Method and apparatus for measurement result prediction and performance monitoring
AI/ML-based RRM measurements using a UE-sided model address inefficiencies in legacy systems by predicting and monitoring cell measurement results, enhancing network performance and reducing overhead.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- LENOVO (BEIJING) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-16
AI Technical Summary
Legacy RRM mechanisms in wireless communication systems fail to adapt efficiently to dynamic channel conditions, leading to suboptimal handover decisions, increased radio link failures, and unnecessary measurement overhead.
Integration of AI/ML-based prediction for RRM measurements using a UE-sided model for cell measurement result prediction and performance monitoring, including threshold-based prediction and reporting of measurement results.
Reduces measurement reporting frequency, decreases uplink overhead, and lowers UE power consumption while improving network performance and mobility robustness.
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Figure CN2025122923_16072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT RESULT PREDICTION AND PERFORMANCE MONITORINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication technology, and more particularly to predicting measurement result using a user equipment (UE) sided model, as well as reporting the prediction results and monitoring the performance of the model.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communication system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may support wireless communication for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as UE, or other suitable terminology. The wireless communication system may support wireless communication with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) ) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like) . Additionally, the wireless communication system may support wireless communication across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) (which is also known as new radio (NR) ) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .SUMMARY
[0003] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ” Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” , a “group” or a “list” may include one or more elements.
[0004] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a UE. The UE may include at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: receive, from a BS, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; predict cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; and transmit, to the BS, a report comprising a result of the prediction.
[0005] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit a capability-related message to the BS. The capability-related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports layer 3 (L3) cell-level quality prediction or layer 1 (L1) beam-level quality prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports radio resource management (RRM) prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of RRM prediction in which an L1 beam-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result and an L3 cell-level measurement result is determined based on the predicted L1 beam-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a second type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L3 cell-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a third type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports performance monitoring for a UE-sided model for the cell measurement result prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports reporting a reference signal received power (RSRP) difference for the performance monitoring based on the predicted cell measurement results; or an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of temporal domain measurement prediction or a second type of temporal domain measurement prediction by a UE-sided model.
[0006] In some embodiments, to predict the cell measurement results, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of: predict a first set of predicted beam-level measurement results based on a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a first cell, apply at least one of a first signal quality threshold or a first maximum quantity threshold to the first set of predicted beam-level measurement results to obtain at least one predicted beam-level measurement result, and determine a cell-level measurement result for the first cell based on the at least one predicted beam-level measurement result; apply at least one of a second signal quality threshold or a second maximum quantity threshold to a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a second cell to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result, predict a second set of predicted beam-level measurement results based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result, and determine a cell-level measurement result for the second cell based on the second set of predicted beam-level measurement results; predict a cell-level measurement result for a third cell based on all actual beam-level measurement results associated with the third cell; or apply at least one of a fourth signal quality threshold or a fourth maximum quantity threshold to a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a fourth cell to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result, and predict a cell-level measurement result for the fourth cell based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result.
[0007] In some embodiments, the at least one of the first signal quality threshold or the first maximum quantity threshold is dedicated to predicted measurement quantity selection or is shared between predicted measurement quantity selection and actual measurement quantity selection.
[0008] In some embodiments, to predict the cell measurement results, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of: predict measurement results for a first set of cells, wherein an actual measurement result of each cell of the first set of cells is equal to or better than a first threshold related to signal quality; or predict measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein a number of cells in the second set of cells depends on a second threshold for maximum number, and the second set of cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE.
[0009] In some embodiments, the actual measurement result of each cell of the first set of cells is equal to or better than the first threshold for a time duration.
[0010] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a list of target cells and a first set of additional cells, wherein the list of target cells is configured for the UE for temporal domain measurement prediction, and a number of cells in the list of target cells and the first set of additional cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for the list of target cells and actual measurement results for a second set of additional cells, wherein a number of cells in the list of target cells and the second set of additional cells depends on the maximum number of reported cells.
[0011] In some embodiments, the first set of additional cells has a best predicted measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells. In some embodiments, the second set of additional cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE or has a best actual measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells.
[0012] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a first set of cells having a best predicted measurement result, wherein a number of cells in the first set of cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein each cell of the second set of cells has a predicted measurement result equal to or better than a cell quality threshold.
[0013] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell.
[0014] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on: a best quality value among predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell; an average value of at least one of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window; an average value of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window and actual measurement result instances in an observation window corresponding to the prediction window; a predefined instance of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the predefined instance is an earliest or latest instance in the prediction window; or an average value of a number of best predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the number is based on a maximum number threshold.
[0015] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: receive, from the BS, a performance monitoring configuration for the cell measurement result prediction; generate, by a UE-sided model, a set of predicted measurement result instances in a monitoring window according to the performance monitoring configuration; perform measurement to obtain a set of actual measurement result instances in the monitoring window; determine, based on the set of predicted measurement result instances and the set of actual measurement result instances, a performance metric for the UE-sided model; and transmit, to the BS, the determined performance metric.
[0016] In some embodiments, the performance metric is determined based on: an average value of the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of the set of actual measurement result instances; an average value of a first number of predicted measurement result instances from the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of a second number of actual measurement result instances from the set of actual measurement result instances; or a single predicted measurement result instance from the set of predicted measurement result instances and a single actual measurement result instance from the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0017] In some embodiments, the first number and the second number is based on a number of instances in the set of predicted measurement result instances and a number of instances in the set of actual measurement result instances. In some embodiments, the first number and the second number are indicated by the performance monitoring configuration or are predefined. In some embodiments, the first number is equal to the second number.
[0018] In some embodiments, the first number of predicted measurement result instances has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the second number of actual measurement result instances has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0019] In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the single actual measurement result instance has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances. In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance and the single actual measurement result instance has a minimum time gap among all time gaps between any instance of the set of predicted measurement result instances and any instance of the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0020] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a BS. The BS may include at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the BS to: transmit, to a UE, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; and receive, from the UE, a report for the cell measurement result prediction.
[0021] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to receive a capability-related message from the UE, and the capability-related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports L3 cell-level quality prediction or L1 beam-level quality prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports RRM prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of RRM prediction in which an L1 beam-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result and an L3 cell-level measurement result is determined based on the predicted L1 beam-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a second type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L3 cell-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a third type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports performance monitoring for a UE-sided model for the cell measurement result prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports reporting an RSRP difference for the performance monitoring based on the predicted cell measurement results; or an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of temporal domain measurement prediction or a second type of temporal domain measurement prediction by a UE-sided model.
[0022] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a list of target cells and a first set of additional cells, wherein the list of target cells is configured by the BS for the UE for temporal domain measurement prediction, and a number of cells in the list of target cells and the first set of additional cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for the list of target cells and actual measurement results for a second set of additional cells, wherein a number of cells in the list of target cells and the second set of additional cells depends on the maximum number of reported cells.
[0023] In some embodiments, the first set of additional cells has a best predicted measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells. In some embodiments, the second set of additional cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE or has a best actual measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells.
[0024] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a first set of cells having a best predicted measurement result, wherein a number of cells in the first set of cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein each cell of the second set of cells has a predicted measurement result equal to or better than a cell quality threshold.
[0025] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell.
[0026] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on: a best quality value among predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell; an average value of at least one of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window; an average value of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window and actual measurement result instances in an observation window corresponding to the prediction window; a predefined instance of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the predefined instance is an earliest or latest instance in the prediction window; or an average value of a number of best predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the number is based on a maximum number threshold.
[0027] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to: transmit, to the UE, a performance monitoring configuration for the cell measurement result prediction; and receive, from the UE, a performance metric for a UE-sided model used by the UE to perform the cell measurement result prediction.
[0028] In some embodiments, the performance metric is determined based on: an average value of a set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of a set of actual measurement result instances, wherein the set of predicted measurement result instances is generated by the UE-sided model in a monitoring window according to the performance monitoring configuration, and the set of actual measurement result instances is measured by the UE in the monitoring window; an average value of a first number of predicted measurement result instances from the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of a second number of actual measurement result instances from the set of actual measurement result instances; or a single predicted measurement result instance from the set of predicted measurement result instances and a single actual measurement result instance from the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0029] In some embodiments, the first number and the second number is based on a number of instances in the set of predicted measurement result instances and a number of instances in the set of actual measurement result instance. In some embodiments, the first number and the second number are indicated by the performance monitoring configuration or are predefined. In some embodiments, the first number is equal to the second number.
[0030] In some embodiments, the first number of predicted measurement result instances has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the second number of actual measurement result instances has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0031] In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the single actual measurement result instance has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances. In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance and the single actual measurement result instance has a minimum time gap among all time gaps between any instance of the set of predicted measurement result instances and any instance of the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0032] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive, from a BS, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; predict cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; and transmit, to the BS, a report including a result of the prediction.
