Pesticidal bait compositions and processes related thereto

Abstract

Disclosed herein are bait compositions comprising compound of Formula I or II.

Description

PESTICIDAL BAIT COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESSES RELATED THERETOBACKGROUND

[0001] Disclosed herein are bait compositions comprising pesticidally-active thiazolidine compounds. Such pesticidally-active thiazolidine compounds are disclosed in WO 2021 / 011722 A1

[0002] The compositions disclosed herein are related to bait formulations specifically designed for the delivery of the thiazoldine compounds. The compositions are designed to effectively control, combat, prevent and / or eradicate pests or pest populations. The compositions disclosed herein are particularly suitable for use in agricultural, residential and commercial settings. In one aspect, the compositions comprise the thiazolidine compound disclosed herein embedded in a pest-attractant matrix, which ensures the targeted delivery / ingestion of the active and subsequent mortality.

[0003] A bait formulation is particularly well-suited against chewing pests compared to sucking pests due to the distinct feeding behaviors of these two groups. Chewing pests actively consume solid plant material for example, making them more likely to ingest the bait directly. This ensures that the active ingredient is effectively delivered to the pest, resulting in rapid and efficient control. In contrast, sucking pests, such as aphids and whiteflies, feed on plant sap through piercing-sucking mouthparts and are less likely to consume solid bait formulations. Consequently, bait formulations are a highly efficient, user-friendly, and environmentally conscious solution for managing chewing pest populations in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings.SUMMARY

[0004] Disclosed herein are bait compositions comprising A) a compound of Formula One (I) or a compound of Formula Two (II), B) a carrier and C) a pest attractant. In some aspects, the pest attractant is a pest food attractant. In some other aspects, the pest attractant is a phagostimulant. In some other aspects, the pest attractant is a pheromone that attracts the pests. In some aspects, disclosed herein is a bait composition comprising A) compound of FormulaOne (I), B) a carrier, and C) a pest attractant. In some other aspects, disclosed herein is a bait composition comprising A) compound of Formula One (I) or Formula Two (II) and B) a carrier wherein the carrier also serves as a pest attractant. In other words, the carrier can be a pest attractant such as a food attractant or a phagostimulant. For example, compound of Formula One(I) or compound of Formula Two (II) is embedded in a solid matrix and that solid matrix can serve as a pest attractant. In such instances, a separate pest attractant is not necessary.DECRIPTION OF FIGURES

[0005] Figure 1: Corrected mortality of foraging workers of Atta sexdens rubropilosa for the following treatments: Standard (sulfuramide 0.1%) and Compound I (1%, 0.1%, 0.001%).DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0006] Disclosed herein are bait compositions comprising either a compound of Formula One (I) or a compound of Formula Two (II) embedded in a pest attractant matrix.Compound of Formula Two (II)

[0007] Compounds of Formula I and Formula II are prepared according to the processes disclosed in WO 2021 / 011722 Al.

[0008] In some instances, the matrix can be solid or a liquid. In some other instances, the matrix comprises compounds of Formula I or Formula II, a carrier material and a pest attractant. In some instances, the matrix comprises a carrier material that also acts as a pest attractant. In some instances, the matrix itself can act as a carrier material. The carrier material or the matrix can be a pest attractant while in some instances, the carrier material or the matrix may comprise one or more pest attractants. The carrier material can be a solid or a liquid as suitable for a specific application or the formulation type.

[0009] The phrase “pesticidally effective amount” means the amount of a pesticide needed to achieve an observable effect on a pest, for example, the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and / or activity of a pest in a locus. This effect may come about when pest populations are repulsed from a locus, pests are incapacitated in or around a locus, and / or pests are exterminated in or around a locus. In some instances, a combination of these effects can occur. Generally, pest populations, activity, or both are desirably reduced more than fifty percent, preferably more than 90 percent, and most preferably more than 99 percent. In general, a pesticidally effective amount, for agricultural purposes, is from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 5000 grams per hectare, preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 500 grams per hectare, and it is even more preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 50 grams per hectare.

