A machine or induction heating system for treating materials

Abstract

The invention relates to a system for the dynamic energetic treatment of solids, liquids, gases or slurries, also in combination, based on the simultaneous use of radiofrequency coupling and infrared radiation within a reflective and thermally insulated cavity. The stratified, concentric or equivalent configuration includes: the material to be treated; an infrared-reflective and radiofrequency-transparent wall; an insulating interspace, optionally under vacuum; a high-temperature coil provided with an internal infrared shield and external thermal / radiofrequency insulation, all enclosed within an insulated housing. The emitter, made of a suitable conductive material, simultaneously emits radiofrequency and infrared radiation in order to transfer confined and controlled energy, operating without process cooling systems. The architecture enables on-site production of precursors and modular integration into integrated systems / plants, extending purposes, applications and uses not achievable with conventional induction, including in-flow treatment of low-conductivity loads and materials contained in radiofrequency-transparent bodies, as well as integration with furnaces, crucibles and containers, in new installations or retrofit systems.

Description

DESCRIPTIONPatent Family Background and ContinuityThe present international patent application forms part of a coherent and long-standing patent family developed by the same inventor.A first generation of inventions, with priority dated 29 December 2015, focused on tubular and concentric reactor architectures for the coupling of electromagnetic and radiative energy in industrial heating processes.A subsequent development line, with priority year 2017, introduced alternative geometrical configurations optimized for very thin layers and reduced material thickness, including proximal and perpendicular irradiation arrangements, complementary to the cylindrical solutions of the earlier generation.The present application consolidates and extends the technical principles of both earlier developments, integrating them into a unified, modular and scalable ultra-high-efficiency inducto-radiative system.Accordingly, the invention described herein should be understood as a continuation and evolution of the same inventive concept, rather than as an isolated filing.Technical FieldThe invention relates to an ultra-high-efficiency industrial heating system (UHE — Ultra High Efficiency) intended for the treatment of metallic, ceramic, polymeric materials or fluids in general, in solid, liquid or gaseous form, by means of the simultaneous combination of electromagnetic induction and photonic irradiation.The system is designed to achieve energy transfer confined within the bodies to be treated, drastically reducing dispersions and overcoming the operational limitations typical of conventional water-cooled induction heaters. The invention finds application in all industrial sectors requiring progressive heating or controlled thermal treatment, providing significant energy, maintenance and environmental advantages.In the present description, the term "system” includes single-head or multi-head embodiments and modular units; where the term "machine” is used, it is intended as equivalent to a module / head of the system.State of the ArtLimitations of Conventional SystemsIndustrial induction heating systems are based on electromagnetic coupling between a conductive spiral (induction coil) and the metallic workpiece to be heated.The coil, made of hollow copper flushed with deionized water, performs a dual function: transferring energy to the workpiece by induction and dissipating the portion of energy that manifests as heat directly within the winding itself, due to the Joule effect.Water cooling is therefore necessary and intrinsic. The coil and the workpiece together form an equivalent circuit in which energy is distributed between resistive losses in the inductor and useful heating in the target, with actual efficiencies ranging from 50% to 80% depending on dimensions and materials.The heated target emits thermal radiation according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law; such radiation is largely absorbed by refractory materials, which overheat and slowly release it toward the outside.In traditional systems, this radiated energy is neither reflected nor recovered but dissipated, thereby reducing the overall process efficiency.State of the Art and Thermodynamic LimitsIndustrial induction heating systems operate through electromagnetic coupling between windings (coils) of hollow copper flushed with deionized water and the metallic target. Alternating current generates a variable magnetic field; by Lenz's law, eddy currents are induced in the target, producing heat by the Joule effect.The winding spiral is cooled with deionized water mainly to remove the Joule heat generated within the winding itself and to dissipate radiation absorbed by refractory materials.In conventional systems, the total thermal load to be cooled is given by:P_total = P_coil + P_abs + portions of P_cond and P_convwhere:• P_coil represents power dissipated by Joule effect in the induction coil;• P_abs represents radiative power absorbed by refractory materials or protective walls;• P_cond represents power dispersed by thermal conduction;• P_conv represents power dispersed by convection to the environment.These terms correspond to loss contributions considered in the overall energy balance of induction systems. In the state of the art, such losses are not recovered and constitute thermal energy that must be removed by cooling circuits, with high resource consumption.The traditional scheme, unchanged for decades, does not exploit radiation emitted by the target as part of the process, but absorbs it into the walls and disposes of it via water circuits, increasing overall energy losses.Summary, Purpose and Functional Principle of the InventionIn conventional induction systems, the main limitation lies in the impossibility of recovering and reusing both the thermal radiation emitted by the workpiece and the Joule (ohmic) losses of the induction winding.Such energy, instead of contributing to the process, is absorbed by refractory materials and dissipated through the cooling circuit, resulting in an overall unfavorable thermal balance.The invention aims to overcome these limitations by introducing an integrated system capable of confining and reflecting radiation emitted by the target while simultaneously maintaining efficient inductive coupling.The functional principle of the invention is based on the combined and simultaneous use of two physical mechanisms of energy transfer — electromagnetic induction and photonic radiation — implemented by a single active element or by a coordinated set of elements having different functions but the same energetic purpose. Within a thermally insulated and reflective cavity, the magnetic field generated by the inductor (powered by alternating or amplitude / frequency-modulated current) induces eddy currents in the target, heating it by the Joule effect.In parallel, the emitter itself — made of conductive and refractory high-temperature material such as doped silicon carbide (SiC), graphite, carbon fiber or refractory resistive alloys — radiates energy in the infrared (IR) and radiofrequency (RF) bands, creating a coherent superposition of fields.This dual energy contribution produces a more homogeneous power distribution, higher thermal efficiency and reduced dispersion toward the outside.From a thermodynamic standpoint, the invention achieves a multiphysics energy confinement, whereby the electrical energy applied to the inductor is converted into three useful forms within the same cavity:1. heating by induced currents (Joule effect in the target);2. controlled broadband irradiation (RF + IR);3. reduction of dispersed radiation through selectively reflective and frequency-transparent walls.Energy and Operational AdvantagesIn this manner, thermal energy emitted by the target is no longer passively absorbed by refractory materials but reflected back toward the center of the system, resulting in a quasi-closed energy balance.Overall system efficiency is substantially increased.In conventional systems, energy losses due to radiation and cooling may exceed 50-60% of the supplied electrical energy, with peaks up to 80%.With the proposed configuration, useful energy transferred to the target increases in direct proportion to optimization of photothermal confinement, allowing an improvement of overall efficiency exceeding 90-95% in newly designed configurations.In retrofit cases, where only the cementitious lining is replaced with a heat-reflective but RF-transparent tube, an absolute efficiency increase of approximately 10-15% is achieved, with improved thermal stability.From an operational standpoint, the system allows:— reduction or elimination of cold zones and internal thermal oscillations;— shorter heating times and overall cycle times;— reduced maintenance and risks associated with hydraulic leaks;— greater thermal homogeneity in the treated material.Technical FieldThe invention relates to an ultra-high-efficiency industrial heating system (UHE — Ultra High Efficiency) intended for the treatment of metallic, ceramic, polymeric materials or fluids in general, in solid, liquid or gaseous form, by means of the simultaneous combination of electromagnetic induction and photonic irradiation.The system is designed to obtain energy transfer confined within the bodies to be treated, drastically reducing dispersions and overcoming the operational limitations typical of conventional water-cooled induction heaters. The invention finds application in all industrial sectors requiring progressive heating or controlled thermal treatment, with significant energy, maintenance and environmental advantages.In the present description, the term "system” includes single-head or multi-head embodiments and modular units; where the term "machine” occurs, it is used with a meaning equivalent to the module / head of the system.STATE OF THE ARTLimitations of Conventional SystemsIndustrial induction heating systems are based on electromagnetic coupling between a conductive spiral (induction coil) and the metallic workpiece to be heated.The coil, made of hollow copper flushed with deionized water, has a dual function: transferring energy to the workpiece by induction and dissipating the portion of energy that manifests as heat directly within the winding itself, which is subject to the Joule effect.Water cooling is therefore necessary and intrinsic. The coil and the workpiece together form an equivalent circuit in which energy is distributed between resistive losses in the inductor and useful heating in the target, with actual efficiencies varying between 50% and 80% depending on dimensions and materials.The heated target emits thermal radiation according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law (T4); such radiation is largely absorbed by refractory materials, which overheat and slowly release it toward the outside.In traditional systems, this radiated energy is neither reflected nor recovered but dissipated, reducing the overall efficiency of the process.State of the Art and Thermodynamic LimitsIndustrial induction heating systems operate through electromagnetic coupling between windings (coils) made of hollow copper flushed with deionized water and the metallic target.Alternating current supply generates a variable magnetic field; by Lenz's law, eddy currents are induced in the target, producing heat by the Joule effect.The winding spiral is made of hollow copper cooled with deionized water for two main reasons: to remove the Joule heat generated in the winding itself and to dissipate the radiation absorbed by refractory materials.Overall Thermal Load in Conventional SystemsIn conventional systems, the total thermal load to be cooled is given by:P_coil + P_abs + portions of P_cond and P_convthereby requiring a continuous and abundant flow of water.Where:• P_coil represents the power dissipated by Joule effect in the winding (induction coil);• P_abs indicates the radiative power absorbed by refractory materials or protective walls;• P_cond represents the portion of power dispersed by thermal conduction;• P_conv represents the portion of power dispersed by convection toward the environment.These terms correspond to the loss contributions considered in the overall energy balance of an induction plant. In the state of the art, such losses are not subject to energy recovery and constitute