[0033] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: transmit, to a UE, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; and receive, from the UE, a report for the cell measurement result prediction.
[0034] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: receiving, from a BS, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; predicting cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; and transmitting, to the BS, a report including a result of the prediction.
[0035] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: transmitting, to a UE, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; and receiving, from the UE, a report for the cell measurement result prediction.
[0036] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide an apparatus. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apparatus may include: at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions; at least one receiving circuitry; at least one transmitting circuitry; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, the at least one receiving circuitry and the at least one transmitting circuitry, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium and the computer executable instructions may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform a method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0037] In order to describe the manner in which the advantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a description of the disclosure is rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings depict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope.
[0038] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0039] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) general functional framework that supports mobility enhancement prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of functionality applicability reporting in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0041] FIGs. 4A-4C illustrate exemplary temporal domain measurement prediction cases in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0042] FIGs. 5-7 illustrate exemplary procedures related to measurement result prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0043] FIGs. 8 and 9 illustrate flowcharts of wireless communication methods in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0044] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0046] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of network equipment (NE) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0047] The detailed description of the appended drawings is intended as a description of the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present disclosure may be practiced. It should be understood that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
[0048] Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, embodiments are provided under a specific network architecture (s) and new service scenarios, such as the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) 5G NR or 6G, 3GPP LTE, and so on. It is contemplated that along with the development of network architectures and new service scenarios, all embodiments in the present disclosure are also applicable to similar technical problems; and moreover, the terminologies recited in the present disclosure may change, which should not affect the principles of the present disclosure.
[0049] Wireless communication systems require efficient RRM to maintain service quality, ensure mobility robustness, and optimize network performance. Legacy RRM mechanisms may not adapt efficiently to dynamic channel conditions, leading to suboptimal handover decisions, increased radio link failures, or unnecessary measurement overhead. The introduction of AI / ML-based prediction for RRM measurements provides several technical advantages including, for example, reduction in measurement reporting frequency, thereby decreasing uplink overhead and UE power consumption. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions for predicting measurement result using a UE-sided model, as well as prediction result reporting and performance monitoring of the model.
[0050] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of wireless communication system 100 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0051] The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more NEs 102 (e.g., one or more BSs) , one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communication system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be an NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultra-wideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , and IEEE 802.20. The wireless communication system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communication system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0052] The one or more NEs 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communication system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN) node, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , 6GR BS or other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the one or more NEs 102 may include different types of BSs (e.g., macro BS, pico BS, femto BS, relay BS, 6GR BS, etc. ) . These different types of BSs may have different transmit power levels and different coverage areas. For example, a macro BS may have a relatively high transmit power level, while pico BSs, femto BSs, and relay BSs may have a relatively low transmit power levels. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an NE 102 may include a CU and one or more DUs. An F1 interface may be established between the DU of NE 102 and the CU of NE 102.
[0053] An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0054] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN) . In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with a different NE 102.
[0055] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communication system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.
[0056] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0057] A relaying function based on a sidelink may be supported in the wireless communication system 100. For example, a UE 104 supporting sidelink communication may function as a relay node to extend the coverage of an NE 102 (e.g., a BS) . An out-of-coverage or in-coverage UE may communicate with a BS via a relay node (e.g., a relay UE) . In some implementations, a UE, which functions as a relay between another UE and a BS, may be referred to as a UE-to-network (U2N) relay.
[0058] An NE 102 may support communication with the CN 106, or with another NE 102 or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with another NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N3 or another network interface) . In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0059] In some implementations, an NE 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more NEs 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, an NE 102 may include one or more of a CU, a DU, a radio unit (RU) (e.g., a TRP) , a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) (e.g., a near-real time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a non-real time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a service management and orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof. One or more components of the NEs 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the NEs 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) or a virtual DU (VDU) ) .
[0060] Split of functionality between a CU and a DU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU or a DU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host higher protocol layers (e.g., L3 (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) layer) and parts of L2 (e.g., service data adaption protocol (SDAP) layer and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) functionality and signaling. The CU may be connected to one or more DUs, which may host lower protocol layers (e.g., L1 (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) and parts of L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer) ) functionality and signaling, and be at least partially controlled by the CU. A DU may support one or multiple different cells. A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions.
[0061] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) functions and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106.
[0062] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106) .
[0063] In the wireless communication system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communication) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0064] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communication system 100, and a numerology may include subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ =1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A sixth numerology (e.g., μ =5) may be associated with a sixth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 480 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A seventh numerology (e.g., μ=6) may be associated with a seventh subcarrier spacing (e.g., 960 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. For ambient IoT communication, additional numerologies (e.g., μ=-1 or μ =-2) may be introduced corresponding to 7.5 kHz or 3.75 kHz, respectively.
[0065] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0066] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communication system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings (SCSs) of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0067] In the wireless communication system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communication system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communication over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communication traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0068] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ =0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ =1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least two numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0069] A UE 104 may include computing devices, such as desktop computers, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , tablet computers, smart televisions (e.g., televisions connected to the Internet) , set-top boxes, game consoles, security systems (including security cameras) , vehicle on-board computers, network devices (e.g., routers, switches, and modems) , or the like. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE 104 may include a portable wireless communication device, a smart phone, a cellular telephone, a flip phone, a device having a subscriber identity module, a personal computer, a selective call receiver, or any other device that is capable of sending and receiving communication signals on a wireless network. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE 104 includes wearable devices, such as smart watches, fitness bands, optical head-mounted displays, or the like. Moreover, a UE 104 may be referred to as a subscriber unit, a mobile, a mobile station, a user, a terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a fixed terminal, a subscriber station, a user terminal, or a device, or described using other terminology used in the art. A UE 104 may communicate with an NE 102 (e.g., a BS) via uplink (UL) communication signals. An NE 102 may communicate with a UE 104 via downlink (DL) communication signals.
[0070] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate over licensed spectrums, whereas in some other embodiments, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate over unlicensed spectrums. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementation of any particular wireless communication system architecture or protocol. Persons skilled in the art should understand that as technology develops and advances, the terminologies described in the present disclosure may change, but should not affect or limit the principles and spirit of the present disclosure.
[0071] The integration of AI / ML into various aspects of a wireless communication system is advantageous. For instance, a UE-sided model may be employed to facilitate radio resource management (RRM) . For example, the UE-sided model may be applied for an RRM measurement prediction, including but not limited to cell-level measurement prediction. Herein, the terms "model" and "functionality" may be used interchangeably. Thus, a UE functionality utilized for measurement prediction may also be referred to as a UE model or a UE-sided model.
[0072] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an AI / ML general functional framework 200 that supports mobility enhancement prediction (e.g., RRM measurement prediction, cell-level measurement prediction, etc. ) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, the general functional framework 200 may include: data collection 210, model training 220, management 230, inference 240, and model storage 250.
[0073] Data collection 210 may refer to a function that provides input data (e.g., training data, monitoring data, and inference data) to model training 220, management 230, and inference 240. The training data may refer to data needed as an input for model training 220 (i.e., AI / ML model training function) . The monitoring data may refer to data needed as an input for management 230 (i.e., management of AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities) . The inference data may refer to data needed as an input for inference 240 (i.e., AI / ML model inference function) .
[0074] Model training 220 may refer to a function that performs AI / ML model training, validation, and testing which may generate model performance metrics that can be used as part of the model testing procedure. The model training function is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the training data delivered by data collection 210 if required.
[0075] Management 230 may refer to a function that oversees an operation (e.g., selection / activation / deactivation / switching / fallback) and monitoring (e.g., performance) of AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities. The management function is also responsible for making decisions to ensure the proper inference operation based on data received from data collection 210 and inference 240. A management instruction is information needed as an input to manage inference 240. Concerning information may include selection / activation / deactivation / switching of AI / ML models or AI / ML-based functionalities, fallback to a non-AI / ML operation (i.e., not relying on an inference process) , etc. A model transfer / delivery request is used to request a model (s) to model storage 250. A performance feedback / retraining request is information needed as an input for model training 220, e.g., for model (re) training or updating purposes.
[0076] Inference 240 may refer to a function that provides outputs from a process of applying AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities, using data that is provided by data collection 210 (i.e., the inference data) as an input. The inference function is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation) based on the inference data delivered by data collection 210, if required. An inference output may refer to data used by management 230 to monitor performance of AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities.
[0077] Model storage 250 may refer to a function responsible for storing trained / updated models that can be used to perform the inference function.
