Perovskite solar cell and manufacturing method therefor, and photovoltaic module

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, and mainly provides a perovskite solar cell and a manufacturing method therefor. The perovskite solar cell comprises: a substrate, a transparent conductive oxide layer, an anchoring layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode which are sequentially stacked. The material of the anchoring layer includes a metal oxide. The material of the hole transport layer includes a self-assembled molecular material. In the perovskite solar cell in the technical solution of the present application, anchoring sites for a SAM are enhanced, thereby improving the long-term stability of the perovskite cell, and reducing efficiency loss caused by local electric leakage.

Description

Perovskite solar cells and their fabrication methods, photovoltaic modules

[0001] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202411643564.7, filed on November 18, 2024, entitled "Perovskite Solar Cell and Preparation Method Thereof, Photovoltaic Module", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and in particular to a perovskite solar cell and its preparation method, as well as a photovoltaic module. Background Technology

[0003] Using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as carrier transport materials can improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of reverse perovskite solar cells (PSCs). SAMs, as hole transport materials (HTMs), can reduce the resistance of the transport layer, thereby lowering the series resistance of the PSC. Furthermore, the ordered molecules of SAMs induce hole extraction by generating interfacial dipole moments and reduce interfacial recombination with the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0004] Although SAMs possess a certain degree of illumination and thermal stability, their photothermal stability does not reach the levels achieved by traditional charge carrier transport materials. Currently, SAMs used in PSCs need to be anchored to the surface hydroxyl (OH) groups of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) to achieve self-assembly. Therefore, the stable adsorption of hydroxyl groups on the substrate is crucial for the stability of self-assembly. Hydroxyl groups on the TCO surface can form strong bonds through chemisorption or weak bonds through physisorption, but the latter is unstable in the presence of solvents. The hydrophilic OH groups weakly bound to the TCO, and the SAMs anchored at unstable sites, can be desorbed by strongly polar perovskite solvents (such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)). Although non-anchored molecules still randomly redeposit at the bottom to block electrons during perovskite crystallization, the leakage current increases as non-anchored molecules gradually desorb from the surface, thereby reducing the PCE of the PSC. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application provides a perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method, as well as a photovoltaic module, to solve or alleviate the technical problems mentioned above. The perovskite solar cell in this application strengthens the anchoring points of the solar array (SAM), improves the long-term stability of the perovskite cell, and reduces efficiency loss caused by localized leakage.

[0006] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a perovskite solar cell, comprising: a substrate, a transparent conductive oxide layer, an anchoring layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode;

[0007] The anchoring layer is made of metal oxides;

[0008] The hole transport layer is made of self-assembled molecular materials.

[0009] Optionally, the metal oxide includes one or more of tin oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, indium oxide, hafnium-doped indium oxide, tellurium-doped indium oxide, chromium-doped indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, aluminum-doped indium oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, tungsten-doped indium oxide, and molybdenum-doped indium oxide.

[0010] Optionally, the thickness of the anchoring layer is 0.1-3 nm.

[0011] Optionally, the self-assembled molecular material includes materials containing anchoring groups.

[0012] Optionally, the material containing the anchoring group includes one or both of the following: self-assembled molecular materials containing phosphonic acid groups and self-assembled molecular materials containing carbonate groups.

[0013] Optionally, the self-assembled molecular material containing phosphonic acid groups includes one or more of [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz).

[0014] Optionally, the self-assembled molecular material containing a carbonate group includes one or more of [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]carbonate, [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]carbonate, and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]carbonate.

[0015] Optionally, the material of the transparent conductive oxide layer includes one or more of tin fluoride oxyfluoride, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, tungsten-doped indium oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide.

[0016] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, comprising:

[0017] Provide a base;

[0018] A transparent conductive oxide layer is formed on the substrate;

[0019] An anchoring layer is formed on the transparent conductive oxide layer, wherein the material of the anchoring layer includes metal oxide;

[0020] A hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode are sequentially formed on the anchoring layer; wherein the material of the hole transport layer includes a self-assembled molecular material.