thermal energy that must be removed by cooling circuits, with high consumption of resources.The traditional scheme, unchanged for decades, does not exploit the radiation emitted by the target as part of the process, but absorbs it in the walls and disposes of it through water circuits, increasing overall energy losses. DESCRIPTION — Part 2Summary, Purpose and Functional Principle of the InventionIn conventional induction systems, the main limitation lies in the impossibility of recovering and reusing both the thermal radiation emitted by the workpiece and the Joule (ohmic) losses of the induction winding.This energy, instead of contributing to the process, is absorbed by refractory materials and dissipated by the cooling circuit, resulting in an overall unfavorable thermal balance.The invention aims to overcome these limitations by introducing an integrated system capable of confining and reflecting the radiation emitted by the target and, at the same time, maintaining efficient inductive coupling. The functional principle of the invention is based on the combined and simultaneous use of two physical mechanisms of energy transfer — electromagnetic induction and photonic radiation — realized by a single active element or by a coordinated set of elements having different functions but the same energetic purpose.Within a thermally insulated and reflective cavity, the magnetic field generated by the inductor (powered by alternating current or current modulated in amplitude and / or frequency) induces eddy currents in the target, which heat it by the Joule effect.In parallel, the emitter itself — constructed of conductive and refractory high-temperature material, such as doped silicon carbide (SiC), graphite, carbon fiber or refractory resistive alloys — radiates energy in the infrared (IR) and radiofrequency (RF) bands, creating a coherent superposition of fields.This dual energetic contribution produces a more homogeneous power distribution, higher thermal efficiency and reduced dispersion toward the outside.From a thermodynamic standpoint, the invention realizes a multiphysics energy confinement, in which the electrical energy applied to the inductor is converted into three forms useful within the same cavity:1. heating by induced currents (Joule effect in the target);2. controlled broadband irradiation (RF + IR);3. reduction of dispersed radiation thanks to selectively reflective and frequency-transparent walls.In this manner, the thermal energy emitted by the target is no longer passively absorbed by refractory materials, but reflected again toward the center of the system, resulting in a quasi-closed energy balance.Energy and Operational AdvantagesThe overall efficiency of the system is substantially increased.In conventional systems, energy losses due to radiation and cooling may exceed 50-60% of the supplied electrical energy, with peaks up to 80%.With the proposed configuration, the useful energy transferred to the target increases in direct proportion to optimization of photothermal confinement, allowing an improvement of overall efficiency exceeding 90-95% in newly designed configurations.In retrofit cases, in which only the cementitious lining is replaced with a heat-reflective but RF-transparent tube, an absolute efficiency increase of approximately 10-15% is nevertheless obtained, together with improved thermal stability.From an operational standpoint, the system allows:— reduction or elimination of cold zones and internal thermal oscillations;— reduction of heating times and overall cycle times;— limitation of maintenance and risks associated with hydraulic leaks;— achievement of greater thermal homogeneity in the treated material.Technical Innovation and Inventive StepThe innovative aspect lies in the physical and functional fusion of the two heating mechanisms — inductive and radiative — into a single structurally coherent system.The induction coil or spiral, in addition to generating the magnetic field necessary for eddy currents, also acts as a source of IR radiation through controlled resistive emission, exploiting high-temperature conductive materials (doped SiC, graphite, carbon fibers, NiCr alloys, W, Mo or Ta).The internal reflector, on the other hand, functions as a selective element: it reflects photon bands not absorbed and allows RF to pass through, thereby ensuring the magnetic transparency indispensable for induction.This architecture determines a new thermophysical operating principle: energy transfer occurs in a quasi-confined regime, with synergistic interaction between magnetic field and photonic field.In engineering terms, it is possible to refer to a "radiant-inductive machine” (neologism derived from induction + irradiation), namely a bifrequency or multifrequency emitter which, within the same system, co-modulates inductive coupling (RF) and irradiation (IR / Vis), operating both in closed cavities — where it maximizes confinement and energy recirculation — and in open or semi-confined geometries (for example, belt lines). In such cases, the energy not absorbed is in any case directed and partially recovered through reflectors, recirculation paths and coupled receiving surfaces.The principle remains waterless and thermo-modulating: discharges are minimized and even the ohmic losses of the winding are reused within the required thermal profile.Disclosure of the Basic Functional StructureThe machine comprises, in a concentric or equivalent configuration, the following main elements, arranged from the center toward the outside:1. a central zone intended to contain the material to be treated in any known form: solid, liquid or gaseous, or mixtures thereof, optionally enclosed within a tube or duct transparent to the electromagnetic field; 2. a wall that is in any case reflective to the radiations to be blocked and transparent to radiofrequencies, made of ceramic or glassy material having low dielectric loss (silica glass, synthetic quartz, corundum, sapphire or equivalents);3. an intermediate space for interrupting the thermal bridge, constituted by vacuum, inert gas or insulating air;4. an induction coil or spiral made of conductive material capable of withstanding high temperature, the inner surface of which is coated or shielded with material reflective and insulating at the frequencies of interest;5. an outer housing insulated both thermally and with respect to radiofrequency, having the function of mechanical containment and protection.Multiphysics Behavior of the SystemDuring operation, the inductor receives alternating current or modulated current so as to generate a variable magnetic field that induces eddy currents in the target.The inductor itself, being a resistive or semi-metallic high-temperature element, emits infrared radiation, and part of such radiation is reflected by the inner wall toward the center.A stationary thermal regime is thus established in which:— the radiative power emitted by the target is partly reflected and reabsorbed;— the induced power is almost entirely converted into useful heat;— losses due to conduction and convection are reduced to a minimum.The system can operate in air, in controlled atmosphere or in partial vacuum, and the operating frequency is adjustable as a function of the type of material and the desired penetration depth.Adaptability and Usable MaterialsIn some embodiments, the radiant-inductive system integrates, within the same functional volume, a bifrequency emission composed of:(I) RF coupling by means of an induction winding, and(ii) thermal irradiation generated by Joule effect from radiating elements (for example, SiC / SISIC or analogous materials).The choice of materials is not subordinated to predefined temperature ranges, but to the construction environment and field objectives.The skilled person selects combinations that jointly satisfy: thermo-chemical stability, targeted electromagnetic impedance (εr, tan δ, σ), IR emissivity / spectrality, thermal conductivity, surface roughness / surface energy and maintenance requirements.DESCRIPTION — Part 4Adaptability and Usable Materials (continued)Different construction environments are provided (by way of example and not limitation):A. Oxidizing / dry: use of high-temperature ceramics (alumina, corundum / sapphire) for optical windows / walls, with optional dielectric multilayers (DBR) for selective IR reflection and controlled RF transparency; radiating elements in SIC may be protected by thin ceramic barriers.B. Inert or reducing: the use of carbon / graphite / fibers as IR absorbers / re-radiators and of porous structures with high surface area is enabled; local shielding regulates RF coupling to avoid undesired hot-spots.C. Halogenating / corrosive: preference is given to metal-ceramics and barrier coatings (dense Al2O3, Si3N4, TiN) on SiC / Al2O3supports; the coatings can be functionalized to modulate emissivity or wettability.D. Vacuum or high vacuum: adoption of refractory metals (Mo, W, Ta) for frames and IR reflectors, coupled to low-loss RF dielectric ceramics as interfaces.Multifunctional Components Within the ChamberWithin the chamber, multifunctional components are adopted, wherein the same body performs three or more functions:1. Primary catalysis (active or supported surfaces),2. Mixing / boundary-layer break-up (static-mixing geometries, lattices, anisotropic honeycombs),3. Anti-build-up / anti-fouling (textures and low-energy surface chemistry, photonic / thermal selfregeneration).Non-limiting Examples of CouplingsNon-limiting examples of couplings include:— Static-mixing rings in Al2O3with a photocatalytic film (e.g., TiO2or mixed oxides) which, in addition to catalyzing, disperse the flow and keep the surface non-accumulating thanks to photo-oxidation / programmed thermo-release.— Porous SiC monoliths used as Joule emitters and IR diffusers; a thin ceramic coating (e.g., dense Al2O3) regulates reactivity in oxidizing environments and IR spectrality without cancelling the radiative function.— Dielectric metasurfaces on corundum / sapphire windows which act as selective IR reflectors and, simultaneously, as low-loss RF field guides (engineered surface impedance).— Grids or meshes with low effective RF cross-section (slotting / serrations) acting as mixers and IR screens without constituting undesired conductive cages at the operating frequency.Thermo-modulation and Surface EngineeringThermo-modulation derives from co-management of the RF portion (penetration depth, current distribution in the workpiece or in auxiliary elements) and the IR portion (emissivity, mutual view, multiple reflections).Ohmic energy of the winding and unabsorbed radiation are not disposed of, but confined / re-coupled through reflective coatings, real cavities or virtual cavities (shields and coupled counter-surfaces), also in open or semiconfined geometries (e.g., moving belts / paper).Internal surfaces are preferably engineered to:(i) limit wettability / adhesion under process conditions (chemistry and micro- / nano-texture),(ii) maintain wall-fluid AT within a range avoiding condensation / precipitation zones,(iii) enable self-restoration by means of short photonic / thermal pulses (controlled burn-off or photo-regeneration) without interrupting the flow.Modularity and ScalabilityThe architecture is modular and scalable: the same principles apply from compact laboratory cavities to continuous lines; functional elements (Joule emitters in SiC or equivalents, ceramic windows, selective reflectors, anti-fouling catalytic mixers) are replicable and reconfigurable according to the environment and the required thermal profile, without resorting to water disposal circuits.DESCRIPTION — Part 5General Fields of ApplicationThe system described finds use in all industrial processes requiring heating, melting, sintering, drying, controlled thermal treatment or controlled physico-chemical treatment.Applications cover fields ranging from metallurgy to chemistry, from food to textiles, from the production of advanced materials to biotechnologies.Thanks to the possibility of confining and modulating energy, the invention makes it possible to treat sensitive materials, accelerate reactions, improve product quality and drastically reduce energy consumption.Geometric Configurations and Construction VariantsThe machine may assume different geometric shapes depending on the type of material and the process to be treated.In addition to the concentric cylindrical configuration, which constitutes the basic arrangement, the following versions are provided:— polygonal versions, useful for processing bars, profiles or plates;— planar or stratified versions, for surface treatments