[0078] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions for predicting measurement results and reporting the corresponding predictions. In some embodiments, a UE-sided model or a UE functionality may be utilized to perform such predictions. The present disclosure further provides solutions for monitoring the performance of the model. More details on the embodiments of the present disclosure will be illustrated in the following text in combination with the appended drawings.
[0079] FIG. 3 illustrates exemplary procedure 300 for functionality applicability reporting in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 3.
[0080] In FIG. 3, UE 304 may use at least one UE functionality (i.e., UE-sided model) for measurement result prediction. For example, AI / ML general functional framework 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be deployed at UE 304. For the UE-sided model, the network may provide an inference configuration based on functionalities supported by UE 304. UE 304 may report its applicable functionalities, non-applicable functionalities and their subsequent change to the network. When UE 304 reports certain functionalities becoming non-applicable, UE 304 can also indicate its preference to release corresponding configurations (e.g., due to model non-availability in the local device) .
[0081] At 311, UE 304 may indicate the functionalities supported by UE 304 to BS 302 (i.e., serving BS) via UE capability information. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 302 (not shown in FIG. 3) .
[0082] At 313, BS 302 may provide an inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 304 via RRC (e.g., in an RRC reconfiguration message) . In some embodiments, in response to receiving one or more inference configurations, UE 304 may maintain all the inference configurations no matter whether the inference configuration is applicable or not until the network (e.g., BS 302) releases it explicitly.
[0083] At 315, UE 304 may determine the applicable functionalities based on the NW-side additional conditions (if provided) , UE-side additional conditions (internally known by UE 304) and model availability at UE 304. The network-side additional conditions can be provided by a DU of BS 302 to UE 304.
[0084] At 317, UE 304 may report its initial functionality applicability via RRC (e.g., an RRC reconfiguration complete message) .
[0085] In some embodiments, when UE 304 is provided with a channel state information (CSI) configuration with periodic reporting that is consistent with reported UE capabilities in a CSI report configuration, in response to reporting the applicable functionalities, UE 304 may autonomously activate the applicable functionalities at 319. When UE 304 is provided with a semi-persistent configuration or aperiodic configuration, in response to reporting the applicable functionalities, the activation of the applicable functionality may follow the CSI measurement and reporting. For example, the semi-persistent reporting can be activated by a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , and the aperiodic reporting can be activated by a DCI.
[0086] In some embodiments, UE 304 may report a change in the applicability status of its functionality to BS 302 at 321. For example, this information may be reported via RRC (e.g., in a UE assistance information message) . For example, BS 302 may configure UE 304 with applicability reporting or inapplicability reporting. In response to an applicability change of a UE functionality (e.g., the applicability status is changed from applicable to inapplicable or from inapplicable to applicable) , UE 304 may report updated functionality applicability and inapplicability.
[0087] In some embodiments, when a CSI configuration with periodic reporting becomes inapplicable, UE 304 may not autonomously release the configuration, but may inform BS 302, which is expected to release the configuration. In some embodiments, UE 304 may continue to perform the inference (e.g., predicting) and reporting until the configuration is released. When an activated functionality becomes inapplicable, UE 304 may not autonomously deactivate it, but may inform BS 302 of the change in the applicability status. In response to the reception of an indication of a UE functionality becoming inapplicable, BS 302 may deactivate or release the activated functionality.
[0088] In some embodiments, UE 304 may be triggered to report inference results (e.g., prediction results) to BS 302 according to periodical reporting or event-based reporting.
[0089] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 300 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 300 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0090] FIGs. 4A-4C illustrate exemplary temporal domain measurement prediction cases 400A-400C in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0091] FIG. 4A shows an example of temporal domain case A (intra-frequency) . In this case, continuous measurement results within a prediction window (PW) are predicted using continuous historical measurement results within an observation window (OW) . The OW and PW slide forward either by a sampling period (s) (e.g., when sliding L1 / L3 filtering is applied) , or by a measurement period (s) (e.g., when non-sliding L1 / L3 filtering is applied) , wherein the measurement results are actually measured prior to each sliding operation. As an example, in FIG. 4A, the OW and PW include four measurement instances, and slide forward by one sampling period or one measurement period.
[0092] FIG. 4B illustrates a skipping pattern example (Example 1) of temporal domain Case B (intra-frequency) , and FIG. 4C illustrates another skipping pattern example (Example 2) thereof. In Case B, measurement results in the PW are predicted based on historical measurement results in the OW. The OW and PW slide forward either by a sampling period (s) (e.g., when sliding L1 / L3 filtering is applied) or by a measurement period (s) (e.g., when non-sliding L1 / L3 filtering is applied) , wherein one or more measurement results in the previous PW are skipped during the window sliding process.
[0093] As an example, in FIG. 4B, the OW and PW include two measurement instances, and slide forward by four sampling periods or four measurement periods. As an example, in FIG. 4C, the OW includes five measurement instances, some of which are skipped for actual measurement due to a previous PW, the PW includes one measurement instance, and the OW and PW may slide forward by two sampling periods or two measurement periods.
[0094] It is noted that the historical measurement results in the OW at least include actual measurement results. Optionally, predicted measurement results within the OW may also be used as input to the AI / ML model for prediction.
[0095] FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary procedure 500 related to measurement result prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 5.
[0096] Referring to FIG. 5, UE 504 may connect to (or access) BS 502. For example, UE 205 may access a cell of BS 502, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 504 and BS 502 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 504. In some embodiments, UE 504 may access the network via single connectivity, and BS 502 is associated with the MCG of UE 504. In some embodiments, UE 504 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via dual-connectivity (DC) ) . For example, in addition to BS 502, UE 504 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #A) . In some examples, BS 502 and BS #A may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 504, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 504. In some examples, BS 502 and BS #A may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 504, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 504. In some embodiments, BS 502 may be a gNB or a 6G radio (6GR) BS. In some embodiments, BS 502 may include a CU and at least one DU.
[0097] At 511, UE 504 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message or a UE capability information message) to BS 502. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 502. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. In some embodiments, UE 504 may indicate its supported functionalities to the network (e.g., BS 502) via a UE capability information message.
[0098] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include first information indicating whether UE 504 supports L3 cell-level quality prediction or L1 beam-level quality prediction. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include second information indicating whether UE 504 supports an RRM prediction (e.g., cell measurement result prediction) .
[0099] In some examples, the RRM measurement prediction may include the following use cases: ● use case #1: an L1 beam-level measurement result (s) is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result (s) , and an L3 cell-level measurement result is generated based on the predicted L1 beam-level measurement result (s) ; ● use case #2: an L3 cell-level measurement result (s) is predicted based on an actual L3 cell-level measurement result (s) ; and ● use case #3: an L3 cell-level measurement result (s) is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result (s) .
[0100] In some embodiments, a UE-sided model may be used for the cell measurement result prediction, e.g., for use case #1 to use case #3. In some embodiments, both temporal domain case A and case B may be applicable for use case #1 to use case #3.
[0101] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include third information indicating whether UE 504 supports use case #1. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include fourth information indicating whether UE 504 supports use case #2. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include fifth information indicating whether UE 504 supports use case #3.
[0102] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include sixth information indicating whether UE 504 supports performance monitoring for a UE-sided model for the cell measurement result prediction.
[0103] In some embodiments, measurement prediction accuracy for (cell-level) RRM measurement prediction may be defined as an average L3 RSRP difference between a predicted L3 filtered cell-level measurement result and a ground truth L3 filtered cell-level measurement result of the same cell for, for example, some or all of use case #1 to use case #3.
[0104] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include seventh information indicating whether UE 504 supports reporting an RSRP difference for the performance monitoring based on the predicted cell measurement results. In some other embodiments, other metrics besides RSRP, for example, reference signal received quality (RSRQ) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , may be employed.
[0105] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include eighth information indicating whether UE 504 supports a first type of temporal domain measurement prediction (e.g., case A) or a second type of temporal domain measurement prediction (e.g., case B) by a UE-sided model.
[0106] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include one or more of the first information to eighth information.
[0107] At 513, BS 502 may transmit, to UE 504, a configuration for a cell measurement result prediction. UE 504 may use a UE-sided model (e.g., a UE functionality) for the prediction. In some embodiments, AI / ML general functional framework 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be deployed at UE 504. For example, BS 502 may provide an inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 504 via RRC.
[0108] At 515, UE 504 may transmit the applicability status (i.e., applicable or inapplicable) of one or more functionalities of UE 504 to BS 502.