[0021] Optionally, forming an anchoring layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer includes:

[0022] The first gas carrying the metal source precursor is blown in and then purged with nitrogen or argon.

[0023] A second gas carrying the oxygen source is introduced, and then purged with nitrogen or argon.

[0024] The first gas and the second gas are selected independently from water vapor, nitrogen or argon.

[0025] Optionally, forming an anchoring layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer includes:

[0026] The first gas carrying the metal source precursor is blown in for 50 ms-2 s, and then purged with nitrogen or argon for 50 ms-3 s.

[0027] Introduce a second gas carrying the oxygen source for 50 ms-2 s, then purge with nitrogen or argon for 50 ms-3 s.

[0028] Optionally, the metal source precursor includes one or more of the following: tin source, aluminum source, silicon source, molybdenum source, nickel source, and indium source.

[0029] Optionally, the oxygen source includes one or more of oxygen, ozone, and H2O2.

[0030] Thirdly, embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic module including any of the above-mentioned perovskite solar cells.

[0031] The embodiments of this application employing the above-described technical solution may have the following advantages:

[0032] An anchoring layer composed of metal oxides is formed on the substrate to increase the content of OH hydroxyl groups on the substrate surface, thereby providing more anchoring sites for self-assembled molecular materials. The self-assembled molecular materials react with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the anchoring layer through anchoring groups to form covalent bonds that are more stable than hydrogen bonds, thus forming a stable hole transport layer and ensuring good energy alignment between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Attached Figure Description

[0033] In the accompanying drawings, unless otherwise specified, the same reference numerals throughout the various drawings denote the same or similar parts or elements. These drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. It should be understood that these drawings depict only some embodiments disclosed in this application and should not be construed as limiting the scope of this application.

[0034] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application;

[0035] Figure 2 is a flowchart of the fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application.

[0036] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0037] 10. Substrate; 20. Transparent conductive oxide layer; 30. Anchoring layer; 40. Hole transport layer; 50. Perovskite light-absorbing layer; 60. Electron transport layer; 70. Top electrode. Embodiments of the present invention

[0038] The embodiments of this application are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, for clarity, the dimensions of layers, regions, and elements, as well as their relative dimensions, may be exaggerated. Throughout, the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of this application can be combined with each other.

[0039] The perovskite solar cells in the embodiments of this application can be single-junction perovskite solar cells or tandem perovskite solar cells; wherein, the tandem perovskite solar cells can be perovskite-silicon tandem cells, perovskite-organic tandem cells, or all-perovskite tandem cells.

[0040] As shown in Figure 1, this application provides a perovskite solar cell, including: a substrate 10, a transparent conductive oxide layer 20, an anchoring layer 30, a hole transport layer 40, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 50, an electron transport layer 60, and a top electrode 70.

[0041] The anchoring layer 30 is made of metal oxides;

[0042] The hole transport layer 40 is made of self-assembled molecular materials.

[0043] In this embodiment, an anchoring layer composed of metal oxides is formed on the substrate to increase the content of OH hydroxyl groups on the substrate surface, thereby providing more anchoring sites for self-assembled molecular materials. The self-assembled molecular materials react with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the anchoring layer through anchoring groups to form covalent bonds that are more stable than hydrogen bonds, thereby forming a stable hole transport layer and ensuring good energy alignment between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0044] The structure of each layer of a perovskite solar cell and its interaction with other layers will be further described below as an example.

[0045] In some embodiments, the metal oxide includes one or more of tin oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, indium oxide, hafnium-doped indium oxide, tellurium-doped indium oxide, chromium-doped indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, aluminum-doped indium oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, tungsten-doped indium oxide, and molybdenum-doped indium oxide. These metal oxides can effectively increase the content of OH hydroxyl groups on the substrate surface.

[0046] In some embodiments, the thickness of the anchoring layer is 0.1-3 nm.