or thin films;— longitudinally open versions, with a cut variable from a few degrees up to 180°, for adaptation to curved or planar surfaces;— modular sector versions, allowing partial wrapping around large objects or complex geometries.All variants maintain the common construction principle: physical separation between the inductive source and the material to be treated by means of walls selectively transparent to radiofrequencies and reflective to infrared radiation.Versions Applicable for RetrofitOne of the fundamental characteristics of the invention consists in the possibility of retrofit application on induction systems already in existence.In conventional furnaces and heaters, the cementitious or refractory lining that protects the coil can be replaced with a tube or panel made of a material reflective to infrared and transparent to radiofrequencies.Such modification, simple but innovative, makes it possible to recover part of the energy radiated by the target and reduce the thermal load on the structures, with energy efficiency improvements on the order of 10–15%. The operating principle of induction remains unchanged, but radiation and cooling losses are significantly reduced.Versions Designed Ex NovoIn embodiments designed ex novo, the inductor and the radiative emitter coincide or cooperate within the same confined volume.The conductive spiral may be made, by way of example, of doped silicon carbide (SiC), graphite or conductive carbon fiber, materials combining high thermal resistance and controlled electrical conductivity.The inner surface of the inductor is shielded by reflective or insulating material at the operating frequencies; the outer surface is protected by a thermal shield and, if necessary, by additional electromagnetic shielding.The whole is enclosed in a thermally insulated housing, having the function of mechanical protection and energy containment.These versions do not require water cooling systems directed onto the emitter: heat is managed by reflection, insulation and internal balance, with minimal losses and overall efficiencies above 90–95%.Electronic Control and Multifrequency ModulationThe system can be powered by power converters with amplitude or frequency modulation (PWM — Pulse-Width Modulation), capable of controlling the RF component, the power density and the thermal field distribution. The operating frequency can be varied from a few hertz up to the limits offered by electronic machines, depending on specific requirements, or in multifrequency superposition to promote different penetration depths or targeted photonic interactions.Electronic management of the power supply makes it possible to combine pulsed RF cycles with phases of continuous IR emission, keeping the system in controlled thermodynamic equilibrium.The architecture can integrate temperature, reflected power and photonic emission sensors for automatic process regulation.Operating Field and Frequency RangeIn the context of the invention, the term "radiation” indicates the propagation of electromagnetic energy useful to the industrial function, including any frequency range above 0 Hz: time-varying fields, radiofrequency (RF), microwaves (MW), infrared (IR), visible (VIS) and ultraviolet (UV).The main applications use ranges comprised between 10 Hz and GHz for the inductive component and between 0.8 μm and 5 μm for the infrared radiative component, with the possibility of extending to UV for photocatalytic processes or sterilizations.The system is therefore a multiband device, in which magnetic and photonic coupling mechanisms coexist and can be regulated independently or in a coordinated manner.Thermodynamics of Energy ConfinementThe invention introduces the concept of a confined thermo-reflective cavity, in which radiation, conduction and convection losses are reduced to a minimum.The target, the inductor and the inner walls exchange energy according to a quasi-closed balance:— the power induced in the target is converted into useful heat;— the emitted radiation is reflected and reabsorbed;— the average temperature of the system stabilizes without requiring massive cooling flows.In steady-state regime, the overall efficiency η can be approximated by the ratio between the useful power absorbed by the target and the total electrical power supplied, reaching values close to unity in optimized models. This allows a drastic reduction of the specific electrical energy required per unit of treated material, with average savings of 60–80% compared to conventional plants.Modularity and Scalability (Scale-up and Scale-down)The construction principle allows the realization of modules of different power and size.Individual modules can be connected in series or in parallel to form continuous treatment lines or banks of independent furnaces.The concentric or planar geometry can be miniaturized for laboratory applications or enlarged for high-capacity industrial lines, keeping the operating principles unchanged.The system is therefore intrinsically scalable, with identical energy efficiency both in compact models and in large-capacity plants.Thermal Control and Process StabilityThe combination of selective reflection, insulation and power modulation ensures high thermal stability.The response time is rapid thanks to the low thermal inertia of the materials employed.The temperature distribution can be regulated by dynamic variations of frequency and current intensity, as a function of feedback from integrated sensors.The result is a precise control of the target temperature, down to deviations lower than ±1 °C even in high-power processes.Safety and ReliabilityElimination of high-pressure hydraulic circuits drastically reduces failure risks, leaks or explosions due to boiling or contact between water and electrical components.The insulated and confined structure prevents energy dispersion toward the outside and reduces personnel exposure to electromagnetic fields or direct radiation.Component lifetime is increased due to the absence of thermal shocks and corrosion due to water.The system is intrinsically safer, simpler to maintain and more compact than conventional plants.Technical Summary of AdvantagesSummarizing, the UHE radiant-inductive system presents the following main technical advantages:— simultaneous combination of inductive heating (RF) and radiative heating (IR) in a single device;— elimination or strong reduction of water cooling;— recovery and confinement of radiated energy;— capability to exceed 90–95% in configurations designed ex novo;— modularity and scalability of the operating principle;— lower losses by conduction and convection;— greater thermal uniformity and rapid response;— reduced maintenance costs and longer emitter lifetime;— improved safety and simplification of the plant.Constructive Embodiments and Functional MaterialsThe constructive embodiments of the invention comprise different combinations of materials and geometric configurations, maintaining constant the principle of double energetic coupling (inductive + radiative) in a confined environment.The material used for each element is selected based on its physical function: transmission of magnetic field, reflection of radiation or thermal insulation.The main functional components are:1. Central active zone — intended for the material to be treated (in any manageable form), crossed by the magnetic field and irradiated by photonic emission.2. Inner wall reflective and transparent to RF — made of glassy or ceramic material of high purity (non- exhaustive examples: synthetic quartz, fused silica, alumina, corundum or sapphire) and with selective coatings to ensure IR reflection and RF transparency.3. Thermal insulation space — constituted by partial vacuum, inert gas (argon, nitrogen) or air, with barrier function against heat flow by conduction.4. Inductor-emitter element — spiral or conductive coil made of a material having high operating temperature and controlled electrical conductivity (for illustrative purposes only, some are identified: doped SIC, graphite, woven carbon fibers or refractory alloys NiCr, W, Mo, Ta).This element is capable of simultaneously emitting IR radiation and RF magnetic field, unifying two functions in a single active body.5. External thermal shield — made of reflective and insulating material, to limit dispersions and protect operators.6. Containment housing — metal, polymeric or ceramic structure provided with multilayer insulation and electronic control interfaces.Materials for the Multifunctional EmitterThe multifunctional emitter is the core of the machine.It is made of a material capable of withstanding high temperatures (even up to 2000 °C), while maintaining mechanical stability and controllable electrical conductivity.The main materials include:• Doped silicon carbide (SiC), optionally recrystallized or infiltrated with silicon, combining electrical conductivity, chemical resistance and infrared emission capability;• High-density graphite or conductive carbon fibers, used for low-weight structures with high emissivity;• Refractory resistive alloys, such as nickel-chromium (NiCr), molybdenum (Mo) or tungsten (W), suitable for spiral or lamellar configurations;• SiSiC or C–C composites, with conductivity that can be modulated by doping, impregnation or surface treatments.These materials allow the inductor to operate simultaneously as an IR emitter and as an RF field source, drastically reducing the need for liquid cooling circuits.Walls Reflective and Transparent to RadiofrequenciesThe inner walls have a dual function: primarily reflecting infrared radiation toward the target and allowing passage of the RF magnetic field.They are composed of non-metallic materials having low dielectric loss factor and high thermal stability.Among suitable materials are, for example: synthetic quartz, silica-based glass-ceramics, corundum, sintered alumina, sapphire or glass–ceramic composite materials.The surfaces may be metallized with micro- / nano-metric layers or coated with multilayer films to increase IR reflectivity and durability.These solutions ensure magnetic transparency (allowing inductive coupling) and thermal insulation of the cavity.Thermal Insulation and Reflective ShieldsThe insulation space between the reflector and the inductor is designed to interrupt thermal bridges and minimize conduction losses.The insulating medium may be:— partial vacuum, for high-temperature plants;— inert gas (argon, nitrogen, helium), for controlled processes;— dry air, in medium-temperature systems.The external shield is composed, by way of example, of reflective materials such as polished steels or anodized aluminum, coupled to low-conductivity insulators (ceramic fibers, aerogel, microporous panels).In combination, these elements create a confined and stable thermal gradient.Interfaces and Control InstrumentationThe system includes measurement and control interfaces, integrable into PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) or DCS (Distributed Control System) architectures.The main sensors measure:— target temperature and inner wall temperature;— absorbed electrical power and reflected power;— spectral distribution of IR radiation.Automatic control acts on:— frequency and amplitude of the inductor current;— emitted power and photonic balance;— process gas flows or degree of vacuum.These adjustments make it possible to maintain optimal operating conditions, avoiding localized overheating or thermal instabilities.Applications in Thermal and Physico-Chemical ProcessesThe invention lends itself to a very wide range of industrial applications, thanks to the ability to adapt the RF / IR combination to the characteristics of the treated material.Among the main process categories are:— metallurgical heat treatments (hardening, tempering, annealing, sintering);— heating and melting of metals and alloys (steel, aluminum, copper, brass, titanium);— drying and dehydration of porous materials (minerals, clays, catalysts, natural fibers);— polymerization and thermal stabilization of plastics and composites;— photocatalytic and thermocatalytic activation for chemical syntheses or effluent treatment;— evaporation and controlled concentration processes for industrial or food fluids.Multiphase AdaptabilityThanks to energy confinement and frequency control, the machine can treat materials in any physical phase: — solid, for volumetric or surface heating;— liquid, for melting processes, concentration or chemical reaction;— gaseous, for cold plasma activation or in-flow heating.Phase transition can be managed in a controlled manner, maintaining uniform temperature and without excessive thermal gradients.