[0109] For example, UE 504 may determine the applicable functionalities based on NW-side additional conditions (if provided) , UE-side additional conditions (internally known by UE 504) and model availability at UE 504 and transmit the applicability status based on the determination. For example, UE 504 may indicate to BS 502 whether at least one UE functionality is applicable or not via an RRC message (e.g., an RRC reconfiguration complete message) . In some embodiments, UE 504 may report a change in the applicability status of its functionality via an RRC message. For example, when BS 502 enables applicability reporting and applicability change reporting, UE 504 may report an updated applicability status of its functionality in a UE assistance information message. For example, when an activated AI / ML functionality becomes inapplicable, UE 504 may not autonomously deactivate it, but may indicate to the network (e.g., BS 502) the change in the applicability. In response to receiving a UE indication of the functionality becoming inapplicable, the network (e.g., BS 502) may deactivate or release this activated functionality.
[0110] At 517, UE 504 may perform an inference operation based on the configuration from BS 502. For example, UE 504 may predict cell measurement results based on the inference configuration. UE 504 may predict cell measurement results in accordance with one or more of use case #1 to use case #3. BS 502 may indicate to UE 504 the specific use case (s) for the prediction.
[0111] For example, UE 504 may predict a set of predicted (L1) beam-level measurement results based on a set of actual (L1) beam-level measurement results associated with a cell (denoted as cell #1) . The actual L1 beam-level measurement results can be the actual measurement results of some or all beams of cell #1. That is, the set of actual beam-level measurement results is the input of the UE-sided model for prediction. UE 504 may apply at least one measurement result generation parameter (e.g., a signal quality threshold or a maximum quantity threshold) to the set of predicted beam-level measurement results to obtain at least one predicted beam-level measurement result. Then, UE 504 may determine a (L3) cell-level measurement result for cell #1 based on the at least one predicted beam-level measurement result.
[0112] For example, UE 504 may be configured with 64 beams per neighbor cell (e.g., cell #1) for measurement. UE 504 may predict measurement results for 64 beams of cell #1. UE 504 may select some beams from the 64 beams based on at least one of the signal quality threshold or the maximum quantity threshold. For example, a beam having a predicted measurement result equal to or better than the signal quality threshold can be selected. For example, a beam having a predicted RSRP value equal to or greater than an RSRP threshold can be selected. If the number of beams (e.g., 32) satisfying the signal quality threshold is greater than the maximum quantity threshold (e.g., 16) , UE 504 may select 16 beams out of the 32 beams. For example, 16 beams having the best quality can be selected from the 32 beams. This selection process can also be referred to as predicted measurement quantity selection. Then, UE 504 may generate a predicted cell-level measurement result for cell #1 based on the predicted measurement results for the selected 16 beams. For example, UE 504 generates a predicted cell-level measurement result (also referred to as predicted cell measurement quantity) as the linear power scale average of the predicted measurement results for the 16 beams.
[0113] In some embodiments, the signal quality threshold or the maximum quantity threshold may be configured for UE 504 by BS 502. In some embodiments, the signal quality threshold or the maximum quantity threshold is dedicated to a predicted measurement quantity selection. In some embodiments, one or more of the two thresholds are shared between a predicted measurement quantity selection and an actual measurement quantity selection. An actual measurement quantity selection refers to the process by which actual beam measurement results are selected to generate an actual cell measurement quantity.
[0114] In some embodiments, an L3 filter may be applied during a cell measurement result prediction. Filter parameters (filter coefficients) for the L3 filter may be configured for UE 504 by BS 502. The configuration of the measurement result generation parameter (e.g., the signal quality threshold) may take the L3 filter parameters into consideration.
[0115] For example, an L3 filter may be applied to the predicted measurement results for 64 beams of cell #1, and thus the signal quality threshold can be deemed as an L3 threshold. For example, a beam having a filtered predicted RSRP value equal to or greater than an L3 RSRP threshold can be selected. If the number of beams (e.g., 32) satisfying the threshold is greater than the maximum quantity threshold (e.g., 16) , UE 504 may select 16 beams out of the 32 beams. Then, UE 504 may generate a predicted cell-level measurement result for cell #1 based on an average of the filtered predicted measurement results for the 16 beams.
[0116] For example, an L3 filter may be applied to the beams satisfying the signal quality threshold, and thus the signal quality threshold can be deemed as an L1 threshold. For example, 32 beams, each of which has a predicted RSRP value equal to or greater than an L1 RSRP threshold, are selected. The L3 filter may be applied to the predicted measurement results for the 32 beams. UE 504 may select 16 beams (i.e., the maximum quantity threshold) out of the 32 beams. Then, UE 504 may generate a predicted cell-level measurement result for cell #1 based on an average of the filtered predicted measurement results for the 16 beams.
[0117] For example, UE 504 may apply at least one measurement result generation parameter (e.g., a signal quality threshold or a maximum quantity threshold) to a set of actual (L1) beam-level measurement results associated with a cell (denoted as cell #2) , to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result. UE 504 may predict a set of predicted (L1) beam-level measurement results based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result. That is, the at least one actual beam-level measurement result is the input of the UE-sided model for prediction. Then, UE 504 may determine a (L3) cell-level measurement result for cell #2 based on the set of predicted beam-level measurement results.
[0118] For example, UE 504 may be configured with 64 beams per neighbor cell (e.g., cell #2) for measurement. UE 504 may measure the 64 beams of cell #2. UE 504 may select some beams from the 64 beams based on at least one of the signal quality threshold or the maximum quantity threshold. For example, a beam having an actual measurement result equal to or better than the signal quality threshold can be selected. For example, a beam having an actual RSRP value equal to or greater than an RSRP threshold can be selected. If the number of beams (e.g., 30) satisfying the signal quality threshold is greater than the maximum quantity threshold (e.g., 16) , UE 504 may further select 16 beams out of the 30 beams. For example, 16 beams having the best quality can be selected from the 30 beams. UE 504 may predict measurement results for the 16 beams of cell #2 based on the actual measurement results for these 16 beams. Then, UE 504 may generate a predicted cell-level measurement result for cell #2 based on the predicted measurement results for the 16 beams. For example, UE 504 generates a predicted cell-level measurement result (also referred to as predicted cell measurement quantity) as the linear power scale average of the predicted measurement results for the 16 beams. In some embodiments, UE 504 may predict measurement results for the 30 beams satisfying the signal quality threshold, select 16 beams having the best predicted quality from the 30 beams, and then generate the predicted cell-level measurement result based on an average of the predicted measurement results for the 16 best beams.
[0119] In some embodiments, an L3 filter may be applied to the beams satisfying the signal quality threshold, and thus the signal quality threshold can be deemed as an L1 threshold. For example, 30 beams, each of which has an actual RSRP value equal to or greater than an L1 RSRP threshold, are selected. UE 504 may predict measurement results for the 30 beams of cell #2 based on the actual measurement results for these 30 beams. The L3 filter may be applied to the predicted measurement results for the 30 beams. UE 504 may select 16 beams (i.e., the maximum quantity threshold) out of the 30 beams based on the filtered predicted measurement results. Then, UE 504 may generate a predicted cell-level measurement result for cell #2 based on an average of the filtered predicted measurement results for the 16 beams.
[0120] For example, UE 504 may predict a (L3) cell-level measurement result for a cell (denoted as cell #3) based on at least one actual (L1) beam-level measurement result associated with cell #3. That is, the at least one actual beam-level measurement result is the input of the UE-sided model for prediction. The at least one actual beam-level measurement result may be some or all of the actual beam-level measurement result associated with cell #3.
[0121] For example, UE 504 may apply at least one measurement result generation parameter (e.g., a signal quality threshold or a maximum quantity threshold) to a set of actual (L1) beam-level measurement results associated with a cell (denoted as cell #4) , to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result. UE 504 may predict a (L3) cell-level measurement result for cell #4 based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result. That is, the at least one actual beam-level measurement result is the input of the UE-sided model for prediction.
[0122] For example, UE 504 may be configured with 64 beams per neighbor cell (e.g., cell #4) for measurement. UE 504 may measure the 64 beams of cell #4. UE 504 may select some beams from the 64 beams based on at least one of the signal quality threshold or the maximum quantity threshold. For example, a beam having an actual measurement result equal to or better than the signal quality threshold can be selected. For example, a beam having an actual RSRP value equal to or greater than an RSRP threshold (e.g., L1 RSRP threshold) can be selected. If the number of beams (e.g., 30) satisfying the signal quality threshold is greater than the maximum quantity threshold (e.g., 16) , UE 504 may further select 16 beams out of the 30 beams. For example, 16 beams having the best quality can be selected from the 30 beams. UE 504 may generate a predicted cell-level measurement result for cell #4 based on the actual measurement results for the 16 beams. For example, UE 504 may generate the predicted cell-level measurement result based on an average of the actual measurement results for the 16 best beams.