[0047] If the anchoring layer is too thin, it cannot provide a sufficient amount of hydroxyl groups; if the anchoring layer is too thick, it will increase sheet resistance and affect optical performance. When the thickness of the anchoring layer is 0.1-3 nm, it can not only provide a sufficient amount of hydroxyl groups, but also reasonably control the sheet resistance and improve optical performance. Specifically, the thickness of the anchoring layer can be 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, or 3 nm.

[0048] In some embodiments, self-assembled molecular materials include materials containing anchoring groups.

[0049] In some embodiments, the material containing the anchoring group includes one or both of the following: self-assembled molecular materials containing phosphonic acid groups and self-assembled molecular materials containing carbonate groups.

[0050] In some embodiments, the self-assembled molecular material containing phosphonic acid groups includes one or more of [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz).

[0051] In some embodiments, the self-assembled molecular material containing a carbonate group includes one or more of [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]carbonate, [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]carbonate, and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]carbonate.

[0052] These hole transport layers are self-assembled molecular materials with phosphonic acid groups or carbonate groups. The phosphonic acid groups or carbonate groups can form covalent bonds with the hydroxyl groups of the anchoring layer, which can not only improve the self-assembly efficiency of the hole transport layer, but also enhance the stability of the interface and the performance of the solar cell.

[0053] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer is formed from a hole transport material solution, and the contact angle between the hole transport material solution and the transparent conductive oxide layer is less than or equal to 60 degrees.

[0054] Because the anchoring layer is relatively thin, its main function is to add anchoring points to the transparent conductive oxide layer, facilitating the subsequent formation of the hole transport layer. Therefore, the hole transport material solution spreads on the transparent conductive oxide layer, forming a contact angle. A contact angle of less than or equal to 60 degrees between the hole transport material solution and the transparent conductive oxide layer indicates good wettability, good spreadability, and high coverage of the hole transport material.

[0055] In some embodiments, the material of the transparent conductive oxide layer includes one or more of tin oxyfluoride (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO), and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO).

[0056] The reflectance coefficients of the aforementioned transparent conductive oxide layer materials (FTO, ITO, IZO, IWO, AZO) are all greater than those of metal oxides (tin oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, molybdenum oxide), which can form an optical coefficient gradient, reduce light reflection loss, and thus improve photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0057] In an optional embodiment, the perovskite light-absorbing layer is formed of a perovskite material having a three-dimensional structure, the general formula of which may be ABX3; wherein A is a monovalent cation, including but not limited to cesium ions (Cs). + ), rubidium ions (Rb + ), methylamino cation (CH3NH3) + ), formamidinyl cation (CH2(NH2)2) + A mixture of one or more of the following: B is a divalent cation, including but not limited to lead ions (Pb). 2+ ), copper ions (Cu) 2+ ), zinc ions (Zn 2+ Gallium ions (Ga) 2+ ), tin ions (Sn) 2+ ), calcium ions (Ca 2+ X is one or more of the following mixtures; X is a monovalent anion, including but not limited to iodide ions (I2). - ), bromide ions (Br) - ), chloride ions (Cl) - ), fluoride ions (F) - ), thiocyanate ion (SCN) - It is one or more of the following mixtures: . In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer can be prepared by methods such as spin coating, blade coating, vapor deposition, printing, spraying, spray pyrolysis, and slot coating.

[0058] In optional embodiments, the materials of the electron transport layer include, but are not limited to, TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, ZrO2, gallium zinc oxide (GZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), BaSnO3, and TiSnO. x SnZnO x One or more of the following: fullerene, fullerene derivatives, and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP). For example, the fullerene may be selected from C... 60 C 70 One or two of the following can be used: fullerene derivatives such as PCBMs (e.g., [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyrate isomethyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyrate isomethyl ester). Electron transport layers can be prepared using methods such as coating, vacuum evaporation, sputtering, chemical deposition, and atomic deposition.

