Apparatus and methods for manufacturing glass

Abstract

A glass manufacturing apparatus includes a melting vessel including an interior chamber containing molten glass. A first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, and a fourth electrode extend within the interior chamber. A first electrical power supply is electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode and delivers a first electrical current. A second electrical power supply is electrically connected to the second electrode and the third electrode and delivers a second electrical current. The second electrical current is out-of-phase with the first electrical current. A third electrical power supply is electrically connected to the third electrode and the fourth electrode and delivers a third electrical current. The third electrical current is out-of-phase with the second electrical current. Methods for manufacturing glass are provided.

Description

ATTORNEY DOCKET NO. SP24-307APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING GLASSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 725030 filed on November 26, 2024, the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to apparatus and methods for manufacturing glass and, more particularly, to apparatus and methods for manufacturing glass comprising a melting vessel with a plurality of electrodes.BACKGROUND

[0003] It is known to manufacture glass to form various glass products. It is known to pass molten glass through a melting vessel as part of the glass manufacturing process. However, temperature control within the melting vessel can be difficult. Further, the walls of the melting vessel are subject to wear due to elevated temperatures within the melting vessel.SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure to provide a basic understanding of some aspects described in the detailed description.

[0005] In aspects, a glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a melting vessel comprising an interior chamber containing molten glass. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, and a fourth electrode extending within the interior chamber and in contact with the molten glass. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a first electrical power supply electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrical power supply is configured to deliver a first electrical current to the first electrode and the secondelectrode. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a second electrical power supply electrically connected to the second electrode and the third electrode. The second electrical power supply is configured to deliver a second electrical current to the second electrode and the third electrode. The second electrical current is out-of-phase with the first electrical current. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a third electrical power supply electrically connected to the third electrode and the fourth electrode. The third electrical power supply is configured to deliver a third electrical current to the third electrode and the fourth electrode. The third electrical current is out-of-phase with the second electrical current. The second electrical current is different in magnitude than the first electrical current and the third electrical current.

[0006] In aspects, a phase difference between the first electrical current and the second electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees.

[0007] In aspects, a phase difference between the second electrical current and the third electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees. The first electrical current is in-phase with the third electrical current.

[0008] In aspects, a phase difference between the first electrical current and the second electrical current is within a range from about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees.

[0009] In aspects, a first plurality of electrodes is arranged in a first row and extend through a bottom wall of the melting vessel. The first plurality of electrodes comprise the first electrode.

[0010] In aspects, a second plurality of electrodes are arranged in a second row parallel to the first row and extend through a bottom wall of the melting vessel. The second plurality of electrodes comprise the second electrode.

[0011] In aspects, a third plurality of electrodes are arranged in a third row parallel to the second row and extend through a bottom wall of the melting vessel. The third plurality of electrodes comprises the third electrode.

[0012] In aspects, a fourth plurality of electrodes are arranged in a fourth row parallel to the third row and extend through a bottom wall of the melting vessel. The fourth plurality of electrodes comprise the fourth electrode.

[0013] In aspects, the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, and the fourth electrode are arranged in a first column extending along a first column axisperpendicular to a first row axis along which the first plurality of electrodes are arranged in the first row.

[0014] In aspects, a distance between the first electrode and a closest sidewall of the melting vessel is within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters.

[0015] In aspects, a glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a melting vessel comprising an interior chamber containing molten glass. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a first electrode group comprising a first electrode positioned adjacent to a first sidewall of the melting vessel and a second electrode positioned adjacent to an opposing second sidewall of the melting vessel. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a second electrode group comprising a first central electrode positioned adjacent to a centerline of the melting vessel and a second central electrode positioned adjacent to the centerline. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a first electrical power supply electrically connected to the first electrode group, the first electrical power supply configured to deliver a first electrical current to the first electrode and the second electrode. The glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a second electrical power supply electrically connected to the second electrode group. The second electrical power supply is configured to deliver a second electrical current to the first central electrode and the second central electrode. The first electrical current is less than the second electrical current.

[0016] In aspects, a first distance separating the first electrode and the second electrode is greater than a second distance separating the first central electrode and the second central electrode.

[0017] In aspects, the first electrical current is in-phase with the second electrical current.

[0018] In aspects, a distance between the first electrode and a closest sidewall of the melting vessel is within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters.

[0019] In aspects, methods for manufacturing glass comprise delivering a first electrical current from a first electrical power supply to a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode extend within an interior chamber of a melting vessel and in contact with molten glass contained within the interior chamber. Methods comprise delivering a second electrical current from a second electrical power supply to the second electrode and a third electrode. The second electrical current is out-of-phase with the first electrical current and extends within the interior chamber and in contact with the molten glass. Methods comprise delivering a third electrical current from a third electrical power supply to the third electrode and a fourth electrode. The third and fourth electrode extend within the interior chamber and in contact with the molten glass. The third electrical current is out-of-phase with the second electrical current.

[0020] In aspects, the first electrical current is in-phase with the third electrical current.

[0021] In aspects, a phase difference between the first electrical current and the second electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees.

[0022] In aspects, a phase difference between the second electrical current and the third electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees.

[0023] Additional features and advantages of the aspects disclosed herein will be set forth in the detailed description that follows, and in part will be clear to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the aspects described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description present aspects intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the aspects disclosed herein. The accompanying drawings are included to provide further understanding and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description explain the principles and operations thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] These and other features, aspects and advantages are better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0025] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates example aspects of a glass manufacturing apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosure;

[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates a top-down view of a melting vessel in accordance with aspects of the disclosure;

[0027] FIG. 3 illustrates a top-down view of electrodes within the melting vessel of FIG. 2 in accordance with aspects of the disclosure;

[0028] FIG. 4 illustrates a top-down view of electrodes within the melting vessel of FIG. 2 in accordance with aspects of the disclosure;

[0029] FIG. 5 illustrates a top-down view of electrodes within the melting vessel of FIG. 2 in accordance with aspects of the disclosure; and

[0030] FIG. 6 illustrates a top-down view of a melting vessel in accordance with aspects of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] Aspects will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which example aspects are shown. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. However, this disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the aspects set forth herein.

[0032] As used herein, the term “about” means that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not, and need not be, exact, but may be approximate and / or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art.

[0033] Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one value, and / or to “about” another value. When such a range is expressed, aspects include from the one value to the other value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

[0034] Directional terms as used herein - for example up, down, right, left, front, back, top, bottom, upper, lower, etc. - are made only with reference to the figures as drawn and are not intended to imply absolute orientation.

[0035] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any methods set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order, northat with any apparatus, specific orientations be required. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps, or that any apparatus claim does not actually recite an order or orientation to individual components, or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or description that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, or that a specific order or orientation to components of an apparatus is not recited, it is in no way intended that an order or orientation be inferred in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including matters of logic relative to arrangement of steps, operational flow, order of components, or orientation of components; plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, and; the number or type of aspects described in the specification.

[0036] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a” component includes aspects having two or more such components, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0037] The word “exemplary,” “example,” or various forms thereof are used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” or as an “example” should not be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Furthermore, examples are provided solely for purposes of clarity and understanding and are not meant to limit or restrict the disclosed subject matter or relevant portions of this disclosure in any manner. It can be appreciated that a myriad of additional or alternate examples of varying scope could have been presented but have been omitted for purposes of brevity.

[0038] As used herein, the terms “comprising” and “including”, and variations thereof, shall be construed as synonymous and open-ended, unless otherwise indicated. A list of elements following the transitional phrases comprising or including is a nonexclusive list, such that elements in addition to those specifically recited in the list may also be present.

