enclosure containing the set of discs 182 therein. For example, the assembly is facilitated by providing the each of the discs 182, the disc 186, and the cover plate 190 with key elements 199 protruding into a respective center opening for accommodating the shaft therein which are interfaced with a key seat disposed in the shaft. Bearings 194 and 196 are then placed onto the shaft 178. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0038] After assembly, the rotor is then lifted into the bottom portion of the housing comprising bottom housing portion 152.2 and the bottom cover plate portions 168.2 mounted to both ends of the bottom housing portion 152.2 using, for example, screw bolts, such that the bearings 194 and 196 are accommodated in the respective seats 170. The top portion of the housing comprising top housing portion 152.1 and the top cover plate portions 168.1 mounted to both ends of the top housing portion 152.1 is then lifted on top of the bottom portion of the housing and mounted thereto using, for example, screw bolts. After the assembly of the housing, bearing cover plates 197 are mounted to the cover plates 168.1, 168.2.
[0039] In operation, the fluid flow through fluid inlet channel 154 is received at the first end 176A of the blades 176 and guided through the converging channels 176C towards the second end of the blades 176B. When exiting the channels 176C the velocity of the fluid flow has increased from the velocity of the fluid flow at the end of the fluid inlet channel. The exiting fluid flow is then oriented approximately tangential to the outer edges of the discs 182, as illustrated in Figure 12. From the outer edges 184 of the discs 182 the fluid flows in a spiraling manner towards the inner edges 185 of the discs 182 and the shaft 178, where the fluid exits the discs 182 through slot 180 into the hollow cavity 179 of the shaft 178 before being discharged, as indicated by the block arrows in Figures 13 and 14. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0040] Directing the fluid flow through the blades 176 as described hereinabove increases the velocity of the fluid flow when reaching the outer edges 184 of the discs 182, as well as provides the fluid flow having an orientation approximately tangential to the outer edges of the discs 182, which further increases the torque acting on the shaft 178 when the fluid flow interacts with the discs 182 and, consequently, results in increased efficiency of the turbine 150. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed.
[0041] Optionally, provision of the fluid flow to the turbine 150 may be limited when the fluid flow entering the nozzle 102 or the turbine 150 reaches a predetermined threshold in order to prevent overloading of the turbine 150. For example, a Pitot probe may be employed for measuring the velocity of the fluid flow. When the measured fluid flow velocity reaches the threshold velocity, the fluid flow to the turbine 150 is limited, for example, by connecting a bypass to the nozzle 102 or the pipe 12 and directing a portion of the fluid flow directly into the discharge conduit 140. The discs may be constructed from metallic materials such as steel alloys, or from advanced ceramic materials (for example alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, or other industrial ceramics) to improve thermal stability, wear resistance, and operational life. Combinations of metallic and ceramic discs may also be employed. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. For example, it will be realized that the optimal dimensions for the various parts of the invention, materials, shape, form, manner of assembly, and operation or use will be apparent to those of skill in the art. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the scope of any appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. All suitable modifications and equivalents that may be resorted to are thereby considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A modified Tesla turbine for power generation in industrial settings, the system comprising:a. a turbine housing comprising:i. a cylindrical cavity having a length and diameter; andii. an fluid inlet channel connected to the cylindrical cavity wherein:
1. the fluid inlet channel has a slot-like cross-section extending the length of the cylindrical cavity; and2. the fluid inlet channel has an approximately tangential orientation to a circumferential surface of the cylindrical cavity such that in operation the fluid inlet channel receives the fluid from a fluid source of the industrial setting and provides the fluid into the cylindrical cavity having an approximately tangential orientation to the circumferential surface of the cylindrical cavity;b. a rotor assembly comprising:i. a shaft rotatable movable mounted to the housing such that an axis of rotation of the shaft coincides with a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical cavity wherein:
1. the shaft has a hollow portion extending the length of the cylindrical cavity and to a first end;2. a slot coinciding with the length of the cylindrical cavity is disposed in the shaft;3. the first end of the shaft is adapted to form an fluid outlet port; and4. a second end of the shaft is adapted for being connected to a generator; andii. a set of discs disposed along the shaft and mounted thereto with a center of each of the discs coinciding with the axis of rotation and the discs being oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation wherein:
1. the discs are disposed along the shaft in close proximity to each other such that in operation the fluid is enabled to drive the discs when propagating between the discs from edges of the set of discs towards the shaft in a spiraling manner;2. the discs are constructed from metallic or ceramic materials or combinations thereof; andiii. a multitude of blades fixedly connected to the shaft wherein:
1. the multitude of blades is arranged to form an annulus surrounding the discs;2. the multitude of blades forms a channel between successive blades that narrows towards an inner end of the annulus; and3. the channel is oriented approximately tangential to the edges of the set of discs in proximity to the inner end of the annulus such that in operation the fluid is provided to the set of discs having an approximately tangential orientation to the edges of the set of discs.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the multitude of blades is mounted to the shaft via a disc at a first end thereof.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the multitude of blades is mounted to a ring element at a second end thereof.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein each blade of the multitude of blades is curved.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein a curvature of each blade of the multitude of blades changes from a tangential orientation at a first and second end of the blade to an orientation pointing towards the shaft in proximity to a center thereof.
6. The system of claim 1 further comprising a nozzle converging from a first end having a first cross-sectional area to a second end having a second cross-sectional area.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the second cross-sectional area is substantially smaller than the first cross-sectional area such that in operation a velocity of the fluid received at the first end is increased from a first velocity to a second velocity at the second end with the second velocity being substantially larger than the first velocity.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the nozzle further comprises at least a flow separating wall disposed therein.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least a flow separating wall is oriented approximately parallel to a flow direction of the fluid within the nozzle.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least a flow separating wall ends a predetermined distance to the second end of the nozzle.