[0059] In optional embodiments, the top electrode includes a metal electrode or a transparent conductive electrode; the material of the metal electrode includes, but is not limited to, one of Au, Ag, Al, and Cu, and the transparent conductive electrode includes one of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, tungsten-doped indium oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The electrode can be fabricated using methods such as thermal evaporation, vacuum evaporation, sputtering, atomic layer deposition, 3D printing, screen printing, and inkjet printing.

[0060] In some embodiments, the substrate may be transparent glass, transparent plastic, or a bottom battery; wherein the bottom battery may be a silicon-based battery, a CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) bottom battery, or an organic bottom battery, and no specific limitation is made herein.

[0061] In optional embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further includes a buffer layer and a transparent conductive layer, stacked sequentially between the electron transport layer and the top electrode. In some embodiments, the buffer layer is made of materials including titanium oxide (TiO2), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and nickel oxide (NiO). x One or more of the following: In some embodiments, the material of the transparent conductive layer includes one or more of the following: indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), indium molybdenum oxide (IMO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium cerium oxide (ICO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), and VTTO; wherein the composition of VTTO is In2O3:ZrO2:TiO2:Ga2O3 in a mass ratio of 98.5:0.5:0.5:0.5.

[0062] As shown in Figure 2, this application embodiment also provides a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, including:

[0063] S100: Provides a substrate;

[0064] S200: A transparent conductive oxide layer is formed on the substrate;

[0065] S300: An anchoring layer is formed on a transparent conductive oxide layer, wherein the material of the anchoring layer includes metal oxide;

[0066] S400: A hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode are sequentially formed on the anchoring layer; wherein, the material of the hole transport layer includes self-assembled molecular materials.

[0067] In this embodiment, metal oxides are deposited on a substrate to form an anchoring layer. These metal oxides can increase the number of OH hydroxyl groups on the substrate surface, thereby providing more anchoring sites for self-assembled molecular materials. The self-assembled molecular materials react with the anchoring groups on the surface of the anchoring layer to form covalent bonds that are more stable than hydrogen bonds, thus forming a stable hole transport layer with good energy alignment with the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0068] In some embodiments, step S300, forming an anchoring layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer, includes:

[0069] S310: The first gas is blown in to carry the metal source precursor, and then purged with nitrogen or argon.

[0070] S320: A second gas carrying an oxygen source is introduced and purged with nitrogen or argon.

[0071] The first gas and the second gas are selected independently from water vapor, nitrogen or argon.

[0072] After step S320, an anchoring layer is formed on the transparent conductive oxide layer, further comprising:

[0073] S330: The first gas carrying the metal source precursor is bubbled in again, and the cycle is repeated to deposit metal oxides on the substrate.

[0074] By using a first gas to carry the metal source precursor and a second gas to carry the oxygen source, and then purging with nitrogen or argon, a dense anchoring layer can be formed, giving the anchoring layer good electrical conductivity.

[0075] In some embodiments, step S300, forming an anchoring layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer, includes:

[0076] S311: Inject the first gas carrying the metal source precursor for 50ms-2s, then purge with nitrogen or argon for 50ms-3s;

[0077] S321: Inject the second gas carrying the oxygen source for 50ms-2s, then purge with nitrogen or argon for 50ms-3s;

[0078] The first gas and the second gas are selected independently from water vapor, nitrogen or argon.

[0079] After step S321, an anchoring layer is formed on the transparent conductive oxide layer, further comprising:

[0080] S331: The first gas carrying the metal source precursor is blew in again, and the cycle is repeated 5-10 times to deposit metal oxide on the substrate to form an anchoring layer with a thickness of 0.1-3nm.