[0039] The terms “substantial,” “substantially,” and variations thereof as used herein are intended to represent that a described feature is equal or approximately equal to a value or description. For example, a “substantially planar” surface is intended to denote a surface that is planar or approximately planar. Moreover, “substantially” is intended todenote that two values are equal or approximately equal. The term “substantially” may denote values within about 10% of each other, for example, within about 5% of each other, within about 2%, within about 1%, or within about 0.5% of each other.

[0040] Modifications may be made to the instant disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the claimed subject matter. Unless specified otherwise, “first,” “second,” or the like are not intended to imply a temporal aspect, a spatial aspect, an ordering, etc. Rather, such terms are merely used as identifiers, names, etc. for features, elements, items, etc. For example, a first end and a second end generally correspond to end A and end B or two different ends.

[0041] The present disclosure relates to a glass manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing glass using a melting vessel with a plurality of electrodes. As schematically illustrated in FIG. 1, an exemplary glass manufacturing apparatus 100 can comprise a glass melting and delivery apparatus 102 and a forming device 101 designed to produce a glass ribbon (e.g. ribbon 103) from a quantity of molten material (e.g., molten glass 121). The ribbon 103 can comprise a central portion 152 positioned between opposite edge portions (e.g., edge beads) formed along a first edge 153 and a second edge 155 of the ribbon 103, wherein a thickness of the edge portions can be greater than a thickness of the central portion. Additionally, a separated ribbon can be separated from the ribbon 103 along a separation path 151 by a ribbon separation apparatus 149.

[0042] In aspects, the glass melting and delivery apparatus 102 can comprise a melting vessel 105 (e.g., also illustrated in FIGS. 2-6) oriented to receive batch material 107 from a storage bin 109. The batch material 107 can be introduced by a batch delivery device 111 powered by a motor 113. An optional controller 115 can be operated to activate the motor 113 to introduce a desired amount of batch material 107 into the melting vessel 105, as indicated by arrow 117. The melting vessel 105 can heat the batch material 107 to provide molten material or molten glass 121. A melt probe 119 can be employed to measure a level of molten glass 121 within a standpipe 123 and communicate the measured information to the controller 115 by way of a communication line 125. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the melting vessel 105 can comprise one or more heating elements (e.g., electrodes) that can heat the batch material 107 to form molten glass.

[0043] Additionally, in aspects, the glass melting and delivery apparatus 102 can comprise a first conditioning station comprising a fining vessel 127 located downstream from the melting vessel 105 and coupled to the melting vessel 105 by way of a first connecting conduit 129. For example, molten glass 121 can be gravity fed from the melting vessel 105 to the fining vessel 127 by way of an interior pathway of the first connecting conduit 129. Additionally, bubbles can be removed from the molten glass 121 within the fining vessel 127 by various techniques.

[0044] In aspects, the glass melting and delivery apparatus 102 can further comprise a second conditioning station comprising a mixing chamber 131 that can be located downstream from the fining vessel 127. The mixing chamber 131 can be employed to provide a homogenous composition of molten glass 121, thereby reducing or eliminating inhomogeneity that may otherwise exist within the molten glass 121 exiting the fining vessel 127. As shown, the fining vessel 127 can be coupled to the mixing chamber 131 by way of a second connecting conduit 135. For example, molten glass 121 can be gravity fed from the fining vessel 127 to the mixing chamber 131 by way of an interior pathway of the second connecting conduit 135.

[0045] Additionally, in aspects, the glass melting and delivery apparatus 102 can comprise a third conditioning station comprising a delivery chamber 133 that can be located downstream from the mixing chamber 131. The delivery chamber 133 can condition the molten glass 121 to be fed into an inlet conduit. For example, the delivery chamber 133 can function as an accumulator and / or flow controller to adjust and provide a consistent flow of molten glass 121 to the inlet conduit. As shown, the mixing chamber 131 can be coupled to the delivery chamber 133 by way of a third connecting conduit 137. For example, molten glass 121 can be gravity fed from the mixing chamber 131 to the delivery chamber 133 by way of an interior pathway of the third connecting conduit 137. As further illustrated, a delivery pipe 139 can be positioned to deliver molten glass 121 to a forming device 101. The forming device 101 is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 (e.g., at 143) because the forming device 101 can comprise several different structures. In a possible aspect, the forming device 101 can comprise structure(s) for fusion drawing molten glass 121 off a bottom edge (e.g., a root) of a forming wedge to produce the ribbon 103. In such an example, the forming device 101 can comprise a trough extending alonga trough axis between an inlet end and an opposing end. The inlet end is the end of the trough in proximity to the delivery pipe 139 from which the molten glass 121 is received. The molten glass 121 can be drawn off a bottom edge (e.g., root) of the forming device 101 along a draw path extending in a ribbon travel direction 154 of the glass manufacturing apparatus 100. Additional structures, for example, edge directors, can direct the molten glass 121 off the forming device 101 and define, in part, a width 108 of the ribbon 103. However, in other aspects, other forming apparatuses may be used, such as, for example, a slot draw apparatus wherein the molten glass 121 is pulled (e.g., drawn) from a slot in the bottom of a molten material-containing vessel (e.g., vessel 143).

[0046] In aspects, the width 108 of the ribbon 103, which extends between the first edge 153 of the ribbon 103 and the second edge 155 of the ribbon 103, can be selected based on the forming method (e.g., fusion drawing, slot drawing, etc.). In aspects, the width 108 can be greater than or equal to about 20 millimeters (mm), for example, greater than or equal to about 50 mm, for example, greater than or equal to about 100 mm, for example, greater than or equal to about 500 mm, for example, greater than or equal to about 1000 mm, for example, greater than or equal to about 2000 mm, for example, greater than or equal to about 3000 mm, for example, greater than or equal to about 4000 mm, although other widths less than or greater than the widths mentioned above can be provided in aspects. For example, the width 108 can be within a range from about 20 mm to about 4000 mm, for example, within a range from about 50 mm to about 4000 mm, for example, within a range from about 100 mm to about 4000 mm, for example, within a range from about 500 mm to about 4000 mm, for example, within a range from about 1000 mm to about 4000 mm, for example, within a range from about 2000 mm to about 4000 mm, for example, within a range from about 3000 mm to about 4000 mm, for example, within a range from about 20 mm to about 3000 mm, for example, within a range from about 50 mm to about 3000 mm, for example, within a range from about 100 mm to about 3000 mm, for example, within a range from about 500 mm to about 3000 mm, for example, within a range from about 1000 mm to about 3000 mm, for example, within a range from about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm, for example, within a range from about 2000 mm to about 2500 mm, and all ranges and subranges therebetween. In aspects, the ribbon 103 comprises one or more states of material based on a vertical location of the ribbon 103, i.e., distancefrom a location of the forming device 101. For example, at a first location, the ribbon 103 can comprise the viscous molten glass 121, and at a second location, the ribbon 103 can comprise an amorphous solid in a glassy state (e.g., a glass ribbon).