[0123] In some embodiments, an L3 filter may be applied to the beams satisfying the signal quality threshold, and thus the signal quality threshold can be deemed as an L1 threshold. For example, the L3 filter may be applied to the actual measurement results for the 16 beams. Then, UE 504 may generate a predicted cell-level measurement result for cell #4 based on an average of the filtered actual measurement results for the 16 beams.
[0124] At 519, UE 504 may transmit a report including the prediction results (e.g., predicted cell level measurement results) to BS 502.
[0125] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 500 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 500 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0126] FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary procedure 600 related to measurement result prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 6.
[0127] Referring to FIG. 6, UE 604 may connect to (or access) BS 602. For example, UE 206 may access a cell of BS 602, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 604, and BS 602 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 604. In some embodiments, UE 604 may access the network via single connectivity, and BS 602 is associated with the MCG of UE 604. In some embodiments, UE 604 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 602, UE 604 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #B) . In some examples, BS 602 and BS #B may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 604, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 604. In some examples, BS 602 and BS #B may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 604, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 604. In some embodiments, BS 602 may be a gNB or a 6GR BS. In some embodiments, BS 602 may include a CU and at least one DU.
[0128] At 611, UE 604 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message or a UE capability information message) to BS 602. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 602. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The descriptions of the UE capability information mentioned with respect to FIG. 5 can apply here and are thus omitted here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of first information to eighth information as mentioned with respect to FIG. 5.
[0129] At 613, BS 602 may transmit, to UE 604, a configuration for a cell measurement result prediction. UE 604 may use a UE-sided model (e.g., a UE functionality) for the prediction. In some embodiments, AI / ML general functional framework 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be deployed at UE 604. For example, BS 602 may provide an inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 604 via RRC.
[0130] At 615, UE 604 may transmit the applicability status (i.e., applicable or inapplicable) of one or more functionalities of UE 604 to BS 602.
[0131] For example, UE 604 may determine the applicable functionalities based on NW-side additional conditions (if provided) , UE-side additional conditions (internally known by UE 604) and model availability at UE 604 and transmit the applicability status based on the determination. For example, UE 604 may indicate to BS 602 whether at least one UE functionality is applicable or not via an RRC message (e.g., an RRC reconfiguration complete message) . In some embodiments, UE 604 may report a change in the applicability status of its functionality via an RRC message. For example, when BS 602 enables applicability reporting and applicability change reporting, UE 604 may report an updated applicability status of its functionality in a UE assistance information message. For example, when an activated AI / ML functionality becomes inapplicable, UE 604 may not autonomously deactivate it, but may indicate to the network (e.g., BS 602) the change in the applicability. In response to receiving a UE indication of the functionality becoming inapplicable, the network (e.g., BS 602) may deactivate or release this activated functionality.
[0132] At 617, UE 604 may perform an inference operation based on the configuration from BS 602. For example, UE 604 may predict cell measurement results based on the inference configuration. UE 604 may predict cell measurement results in accordance with one or more of use case #1 to use case #3. BS 602 may indicate to UE 604 the specific use case (s) for the prediction. UE 604 may perform a certain type (s) of temporal domain measurement prediction (e.g., case A, case B or both) using a UE-sided model, which may be configured by BS 602 or predefined.
[0133] In some embodiments, a list of target cells (e.g., a list of neighbor cells) may be configured by BS 602 for UE 604 for a temporal-domain measurement prediction (e.g., case A, case B or both) . In some embodiments, UE 604 may be restricted to performing a measurement result prediction only for the target cells included in the list. In some embodiments, in addition to the target cells in the list, UE 604 may further perform a measurement result prediction for one or more cells not included in the list.
[0134] In some embodiments, UE 604 may not be configured with the list of target cells for a temporal-domain measurement prediction.
[0135] In some embodiments, UE 604 may predict measurement results for a set of cells (denoted as cell set #A) , wherein the actual measurement result of each cell of cell set #A is equal to or better than a signal quality threshold. For example, if the actual RSRP value of a cell is equal to or greater than an RSRP threshold, UE 604 may perform a temporal-domain measurement prediction on this cell. In some embodiments, UE 604 may perform a temporal-domain measurement prediction on a cell if its actual measurement result is equal to or better than the signal quality threshold for a time duration.
[0136] In some embodiments, UE 604 may predict measurement results for a set of cells (denoted as cell set #B) , wherein the number of cells in cell set #B depends on (e.g., equal to or smaller than) a maximum number threshold, and cell set #B has the best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by UE 604. For example, assuming that UE 604 can detect 30 cells and the maximum number threshold is 16, UE 604 may only perform a temporal-domain measurement prediction on 16 best cells among the 30 cells.
[0137] In some embodiments, at least one of the signal quality threshold, the time duration or the maximum number threshold may be configured for UE 604 by BS 602 or predefined.
[0138] At 619, UE 604 may transmit a report including the prediction results (e.g., predicted cell level measurement results) to BS 602.
[0139] In some embodiments, a list of target cells (e.g., a list of neighbor cells) may be configured by BS 602 for UE 604 for a temporal-domain measurement prediction (e.g., case A, case B or both) . In some embodiments, the report may be restricted to include predicted measurement results for the cells included in the list of target cells. That is, cells that are not included in the list will not be reported. For example, the report may include predicted measurement results for at least one cell of the cells in the list of target cells and the ID of each cell of the at least one cell.
[0140] In some embodiments, the report may not be restricted to include predicted measurement results for the cells included in the list of target cells.
[0141] For example, the report may include predicted measurement results for the list of target cells and a set of additional cells, wherein the number of cells in the list of target cells and the set of additional cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells. The maximum number of reported cells may be configured or predefined. That is, when the maximum number of reported cells is not reached, one or more additional cells that are not included in the list of target cells may be indicated in the report. The one or more additional cells may have the best predicted measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by UE 604 excluding the list of target cells.
[0142] For example, the report may include predicted measurement results for the list of target cells and actual measurement results for a set of additional cells, wherein the number of cells in the list of target cells and the set of additional cells depends on the maximum number of reported cells. The maximum number of reported cells may be configured or predefined. In some embodiments, the set of additional cells may have the best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by UE 604. For example, UE 604 may include predicted measurement results for the cells in the list of target cells first, and if the maximum number of reported cells is not reached, UE 604 may further include actual measurement results based on the cell quality among all neighbor cells. In some embodiments, the set of additional cells may have the best actual measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by UE 604 excluding the list of target cells. For example, UE 604 may include predicted measurement results for the cells in the list of target cells first, and if the maximum number of reported cells is not reached, UE 604 may further include actual measurement results based on the cell quality among all neighbor cells excluding the cells in the list of target cells.
[0143] In some embodiments, UE 604 may not be configured with the list of target cells for a temporal-domain measurement prediction.
[0144] In some embodiments, the report may include predicted measurement results for a set of cells (denoted as cell set #C) having the best predicted measurement result, and the number of cells in cell set #C depends on a maximum number of reported cells. In some embodiments, the report may include predicted measurement results for a set of cells (denoted as cell set #D) having a predicted measurement result equal to or better than a cell quality threshold. The maximum number of reported cells or the cell quality threshold may be configured or predefined. In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell (denoted as cell #E) may be determined based on predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for cell #E. For example, referring to FIG. 4A, for a certain cell, UE 604 may predict a measurement result for each instance of the four instances in the PW. UE 604 may determine the predicted measurement result for this cell based on the four predicted measurement result instances in the PW. In this way, UE 604 may determine the predicted measurement result for each of the cells configured for or detected by UE 604, and then determine cell set #C or cell set #D based on the determined predicted measurement results.
[0145] For example, UE 604 may determine the predicted measurement result for cell #E based on the best quality value among the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window. For example, UE 604 may determine the predicted measurement result for cell #E based on an average value of at least one instance of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window. The at least one instance may include one, some or all of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window. For example, UE 604 may determine the predicted measurement result for cell #E based on an average value of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window and actual measurement result instances in an observation window (e.g., four actual measurement result instances in the OW as shown in FIG. 4A) corresponding to the prediction window. For example, UE 604 may determine the predicted measurement result for cell #E based on a predefined instance of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window. The predefined instance may be the earliest or latest instance in the prediction window. For example, UE 604 may determine the predicted measurement result for cell #E based on an average value of a number of best predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window. The number may be based on (e.g., equal to or smaller than) a maximum number threshold, which may be configured for UE 604 or predefined. Persons skilled in the art can conceive of other methods for determining the predicted measurement result for cell #E, which are also covered by the present disclosure.
[0146] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 600 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 600 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0147] FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary procedure 700 related to measurement result prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 7.