[0010] The term “locus” means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, material, or environment, in which a pest is growing, may grow, or may traverse. For example, a locus may be where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and / or ornamental plants, are growing; where domesticated animals are residing; the interior or exterior surfaces of buildings (such as places where grains are stored); residences, camps, hotels, schools, public transportations such as trains, buses, ships and like where a pest may inhabit, grow or traverse, the materials of construction used in buildings (such as impregnated wood); and the soil around buildings. For example, pests such as termites and cockroaches may be found in residential structures, buildings and or facilities.

[0011] The term “pest” means an organism that is detrimental to humans, or human concerns (such as, crops, food, livestock, etc.), where said organism is from Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca,or Nematoda. Particular examples are ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, borers, bristletails, butterflies, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, grubs, hornets, jassids, leafhoppers, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, moths, mosquitos, nematodes, plantbugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scales, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphylans, termites, thrips, ticks, wasps, whiteflies, fruit flies and wireworms.

[0012] In one aspect, disclosed herein are bait compositions that can be used to control, eliminate, combat, prevent infestation of pests that are harmful to humans, animals, crops, dwellings, storage facilities, and the like.

[0013] The compositions disclosed herein comprise a substance or an agent, that attracts the pests. In particular, the disclosure herein relates to bait compositions for controlling or combating pests. In some aspect, the pest is an insect pest. In another aspect, the disclosure herein relates to use of the insecticidal bait compositions. In one another aspect, the disclosure herein relates to method of preparation of such bait compositions. In another aspect, the disclosure herein relates to methods of controlling or combating insect pests using disclosed bait compositions.

[0014] In some aspects, food attractants are used as the bait material. These food attractants, in some instances, can be a food source for an insect. In other cases, while not being a food source per se, they can act as a material that can attract the insects to the bait composition over a distance, or when the insect is in the locus or vicinity of the bait composition.

[0015] In some instances, the food attractant is a phagostimulant (food flavorant). These are materials that stimulate insect feeding of the insecticide bait composition once the composition is encountered by the target insect. In some instances, mixtures of a food flavorant and food attractant can be used. In some instances, a food attractant can also function as a food flavorant.

[0016] Suitable food attractants can be selected from the group consisting of a grain, a protein, a vegetable, a lipid, a fruit, a plant extract, a plant-based oil such as a vegetable oil or a seed oil, animal byproducts such as animal-based oil and fish meal a carbohydrate, sugars and cellulose materials and mixtures thereof.

[0017] Suitable grains or grain legumes include, for example, wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, sorghum, soybeans, corn, beans, garbanzo, amaranth, millet, and peas. The grain can be used as flour, grit or grain. Liquid extracts of grain, such as com liquor can also be used in someinstances. Other examples include distiller’s grain, starch, various bran materials such as wheat bran or rice bran, oatmeal, corn grits, corn cob grit, corn chips, corn seeds, corn starch, corn flour, masa flour, various mixes such as corn-wheat mix, wheat seeds, whole wheat bread dough, defatted com grits, brewer’s malt, poultry mash, and the like. Other examples include cereal powder such as wheat powder, maize powder, rice powder, rice bran and the like, starches such as, potato starch, corn starch and the like.

[0018] Proteins can be meat, meat extract and milk powder, fish meal, fish extracts, or seafood, seafood extracts, insects, insect extracts or yeast, yeast extract, peanut butter, nut butters, yeast lysates or soy protein hydrolysate. Proteins from natural sources are milk proteins (such as casein, sodium casein, calcium casein, lactalbumin, dried milk), plant protein (such as gluten, e.g. from wheat; soy extract, peanut extract, zein), animal protein (such as fish meal, meat meal, egg white, liver powder, e.g. from chicken liver or poultry liver), collagen, dried insects (such as crickets, ants, beetles) or yeast. Preferred protein is a milk protein or an animal protein, more preferably animal protein. For example, some embodiments may contain dried insects as animal proteins. Typically, the protein has a crude protein content of at least 20 wt %, preferably at least 35 wt %, and most preferably at least 50 wt % based on dry matter of the protein.