[0047] The ribbon 103 can comprise a first major surface and a second major surface facing opposite directions and defining a thickness (e.g., average thickness) of the ribbon 103 therebetween. In aspects, the thickness of the ribbon 103 can be less than or equal to about 2 millimeters (mm), less than or equal to about 1 millimeter, less than or equal to about 0.5 millimeters, for example, less than or equal to about 300 micrometers (pm), less than or equal to about 200 micrometers, or less than or equal to about 100 micrometers, although other thicknesses may be provided in further aspects. For example, the thickness of the ribbon 103 can be within a range from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers, within a range from about 25 micrometers to about 250 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 750 micrometers, within a range from about 100 micrometers to about 700 micrometers, within a range from about 200 micrometers to about 600 micrometers, within a range from about 300 micrometers to about 500 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 500 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 700 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 600 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 500 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 400 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 300 micrometers, within a range from about 40 micrometers to about 200 micrometers, within a range from about 50 micrometers to about 100 micrometers, within a range from about 25 micrometers to about 125 micrometers, comprising all ranges and subranges of thicknesses therebetween. In addition, the ribbon 103 can comprise a variety of compositions, for example, one or more of soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, alumino- borosilicate glass, alkali-containing glass, alkali-free glass, aluminosilicate, borosilicate, boroaluminosilicate, silicate, glass-ceramic, or other materials comprising glass. In aspects, the ribbon 103 can comprise one or more of lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgFi), calcium fluoride (CaF2), barium fluoride (BaF2), sapphire (AI2O3), zinc selenide (ZnSe), germanium (Ge), or other materials.

[0048] The ribbon separation apparatus 149 can separate the ribbon 103 along the separation path 151 to provide a plurality of separated ribbon portions. In aspects, a longer portion of the ribbon 103 may be coiled onto a storage roll. The separated ribbon can then be processed into a desired application, e.g., a display application. For example, the separated ribbon can be used in a wide range of display and non-display applications comprising, but not limited to, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), electrophoretic displays (EPD), organic light emitting diode displays (OLEDs), plasma display panels (PDPs), microLED displays, miniLED displays, organic light emitting diode lighting, light emitting diode lighting, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), touch sensors, photovoltaics, foldable phones, or other applications.

[0049] FIG. 2 illustrates a top-down view of the melting vessel 105, wherein the melting vessel 105 comprises an interior chamber 201 within which the molten glass 121 is received and contained. An inlet conduit 202 can be attached to a wall of the melting vessel 105, such that batch material 107 can travel through the inlet conduit 202 prior to entering the interior chamber 201 of the melting vessel 105. The molten glass 121 can exit the interior chamber 201 through the first connecting conduit 129. A centerline 204 can extend through a center of the melting vessel 105 between an inlet end (e.g., at the inlet conduit 202) and an outlet end (e.g., at the first connecting conduit 129) of the melting vessel 105.

[0050] The melting vessel 105 comprises a plurality of electrodes 203 that extend through one or more walls of the melting vessel 105, such that the plurality of electrodes 203 can be in contact with the molten glass 121. In the example of FIG. 2, the plurality of electrodes 203 extend through a bottom wall 205 of the melting vessel 105 and into the interior chamber 201. However, in other aspects, some, or all, of the plurality of electrodes 203 may extend through side walls of the melting vessel 105. The plurality of electrodes 203 can be formed of one or more types of material, for example, tin, molybdenum, etc. In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a length (e.g., distance that the electrodes 203 extend into the melting vessel 105) within a range from about 50 centimeters to about 75 centimeters. In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a length that is within about 50% to about 75% of a glass depth of the molten glass 121 within the melting vessel 105. This length is the length that the plurality of electrodes 203 extendinto the melting vessel and are in contact with the molten glass 121. In aspects, some, or all, of the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a circular cross-sectional shape with a diameter that is within a range from about 15 millimeters to about 100 millimeters, or within a range from about 25 millimeters to about 75 millimeters.

[0051] In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 can be arranged into a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns. For example, the plurality of electrodes 203 comprise a first electrode 211, a second electrode 213, a third electrode 215, a fourth electrode 217, etc. In aspects, the first electrode 211, the second electrode 213, the third electrode 215, and the fourth electrodes 217 may be arranged in a first column 219 extending along a first column axis 221. In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a first plurality of electrodes 225 arranged in a first row 227, with the first plurality of electrodes 225 comprising the first electrode 211. In aspects, the first row 227 can extend along a first row axis 229, with the first column axis 221 perpendicular to the first row axis 229 and, in aspects, parallel to the centerline 204. While the first row 227 is illustrated as comprising eleven electrodes (e.g., the first plurality of electrodes 225), the first row 227 is not so limited, and can comprise any number (e.g., one or more) of electrodes. In aspects, the first row 227 can comprise between 4 electrodes to 13 electrodes. The first row 227 can generate a total power within a range from about 50 kilowatts to about 300 kilowatts, wherein the total power is a sum of the power generated by each electrode in the first row 227. The electrodes in the first row 227 can be spaced a distance from a nearest sidewall, with the spacing within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters. In aspects, the distance between the electrodes in the first row 227 and the nearest sidewall can be selected based on one or more factors such as the temperature of the glass adjacent to the electrodes in the first row 227, a material of the sidewalls, an expected wear rate of the sidewalls, etc. A distance separating each electrode from an adjacent electrode in the first row 227 can be within a range from about 500 millimeters to about 1500 millimeters. In some aspects, each electrode in the first row 227 is equidistant from adjacent electrodes, such that the spacing between each electrode in the first row 227 is constant.

[0052] In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a second plurality of electrodes 235 arranged in a second row 237, with the second plurality of electrodes 235 comprising the second electrode 213. In aspects, the second row 237 can extend along asecond row axis 239, with the first column axis 221 perpendicular to the second row axis 239. While the second row 237 is illustrated as comprising eleven electrodes (e.g., the second plurality of electrodes 235), the second row 237 is not so limited, and can comprise any number (e.g., one or more) of electrodes. In aspects, the second row 237 can comprise between 4 electrodes to 13 electrodes. The second row 237 can generate power within a range from about 50 kilowatts to about 300 kilowatts. The second row 237 can be spaced a distance from adjacent rows (e.g., the first row 227 and a third row 247), with the spacing within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters. A distance separating each electrode from an adjacent electrode in the second row 237 can be within a range from about 500 millimeters to about 1500 millimeters. In some aspects, each electrode in the second row 237 is equidistant from adjacent electrodes, such that the spacing between each electrode in the second row 237 is constant.

[0053] In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a third plurality of electrodes 245 arranged in a third row 247, with the third plurality of electrodes 245 comprising the third electrode 215. In aspects, the third row 247 can extend along a third row axis 249, with the first column axis 221 perpendicular to the third row axis 249. While the third row 247 is illustrated as comprising eleven electrodes (e.g., the third plurality of electrodes 245), the third row 247 is not so limited, and can comprise any number (e.g., one or more) of electrodes. In aspects, the third row 247 can comprise between 4 electrodes to 13 electrodes. The third row 247 can generate power within a range from about 50 kilowatts to about 300 kilowatts. The third row 247 can be spaced a distance from adjacent rows (e.g., the second row 237 and a fourth row 257), with the spacing within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters. A distance separating each electrode from an adjacent electrode in the third row 247 can be within a range from about 500 millimeters to about 1500 millimeters. In some aspects, each electrode in the third row 247 is equidistant from adjacent electrodes, such that the spacing between each electrode in the third row 247 is constant.