[0081] In this embodiment, by controlling the introduction time of the first gas carrying the metal source precursor, the introduction time of the second gas carrying the oxygen source, the nitrogen or argon purging, and the number of cycles, not only can a dense anchoring layer be formed, but the thickness of the anchoring layer can also be reasonably controlled. Specifically, in step S311, the introduction time of the first gas carrying the metal source precursor is 50ms, 100ms, 300ms, 500ms, 700ms, 800ms, 1s, 1.5s, or 2s; the purging time of nitrogen or argon is 50ms, 100ms, 300ms, 500ms, 700ms, 800ms, 1s, 1.5s, 2s, or 3s. Specifically, in step S321, the time for introducing the second gas carrying the oxygen source is 50ms, 100ms, 300ms, 500ms, 700ms, 800ms, 1s, 1.5s, or 2s; the time for purging nitrogen or argon is 50ms, 100ms, 300ms, 500ms, 700ms, 800ms, 1s, 1.5s, 2s, or 3s.

[0082] In some embodiments, in step S310 or step S311, the metal source precursor includes one or more of a tin source, an aluminum source, a silicon source, a molybdenum source, a nickel source, and an indium source. When the metal source precursor includes an indium source, the metal source precursor may also include one or more of a hafnium source, a tellurium source, a chromium source, a zinc source, and a tungsten source.

[0083] In some embodiments, the tin source includes one or more of TDMASn (tetra(dimethylamine)tin), TET (tetraethyltin), and SnCl4 (tin tetrachloride); the aluminum source includes one or two of TMA (trimethylaluminum) and TEA (triethylaluminum); the silicon source includes one or more of BTBAS (bis(tert-butylamino)silane), 3DMAS (tris(dimethylamino)silane), and TSA (N,N-disilyl-silaneamine); the molybdenum source includes one or more of bis(tert-butylimino)bis(dimethylamino)molybdenum(VI), Mo(CO)6, MoCHT(CO)3, and Mo(NtBu)2(NMe2)2; and the nickel source includes C 16 H 22 Ni 10 Ni(Cp)2, C 14 H18Ni 10 C4NiO4, C 18 H 26 Ni 10 C 20 H 30 Ni, C 32 H 16 N8Ni, C 20 H 40 N4Ni, C 20 H 42 One or more of N4Ni; indium source including [1,1,1-trimethyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)silamido]indium (INCA-1); hafnium source including one or two of tetra(dimethylamino)hafnium(IV)(Hf(NMe2)4, TDMAHf; tellurium source including one or two of diisopropyltellurium, diethyltellurium; ruthenium source including Ru(Cp)2; chromium source including CrO2Cl2; zinc source including diethylzinc; zirconium source including one or two of TDMAZ, TEMAZ; tungsten source including hexacarbonyltungsten (W(CO)6).

[0084] In some embodiments, in step S320 or step S321, the oxygen source includes one or more of oxygen, ozone, and H2O2.

[0085] The following specific embodiments provide a more detailed description of this application, but should not be construed as limiting the application. Any modifications or substitutions made to the methods, steps, or conditions of this application without departing from the spirit and substance of this application are within the scope of this application.

[0086] Example 1

[0087] The structure of the perovskite solar cell in Example 1 includes: a substrate, a transparent conductive oxide layer, an anchoring layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode, which are stacked sequentially.

[0088] The anchoring layer is made of tin oxide.

[0089] The materials used in hole transport layers include self-assembled molecular materials.

[0090] The method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell in Example 1 includes:

[0091] S100a: Provides a substrate;

[0092] S200a: A transparent conductive oxide layer is formed on a substrate, wherein the material of the transparent conductive oxide layer is ITO;

[0093] S310a: Inject the first gas (water vapor) carrying the metal source precursor (TDMASn) for 100ms, then purge with nitrogen for 1s;

[0094] S320a: Introduce the second gas (argon) carrying the oxygen source (oxygen) for 100ms, then purge with nitrogen for 1s;

[0095] S330a: The first gas (water vapor) is blown in again to carry the metal source precursor (TDMASn), and steps S310a and S320a are repeated 8 times to deposit tin oxide on the transparent conductive oxide layer to form an anchoring layer with a thickness of 2nm.