[0028] Industrial Sectors of ApplicationThe main macro-sectors of use include the entire processing and primary industry, herein only exemplified in a non-exhaustive list:— metallurgy and steelmaking;— production of advanced and composite materials including those for energy;— chemical and petrochemical industry;— treatment of industrial waters and wastes;— food and pharmaceutical industry;— textiles and treatment of natural or synthetic fibers;— production of semiconductors and electronic materials;— biotechnologies and bioenergetic processes (photobioreactors, UV reactors, thermo-controlled enzymatic catalysis).In all these fields, the UHE system provides reduced energy consumption, improved thermal efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional technologies.Integration with Existing PlantsThe system may be installed as an autonomous module or integrated into production lines already in operation. Electromagnetic and mechanical compatibility with existing machines allows minimizing adaptation interventions. In "revamping” configuration, insertion of UHE modules allows increasing productivity and reducing maintenance costs without modifying the overall architecture of the plant.Conclusion of the Technical SectionThe described embodiments constitute non-limiting examples of the invention.Variations in materials, geometries or operating frequencies fall within the same inventive concept: a multiphysics inductive-radiative system capable of transferring energy in a confined, ultra-high-efficiency manner, reducing or eliminating the need for water cooling and enabling cross-sector applications in numerous industrial fields.Application Examples and Integrated ProcessesThe invention enables the realization of numerous industrial processes in continuous or integrated configuration, thanks to the possibility of separately controlling the inductive and radiative components.The multiphysics energy confinement principle makes it possible to replace multiple process stages with a single modular machine, reducing cycle times and dispersions.Premise of Integration and On-site Generation of Raw Materials or PrecursorsTo the best of the knowledge of the state of the art, an entirely electric and continuous industrial platform does not appear to be implemented which allows integrating, at the same site, on-site production of strategic raw materials and precursors with downstream processing departments.The findings of the present application enable, for the first time in a practicable manner, equipping each plant with a UHE reactor or group of UHE reactors capable of generating locally and in-line the raw material required by the plant itself, normally purchased from external plants (e.g., large petrochemical complexes or other basic industries).Such configuration drastically reduces transport and storage of dangerous / nuisance substances, increases safety and availability, and enables significantly lower energy costs thanks to RF+IR thermal confinement, enthalpy matching between exo- / endo-reactions and reuse of co-products (e.g., O2, H2, Cl2, HCI) in adjacent departments.The solution is modular, scalable (numbering-up), quick-starting, and lends itself to end-to-end chains (feedstock — > monomers — > polymers — > finished product) within the same industrial complex.On-site Integration of Chemical Precursors by UHE Modules (General Clause)In some embodiments, each reagent or critical precursor R used by one or more downstream processes is generated on-site by a dedicated UHE module M_R, fully electric, continuous-flow and thermally confined by RF+IR coupling and reflective enclosure.Each M_R is configured to maximize the energy efficiency and enthalpic reversibility of the site, enabling co- integration of heat, electricity and co-products (e.g., O2, H2, Cl2, HCI) among distinct process lines.Integration is not limited to physical co-location: the invention includes cases in which the modules are separated but fluidically and energetically connected and managed by a common control.By way of example and not limitation, when a downstream process requires ammonia (NH3), the system provides a module M_NH3 that produces it locally in compact and efficient configuration; the same principle applies to other precursors listed further below.Such modular and scalable character makes it possible to extend the application scope of the invention to integrated end-to-end chains (feedstock — > monomers — > polymers — > finished product) within the same industrial complex.The importance of in-line production of precursors is the starting key of the integrations: they can effectively integrate “N” stages, generating in turn other saleable products in addition, often with high added value.The benefits for territories and exchange networks could be extraordinary, should the system become widespread as "normality”.Table 1 — Compact List of Precursors (Purely Exemplary)What follows, Table no. 1, is a compact list of precursors in purely exemplary form:# Precursor — Category — Route M_R on-site (high level) — Typical uses — Integration benefits1. H2— Utility gas — Electrolysis H2O — Hydrogenations, NH3— No gas transport; O2co-product2. O2— Utility gas — Electrolysis co-product — Oxidations, water — High purity; fewer cylinders3. N2— Utility gas — PSA / membranes from air — Haber-Bosch, inerting — No cryogenic liquids4. Syngas (CO+H2) — Utility gas — RWGS + electric reforming — FT, MeOH — Integrated heat; flexibility5. CO — Utility gas — RWGS (CO2+ H2— > 2CO) — Carbonylations — Avoids cylinders / network CO6. H2O2— Oxidant — H2+ O2(safe route) — HPPO, AOP waters — Avoids dangerous transport7. Cl2— Halogen — Chlor-alkali (brine) — PVC, hypochlorite — Zero Cl2tankers; high HSE8. NaOH — Base — Chlor-alkali — Soaps, neutralizations — Continuous supply; lower costs9. HCI — Acid — Recovery / process — Cl2, VCM / EDC, salts — Internal Cl recycling; less waste10. NaOCI — Oxidant — Cl2+ NaOH on-site — Disinfection — No hypochlorite transport11. NH3— Base / precursor — Electric Haber-Bosch — Urea, nitrilations — No NH3storage12. HNO3— Oxidant — NH3oxidation — Nitrates, PA6 — Avoids external NOx plants13. Urea — Fertilizer — NH3+ CO2— Fertilizers, resins — CO2valorized; JIT14. HCN — Nitrile — Andrussow process in-situ — ADN, MMA / ACH — Production without storage15. COCI2(phosgene) — Halide — CO + Cl2in-situ (confined) — MDI / TDI, carbonates — Only in-situ; reduces risks 16. Acetic acid (AcOH) — C1 / C2 — MeOH carbonylation — VAM, solvents — Internal CO; low costs17. MeOH — C1 — e-MeOH from CO2+ H2— MTG, MTO, solvents — CO2to product; integration18. DME — C1 — MeOH dehydration — Fuel, spray— Simplifies C1 logistics19. DMC — C1 — MeOH + CO / CO2— Non-phosgene PC — Avoids phosgene; CO2feed20. Formaldehyde (HCHO) — C1 — MeOH oxidation — Resins, POM — No external toxic tanks21. CH3CI — C1 chlorinated — MeOH + HCI / CI2— Silicones, intermediates — Internal C1 chain22. CH2CI2— C1 chlorinated — Chloromethanes on-site — Technical solvent — Avoids external purchases23. CHCI3— C1 chlorinated — Chloromethanes on-site — Intermediates — Internal HSE control24. CCI4— C1 chlorinated — Chloromethanes on-site — Specialty intermediates — Minimizes handling25. Ethylene (C2H4) — C2 — Cracking / MTO — PE, VCM, EO — Matching with polymers26. Ethanol (EtOH) — C2 — Ethylene hydration or e-route — VAM, solvents — Feed flexibility27. EDC — C2 chlorinated — Ethylene + Cl2— VCM — HCI <- Cl2recycle28. VCM — C2 chlorinated — EDC cracking — PVC — Zero VCM transport; safety29. EO — C2 oxidized — Ethylene oxidation — MEG, EC — Heat recovery 30. MEG — C2 diol — EO hydrolysis — PET, PBT — Internal PTA / MEG supply 31. VAM — C2 derivative — EtOAc route (AcOH = ethylene) — EVA — Integrated AcOH route 32. Propylene (C3H6) — C3 — Electric PDH or cracking — PP, AN, PO — On-purpose; less flare 33. PO — C3 oxide — HPPO (H2O2on-site) — Polyols, PG — Avoids chlorine-route 34. PG (propylene glycol) — C3 diol — PO hydrolysis — Polyesters — Internal polyol / PG supply 35. AN (acrylonitrile) — C3 nitrile — Propylene ammoxidation — ABS, fibers — Internal NH3; improved HSE 36. Cumene — Aromatic — Benzene + propylene — Phenol / acetone — Integrated PC chain 37. Phenol — Aromatic — Cumene oxidation — BPA, resins — Reduced scrap / transport 38. Acetone — C3 oxygenated — Cumene oxidation — MMA, BPA — Co-product PC / PMMA 39. BPA — Aromatic — Phenol + acetone — PC — Integrated non-phosgene with DMC 40. Styrene (SM) — Aromatic — EB dehydrogenation — PS, ABS, SBR — VOC under control 41. EB (ethylbenzene) — Aromatic — Benzene + ethylene — Styrene — Benzene integration 42. Benzene — Aromatic — Reformate / aromatics — CPL, cumene — Internal BTX balance 43. Toluene — Aromatic — Reformate / aromatics — Solvents, TDI — Integrated BTX pool 44. PX (p-xylene) — Aromatic — Isomerization / fractionation — PTA — Internal PTA supply 45. PTA — Aromatic — PX — > PTA — PET, PBT — Internal supply chain 46. Caprolactam (CPL) — N-heterocycle — Cyclohexanone — > oxime — PA6 — Oxidations with on-site O247. Adiponitrile (ADN) — Nitrile — HCN chemistry in-situ — HMDA, PA66 — Internal NH3 / HNO3 48. HMDA — Diamine — ADN hydrogenation — PA66 — In-situ; no external HCN 49. Adipic acid — Diacid — Cyclohexane oxidation — PA66 — Avoids diamine imports 50. 1,3-Butadiene — C4 diene — BDH / C4 extraction — SBR, ABS — Integrated NOx / energy 51. iC4= (isobutylene) — C4 olefin — iC4 dehydrogenation or MTBE crack — HR, PMMA route — No C4 tanks; HSE 52. 