[0054] In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a fourth plurality of electrodes 255 arranged in a fourth row 257, with the fourth plurality of electrodes 255 comprising the fourth electrode 217. In aspects, the fourth row 257 can extend along a fourth row axis 259, with the first column axis 221 perpendicular to the fourth row axis259. While the fourth row 257 is illustrated as comprising eleven electrodes (e.g., the fourth plurality of electrodes 255), the fourth row 257 is not so limited, and can comprise any number (e.g., one or more) of electrodes. In aspects, the fourth row 257 can comprise between 4 electrodes to 13 electrodes. The fourth row 257 can generate power within a range from about 50 kilowatts to about 300 kilowatts. The fourth row 257 can be spaced a distance from a nearest sidewall, with the spacing within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters. In aspects, the distance between the electrodes in the fourth row 257 and the nearest sidewall can be selected based on one or more factors such as the temperature of the glass adjacent to the electrodes in the fourth row 257, a material of the sidewalls, an expected wear rate of the sidewalls, etc. A distance separating each electrode from an adjacent electrode in the fourth row 257 can be within a range from about 500 millimeters to about 1500 millimeters. In some aspects, each electrode in the fourth row 257 is equidistant from adjacent electrodes, such that the spacing between each electrode in the fourth row 257 is constant.

[0055] The distance between neighboring electrodes (e.g., within a range from about 500 millimeters to about 1500 millimeters) is beneficial for several reasons. For example, in aspects, a ratio of the distance (e.g., length) between neighboring electrodes to a maximum width of the electrical current path between the electrodes can be greater than, or equal to, 1.7. The electrical current path extends through the molten glass 121 between two electrodes that are electrically connected to a power supply, with the maximum width of the electrical current path being measured in a direction substantially perpendicular to an axis intersecting the neighboring electrodes (e.g., wherein the length is measured along the axis). Accordingly, the distance, or length, between the two neighboring electrodes may be greater than the maximum width of the electrical current path. By maintaining the ratio at greater than, or equal to, about 1.7, the size of any areas that are adjacent to the neighboring electrodes and are not heated, or within the electrical current path, can be reduced or minimized. In this way, improved power distribution to the molten glass 121 can be achieved, thus maximizing the power transfer to the molten glass 121.

[0056] In aspects, the first row 227, the second row 237, the third row 247, and the fourth row 257 may be substantially parallel to one another and substantially parallel to the centerline 204. In aspects, the first row 227 and the second row 237 may be positioned onone side of the centerline 204, while the third row 247 and the fourth row 257 may be positioned on an opposing side of the centerline 204. In addition, while FIG. 2 illustrates four rows 227, 237, 247, 257 of electrodes, the melting vessel 105 is not limited to such a configuration. Rather, in aspects, the melting vessel 105 can comprise greater than, or less than, four rows 227, 237, 247, 257 of electrodes.

[0057] The glass manufacturing apparatus 100 can comprise one or more electrical power supplies that are electrically connected to the plurality of electrodes 203. For example, with the plurality of electrodes 203 in contact with the molten glass 121, the one or more electrical power supplies can provide an electrical current through the molten glass 121 due to an electrical potential between electrodes. In aspects, the one or more electrical power supplies can comprise a first electrical power supply 261 electrically connected to the first electrode 211 and the second electrode 213. The first electrical power supply 261 can comprise an alternating current power supply, and one or more first electrical conductors 263 can be electrically connected to the first electrical power supply 261, the first electrode 211, and the second electrode 213. The first electrical conductors 263 can comprise, for example, an electrically-conductive material (e.g., wires, cables, etc.) to establish an electrical connection, and, thus, electrical current supply, between the first electrical power supply 261 and the first electrode 211 and the second electrode 213. In aspects, the first electrical power supply 261 can comprise a line power provided by a public utility. Alternatively, the first electrical power supply 261 can comprise an electric generator. Accordingly, the first electrical power supply 261 can deliver a first electrical current to the first electrode 211 and the second electrode 213 such that methods can comprise delivering the first electrical current from the first electrical power supply 261 to the first electrode 211 and the second electrode 213.

[0058] In aspects, the one or more electrical power supplies can comprise a second electrical power supply 271 electrically connected to the second electrode 213 and the third electrode 215. The second electrical power supply 271 can comprise an alternating current power supply, and one or more second electrical conductors 273 can be electrically connected to the second electrical power supply 271, the second electrode 213, and the third electrode 215. The second electrical conductors 273 can comprise, for example, an electrically-conductive material (e.g., wires, cables, etc.) to establish an electricalconnection, and, thus, electrical current supply, between the second electrical power supply 271 and the second electrode 213 and the third electrode 215. In aspects, the second electrical power supply 271 can comprise a line power provided by a public utility. Alternatively, the second electrical power supply 271 can comprise an electric generator. Accordingly, the second electrical power supply 271 can deliver a second electrical current to the second electrode 213 and the third electrode 215, such that methods can comprise delivering the second electrical current from the second electrical power supply 271 to the second electrode 213 and the third electrode 215.

[0059] In aspects, the one or more electrical power supplies can comprise a third electrical power supply 281 electrically connected to the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217. The third electrical power supply 281 can comprise an alternating current power supply, and one or more third electrical conductors 283 can be electrically connected to the third electrical power supply 281, the third electrode 215, and the fourth electrode 217. The third electrical conductors 283 can comprise, for example, an electrically- conductive material (e.g., wires, cables, etc.) to establish an electrical connection, and, thus, electrical current supply, between the third electrical power supply 281 and the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217. In aspects, the third electrical power supply 281 can comprise a line power provided by a public utility. Alternatively, the third electrical power supply 281 can comprise an electric generator. Accordingly, the third electrical power supply 281 can deliver a third electrical current to the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217, such that methods can comprise delivering the third electrical current from the third electrical power supply 281 to the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217.

[0060] While FIG. 2 illustrates three electrical power supplies 261, 271, 281 electrically connected to three pairs of electrodes, additional power supplies can be provided. For example, the remaining electrodes of the plurality of electrodes 203 can be electrically connected to one or more of the electrical power supplies 261, 271, 281 and / or to one or more additional electrical power supplies. In aspects, a single electrical power supply can be electrically connected to two electrodes (e.g., similar to the electrical power supplies 261, 271, 281 each connected to two electrodes) or, alternatively, a single electrical power supply can be electrically connected to more than two electrodes, forexample, as part of a current balancing transform (CBT) design. In operation, the electrical power supplies can generate voltage, or an electrical potential, between electrodes. The electrical power supplies can be powered to fire across the centerline 204 and across the molten glass 121 between pairs of electrodes. The molten glass 121 can therefore be heated by Joule heating, due to the electrical current passing through the molten glass 121. In aspects, the electrodes can be powered (e.g., ‘fired’) in a direction along the centerline 204 from the inlet end (e.g., at the inlet conduit 202) to the outlet end (e.g., at the first connecting conduit 129) of the melting vessel 105. Alternatively, the electrodes can be powered (e.g., ‘fired’) in a direction along the centerline 204 from the outlet end (e.g., at the first connecting conduit 129) to the inlet end (e.g., at the inlet conduit 202) of the melting vessel 105.

[0061] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the electrical connection between the first electrical power supply 261, the first electrode 211, and the second electrode 213. For example, a first electrical current 301 (e.g., illustrated schematically with arrow in FIG. 3) can be supplied by the first electrical power supply 261 to the first electrode 211 and the second electrode 213 via the first electrical conductors 263. A first electrical current path 303 (e.g., illustrated schematically with dashed lines in FIG. 3) can extend between the first electrode 211 and the second electrode 213 through the molten glass 121. In further aspects, the electrical connection between the first electrical power supply 261, the first electrical conductors 263, the first electrode 211, and the second electrode 213 can comprise additional electrical components, such as, for example, voltage controllers or other electrical controllers, measurement devices, transformers, thyristors, or the like. In aspects, the first electrical current 301 can represent a reference electrical current to which a phase angle of a second electrical current, a third electrical current, etc. can be compared. In this way, a first phase angle of the first electrical current 301 may be zero. The first electrical current 301 can extend between the first electrode 211, and the second electrode 213 through the molten glass 121 along the first electrical current path 303.