[0148] Referring to FIG. 7, UE 704 may connect to (or access) BS 702. For example, UE 207 may access a cell of BS 702, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 704, and BS 702 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 704. In some embodiments, UE 704 may access the network via single connectivity, and BS 702 is associated with the MCG of UE 704. In some embodiments, UE 704 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 702, UE 704 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #B) . In some examples, BS 702 and BS #B may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 704, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 704. In some examples, BS 702 and BS #B may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 704, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 704. In some embodiments, BS 702 may be a gNB or a 7GR BS. In some embodiments, BS 702 may include a CU and at least one DU.
[0149] At 711, UE 704 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message or a UE capability information message) to BS 702. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 702. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The descriptions of the UE capability information mentioned with respect to FIG. 5 can apply here and are thus omitted here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of first information to eighth information as mentioned with respect to FIG. 5.
[0150] At 713, BS 702 may transmit, to UE 704, a configuration for a cell measurement result prediction. UE 704 may use a UE-sided model (e.g., a UE functionality) for the prediction. In some embodiments, AI / ML general functional framework 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be deployed at UE 704. For example, BS 702 may provide an inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 704 via RRC.
[0151] In some embodiments, BS 702 may initiate performance monitoring for the cell measurement result prediction (e.g., performance monitoring for the UE-sided model) . The UE may be configured to transmit either the measurement reports or the calculated performance metrics. In some embodiments, a metric is the RSRP difference within a monitoring window.
[0152] For example, BS 702 may transmit, to UE 704, a performance monitoring configuration for the cell measurement result prediction. The performance monitoring configuration may be transmitted along with or independent of the inference configuration. The performance monitoring configuration may include parameters for the monitoring window, such as the number of time instances (e.g., N) in the window and the minimum interval value between two consecutive instances. In some examples, the monitoring window may be the same as the prediction window.
[0153] At 715, UE 704 may predict measurement results for the time instances in the monitoring window using a UE-sided model. In this way, UE 704 may generate a set of predicted measurement result instances (e.g., predicted cell level measurement results) in the monitoring window. UE 704 may perform a measurement to obtain a set of actual measurement result instances (e.g., actual cell level measurement results) in the monitoring window. UE 704 may determine a performance metric for the UE-sided model based on the set of predicted measurement result instances (denoted as predicted set #A) and the set of actual measurement result instances (denoted as actual set #B) . At 717, UE 704 may transmit the determined performance metric to BS 702.
[0154] For example, UE 704 may determine the performance metric based on an average value of predicted set #A and an average value of actual set #B. UE 704 may determine the RSRP difference between the two average values and report the RSRP difference.
[0155] For example, UE 704 may determine the performance metric based on an average value of a number (e.g., k1) of predicted measurement result instances from predicted set #A and an average value of a number (e.g., k2) of actual measurement result instances from actual set #B. UE 704 may determine the RSRP difference between the two average values and report the RSRP difference.
[0156] The values of k1 and k2 may be the same or different. The values of k1 and k2 may be predefined, indicated in the performance monitoring configuration, configured by other means, or determined according to a certain rule. For example, the values of k1 and k2 may be based on the number of instances in predicted set #A and the number of instances in actual set #B. For example, assuming that there are m instances in predicted set #A and n instances in actual set #B, k1 and k2 may be the minimum of m and n. UE 704 may select the best k1 predicted cell level measurement results from predicted set #A and calculate an average value of the selected k1 results. UE 704 may select the best k2 actual cell level measurement results from actual set #B and calculate an average value of the selected k2 results. Then, UE 704 may determine the RSRP difference between the two average values and report the RSRP difference.
[0157] For example, UE 704 may determine the performance metric based on a single predicted measurement result instance from predicted set #A and a single actual measurement result instance from actual set #B. For example, the single predicted measurement result instance may have the best predicted measurement result among predicted set #A, and the single actual measurement result instance may have the best actual measurement result among actual set #B. For example, the single predicted measurement result instance and the single actual measurement result instance may have the minimum time gap among all time gaps between any instance of predicted set #A and any instance of actual set #B. In other words, the time gap between the two instances (i.e., the single predicted measurement result instance and the single actual measurement result instance) is the smallest among all possible pairings of any instance in predicted set #A and any instance in actual set #B.
[0158] At 719, BS 702 may make management decisions based on the performance monitoring results (e.g., the performance metric from UE 704) . In some embodiments, BS 702 may transmit the performance metric from UE 704 to the CN, which may make the management decisions.
[0159] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 700 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 00 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0160] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of method 800 for wireless communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 8. In some examples, method 800 may be performed by a UE. In some embodiments, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions or operations. In some examples, a processor of the UE may cause the UE to perform method 800.
[0161] At 811, a UE may receive, from a BS, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction. At 813, the UE may predict cell measurement results based on the inference configuration. At 815, the UE may transmit, to the BS, a report including a result of the prediction.
[0162] In some embodiments, the UE may transmit a capability-related message to the BS. The capability-related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports L3 cell-level quality prediction or L1 beam-level quality prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports RRM prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of RRM prediction in which an L1 beam-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result and an L3 cell-level measurement result is determined based on the predicted L1 beam-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a second type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L3 cell-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a third type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports performance monitoring for a UE-sided model for the cell measurement result prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports reporting an RSRP difference for the performance monitoring based on the predicted cell measurement results; or an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of temporal domain measurement prediction or a second type of temporal domain measurement prediction by a UE-sided model.
[0163] In some embodiments, to predict the cell measurement results, the UE may perform at least one of: predict a first set of predicted beam-level measurement results based on a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a first cell, apply at least one of a first signal quality threshold or a first maximum quantity threshold to the first set of predicted beam-level measurement results to obtain at least one predicted beam-level measurement result, and determine a cell-level measurement result for the first cell based on the at least one predicted beam-level measurement result; apply at least one of a second signal quality threshold or a second maximum quantity threshold to a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a second cell to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result, predict a second set of predicted beam-level measurement results based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result, and determine a cell-level measurement result for the second cell based on the second set of predicted beam-level measurement results; predict a cell-level measurement result for a third cell based on all actual beam-level measurement results associated with the third cell; or apply at least one of a fourth signal quality threshold or a fourth maximum quantity threshold to a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a fourth cell to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result, and predict a cell-level measurement result for the fourth cell based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result.
[0164] In some embodiments, the at least one of the first signal quality threshold or the first maximum quantity threshold is dedicated to predicted measurement quantity selection or is shared between predicted measurement quantity selection and actual measurement quantity selection.
[0165] In some embodiments, to predict the cell measurement results, the UE may perform at least one of: predict measurement results for a first set of cells, wherein an actual measurement result of each cell of the first set of cells is equal to or better than a first threshold related to signal quality; or predict measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein a number of cells in the second set of cells depends on a second threshold for maximum number, and the second set of cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE.
[0166] In some embodiments, the actual measurement result of each cell of the first set of cells is equal to or better than the first threshold for a time duration.
[0167] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a list of target cells and a first set of additional cells, wherein the list of target cells is configured for the UE for temporal domain measurement prediction, and a number of cells in the list of target cells and the first set of additional cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for the list of target cells and actual measurement results for a second set of additional cells, wherein a number of cells in the list of target cells and the second set of additional cells depends on the maximum number of reported cells.
[0168] In some embodiments, the first set of additional cells has a best predicted measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells. In some embodiments, the second set of additional cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE or has a best actual measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells.
[0169] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a first set of cells having a best predicted measurement result, wherein a number of cells in the first set of cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein each cell of the second set of cells has a predicted measurement result equal to or better than a cell quality threshold.
[0170] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell.
[0171] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on: a best quality value among predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell; an average value of at least one of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window; an average value of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window and actual measurement result instances in an observation window corresponding to the prediction window; a predefined instance of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the predefined instance is an earliest or latest instance in the prediction window; or an average value of a number of best predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the number is based on a maximum number threshold.
[0172] In some embodiments, the UE may: receive, from the BS, a performance monitoring configuration for the cell measurement result prediction; generate, by a UE-sided model, a set of predicted measurement result instances in a monitoring window according to the performance monitoring configuration; perform measurement to obtain a set of actual measurement result instances in the monitoring window; determine, based on the set of predicted measurement result instances and the set of actual measurement result instances, a performance metric for the UE-sided model; and transmit, to the BS, the determined performance metric.
[0173] In some embodiments, the performance metric is determined based on: an average value of the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of the set of actual measurement result instances; an average value of a first number of predicted measurement result instances from the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of a second number of actual measurement result instances from the set of actual measurement result instances; or a single predicted measurement result instance from the set of predicted measurement result instances and a single actual measurement result instance from the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0174] In some embodiments, the first number and the second number is based on a number of instances in the set of predicted measurement result instances and a number of instances in the set of actual measurement result instances. In some embodiments, the first number and the second number are indicated by the performance monitoring configuration or are predefined. In some embodiments, the first number is equal to the second number.