[0096] S410a: A hole transport layer is formed on the anchoring layer; wherein the material of the hole transport layer is 2PACz;

[0097] S420a: A perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode are sequentially formed on the hole transport layer.

[0098] Examples 2-11

[0099] The perovskite solar cells of Examples 2-11 were prepared using a similar preparation method to Example 1, except that the materials and some parameters used were different. The specific different materials and parameters are shown in Table 1.

[0100] Table 1

[0101]

[0102] Table 1 (continued)

[0103]

[0104] To more clearly illustrate the technical effects of the embodiments of this application, this application also points out the specific structure and preparation method of the perovskite solar cell of Comparative Example 1.

[0105] Comparative Example 1

[0106] The structure of the perovskite solar cell in Comparative Example 1 includes: a substrate, a transparent conductive oxide layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode stacked sequentially.

[0107] The hole transport layer is made of self-assembled molecular materials.

[0108] The fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell in Comparative Example 1 includes:

[0109] S100b: Provides a substrate;

[0110] S200b: A transparent conductive oxide layer is formed on a substrate, wherein the material of the transparent conductive oxide layer is ITO;

[0111] S410b: A hole transport layer is formed on a transparent conductive oxide layer; wherein the material of the hole transport layer is 2PACz;

[0112] S420b: A perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode are sequentially formed on the hole transport layer.

[0113] This application also fabricates the perovskite solar cells in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Example 1 into corresponding photovoltaic modules, and performs performance tests on them to obtain the short-circuit current Isc, open-circuit voltage Voc, fill factor FF, and conversion efficiency Eff of the corresponding photovoltaic modules. The relevant test results are shown in Table 2.

[0114] Table 2

[0115]

[0116] Table 2 (continued)

[0117]

[0118] As can be seen from the data in Table 2, compared with Comparative Example 1, the short-circuit current of the photovoltaic modules made from the perovskite solar cells of Examples 1 to 11 of this application is slightly improved, and the fill factor and conversion efficiency are significantly improved. This indicates that the hole transport layer material (SAM) of the perovskite solar cells of Examples 1 to 11 of this application is better anchored on the substrate.

[0119] In summary, in the embodiments of this application, an anchoring layer composed of metal oxides is formed on the substrate to increase the content of OH hydroxyl groups on the substrate surface, thereby providing more anchoring sites for self-assembled molecular materials. The self-assembled molecular materials react with the anchoring groups on the surface of the anchoring layer to form covalent bonds that are more stable than hydrogen bonds, thus forming a stable hole transport layer and ensuring good energy alignment between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0120] This application also provides a photovoltaic module, including the perovskite solar cell described in any of the above embodiments. The advantages of the perovskite solar cell described above are also present in this photovoltaic module, and will not be repeated here.

[0121] This application provides a photovoltaic system including the photovoltaic modules described in any of the above embodiments. The advantages of the aforementioned photovoltaic modules are also present in this photovoltaic system, and will not be repeated here. The application fields of the aforementioned photovoltaic system are wide, not limited to photovoltaic power plants, such as ground-mounted power plants, rooftop power plants, and floating power plants, but also including various devices and apparatuses that utilize solar energy for power generation, such as user solar power supplies, solar streetlights, solar cars, and solar buildings. Of course, it is understood that the application scenarios of the photovoltaic system are not limited to these; that is, the photovoltaic system can be applied in all fields that require solar energy for power generation. Taking a photovoltaic power generation system network as an example, the photovoltaic system may include a photovoltaic array, a combiner box, and an inverter. The photovoltaic array may be an array combination of multiple photovoltaic modules; for example, multiple photovoltaic modules can form multiple photovoltaic arrays. The photovoltaic array is connected to the combiner box, which can collect the current generated by the photovoltaic array. The collected current flows through the inverter and is converted into AC power required by the mains power grid before being connected to the mains power grid to achieve solar power supply. It should be noted that the terms "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., are used only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation on this application. The directional terms "inner" and "outer" refer to the inside or outside relative to the outline of the component itself. For example, if the device in the drawings is inverted, a device described as "above" or "on top of other devices or structures" will later be positioned as "below" or "under" other devices or structures. Thus, the exemplary term "above" can include both "above" and "below." The device may also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatial relative descriptions used herein are interpreted accordingly.