[0062] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the electrical connection between the second electrical power supply 271, the second electrode 213, and the third electrode 215. For example, a second electrical current 401 (e.g., illustrated schematically with arrow in FIG. 4) can be supplied by the second electrical power supply 271 to the second electrode213 and the third electrode 215 via the second electrical conductors 273. A second electrical current path 403 (e.g., illustrated schematically with dashed lines in FIG. 4) can extend between the second electrode 213 and the third electrode 215 through the molten glass 121. In further aspects, the electrical connection between the second electrical power supply 271, the second electrical conductors 273, the second electrode 213, and the third electrode 215 can comprise additional electrical components, such as, for example, voltage controllers or other electrical controllers, measurement devices, transformers, thyristors, or the like. The second electrical current 401 can extend between the second electrode 213, and the third electrode 215 through the molten glass 121 along the second electrical current path 403.

[0063] In aspects, the second electrical current 401 is out-of-phase with the first electrical current 301. For example, the second electrical current 401 can comprise a second phase angle that is different than (e.g., not zero) the first phase angle of the first electrical current 301. In aspects, a phase difference between the first electrical current 301 (e.g., first phase angle) and the second electrical current 401 (e.g., second phase angle) may be within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees, or about 120 degrees. In other aspects, a phase difference between the first electrical current 301 (e.g., first phase angle) and the second electrical current 401 (e.g., second phase angle) may be within a range from about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees, or about 60 degrees. In yet another example, a phase difference between the first electrical current 301 (e.g., first phase angle) and the second electrical current 401 (e.g., second phase angle) may be within a range from about 160 degrees to about 200 degrees, or about 180 degrees. The phase difference can comprise the difference between an absolute value of the second phase angle of the second electrical current 401 and an absolute value of the first phase angle of the first electrical current 301.

[0064] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the electrical connection between the third electrical power supply 281, the third electrode 215, and the fourth electrode 217. For example, a third electrical current 501 (e.g., illustrated schematically with arrow in FIG. 5) can be supplied by the third electrical power supply 281 to the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217 via the third electrical conductors 283. A third electrical current path 503 (e.g., illustrated schematically with dashed lines in FIG. 5) can extend betweenthe third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217 through the molten glass 121. In further aspects, the electrical connection between the third electrical power supply 281, the third electrical conductors 283, the third electrode 215, and the fourth electrode 217 can comprise additional electrical components, such as, for example, voltage controllers or other electrical controllers, measurement devices, transformers, thyristors, or the like. The third electrical current 501 can extend between the third electrode 215, and the fourth electrode 217 through the molten glass 121 along the third electrical current path 503.

[0065] In aspects, the third electrical current 501 is out-of-phase with the second electrical current 401. For example, the third electrical current 501 can comprise a third phase angle that is different than (e.g., not zero) the second phase angle of the second electrical current 401. In aspects, a phase difference between the second electrical current 401 (e.g., second phase angle) and the third electrical current 501 (e.g., third phase angle) may be within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees, or about 120 degrees. In other aspects, a phase difference between the second electrical current 401 (e.g., second phase angle) and the third electrical current 501 (e.g., third phase angle) may be within a range from about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees, or about 60 degrees. In yet another example, a phase difference between the second electrical current 401 (e.g., second phase angle) and the third electrical current 501 (e.g., third phase angle) may be within a range from about 160 degrees to about 200 degrees, or about 180 degrees. The phase difference can comprise the difference between an absolute value of the second phase angle of the second electrical current 401 and an absolute value of the third phase angle of the third electrical current 501. In aspects, the third phase angle may be the same as the first phase angle, such that the first electrical current 301 is in-phase with the third electrical current 501 (e.g., a phase difference of zero degrees).

[0066] The multi-phase operation of the electrodes 203 described herein can provide several benefits. For example, in an industrial setting, three-phase power can be supplied by a public utility or grid. With three-phase power, each phase may be offset from the other two phases, for example, by 120 degrees. As described relative to FIGS. 2-5, some of the electrodes can be electrically connected to be powered by one phase, while other electrodes can be electrically connected to be powered by another, different, phase. By arranging the plurality of electrodes 203 in multiple rows 227, 237, 247, 257 andcolumns 219, temperature control within the melting vessel 105 can be improved. For example, temperature control can be improved due to the formation of a plurality of independent ‘zones’ within the melting vessel 105, wherein a first zone may be controlled independently of a second zone.

[0067] That is, the electrical potential (e.g., voltage or root-mean-square (RMS) voltage) between a first pair of electrodes (e.g., a first zone) may be different than the electrical potential between a second pair of electrodes (e.g. , a second zone), thus providing for varying heating at different locations or zones within the melting vessel 105. For example, the first electrical power supply 261, which is electrically connected to a first pair of electrodes (e.g., the first electrode 211 and the second electrode 213), can create a first electrical potential between the electrodes 211, 213, thus establishing the first electrical current 301 between the electrodes 211, 213 and generating heat at the location of the first pair of electrodes. The electrical current path between the first and second electrodes 211, 213 is a first zone. A different electrical power supply (e.g., the second electrical power supply 271, for example) is electrically connected to a different second pair of electrodes (e.g., the second electrode 213 and the third electrode 215, for example), which can create a second electrical potential between the electrodes 213, 215, thus establishing the second electrical current 401 between the electrodes 213, 215 and generating heat at the location of the second pair of electrodes. The electrical current path between the second and third electrodes 213, 215 is a second zone. In aspects, the first electrical potential may be different than the second electrical potential, which can produce a differing heat generation at the first zone (e.g., between the first pair of electrodes 211, 213) as opposed to the second zone (e.g., between the second pair of electrodes 213, 215). In this way, the temperature at different locations or zones within the melting vessel 105 can be controlled by altering the electrical potential between different groupings of electrodes, with the second electrical current different in magnitude (e.g., greater than) than the first electrical current and the third electrical current.

[0068] A different electrical power supply (e.g., the third electrical power supply 281, for example) is electrically connected to a different third pair of electrodes (e.g., the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217, for example), which can create a third electrical potential between the electrodes 215, 217, thus establishing the third electricalcurrent 501 between the electrodes 215, 217 and generating heat at the location of the third pair of electrodes. The electrical current path between the third and fourth electrodes 215, 217 is a third zone. In aspects, the first zone and the third zone can comprise the same heat generation, which may be lower than the heat generated at the second zone. In aspects, other groups of electrodes (e.g., two or more electrodes) can form additional zones that may be heated in a similar manner as the three zones described herein.