[0175] In some embodiments, the first number of predicted measurement result instances has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the second number of actual measurement result instances has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0176] In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the single actual measurement result instance has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances. In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance and the single actual measurement result instance has a minimum time gap among all time gaps between any instance of the set of predicted measurement result instances and any instance of the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0177] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary method 800 may be changed and some of the operations in exemplary method 800 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0178] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of method 900 for wireless communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 9. In some examples, method 900 may be performed by a network node such as a BS or a RAN node. In some embodiments, the BS may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the BS to perform the described functions or operations. In some examples, a processor of the BS may cause the BS to perform method 900.
[0179] At 911, a BS may transmit, to a UE, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction. At 913, the BS may receive, from the UE, a report for the cell measurement result prediction.
[0180] In some embodiments, the BS may receive a capability-related message from the UE, and the capability-related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports L3 cell-level quality prediction or L1 beam-level quality prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports RRM prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of RRM prediction in which an L1 beam-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result and an L3 cell-level measurement result is determined based on the predicted L1 beam-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a second type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L3 cell-level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports a third type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam level measurement result; an indication of whether the UE supports performance monitoring for a UE-sided model for the cell measurement result prediction; an indication of whether the UE supports reporting an RSRP difference for the performance monitoring based on the predicted cell measurement results; or an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of temporal domain measurement prediction or a second type of temporal domain measurement prediction by a UE-sided model.
[0181] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a list of target cells and a first set of additional cells, wherein the list of target cells is configured by the BS for the UE for temporal domain measurement prediction, and a number of cells in the list of target cells and the first set of additional cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for the list of target cells and actual measurement results for a second set of additional cells, wherein a number of cells in the list of target cells and the second set of additional cells depends on the maximum number of reported cells.
[0182] In some embodiments, the first set of additional cells has a best predicted measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells. In some embodiments, the second set of additional cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE or has a best actual measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells.
[0183] In some embodiments, the report includes: predicted measurement results for a first set of cells having a best predicted measurement result, wherein a number of cells in the first set of cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; or predicted measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein each cell of the second set of cells has a predicted measurement result equal to or better than a cell quality threshold.
[0184] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell.
[0185] In some embodiments, the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on: a best quality value among predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell; an average value of at least one of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window; an average value of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window and actual measurement result instances in an observation window corresponding to the prediction window; a predefined instance of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the predefined instance is an earliest or latest instance in the prediction window; or an average value of a number of best predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the number is based on a maximum number threshold.
[0186] In some embodiments, the BS may: transmit, to the UE, a performance monitoring configuration for the cell measurement result prediction; and receive, from the UE, a performance metric for a UE-sided model used by the UE to perform the cell measurement result prediction.
[0187] In some embodiments, the performance metric is determined based on: an average value of a set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of a set of actual measurement result instances, wherein the set of predicted measurement result instances is generated by the UE-sided model in a monitoring window according to the performance monitoring configuration, and the set of actual measurement result instances is measured by the UE in the monitoring window; an average value of a first number of predicted measurement result instances from the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of a second number of actual measurement result instances from the set of actual measurement result instances; or a single predicted measurement result instance from the set of predicted measurement result instances and a single actual measurement result instance from the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0188] In some embodiments, the first number and the second number is based on a number of instances in the set of predicted measurement result instances and a number of instances in the set of actual measurement result instance. In some embodiments, the first number and the second number are indicated by the performance monitoring configuration or are predefined. In some embodiments, the first number is equal to the second number.
[0189] In some embodiments, the first number of predicted measurement result instances has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the second number of actual measurement result instances has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0190] In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the single actual measurement result instance has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances. In some embodiments, the single predicted measurement result instance and the single actual measurement result instance has a minimum time gap among all time gaps between any instance of the set of predicted measurement result instances and any instance of the set of actual measurement result instances.
[0191] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary method 900 may be changed and some of the operations in exemplary method 900 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0192] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of UE 1000 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 1000 may include a processor 1002, a memory 1004, a controller 1006, and a transceiver 1008. The processor 1002, the memory 1004, the controller 1006, or the transceiver 1008, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0193] The processor 1002, the memory 1004, the controller 1006, or the transceiver 1008, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0194] The processor 1002 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 1002 may be configured to operate the memory 1004. In some other implementations, the memory 1004 may be integrated into the processor 1002. The processor 1002 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1004 to cause the UE 1000 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0195] The memory 1004 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1004 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1002 cause the UE 1000 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1004 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0196] In some implementations, the processor 1002 and the memory 1004 coupled with the processor 1002 may be configured to cause the UE 1000 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1002, instructions stored in the memory 1004) . For example, the processor 1002 may support wireless communication at the UE 1000 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the UE 1000 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-9.
[0197] For example, the UE 1000 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for receiving, from a BS, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; a means for predicting cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; and a means for transmitting, to the BS, a report including a result of the prediction.
[0198] The controller 1006 may manage input and output signals for the UE 1000. The controller 1006 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 1000. In some implementations, the controller 1006 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1006 may be implemented as part of the processor 1002.
[0199] In some implementations, the UE 1000 may include at least one transceiver 1008. In some other implementations, the UE 1000 may have more than one transceiver 1008. The transceiver 1008 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1008 may include one or more receiver chains 1010, one or more transmitter chains 1012, or a combination thereof.
[0200] A receiver chain 1010 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1010 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0201] A transmitter chain 1012 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) . The transmitter chain 1012 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmitter chain 1012 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1012 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0202] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary UE 1000 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary UE 1000 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary UE 1000, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the UE 1000 may not include the controller 1006.
[0203] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of processor 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 1100 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1100 may include a controller 1102 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1100 may optionally include at least one memory 1104, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 1100 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 1106. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0204] The processor 1100 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1100) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0205] The controller 1102 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 1100 to cause the processor 1100 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 1102 may operate as a control unit of the processor 1100, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 1100. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0206] The controller 1102 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 1104 and determine a subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 1100 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 1102 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 1104. The controller 1102 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 1102 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 1100 to cause the processor 1100 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 1102 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 1100. The controller 1102 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs, and other functional units of the processor 1100.
[0207] The memory 1104 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 1100 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 1104 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 1100) . In some other implementations, the memory 1104 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 1100) .
[0208] The memory 1104 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 1100, cause the processor 1100 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 1102 and / or the processor 1100 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1104 to cause the processor 1100 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 1100 and / or the controller 1102 may be coupled with or to the memory 1104, the processor 1100, the controller 1102, and the memory 1104 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 1100 may include multiple processors and the memory 1104 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0209] The one or more ALUs 1106 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 1106 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1100) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 1106 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1100) . One or more ALUs 1106 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 1106 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 1106 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 1106 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 1106 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0210] The processor 1100 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the processor 1100 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-9.
[0211] For example, the processor 1100 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for receiving, from a BS, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; a means for predicting cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; and a means for transmitting, to the BS, a report including a result of the prediction.
[0212] For example, the processor 1100 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; and a means for receiving, from the UE, a report for the cell measurement result prediction.
[0213] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary processor 1100 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary processor 1100 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary processor 1100, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the processor 1100 may not include the ALUs 1106.
[0214] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of NE 1200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 1200 may include a processor 1202, a memory 1204, a controller 1206, and a transceiver 1208. The processor 1202, the memory 1204, the controller 1206, or the transceiver 1208, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0215] The processor 1202, the memory 1204, the controller 1206, or the transceiver 1208, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a DSP, an ASIC, or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0216] The processor 1202 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 1202 may be configured to operate the memory 1204. In some other implementations, the memory 1204 may be integrated into the processor 1202. The processor 1202 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1204 to cause the NE 1200 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0217] The memory 1204 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1204 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1202 cause the NE 1200 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1204 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0218] In some implementations, the processor 1202 and the memory 1204 coupled with the processor 1202 may be configured to cause the NE 1200 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1202, instructions stored in the memory 1204) . For example, the processor 1202 may support wireless communication at the NE 1200 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the NE 1200 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-9.
[0219] For example, the NE 1200 may be configured to or operable to support: For example, the processor 1100 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE, an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; and a means for receiving, from the UE, a report for the cell measurement result prediction.
[0220] The controller 1206 may manage input and output signals for the NE 1200. The controller 1206 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 1200. In some implementations, the controller 1206 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1206 may be implemented as part of the processor 1202.
[0221] In some implementations, the NE 1200 may include at least one transceiver 1208. In some other implementations, the NE 1200 may have more than one transceiver 1208. The transceiver 1208 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1208 may include one or more receiver chains 1210, one or more transmitter chains 1212, or a combination thereof.