1,4-BDO — C4 diol — From maleic or bio route — PBT, THE — PBT integration 53. Maleic anhydride — C4 oxygenated — n-Butane oxidation — Resins, BDO — Exotherm recovery 54. Isoprene — C5 diene — C5 cut / extraction — HR, SBR — Avoids external supply 55. DCPD — C5 cycle — C5 cut + dimerization — Resins, ENB — Internal EPDM feed 56. ENB — C7 norbornene — DCPD + ethylene — EPDM — Integrated olefin chain 57. HF — Fluorine — Fluorspar — > HF — TFE / VDF — Internal fluorine management 58. TFE — Fluoro-olefin — From HF + TFE route — PTFE — Minimizes GWP, in-situ 59. VDF — Fluoro-olefin — From HF + VDF route — PVDF, binder — Internal critical supply 60. Chlorosilanes — Silicones — Si + MeCI — > MCS — Polysiloxanes — Synergy with chlor-alkali 61. H3PO4— Phosphates — From phosphate rock — MAP / DAP / NPK — On-site critical supply 62. Na2CO3(soda ash) — Inorganic — Integrated Solvay — Glass, detergents — Reduced lead time 63. Li2CO3— Batteries — Brines — > Li2CO3— LFP, NMC — Cathode integration 64. LiOH — Batteries — From Li2CO3— NMC, LFP — Critical metals chain 65. FePO4— Batteries — H3PO4+ Fe — LFP — Impurity control 66. NiSO4— Batteries — Leaching / precipitation — NMC — Integrated off-gas treatment 67. MnSO4— Batteries — Leaching / precipitation — NMC — Internal Cl; controlled HSE 68. CoSO4— Batteries — Leaching / precipitation — NMC — O2 / H2integration; less waste 69. Epichlorohydrin (ECH) — Epoxides — Glycerol + HCI I green route — Epoxy resins — Internal Cl2; HCI recycle 70. Aniline — Aromatic — Nitrobenzene + H2— MDI — H2on-site; less NOx 71. MDI — Isocyanate — Aniline + COCI2(in-situ) — PU — Only in-situ; no storage 72. TDI — Isocyanate — Toluene-diamine + COCI2— PU — As above; improved HSE 73. Process steam — Thermal utility — UHE RF+IR (no boilers) — Various departments — Fast start-ups; recovery Notes of Use and Safety Relating to the Tablea) The entries HCN and COCI2are indicated only as in-situ and confined production; no operational procedure is disclosed.b) The "routes” are described at high level (non-operational) and are intended to be implemented in electric, continuous-flow, thermally confined M_R modules.c) Unless otherwise indicated, co-products (O2, HCI, CO2, H2) and cross heat recoveries are exploited.Analysis of Operational Benefits and Integrated ProcessesProcess architectures based on the radiant-inductive principle enable the realization of integrated processes, in which multiple chemical or physical phases take place in a single modular reactor, ensuring energetic and functional continuity.This approach eliminates intermediate storage of dangerous reagents, drastically reduces process energy losses, and enables closure of thermal and material cycles.The simultaneity of phases and the confinement of energy determine higher overall efficiency, reduction of logistic costs and environmental impacts, as well as significant plant simplification.Such characteristics render the UHE radiant-inductive system suitable to constitute the basis of a new generation of integrated and modular chemical plants, compact, safe and installable directly on-site, with applications extending from primary production to final transformation of materials and compounds.Table 2 — Integrated Processes (P01-P120): ID | Process | Integration (summary) | BenefitsID — Process — Integration (summary) — BenefitsP01 — Integrated chlor-alkali — Cl2, H2, NaOH on-site with immediate consumption — safety; no storageP02 — In-line hypochlorite / HOCI — Continuous NaOCI / HOCI for sanitizations / oxidations — freshness; qualityP03 — CIO2for paper / waters — On-demand CIO2with reagent recirculation — reduced total Cl; dose controlP04 — On-demand ozone — O3on-site for bleaching / waters / abatements — safety; no cylindersP05 — In-situ H2O2— Peroxide generated-consumed in minutes — purity; selectivityP06 — Ammonia + derivatives — NH3, HNO3, AN / urea in compact cluster — reduced logistics; efficiencyP07 — Urea from NH3+ CO2— Urea on-site with site CO2reuse — local carbon captureP08 — Syngas — ► MeOH — ► derivatives — Syngas and methanol with HCHO / DME — C1 hub; energy matchingP09 — MeOH — ► HCHO — ► resins — Fresh formaldehyde for UF / MF / PF — quality; VOC reductionP10 — Green MeOH CO2+ H2— Methanol from CO2+ H2with co-use O2 / H2— decarbonizationP11 — Advanced carbonatation — Na2CO3 / CaCO3from CO2with integrated cycles — CO2sink; saleable productsP12 — Integrated lime loop — CaCO3— > CaO — > CO2— > “CaCO3” with heat recovery — fuel saving; circular CO2P13 — EDC -> VCM -> PVC — C2H4+ Cl2EDC VCM PVC on-site — no VCM storage; safetyP14 — Integrated epichlorohydrin — Fresh ECH and consumption in resins — yield; less external HCIP15 — BPA + epoxy resins — Phenol / acetone — > BPA — > epoxy — short chain; qualityP16 — VAM — ► PVA / adhesives — VAM on-site and PVA polymers — solvent reduction; film qualityP17 — PTA / DMT + EG — ► PET — PTA / DMT and EG on-site, PET polymerization — IV control; no PTA storageP18 — Propylene — ► PO — ► polyols — ► PU — C3H6— > PO; polyols; isocyanates cluster — fast cycles; minimal logistics P19 — NB — ► Aniline — ► MDI — Nitrobenzene — > aniline — > MDI — NB safety; controlled yieldP20 — PA6 end-to-end — BZ — > CHX — > KA — > oxime —> CPL —> PA6 — yarn quality; compact chainP21 — PA66 end-to-end — AA + HMDA on-site — > nylon 6,6 — monomer integrationP22 — ACN — ► ABS / PAN — ACN on-site for ABS or PAN fiber — nitrile safetyP23 — Olefins — ► PE / PP — Ethylene / propylene and polymers with compounding — grade flexibilityP24 — Chemical recycling of polymers — PET / PA / PU depolymerization with on-site reagents — circular economyP25 — CPL clean — Ammoximation / Beckmann thermo-modulated — selectivity; fewer by-productsP26 — EO — ► EG — EO controlled, conversion pushed to EG — EO safety; yieldP27 — PO — ► PG — PO — > PG / derivatives and paint curing — coating integrationP28 — Continuous chloroparaffins — Chlorination in UHE + stripping / recoveries — seconds-times; less wasteP29 — Basic fluorinations — HF on-site and selective fluorinations — safety; proximity to consumptionP30 — Glass / glass-ceramics + coating — Fusion / anneal assisted + depositions — uniformity; radiant recoveryP31 — Technical ceramics — Rapid sintering with controlled profiles — productivity; propertiesP32 — Steels: heating / quench / temper — Separated “skins" (RF / IR) — shorter times; fewer oxidesP33 — Al / Cu brazing — Pre-treatment + in-line brazing — joint quality; reduced OPEXP34 — Integrated galvanic / anodic — Degreasing / activation / curing post-coating — fewer baths; energy matchingP35 — Metal powders / AM post-process — Stress-relief / anneal; selective sinter — throughput; propertiesP36 — Prepreg / RTM composites — Prepreg, debulk, cure with IR profiles — shorter times; laminate qualityP37 — Wind blades (integrated line) — Resin, prepreg, cure / post-cure + repairs — in-line QA; minimum scrapP38 — Aerospace / naval sandwich panels — Controlled gradients cure on skins + core — planarity; adhesionP39 — PCB / assemblies selective reflow — Reflow and curing without shock — fewer defects; joint qualityP40 — PV modules EVA lamination — Lamination / crosslink with assisted degassing — uniformity; line speedP41 — Si chain: SiClj / TCS — ► polycrystalline Si — Si chlorides + efficient thermal stages — efficiency; HCI / CI2recovery P42 — Battery materials LFP — Targeted precipitation / calcination — yield; granulometryP43 — Battery materials NMC / NCA — Hydroxides / oxides + rapid calcination — homogeneity; short cyclesP44 — Graphite / Si anodes — Controlled coatings / carbonizations — conductivity; improved SEIP45 — LiPF6electrolytes and solvents — Dry production / mixing with drying — purity; safetyP46 — Separators: coating / drying — Ceramic coating + in-line drying — uniformity; throughputP47 — Cement: preheating / activations — Mineral treatments with recoveries — fuel saving; reduced emissionsP48 — Gypsum: controlled calcination — Alpha / beta gypsum with UHE profiles — quality; energyP49 — Modified bitumens / asphalts — Polymer modification + devolatilization — stability; reduced emissionsP50 — Paper: d rying / calendering — Web drying with RF+R “virtual cavity" — reduced kWh / t; sheet qualityP51 — Textiles: heat-setting / finishing — Rapid heat-setting; finishing curing — cycle time; hand / gradeP52 — Technical textiles PEEK / aramids — Ironing / cure lines at high T — mechanical propertiesP53 — Food: rapid pasteurization — Short thermal steps with controlled profile — quality; CIP / SIPP54 — Food: drying / devolatilization — Fruits / gels / powders with guided thermal fronts — nutrients preservedP55 — Beverage: plant sanitization — O3 / HOCI / H2O2 + integrated thermal CIP — reduced downtime; safetyP56 — Pharma: photo / thermo-oxygenations — Continuous thermo-photonic reactions — selectivity; safe scale-outP57 — Pharma: solvent recovery — Stripping / condensing with UHE profiles — less fresh solventsP58 — Cosmetics / dermo: gentle curing — Curing creams / gels with controlled Tmax — texture; stabilityP59 — Biotech: drying biomasses / enzymes — Low-T drying anti-denaturation — activity preservedP60 — Environmental: stripping NH3 / HCI / VOC — Targeted removal at low T with reagent recovery — efficiency; costP61 — Environmental: adsorbent regeneration — RF / IR