[0069] Accordingly, in comparison to a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, the electrodes 203 disclosed herein can, in aspects, provide reduced heating adjacent to the sidewalls, but increased heating adjacent to the centerline 204. In such an example, the rows 227, 257 adjacent to the sidewalls of the melting vessel 105 can produce a reduced heat in comparison to the rows 237, 247 that are adjacent to, and nearest, the centerline 204. This arrangement is beneficial due to a reduction in wear to the refractory material of the melting vessel 105 while still maintaining a desired temperature within the melting vessel 105, for example, in proximity to the centerline 204 of the melting vessel 105. In aspects, in comparison to a melting vessel comprising two rows of electrodes that are powered by a single-phase power supply, the electrodes 203 disclosed herein can provide an amperage at the outer rows (e.g., first row 227 and fourth row 257) that is within a range from about 40% to about 70% of the amperage with the single phase power supply, or about 42% to about 65%. However, the electrodes 203 disclosed herein can provide an amperage at the inner rows (e.g., second row 237 and third row 247) that is within a range from about 100% to about 125% of the amperage with the single phase power supply. Accordingly, the voltage at the outer rows (e.g., first row 227 and fourth row 257) can be reduced, which can reduce the temperature within the melting vessel 105 adjacent to the sidewalls, thus reducing wear that may be experienced by the sidewalls. In aspects, the maximum temperature to which the sidewalls are exposed may be within a range from about 4 degrees Celsius to about 10 degrees Celsius lower than the maximum temperature in the aforementioned single-phase melting vessel with two rows. Accordingly, the sidewalls may be constructed of a lower-resistivity material due to the reduced wear, thus reducing a manufacturing cost of the melting vessel 105

[0070] Accordingly, in comparison to a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, the electrodes 203 disclosed herein can, in aspects, provide benefits related to reduced heating adjacent to the sidewalls, but increased heating adjacent to the centerline 204. That is, an amperage may be increased between the middle two rows (e.g., between the second row and the third row), while an amperage may be decreased between the two outer rows (e.g., between the first row and the second row, and between the third row and the fourth row), thus reducing a temperature adjacent to sidewalls of the melting vessel 105 and reducing wear of the sidewalls.

[0071] For example, in comparison to a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, the electrodes 203 arranged in four rows and powered by a multi-phase power supply (e.g., illustrated in FIG. 2) can produce a first amperage between the first row and the second row (e.g., the first electrical current 301 between the first electrode 211, and the second electrode 213) or a second amperage between the third row and the fourth row (e.g., the third electrical current 501 between the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217) that is within about 50% to about 75%, or about 60% to about 70%, of an amperage between the two rows in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In addition, the design of FIG. 2 can produce an amperage between the second row and the third row (e.g., the second electrical current 401 between the second electrode 213, and the third electrode 215) that is substantially equal to the amperage between the two rows in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In these examples, a maximum voltage in the design of FIG. 2 may be within a range from about 60% to about 70%, or about 64%, of a maximum voltage in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, and may produce an electrical power (e.g., in Kilowatts) that is within about 85% to about 95% of the electrical power in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. A maximum bulk glass temperature of the molten glass 121 in the design of FIG. 2 may be within a range from about 5 degrees Celsius higher to about 15 degrees Celsius higher, or about 9 degrees Celsius higher than a maximum bulk glass temperature in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. Further, a maximum wall temperature of the melting vessel 105 in the design of FIG. 2 may be withina range from about 7 degrees Celsius lower to about 13 degrees Celsius lower, or about 10 degrees Celsius lower than a maximum wall temperature in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, thus leading to a wear reduction of the walls of the melting vessel 105 that is about 37% less than the walls of the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply.

[0072] In another example, in comparison to a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, the electrodes 203 arranged in four rows and powered by a multi-phase power supply (e.g., illustrated in FIG. 2) can produce a first amperage between the first row and the second row (e.g., the first electrical current 301 between the first electrode 211, and the second electrode 213) or a second amperage between the third row and the fourth row (e.g., the third electrical current 501 between the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217) that is within about 50% to about 60%, or about 55%, of an amperage between the two rows in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In such an example, the design of FIG. 2 can produce an amperage between the second row and the third row (e.g., the second electrical current 401 between the second electrode 213, and the third electrode 215) that is within a range from about 5% higher to about 15% higher, or about 10% higher, than the amperage between the two rows in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In this example, a maximum voltage in the design of FIG. 2 may be within a range from about 60% to about 70%, or about 66%, of a maximum voltage in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, and may produce an electrical power (e.g., in Kilowatts) that is within about 85% to about 95% of the electrical power in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. A maximum bulk glass temperature of the molten glass 121 in this example may be within a range from about 10 degrees Celsius higher to about 15 degrees Celsius higher, or about 12 degrees Celsius higher than a maximum bulk glass temperature in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. Further, a maximum wall temperature of the melting vessel 105 in this example may be within a range from about 6 degrees Celsius lower to about 10 degrees Celsius lower, or about 8 degrees Celsius lower than a maximum wall temperature in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, thus leading to a wear reduction of the walls of the melting vessel 105 that is about 45% less than the walls of the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply.

[0073] In yet another example, in comparison to a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, the electrodes 203 arranged in four rows and powered by a multi-phase power supply (e.g., illustrated in FIG. 2) can produce a first amperage between the first row and the second row (e.g., the first electrical current 301 between the first electrode 211, and the second electrode 213) or a second amperage between the third row and the fourth row (e.g., the third electrical current 501 between the third electrode 215 and the fourth electrode 217) that is within about 35% to about 45%, or about 42%, of an amperage between the two rows in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In such an example, the design of FIG. 2 can produce an amperage between the second row and the third row (e.g., the second electrical current 401 between the second electrode 213, and the third electrode 215) that is within a range from about 15% higher to about 30% higher, or about 23% higher, than the amperage between the two rows in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In this example, a maximum voltage in the design of FIG. 2 may be within a range from about 60% to about 70%, or about 65%, of a maximum voltage in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a singlephase power supply, and may produce an electrical power (e.g., in Kilowatts) that is within about 85% to about 95% of the electrical power in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. A maximum bulk glass temperature of the molten glass 121 in this example may be within a range from about 15 degrees Celsius higher to about 20 degrees Celsius higher, or about 18 degrees Celsius higher than a maximum bulk glass temperature in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. Further, a maximum wall temperature of the melting vessel 105 in this example may be within a range from about 2 degrees Celsius lower to about 6 degrees Celsius lower, or about 4 degrees Celsius lower than a maximum wall temperature in the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a singlephase power supply, thus leading to a wear reduction of the walls of the melting vessel 105that is about 49% less than the walls of the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply.

[0074] In these examples, a sidewall temperature of the sidewalls of the melting vessel 105 may reach a maximum temperature of about 1450 degrees Celsius to about 1600 degrees Celsius, or a maximum temperature of about 1500 degrees Celsius to about 1575 degrees Celsius, wherein the maximum sidewall temperature is between about 50 degrees Celsius to about 100 degrees Celsius lower than the maximum sidewall temperature of the melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In addition, the type of refractory material used to form the melting vessel 105 may be different depending on the temperature of the molten glass 121. For example, along the centerline 204 and adjacent to the second row 237 and the third row 247, the refractory material of the bottom wall at the second row 237 and the third row 247 may be different than the refractory material of the sidewalls adjacent to the first row 227 and the fourth row 257. This is due to the temperature higher electrical current (e.g., and higher temperatures) between the second row 237 and the third row 247) compared to a lower electrical current (e.g., and lower temperatures) adjacent to the first row 227 and the fourth row 257.

[0075] In any of these examples, an electrical voltage across the centerline 204 is zero due to the first row 227 and the second row 237 having the same phase as the third row 247 and the fourth row 257. The electrical voltage across the centerline 204 is the voltage measured from the centerline 204 relative to an electrical ground. In aspects when there is a 120 degree phase difference between the middle rows 237, 247 and the outer rows (e.g., 227, 237 or 247, 257), the electrical current through the centerline 204 may be about 70% to about 80% greater than an electrical current through a centerline in a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, and a voltage across the tank is about 50% of a voltage across the tank (e.g., between sidewalls) in a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. In aspects when there is a 60 degree phase difference between the middle rows 237, 247 and the outer rows (e.g., 227, 237 or 247, 257), the electrical current through the centerline 204 may be about the same as an electrical current through a centerline in a melting vessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply, and a voltage across the tank is about 80% to about 90%, or about 83% of a voltage across the tank in a meltingvessel with two rows of electrodes powered by a single-phase power supply. By reducing the voltage across the tank, the risk of damage to the melting vessel 105 can be reduced while more power, for example, adjacent to the middle rows 237, 247, can be produced.