[0122] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this application are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such terms can be used interchangeably where appropriate so that the embodiments of this application described herein can be implemented, for example, in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0123] It should also be noted that the terms "one embodiment," "another embodiment," and "embodiment" used in this application refer to specific features, structures, or characteristics described in connection with that embodiment, which are included in at least one embodiment described in the general description of this application. The appearance of the same expression in multiple places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a specific feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with any embodiment, the intention is to suggest that implementing such a feature, structure, or characteristic in conjunction with other embodiments also falls within the scope of this application.

[0124] In the above embodiments, the descriptions of each embodiment have different focuses. For parts not described in detail in a certain embodiment, please refer to the relevant descriptions in other embodiments.

[0125] It should also be noted that the above are merely preferred embodiments of this application and do not limit the scope of patent protection of this application. Any equivalent structural or procedural changes made using the content of this application’s specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the scope of patent protection of this application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized by, include: Substrate, transparent conductive oxide layer, anchoring layer, hole transport layer, perovskite light-absorbing layer, electron transport layer, top electrode; The anchoring layer is made of metal oxides; The hole transport layer is made of self-assembled molecular materials.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The metal oxide includes one or more of the following: tin oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, indium oxide, hafnium-doped indium oxide, tellurium-doped indium oxide, chromium-doped indium oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, aluminum-doped indium oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, tungsten-doped indium oxide, and molybdenum-doped indium oxide. 3.The perovskite solar cell of claim 1, wherein, The thickness of the anchoring layer is 0.1-3 nm. 4.The perovskite solar cell of claim 1, wherein, The self-assembled molecular materials include materials containing anchoring groups.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, The materials containing anchoring groups include one or both of the following: self-assembled molecular materials containing phosphonic acid groups and self-assembled molecular materials containing carbonate groups.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The self-assembled molecular material containing phosphonic acid groups includes one or more of [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz).

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The self-assembled molecular material containing a carbonate group includes one or more of [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]carbonate, [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]carbonate, and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]carbonate.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The material of the transparent conductive oxide layer includes one or more of tin fluoride oxyfluoride, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, tungsten-doped indium oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide.

9. A method of manufacturing a perovskite solar cell, characterized by, include: Provide a base; A transparent conductive oxide layer is formed on the substrate; An anchoring layer is formed on the transparent conductive oxide layer, wherein the material of the anchoring layer includes metal oxide; A hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a top electrode are sequentially formed on the anchoring layer; wherein the material of the hole transport layer includes a self-assembled molecular material. 10.The method of claim 9, wherein the perovskite solar cell is prepared by the steps of: The process of forming an anchoring layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer includes: The first gas carrying the metal source precursor is blown in and then purged with nitrogen or argon. A second gas carrying the oxygen source is introduced, and then purged with nitrogen or argon. The first gas and the second gas are selected independently from water vapor, nitrogen or argon. 11.The method of claim 9, wherein the perovskite solar cell is prepared by the steps of: The process of forming an anchoring layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer includes: The first gas carrying the metal source precursor is blown in for 50 ms-2 s, and then purged with nitrogen or argon for 50 ms-3 s. Introduce a second gas carrying the oxygen source for 50 ms-2 s, then purge with nitrogen or argon for 50 ms-3 s.

12. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that, The metal source precursor includes one or more of the following: tin source, aluminum source, silicon source, molybdenum source, nickel source, and indium source.

13. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that, The oxygen source includes one or more of oxygen, ozone, and H2O2.

14. A photovoltaic module, characterized by, Including the perovskite solar cell as described in any one of claims 1-8.

Images