desorption and re-activation — extended service lifeP62 — Waters: integrated disinfection — O3 / CIO2 / HOCI in-line for process waters — quality; reduced footprintP63 — Oils / lubricants: gentle refining — Selective deodorization / bleaching — oil quality; reduced wasteP64 — Plastic additives: stearates / esters — Synthesis + in-line drying with UHE modulation — purity; energyP65 — Acid scavengers + compounding — On-site production and immediate compounding — quality; zero logisticsP66 — Masterbatch / colorants continuous — Dispersion + in-line degassing — repeatability; reduced VOCP67 — Fine powders: functional coating — Nano / micro coating + drying — adhesion; yieldP68 — Catalysts: impregnation / calcination — Impregnations and rapid calcinations — active surface; short cyclesP69 — Zeolites / MOF: synthesis / activation — Crystallizations + solvent-free activations — resistance; specific areaP70 — Advanced activated carbons — Pyrolysis / activation with targeted profile — controlled PSD; performanceP71 — Adsorbents for CO2 / biogas — Integrated synthesis + regeneration — efficiency; TCOP72 — Wood / biomaterials: drying / modification — Drying + thermal modification — stability; less crackingP73 — Filters / membranes: drying / post-cure — Uniform drying and adhesive post-cure — throughput; reduced scrapP74 — Barrier packaging: coating / curing — Barrier coating (EVOH / PVOH) + curing — improved OTR / WVTRP75 — Cluster micro-reactors M_R — Shared multi-precursor park for the site — CAPEX fractioned; flexibilityP76 — Technical inerts N2 / O2on-site — PSA / CRYO integrated with processes — availability; costP77 — HCN on-demand — Safe production for ADN / methionine — reduced risk; zero logisticsP78 — Devolatilization in extrusion — In-line degassing with targeted IR + stripping — fewer defects; optical qualityP79 — Dry sterilization components / pack — Thermo-photonic sterilization without fluids — no residues; speedP80 — Energy + process islands — UHE with renewables + buffer (CH4 / H2) — reduced OPEX; flexibilityP81 — Non-phosgene polycarbonate — BPA + DPC on-site (carbonate route) — > PC — safety; resin qualityP82 — Integrated PMMA — MMA monomer on-site — > PMMA / sheets — optical quality; logisticsP83 — Acrylates (AA / EA / BA) — Integrated oxidations / esterifications — > resins — flexibility; fewer solventsP84 — Styrene — ► PS / SAN / ABS — EB — > SM and polymers with compounding — quality; reduced VOCP85 — NBR (nitrile rubber) — BD + ACN polymerization with on-site utilities — performance; ACN safetyP86 — SBS / SIS elastomers — Block polymerizations + devolatilization — elasticity; reduced VOCP87 — Continuous EPDM — Polymerization + integrated devolatilization — stability; qualityP88 — Carbonated polyols (CO2) — CO2+ epoxides — > carbonated polyols — carbon capture; performanceP89 — Integrated PU foams — MDI / TDI + polyols + in-line post-cure — time; foam qualityP90 — Tire cord / technical yarns — Drawing, heat-setting, finishing integrated — strength; cycle timeP91 — PAN — ► carbon fiber — Stabilization + controlled carbonization — high modulus; yieldP92 — Glass fiber: sizing + cure — Sizing line + curing + post-treat — adhesion; throughputP93 — Bio-based PLA — LA fermentation + PLA polymerization — bio; short chainP94 — PBS biopolymer — SA + BDO on-site — > PBS — bio; gentle processesP95 - PEF from FDCA — FDCA + EG > PEF bottles / film — barrier; bioP96 — CNF / cellulose nano — O3 / H2O2bleaching + nanofibrillation — sustainability; propertiesP97 — Integrated pulp mini-mill — CIO2 / O2 / O3 / NaOH on-site + drying / calender — on-site chemistry; energyP98 — Leather: drying / finishing — Graded drying + finish curing — quality; reduced VOCP99 — Bituminous membranes — Bitumen curing + coating + devolatilization — reduced emissions; qualityP100 — Integrated gypsum board — Calcination + forming + drying — energy; edge qualityP101 — Mineral wool / glass — Binder curing + post-treatments — time; emissionsP102 — Auto catalysts (washcoat) — Impregnation + drying + profiled calcination — surface; throughputP103 — MOF with solvent recovery — MOF synthesis + integrated distillation / recovery — TCO; safetyP104 — Zeolite activated pellets — Formulation + extrusion + activation — resistance; specific areaP105 — Rare earths (precip— >calcine) — Gentle leaching + precipitation + UHE calcine — selectivity; energyP106 — Lithium from brine — Precipitation / carbonation — > Li2CO3 / LiOH — purity; waterlessP107 — Ni / Co sulfates for batteries — Precipitations + drying / calcination — quality; yieldP108 — MAP / DAP fertilizers — H3PO4+ NH3— > MAP / DAP + drying — logistics; fewer powdersP109 — HNO3+ AN prilling — Nitric acid + NH3— > AN and prilling — safety; integrationP110 — Steel pickling HCI — HCI on-site + regeneration + drying — closed loop; safetyP111 — Al pickling + anodic — O3 / H2O2pre-treatment + anodic + sealing — quality; fewer bathsP112 — Semiconductor wet etch — HF / HCI / H2O2on-site + selective drying — safety; purityP113 — CMP slurry base — Slurry production + drying / filters control — quality; stabilityP114 — Textile dyeing + oxygenations — O3 / H2O2on-site + gradient drying — color; less waterP115 — Tissue paper in-line chemistry — CIO2 / NaOH / O3on-site + “virtual cavity” drying — energy; sheet qualityP116 — Breweries integrated CIP — H2O2 / NaOH on-demand + sanitization — downtime; safetyP117 — Dairies UHT + CIP — UHT profile + on-site CIP reagents — quality; setup timesP118 — Medical sterilization + pack — Dry steril + packaging integration — no residues; speedP119 — Thermosetting paint powders — Resin synthesis + extrusion + sieving + degas — granulometry; low VOCP120 — EV battery coating + NMP — Cathode / anode coating + NMP recovery + drying — energy; safetyTable 3 — Indicates the modules required for integration for each integrated process, with the corresponding benefits and savings: in all said processes the KPIs are particularly evident in the same indicators (kWh / t; min / batch; scrap%; uptime%)ID — M_R — Title -BenefitsP01 — M_CI, M_H2, M_NaOH — Integrated chlor-alkali — safety; no storageP02 — M_CI, M_NaOH, M_H2O2 — In-line hypochlorite / HOCI — freshness; qualityP03 — M_CIO2, M_HCI — CIO2 for paper / waters — reduced total Cl; dose controlP04 — M_O3, M_O2 — On-demand ozone — safety; no cylindersP05 — M_H2O2, M_O2 — H2O2 in situ — purity; selectivityP06 — M_NH3, M_HNO3, M_Urea — Ammonia + derivatives — reduced logistics; efficiencyP07 — M_Urea, M_CO2, M_NH3 — Urea from NH3 + CO2 — local carbon captureP08 — M_Syngas, M_MeOH, M_HCHO — Syngas — > MeOH — > derivatives — C1 hub; energy matchingP09 — M_MeOH, M_HCHO — MeOH HCHO resins — quality; reduced VOCP10 - M_MeOH, M_H2, M_O2, M_CO2 - Green MeOH CO2 + H2 - decarbonizationP11 — M_Na2CO3, M_CaCO3, M_CO2 — Advanced carbonatation — CO2 sink; saleable productsP12 — M_CaO, M_CO2, M_CaCO3 — Integrated lime loop — fuel saving; circular CO2P13 — M_CI2, M_EDC, M_VCM, M_PVC — EDC VCM — > PVC — no VCM storage; safetyP14 — M_CI2, M_HCI — Integrated epichlorohydrin — yield; less external HCIP15 — M_Phenol, M_ Acetone — BPA + epoxy resins — short chain; qualityP16 — M_EtOH, M_AA — VAM —> PVA / adhesives — reduced solvents; film qualityP17 — M_PTA, M_DMT, M_EG — PTA / DMT + EG > PET — IV control; no PTA storageP18 — M_C3H6, M_PO — Propylene > PO > polyols > PU — fast cycles; minimal logisticsP19 — M_NB, M_Aniline — NB > Aniline MDI — NB safety; controlled yieldP20 — M_BZ, M_CHX, M_KA, M_0xime, M_CAP — PA6 end-to-end — yarn quality; compact chainP21 — M_AA, M_HMDA — PA66 end-to-end — monomer integrationP22 — M_AN — ACN -> ABS / PAN — nitrile safetyP23 — M_C2H4, M_C3H6 — Olefins PE / PP — grade flexibilityP24 — M_MeOH, M_EG, M_NH3 — Chemical recycling of polymers — circular economyP25 — M_H2O2, M_NH3, M_CAP — CPL clean — selectivity; fewer by-productsP26 — M_EO, M_EG — EO > EG — EO safety; yieldP27 — M_PO, M_PG — PO — > PG — coating integrationP28 — M_CI2, M_HCI — Continuous chloroparaffins — seconds-times; less wasteP29 — M_HF — Basic fluorinations — safety; proximity to consumptionP30 - Glass / glass-ceramics + coating — uniformity; radiant recoveryP31 - Technical ceramics — productivity; propertiesP32 - Steels: heating / quench / temper — shorter times; fewer oxidesP33 - Al / Cu brazing — joint quality; reduced OPEXP34 — M_O3, M_H2O2 — Integrated galvanic / anodic — fewer baths; energy matchingP35 - Metal powders / AM post-process — throughput; propertiesP36 - Prepreg / RTM composites — shorter times; laminate qualityP37 — M_O2 — Wind blades (integrated line) — in-line QA; minimum scrapP38 - Aerospace / naval sandwich panels — planarity; adhesionP39 - PCB / assemblies selective reflow — fewer defects; joint qualityP40 - PV modules EVA lamination — uniformity; line speedP41 — M_SiCI4, M_TCS, M_HCI, M_CI2 — Si chain: SiCI4 / TCS polycrystalline Si — efficiency; HCI / CI2 recovery P42 - Battery materials LFP — yield; granulometryP43 - Battery materials NMC / NCA — homogeneity; short cyclesP44 - Graphite / Si anodes — conductivity; improved SEIP45 - LiPF6 electrolytes and solvents — purity; safetyP46 - Separators: coating / drying — uniformity; throughputP47 - Cement: preheating / activations — fuel saving; reduced emissionsP48 - Gypsum: controlled calcination — quality; energyP49 - Modified bitumens / asphalts — stability; reduced emissionsP50 - Paper: drying / calendering — reduced