[0076] FIG. 6 illustrates additional aspects of the melting vessel 105 wherein the plurality of electrodes 203 can be arranged differently than the plurality of electrodes 203 of FIG. 2. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise the first plurality of electrodes 225 arranged in the first row 227 extending along the first row axis 229. The first plurality of electrodes 225 can comprise a first electrode 601, a second electrode 603, a third electrode 605, a fourth electrode 607, a fifth electrode 609, and a sixth electrode 611. The plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a second plurality of electrodes 615 arranged in a second row 617 extending along a second row axis 619 that is parallel to the first row axis 229. The second plurality of electrodes 615 can comprise a first central electrode 621, a second central electrode 623, and a third central electrode 625. The plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise a third plurality of electrodes 635 arranged in a third row 637 extending along a third row axis 639 that is parallel to the first row axis 229 and the second row axis 619. The third plurality of electrodes 635 can comprise a fourth central electrode 641, a fifth central electrode 643, and a sixth central electrode 645. The plurality of electrodes 203 can comprise the fourth plurality of electrodes 255 arranged in the fourth row 257 extending along the fourth row axis 259. The fourth plurality of electrodes 255 can comprise a seventh electrode 651, an eighth electrode 653, a ninth electrode 655, a tenth electrode 657, an eleventh electrode 659, and a twelfth electrode 661. In aspects, a first distance separating the first row 227 and the fourth row 257 may be greater than a second distance separating the second row 617 and the third row 637.

[0077] In aspects, the second plurality of electrodes 615 and the third plurality of electrodes 635 can be misaligned with the first plurality of electrodes 225 and the fourth plurality of electrodes 255. For example, the first electrode 601 and the seventh electrode 651 can be aligned in a column extending along a first column axis 663 that is perpendicular to the first row axis 229. The second electrode 603 and the eighth electrode 653 can be aligned in a column extending along a second column axis 665 that is parallel to the first column axis 663. The third electrode 605 and the ninth electrode 655 can be aligned in acolumn extending along a third column axis 667 that is parallel to the first column axis 663. The fourth electrode 607 and the tenth electrode 657 can be aligned in a column extending along a fourth column axis 669 that is parallel to the first column axis 663. The fifth electrode 609 and the eleventh electrode 659 can be aligned in a column extending along a fifth column axis 671 that is parallel to the first column axis 663. The sixth electrode 611 and the twelfth electrode 661 can be aligned in a column extending along a sixth column axis 673 that is parallel to the first column axis 663.

[0078] In aspects, the first central electrode 621 and the fourth central electrode 641 can be aligned in a column extending along a first central column axis 675. In aspects, the first central column axis 675 is positioned between, and parallel to, the first column axis 663 and the second column axis 665. In this way, the first central column axis 675 is not co-linear with, and is spaced apart from, the first column axis 663 or the second column axis 665, which are the closest axes in proximity to, and on either side of, the first central column axis 675. In aspects, the second central electrode 623 and the fifth central electrode 643 can be aligned in a column extending along a second central column axis 677. In aspects, the second central column axis 677 is positioned between, and parallel to, the third column axis 667 and the fourth column axis 669. In this way, the second central column axis 677 is not co-linear with, and is spaced apart from, the third column axis 667 or the fourth column axis 669, which are the closest axes in proximity to, and on either side of, the second central column axis 677. In aspects, the third central column axis 679 is positioned between, and parallel to, the fifth column axis 671 and the sixth column axis 673. In this way, the third central column axis 679 is not co-linear with, and is spaced apart from, the fifth column axis 671 and the sixth column axis 673, which are the closest axes in proximity to, and on either side of, the third central column axis 679.

[0079] The glass manufacturing apparatus 100 can comprise one or more electrical power supplies that are electrically connected to the plurality of electrodes 203. The electrical power supplies in FIG. 6 can function in a substantially identical manner as the electrical power supplies described relative to FIGS. 2-5. For example, with reference to FIG. 6, a first electrical power supply 681 can be electrically connected to the first electrode 601, the second electrode 603, the seventh electrode 651, and the eighth electrode 653. The first electrical power supply 681 can comprise an alternating current powersupply, and one or more electrical conductors that are electrically connected to a first group of electrodes (e.g., the first electrode 601, the second electrode 603, the seventh electrode 651, and the eighth electrode 653). Accordingly, the first electrical power supply 681 can deliver a first electrical current to the first group of electrodes 601, 603, 651, 653. A second electrical power supply 683 can be electrically connected to the third electrode 605, the fourth electrode 607, the ninth electrode 655, and the tenth electrode 657. The second electrical power supply 683 can comprise an alternating current power supply, and one or more electrical conductors that are electrically connected to a second group of electrodes (e.g., the third electrode 605, the fourth electrode 607, the ninth electrode 655, and the tenth electrode 657). Accordingly, the second electrical power supply 683 can deliver a second electrical current to the second group of electrodes 605, 607, 655, 657. A third electrical power supply 685 can be electrically connected to the fifth electrode 609, the sixth electrode 611, the eleventh electrode 659, and the twelfth electrode 661. The third electrical power supply 685 can comprise an alternating current power supply, and one or more electrical conductors that are electrically connected to a third group of electrodes (e.g., the fifth electrode 609, the sixth electrode 611, the eleventh electrode 659, and the twelfth electrode 661). Accordingly, the third electrical power supply 685 can deliver a third electrical current to the third group of electrodes 609, 611, 659, 661. A fourth electrical power supply 687 can be electrically connected to the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645. The fourth electrical power supply 687 can comprise an alternating current power supply, and one or more electrical conductors that are electrically connected to a fourth group of electrodes (e.g., the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645). Accordingly, the fourth electrical power supply 687 can deliver a fourth electrical current to the fourth group of electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645.

[0080] In operation, the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645 can be operated and powered independently of the electrodes in the first row 227 and the fourth row 257. In this way, the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645 can generate a different temperature, for example, a higher temperature, at a center of the melting vessel 105 (e.g., on adjacent sides of, and in proximity to, the centerline 204) than the temperature generated by the electrodes in the first row 227 and the fourth row 257. For example, the fourth electrical power supply 687 can create an electrical potential between the centralelectrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645, thus producing a fourth electrical current. Likewise, the first electrical power supply 681, the second electrical power supply 683, and the third electrical power supply 685 can create an electrical potential between respective electrodes in the first row 227 and the fourth row 257, to produce a first electrical current at the first group of electrodes (e.g., the first electrode 601, the second electrode 603, the seventh electrode 651, and the eighth electrode 653), a second electrical current at the second group of electrodes (e.g., the third electrode 605, the fourth electrode 607, the ninth electrode 655, and the tenth electrode 657), and a third electrical current at the third group of electrodes (e.g., the fifth electrode 609, the sixth electrode 611, the eleventh electrode 659, and the twelfth electrode 661).