[0222] A receiver chain 1210 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1210 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1210 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., an LNA) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1210 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1210 may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0223] A transmitter chain 1212 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) . The transmitter chain 1212 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as AM, FM, or digital modulation schemes like PSK or QAM. The transmitter chain 1212 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1212 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0224] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary NE 1200 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary NE 1200 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary NE 1200, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the NE 1200 may not include the controller 1206.
[0225] Those having ordinary skill in the art would understand that the operations or steps of the methods described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Additionally, in some aspects, the operations or steps of the methods may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and / or instructions on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.
[0226] While this disclosure has been described with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations may be apparent to those skilled in the art. The disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded with the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. For example, various components of the embodiments may be interchanged, added, or substituted in other embodiments. Also, all of the elements of each figure are not necessary for the operation of the disclosed embodiments. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art of the disclosed embodiments would be enabled to make and use the teachings of the disclosure by simply employing the elements of the independent claims. Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure as set forth herein are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0227] In this document, the terms "includes, " "including, " or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The terms "handover" and "cell switch" can be used interchangeably. An element proceeded by "a, " "an, " or the like does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes the element. Also, the term "another" is defined as at least a second or more. The term "having" or the like, as used herein, is defined as "including. " Expressions such as "A and / or B" or "at least one of A and B" may include any and all combinations of words enumerated along with the expression. For instance, the expression "A and / or B" or "at least one of A and B" may include A, B, or both A and B. The wording "the first, " "the second" or the like is only used to clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure, but is not used to limit the substance of the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A user equipment (UE) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a base station (BS) , an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction;predict cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; andtransmit, to the BS, a report comprising a result of the prediction.2.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit a capability-related message to the BS, and the capability-related message comprises at least one of:an indication of whether the UE supports layer 3 (L3) cell-level quality prediction or layer 1 (L1) beam-level quality prediction;an indication of whether the UE supports radio resource management (RRM) prediction;an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of RRM prediction in which an L1 beam-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result and an L3 cell-level measurement result is determined based on the predicted L1 beam-level measurement result;an indication of whether the UE supports a second type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L3 cell-level measurement result;an indication of whether the UE supports a third type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam level measurement result;an indication of whether the UE supports performance monitoring for a UE-sided model for the cell measurement result prediction;an indication of whether the UE supports reporting a reference signal received power (RSRP) difference for the performance monitoring based on the predicted cell measurement results; oran indication of whether the UE supports a first type of temporal domain measurement prediction or a second type of temporal domain measurement prediction by a UE-sided model.3.The UE of claim 1, wherein to predict the cell measurement results, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of:predict a first set of predicted beam-level measurement results based on a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a first cell, apply at least one of a first signal quality threshold or a first maximum quantity threshold to the first set of predicted beam-level measurement results to obtain at least one predicted beam-level measurement result, and determine a cell-level measurement result for the first cell based on the at least one predicted beam-level measurement result;apply at least one of a second signal quality threshold or a second maximum quantity threshold to a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a second cell to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result, predict a second set of predicted beam-level measurement results based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result, and determine a cell-level measurement result for the second cell based on the second set of predicted beam-level measurement results;predict a cell-level measurement result for a third cell based on all actual beam-level measurement results associated with the third cell; orapply at least one of a fourth signal quality threshold or a fourth maximum quantity threshold to a set of actual beam-level measurement results associated with a fourth cell to obtain at least one actual beam-level measurement result, and predict a cell-level measurement result for the fourth cell based on the at least one actual beam-level measurement result.4.The UE of claim 3, wherein the at least one of the first signal quality threshold or the first maximum quantity threshold is dedicated to predicted measurement quantity selection or is shared between predicted measurement quantity selection and actual measurement quantity selection.5.The UE of claim 1, wherein to predict the cell measurement results, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of:predict measurement results for a first set of cells, wherein an actual measurement result of each cell of the first set of cells is equal to or better than a first threshold related to signal quality; orpredict measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein a number of cells in the second set of cells depends on a second threshold for maximum number, and the second set of cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE.6.The UE of claim 5, wherein the actual measurement result of each cell of the first set of cells is equal to or better than the first threshold for a time duration.7.The UE of claim 1, wherein the report comprises:predicted measurement results for a list of target cells and a first set of additional cells, wherein the list of target cells is configured for the UE for temporal domain measurement prediction, and a number of cells in the list of target cells and the first set of additional cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; orpredicted measurement results for the list of target cells and actual measurement results for a second set of additional cells, wherein a number of cells in the list of target cells and the second set of additional cells depends on the maximum number of reported cells.8.The UE of claim 7, wherein the first set of additional cells has a best predicted measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells; orwherein the second set of additional cells has a best actual measurement result among all cells configured for or detected by the UE or has a best actual measurement result among all other cells configured for or detected by the UE excluding the list of target cells.9.The UE of claim 1, wherein the report comprises:predicted measurement results for a first set of cells having a best predicted measurement result, wherein a number of cells in the first set of cells depends on a maximum number of reported cells; orpredicted measurement results for a second set of cells, wherein each cell of the second set of cells has a predicted measurement result equal to or better than a cell quality threshold.10.The UE of claim 9, wherein the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell.11.The UE of claim 9, wherein the predicted measurement result for a cell of the first set of cells or the second set of cells is determined based on:a best quality value among predicted measurement result instances in a prediction window for the cell;an average value of at least one of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window;an average value of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window and actual measurement result instances in an observation window corresponding to the prediction window;a predefined instance of the predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the predefined instance is an earliest or latest instance in the prediction window; oran average value of a number of best predicted measurement result instances in the prediction window, wherein the number is based on a maximum number threshold.12.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to:receive, from the BS, a performance monitoring configuration for the cell measurement result prediction;generate, by a UE-sided model, a set of predicted measurement result instances in a monitoring window according to the performance monitoring configuration;perform measurement to obtain a set of actual measurement result instances in the monitoring window;determine, based on the set of predicted measurement result instances and the set of actual measurement result instances, a performance metric for the UE-sided model; andtransmit, to the BS, the determined performance metric.13.The UE of claim 12, wherein the performance metric is determined based on:an average value of the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of the set of actual measurement result instances;an average value of a first number of predicted measurement result instances from the set of predicted measurement result instances and an average value of a second number of actual measurement result instances from the set of actual measurement result instances; ora single predicted measurement result instance from the set of predicted measurement result instances and a single actual measurement result instance from the set of actual measurement result instances.14.The UE of claim 13, wherein the first number and the second number is based on a number of instances in the set of predicted measurement result instances and a number of instances in the set of actual measurement result instances; orwherein the first number and the second number are indicated by the performance monitoring configuration or are predefined; orwherein the first number is equal to the second number.15.The UE of claim 13, wherein the first number of predicted measurement result instances has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the second number of actual measurement result instances has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances.16.The UE of claim 13, wherein the single predicted measurement result instance has a best predicted measurement result among the set of predicted measurement result instances, and the single actual measurement result instance has a best actual measurement result among the set of actual measurement result instances; orwherein the single predicted measurement result instance and the single actual measurement result instance has a minimum time gap among all time gaps between any instance of the set of predicted measurement result instances and any instance of the set of actual measurement result instances.17.A base station (BS) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the BS to:transmit, to a user equipment (UE) , an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction; andreceive, from the UE, a report for the cell measurement result prediction.18.The BS of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to receive a capability-related message from the UE, and the capability-related message comprises at least one of:an indication of whether the UE supports layer 3 (L3) cell-level quality prediction or layer 1 (L1) beam-level quality prediction;an indication of whether the UE supports radio resource management (RRM) prediction;an indication of whether the UE supports a first type of RRM prediction in which an L1 beam-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam-level measurement result and an L3 cell-level measurement result is determined based on the predicted L1 beam-level measurement result;an indication of whether the UE supports a second type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L3 cell-level measurement result;an indication of whether the UE supports a third type of RRM prediction in which an L3 cell-level measurement result is predicted based on an actual L1 beam level measurement result;an indication of whether the UE supports performance monitoring for a UE-sided model for the cell measurement result prediction;an indication of whether the UE supports reporting a reference signal received power (RSRP) difference for the performance monitoring based on the predicted cell measurement results; oran indication of whether the UE supports a first type of temporal domain measurement prediction or a second type of temporal domain measurement prediction by a UE-sided model.19.A processor, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to:receive, from a base station (BS) , an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction;predict cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; andtransmit, to the BS, a report comprising a result of the prediction.20.A method for wireless communication, the method comprising:receiving, from a base station (BS) , an inference configuration for cell measurement result prediction;predicting cell measurement results based on the inference configuration; andtransmitting, to the BS, a report comprising a result of the prediction.