kWh / t; sheet qualityP51 - Textiles: heat-setting / finishing — cycle time; hand / gradeP52 - Technical textiles PEEK / aramids — mechanical propertiesP53 - Food: rapid pasteurization — quality; CIP / SIPP54 - Food: drying / devolatilization — nutrients preservedP55 — M_O3, M_H2O2, M_NaOCI — Beverage: plant sanitization — reduced downtime; safetyP56 — M_O2 — Pharma: photo / thermo-oxygenations — selectivity; safe scale-outP57 - Pharma: solvent recovery — less fresh solventsP58 - Cosmetics / dermo: gentle curing — texture; stabilityP59 - Biotech: drying biomasses / enzymes — activity preservedP60 — M_NH3, M_HCI — Environmental: stripping NH3 / HCI / VOC — efficiency; costP61 - Environmental: adsorbent regeneration — extended service lifeP62 — M_O3, M_CIO2, M_NaOCI — Waters: integrated disinfection — quality; reduced footprintP63 - Oils / lubricants: gentle refining — oil quality; reduced wasteP64 - Plastic additives: stearates / esters — purity; energyP65 - Acid scavengers + compounding — quality; zero logisticsP66 - Masterbatch / colorants continuous — repeatability; reduced VOCP67 - Fine powders: functional coating — adhesion; yieldP68 - Catalysts: impregnation / calcination — active surface; short cyclesP69 - Zeolites / MOF: synthesis / activation — specific area; energyP70 - Advanced activated carbons — controlled PSD; performanceP71 - Adsorbents for CO2 / biogas — efficiency; TCOP72 - Wood / biomaterials: drying / modification — stability; less crackingP73 - Filters / membranes: drying / post-cure — throughput; reduced scrapP74 - Barrier packaging: coating / curing — improved OTR / WVTRP75 - Cluster micro-reactors M_R — CAPEX fractioned; flexibilityP76 — M_O2, M_N2 — Technical inerts N2 / O2 on-site — availability; costP77 — M_HCN — HCN on-demand — reduced risk; zero logisticsP78 - Devolatilization in extrusion — fewer defects; optical qualityP79 — M_O3, M_H2O2 — Dry sterilization components / pack — no residues; speedP80 — M_CH4, M_H2 — Energy + process islands — reduced OPEX; flexibilityP81 — M_Phenol, M_ Acetone, M_C02 — Non-phosgene polycarbonate — safety; resin quality P82 — M_MeOH, M_CO, M_Acetone — Integrated PMMA — optical quality; logisticsP83 — M_EtOH, M_MeOH, M_O2 — Acrylates (AA / EA / BA) — flexibility; fewer solventsP84 - Styrene ->■ PS / SAN / ABS — quality; reduced VOCP85 — M_AN, M_BDZ — NBR (nitrile rubber) — performance; ACN safetyP86 - SBS / SIS elastomers — elasticity; reduced VOCP87 - Continuous EPDM — stability; qualityP88 — M_C02, M_PO — Carbonated polyols (CO2) — carbon capture; performanceP89 - Integrated PU foams — time; foam qualityP90 - Tire cord / technical yarns — strength; cycle timeP91 — M_AN — PAN → carbon fiber — high modulus; yieldP92 - Glass fiber: sizing + cure — adhesion; throughputP93 - Bio-based PLA — bio; short chainP94 - PBS biopolymer — bio; gentle processesP95 — M_EG — PEF from FDCA — barrier; bioP96 — M_O3, M_H2O2 — CNF / cellulose nano — sustainability; propertiesP97 — M_CI02, M_O2, M_O3, M_NaOH — Integrated pulp mini-mill — on-site chemistry; energy P98 - Leather: drying / finishing — quality; reduced VOCP99 - Bituminous membranes — reduced emissions; qualityP100 - Integrated gypsum board — energy; edge qualityP101 - Mineral wool / glass — time; emissionsP102 - Auto catalysts (washcoat) — surface; throughputP103 - MOF with solvent recovery — TCO; safetyP104 - Zeolite activated pellets — resistance; specific areaP105 - Rare earths (precip >calcine) — selectivity; energyP106 — M_CO2 — Lithium from brine — purity; waterlessP107 - Ni / Co sulfates for batteries — quality; yieldP108 — M_NH3 — MAP / DAP fertilizers — logistics; fewer powdersP109 — M_HNO3, M_NH3 — HNO3 +AN prilling — safety; integrationP110 — M_HCI — Steel pickling HCI — closed loop; safetyP111 — M_O3, M_H2O2 — Al pickling + anodic — quality; fewer bathsP112 — M_HF, M_HCI, M_H2O2 — Semiconductor wet etch — safety; purityP113 - CMP slurry base — quality; stabilityP114 — M_O3, M_H2O2 — Textile dyeing + oxygenations — color; less waterP115 — M_CIO2, M_NaOH, M_O3 — Tissue paper in-line chemistry — energy; sheet quality P116 — M_H2O2, M_NaOH — Breweries integrated CIP — reduced downtime; safetyP117 — M_H2O2, M_NaOH — Dairies UHT + CIP — quality; setup timesP118 — M_O3, M_H2O2 — Medical sterilization + pack — no residues; speedP119 - Thermosetting paint powders — granulometry; low VOCP120 - EV battery coating + NMP — energy; safetyKPI Legend and Savings Range" KPI legend:E = energy; T = cycle time; S = scrap; W = water consumption (OL = absence of process consumption)For all cases, the savings are comprised in:E: -15..50%; T: -20..60%; S: -10..40%; W: OL"Environmental Summary and Alignment with Global Ecological PoliciesThe Rupnik Paradigm (PR) — UHE radiant-inductive reactors combining RF, IR and UV / Vis in reflective, continuous-flow and quasi-waterless cavities — provides a practical and scalable vector to respond to the main global ecological "calls”:UN / SDGs: it contributes directly to SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) through ultra-efficient electrification and modulable loads; SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure) through modular on-site micro-plants; SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) thanks to closed cycles, by-product reduction and drastic cutting of thermal waste; SDG 6 (clean water) with water-light or waterless processes; SDG 13 (climate action) through abatement of process emissions and integration with renewables.EU Green Deal (ETS, EED 2023 / 1791, CEAP, Zero Pollution): PR enables deep electrification of thermal and chemical processes, reduction of energy intensity (up to orders of magnitude in critical phases), replacement of fuels and digital "energy-first” management consistent with EED targets. The confined-cavity architecture maximizes the use of useful heat (efficiencies close to the specific heat of the product) and reduces cooling demand, minimizing service flows of water / air.REPower / Reshoring: modularity and reduced footprint enable on-site productions (intermediate raw materials generated in-line), shortening supply chain and logistics, with stepwise CAPEX and accelerated payback.Safety & Quality: no storage of dangerous reagents, low residence times, instant photonic / inductive control (real start / stop of reaction / thermal transfer), integrable CIP / SIP and “sanitizable” surfaces with UV.Measurability: natively “meter-ready” systems, suitable for M& V, demand response and EED / ETS audits; simple “before / after” comparison on CAPEX / OPEX / energy / CO2, facilitating financing mechanisms (EPC / ESCO) and reporting.In practice, the radiant-inductive machine brings energy "inside” the product and keeps it in the system: fewer losses, fewer auxiliaries (fans, compressors, cooling water / air), more control. Where existing technologies push energy "against” the process (and then dispose of it), PR couples it coherently with matter and recycles it within cavities.Result: compact, clean, fast plants with radically reduced energy and water footprints — the practical essence of UN agendas and the Green Deal.The architecture is consistent with Agenda 2030 / SDGs and the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC), with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (CBD), with the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment (HFC), with the Basel-Rotterdam-Stockholm and Minamata Conventions (chemicals / waste) and, at regional scale, with the EU Green Deal and G7 / G20 / IMO / ICAO initiatives.DESCRIPTION - Part 13Unusual (Non-limiting) Examples of Devices and Systems Realizable According to the Claimed UHE ArchitectureExemplary and non-limiting selection, distinct from the tables; the examples illustrate the operational discontinuity of the UHE architecture. Functionally equivalent variants are included in the claims.1. Hair dryer that dries hair without airWhat is seen: rapid, silent drying, without jet.How it works (PR): RF coupling selective to the water in the hair + isothermal surface IR; the cavity directs photons where needed and re-reflects them until humidity decreases.Why it is surprising: no high air flow rates nor high bulb temperature, less frizz / thermal damage; it surpasses "ionic” or high-velocity jet hair dryers by focusing on volumetric water in the hair, not on air.2. Hob that cooks pasta in a glass potWhat is seen: transparent pot, no incandescent plate, uniform and fast boiling.How it works: RF coupled to the aqueous medium + controlled IR on the walls; the cavity concentrates energy in the liquid volume, with minimal dispersions.Why it is surprising: it surpasses induction / methane: no mandatory metals, energy directed to the content (not to the support), very reduced overshoot and very fine boiling control.3. Solid refrigerator / freezer without compressorWhat is seen: silent cooling and freezing, without gases nor mechanical cycles.How it works: photonic / radiative architectures that extract enthalpy from the load cavity and recombine it on remote heat sinks; RF / IR modulate the exchanges with selective surfaces.Why it is surprising: no HFC / HFO, no compressor; all-electric solution, with fast cycles and point control of temperature / humidity profiles (it is neither Peltier nor a conventional heat pump).4. Stealth de-icing and windshield defrosting without visible resistorsWhat