[0081] In aspects, the voltage potential (e.g., and, thus electrical current) produced by the fourth electrical power supply 687 may be different than the voltage potential (e.g., and, thus electrical current) produced by the first electrical power supply 681, the second electrical power supply 683, and / or the third electrical power supply 685. For example, to generate a higher temperature near a center of the melting vessel 105 adjacent the centerline 204, the fourth electrical power supply 687 can generate a larger voltage potential (e.g., and, thus electrical current) than a voltage potential generated by the other power supplies 681, 683, 685

[0082] In aspects, the electrical currents generated by the electrical power supplies 681, 683, 685, 687 in FIG. 6 may be in-phase or out-of-phase. For example, the fourth electrical current (e.g., at the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645) may be in- phase or out-of-phase with the electrical currents in the electrodes of the first row 227 and the fourth row 257. When the fourth electrical current is out-of-phase with one or more of the first electrical current, the second electrical current, or the third electrical current, the phase difference may be within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees, or about 120 degrees, or may be within a range from about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees, or about 60 degrees, or may be within a range from about 160 degrees to about 200 degrees, or about 180 degrees. Accordingly, in aspects, the melting vessel 105 illustrated in FIG. 6 can comprise a plurality of electrode groups that may be separately powered. For example, a first electrode group can comprise the electrodes 601, 603, 651, 653, and may be positioned adjacent to opposing sidewalls of the melting vessel 105. A different, secondelectrode group can comprise the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645, and may be positioned adjacent to the centerline 204. One electrical power supply (e.g., first electrical power supply 681) can be electrically connected to the first electrode group to deliver a first electrical current, while a second, different, electrical power supply (e.g., electrical power supply 687) can be electrically connected to the second electrode group to deliver a second electrical current. A first voltage potential generated by the first electrical power supply 681 can be different than, for example, less than, a second voltage potential generated by the fourth electrical power supply 687.

[0083] In aspects, the plurality of electrodes 203 and the electrical power supplies 681, 683, 685, 687 are not limited to the configuration illustrated and described relative to FIG. 6. For example, while FIG. 6 illustrates the first electrical power supply 681 being electrically connected with four electrodes 601, 603, 651, 653, such a configuration is not intended to be limiting. Rather, the first electrical power supply 681, along with the other electrical power supplies 683, 685 can be electrically connected to any number of (e.g., two or more) electrodes. In this way, the first electrical power supply 681 (e.g., and the other electrical power supplies 683, 685) can be electrically connected to two electrodes, six electrodes, etc. Likewise, while the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645 are illustrated as being electrically connected to one power supply (e.g., the fourth electrical power supply 687), such a design is not intended to be limiting. Rather, two or more electrical power supplies can be electrically connected to the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645. That is, one power supply can be electrically connected to two of the central electrodes (e.g., central electrodes 621, 641, for example), while another, second, power supply can be electrically connected to another two of the central electrodes (e.g., central electrodes 623, 643, for example), and yet another, third, power supply can be electrically connected to the other two of the central electrodes (e.g., central electrodes 625, 645, for example).

[0084] In addition, while the second row 617 and the third row 637 are illustrated as comprising a total of six electrodes, in aspects, the second row 617 can comprise any number of (e.g., one or more) electrodes, and the third row 637 can comprise any number of (e.g., one or more) electrodes. Further, while the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645 are illustrated in a staggered formation relative to the electrodes in the first row227 and the fourth row 257, some or all of the central electrodes 621, 623, 625, 641, 643, 645 could be in-line with (e.g., co-linear with) some of the electrodes in the first row 227 and the fourth row 257.

[0085] It should be understood that while various aspects have been described in detail relative to certain illustrative and specific examples thereof, the present disclosure should not be considered limited to such, as numerous modifications and combinations of the disclosed features are possible without departing from the scope of the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A glass manufacturing apparatus comprising: a melting vessel comprising an interior chamber containing molten glass; a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, and a fourth electrode extending within the interior chamber and in contact with the molten glass; a first electrical power supply electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrical power supply configured to deliver a first electrical current to the first electrode and the second electrode; a second electrical power supply electrically connected to the second electrode and the third electrode, the second electrical power supply configured to deliver a second electrical current out-of-phase with the first electrical current to the second electrode and the third electrode; and a third electrical power supply electrically connected to the third electrode and the fourth electrode, the third electrical power supply configured to deliver a third electrical current out-of-phase with the second electrical current to the third electrode and the fourth electrode, wherein the second electrical current is different in magnitude than the first electrical current and the third electrical current.

2. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein a phase difference between the first electrical current and the second electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees.

3. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 2, wherein a phase difference between the second electrical current and the third electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees, and wherein the first electrical current is in-phase with the third electrical current.

4. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein a phase difference between the first electrical current and the second electrical current is within a range from about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees.

5. The glass manufacturing apparatus of any of claims 1-4, further comprising a first plurality of electrodes arranged in a first row and extending through a bottom wall of the melting vessel, the first plurality of electrodes comprising the first electrode.

6. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 5, further comprising a second plurality of electrodes arranged in a second row parallel to the first row and extending through a bottom wall of the melting vessel, the second plurality of electrodes comprising the second electrode.

7. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a third plurality of electrodes arranged in a third row parallel to the second row and extending through a bottom wall of the melting vessel, the third plurality of electrodes comprising the third electrode.

8. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a fourth plurality of electrodes arranged in a fourth row parallel to the third row and extending through a bottom wall of the melting vessel, the fourth plurality of electrodes comprising the fourth electrode.

9. The glass manufacturing apparatus of any one of claims 5-8, wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, and the fourth electrode are arranged in a first column extending along a first column axis perpendicular to a first row axis along which the first plurality of electrodes are arranged in the first row.

10. The glass manufacturing apparatus of any one of claims 5-9, wherein a distance between the first electrode and a closest sidewall of the melting vessel is within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters.

11. A glass manufacturing apparatus comprising: a melting vessel comprising an interior chamber containing molten glass;a first electrode group comprising a first electrode positioned adjacent to a first sidewall of the melting vessel and a second electrode positioned adjacent to an opposing second sidewall of the melting vessel; a second electrode group comprising a first central electrode positioned adjacent to a centerline of the melting vessel and a second central electrode positioned adjacent to the centerline; a first electrical power supply electrically connected to the first electrode group, the first electrical power supply configured to deliver a first electrical current to the first electrode and the second electrode; and a second electrical power supply electrically connected to the second electrode group, the second electrical power supply configured to deliver a second electrical current to the first central electrode and the second central electrode, wherein the first electrical current is less than the second electrical current.

12. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 11, wherein a first distance separating the first electrode and the second electrode is greater than a second distance separating the first central electrode and the second central electrode.

13. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first electrical current is out-of-phase with the second electrical current.

14. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 11, wherein a distance between the first electrode and a closest sidewall of the melting vessel is within a range from about 100 millimeters to about 500 millimeters.

15. A method for manufacturing glass comprising: delivering a first electrical current from a first electrical power supply to a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode and the second electrode extending within an interior chamber of a melting vessel and in contact with molten glass contained within the interior chamber;delivering a second electrical current from a second electrical power supply to the second electrode and a third electrode, the second electrical current out-of-phase with the first electrical current and extending within the interior chamber and in contact with the molten glass; and delivering a third electrical current from a third electrical power supply to the third electrode and a fourth electrode, the third and fourth electrode extending within the interior chamber and in contact with the molten glass, the third electrical current out-of- phase with the second electrical current.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first electrical current is in-phase with the third electrical current.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein a phase difference between the first electrical current and the second electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein a phase difference between the second electrical current and the third electrical current is within a range from about 100 degrees to about 140 degrees.

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