is seen: ice detaches like a "film”, without filaments or hot air.How it works: targeted RF to weaken the ice-substrate bond + "skin” IR for the surface; thin SiC / SiSiC cavities integrable into structural skins.Why it is surprising: zero-time, no aerodynamic / optical penalties, reduced consumptions; unattainable by the limits of resistive or air systems.5. “Soft” lyophilization / drying without high vacuum nor forced airWhat is seen: dried fruits / herbs, preserved color and texture, very short cycles.How it works: RF (volumetric on water) + IR / UV for microbial barrier; cavities that recycle energy and manage local sublimation.Why it is surprising: "freeze-dry” quality with compact and simple plant, less auxiliary energy (vacuum / ventilation) and high throughput.6. Cold CIP / SIP: cleaning and sterilization without causticsWhat is seen: plants sanitized in minutes, almost without water, at low temperature.How it works: UV-C in cavity + RF micro-agitation for biofilm detachment + targeted IR for "flash-dry”; highlyreflective photonic surfaces and easily inspectable.Why it is surprising: reduces chemistry, downtime and water consumption; quality and safety beyond traditional CIP standards.7. Textile and paper drying without airWhat is seen: mantles / leathers "cold” and dry belt, compact lines, minimal noise.How it works: volumetric RF on humidity + IR for surface isothermality, with cavities preventing radiative leaks.Why it is surprising: cuts ventilation and boilers; kWh / kg-H2O drastically reduced and enhanced control of humidity profile (superior quality).8. “Cold” brazing / welding of the massive partWhat is seen: perfect welded joint while the part body remains near ambient.How it works: RF targeted to the joint / binder with controlled skin-depth; confined IR to refine the bead, cavities shielding the filler zone.Why it is surprising: minimal distortions, reduced masks and rework; better than laser / MW where coupling is less selective or more dispersive.9. Water remediation: Legionella inactivation and micro-pollutant oxidation without reagentsWhat is seen: water treated on-line, without chemical reaction tanks.How it works: UV synergistic with RF activation of surfaces / photocatalysts; cavities maximizing photonic dose and minimizing shadows.Why it is surprising: no process chemicals, reduced by-products, compact skids integrable into water / industrial networks.10. “Photon-cooling” of high-load bushings / bearingsWhat is seen: operating temperatures under control without flooding with oil or air.How it works: radiative / inductive management of enthalpy directly in critical seats, with cavities coupled to remote heat sinks and PWM control.Why it is surprising: targeted thermal extraction with contained consumptions and instant response, where convective flow systems are slow or energy-intensive.All ten "unnatural” demos have the same common thread: air or water is no longer moved to bring heat / cold to matter; radiation (and field) is brought inside matter, retained in the cavity and modulated in real time. This is the paradigm shift that transforms ecological policy into practicable engineering choices, with more compact, clean, fast and measurable plants. Even on classic machines, one among all espresso coffee machines, both domestic and community, it is possible to proceed with instantaneous cold dispensing; the 50-60 s preheating disappear.The Ten Demonstrations and Concluding NoteThe ten demonstrations highlighted above evidence the operational discontinuity of the UHE; a concluding note follows that frames its continuity with the state of the art and full physical compliance.Final SummaryThe UHE radiant-inductive architecture (RF + IR + UV / Vis in reflective cavities, digital control and quasiwaterless) enables deep electrification, physical start / stop of process energy, drastic reduction of losses and auxiliary services (air / water) and superior product quality. It is consistent with SDGs 6-7-9-12-13 and with thepillars of the Green Deal (efficiency, circularity, zero-pollution). In engineering terms, energy is coupled to matter and confined in the cavity: fewer unnecessary gradients, more useful yield and energy traceability.Concluding Note — Continuity with the State of the ArtThe "cold” embodiments described herein are positioned with respect to known families (selective radiative cooling; RF / IR drying and atmospheric lyophilization with pervaporation / membranes; far / near-field radiative exchange and solid-state caloric effects), evolving them with:(i) UHE radiant-inductive cavities; (ii) photonic ducts in vacuum with spectral shutters; (iii) selective emissivity and engineered view-factors; (iv) integrated RF / IR control. Such integrations are not mere juxtapositions, but a unitary architecture oriented to the useful enthalpic limit.Three “Cold” Demonstrations (Feasibility, Physics, Minimal Architecture)1) Solid refrigerator / freezer (compressor-free)Physics: radiative exchange in the sky-window 8–13 μm; Planck / Stefan-Boltzmann law (G = ε'·σ·A·(T4− T_sink4)).Architecture: external selective radiator (high e_8— 13, very low solar absorption) + vacuum IR duct with shutter + internal plate with targeted emissivity; VIP enclosure; humidity / defrost management with micro-IR / RF.Note: for unfavorable climates / hours, solid-state assistance at small AT (electrocaloric bridge) is provided, always without refrigerants.2) “Soft” lyophilization / drying at P = 1 atmPhysics: water outflow governed by Δp_H2O / Δa_w; RF heats internal water volumetrically, IR keeps the skin isothermal, vapor removal occurs with pervaporation / membrane distillation or radiative condensation (cold-finger) and, if useful, slight purge of dry gas.Architecture: reflective cavity + tuned RF module + controlled IR skin + membrane wall / cold-finger; control on weight, surface T, dielectric power and permeate / condensate flow.3) “Photon-cooling” of bushings / bearingsPhysics: photonic channel toward a colder sink; far-field with optimized E and view-factor; near-field (micro / sub-μm gap) with transfer beyond black-body (fluctuational electrodynamics). For micro-spots, optical anti-Stokes (laser cooling) may be cited as a niche option.Architecture: insert with high emissivity in view of a remote radiator; on non-contact bearings, resonant surfaces in mid-IR; UHE control to shape emitting views and, transiently, lubricant rheology.Safeguard Clauses— Reference to known techniques has the sole function of framing and does not constitute admission of prior art, obviousness or equivalence of the claimed combinations.— The modes are exemplary and do not limit the scope of the claims; functionally equivalent variants fall within the invention.Synthetic Physical-Compliance CheckSecond principle respected: in all cases, enthalpy is transferred toward a sink (radiative sky, remote radiator, membrane / condenser), no “cold” is “created”. Invoked fundamentals:Planck / Stefan-Boltzmann, near-field radiative heat transfer for reduced gaps, Δp_H2O forvapor removal; any solid-state caloric effects at low AT may be used as auxiliary, without refrigerants.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A machine or induction heating system for treating materials flowing or conveyed therethrough, comprising a concentric stratified arrangement (cylindrical or polygonal) arranged from the center outward as follows:— at the center, the material to be treated, optionally contained within a transparent tube;— a continuous wall reflective to infrared wavelengths and simultaneously transparent to radiofrequency within the typical induction range;— an interspace configured to interrupt the thermal bridge, optionally implemented as a vacuum chamber; — an induction coil whose inner face is infrared-coated / shielded and whose outer face is provided with thermal insulation and an optional radiofrequency shield;the whole being enclosed within a thermally insulated housing.

2. The machine or system according to claim 1, wherein said arrangement, instead of being a closed cylinder, is polygonal and / or an open cylinder with a longitudinal cut (from a few degrees up to 180°), or planar / stratified, for use on curved or planar surfaces.

3. The machine or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stratified arrangement is mounted around a furnace, crucible, ladle or other container for the melting / smelting of metallic or non-metallic materials, for casting or other operations requiring molten, liquefied or gaseous matter.

4. The machine or system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the coil is made of a material resistant to high temperatures while maintaining high electrical conductivity, including superconductive materials, and comprising, by way of non-limiting example, recrystallized silicon carbide doped post-compound with silicon, graphite or other resistance-reducing additives, and is coated with reflective layers for infrared shielding, with a barrier space for thermal insulation and an external foil for radiofrequency shielding;said coil being configured to simultaneously emit energy in multiple bands, including the radiofrequency used in induction industry and infrared radiation, directing such energy toward the target, optionally with the material contained in a transparent tube for liquids / gases / slurries.

Images