[0019] Suitable carbohydrates can be any known sugar, monosaccharide or disaccharide or mixtures thereof, preferably those which are available from natural sources. Examples are saccharose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, dextrose, maltose. Mixtures comprising sugar may also be used, such as granulated sugar, black sugar, brown sugar, honey, molasses. In one embodiment, the sugar is a disaccharide such as saccharose. Other examples include various sugar mixtures with natural polysaccharides and / or proteins such as agar and grape jelly, sucrose and honey syrup, sugar and milk and the like. Additionally, various sugars such as, for example, sucrose, maltose, arabinose, galactose, sorbitose, dextrose, fructose, sorbitol, corn syrup, maple syrup, molasses, coca-cola syrup, various types of invert sugar (Invertix), molasses honey, confectioner's sugar, agave syrup, and the like, and glycerol and the like can also be used.

[0020] Lipid materials can be a plant oil such as canola oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, or soybean oil. They can be based on animal oil and fats in some instances.

[0021] Cellulose materials may include wood (pine), wood flour, paper, (corrugated) cardboard, filter paper, purified cellulose (such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate), and microcrystalline cellulose.

[0022] Examples of specific food attractants or flavorants are citrus pulp, soybean oil, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylmethylamine, propylmethylamine, isopropylamine, tert-butylamine, 1-methylpyrrolidine, di ethylamine, dimethylacetamide, furfuryl alcohol, 5-methyl-3-heptanone, geranyl butyrate, linalool, 1,3 -di ethylbenzene, 2-nonanone, (E)-2-hexanoic acid, ammonium acetate, ammonium phosphate,ammonia solution from 10 percent to 30 percent in water, putrescine, cadaverine, trimedlure, a trimedlure isomer, ceralure, 4-[(4-acetyloxy)phenyl]-2-butanone, methyleugenol, a fluorinated methyleugenol analogue, l,7-dioxaspiro-5,5-undecane and mixtures thereof, trimedlure and any of its isomeric combinations, ceralure and any of its isomeric combinations, 4-[(4-acetyloxy)phenyl]-2-butanone, methyleugenol or fluorinated methyleugenol analogues, and 1,7-dioxaspiro-5,5-undecane.

[0023] In some aspects, the bait may include nutritional feeding stimulants as the flavorant (phagostimulants) component to give a taste and flavor to the bait composition and / or to enhance feeding by the target insects. Such nutritional feeding stimulants may include, e.g., fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, pectins, starches, salts, chitins, essential plant oils and the like. For example, suitable phagostimulants are peanut butter oil, apple cider vinegar, extracts from meat, fish or insects. Others which are suitable for attraction are certain natural or synthetic aroma substances such as, for example, meat aromas, fish aromas, seafood aromas, onion aroma, milk aroma, butter aroma, cheese aromas, fruit aromas such as, for example, apple, apricot, banana, blackberry, cherry, currant, gooseberry, grapefruit, raspberry or strawberry (pure, syrup or extract).

[0024] Non-food based attractants can also be used. For example, pheromones such as sex pheromones that can be used to attract insects of the opposite sex for mating purposes (e.g., moths, beetles) can be used. Some examples are Codlemone (Cydia pomonells) and Glypure (Lymantria dispar). Aggregation pheromones that attract both sexes for aggregation can also be used. Some examples are Granlure (Anthonomus grandis, Verbenone (Dendroctonus species). Others, for example, alarm pheromones that can either repel or attract depending on the speciescan be used in some instances. Examples include E-beta-farnesene (aphids). Kairomones, chemicals emitted by one species and exploited by another species to locate their host or prey can be used in the bait compositions disclosed herein. One such example is volatiles from plant tissues damaged by herbivores that attract predators or parasitoids of the herbivore. Chemicals that benefit the emitter by repelling or deterring the enemies, but some can be attractive to other organisms, which are referred to as allomones can be used. For example, certain defensive secretions from insects that may attract parasitic species. Plant volatiles, which are plant-emitted compounds that attract pest or their natural enemies can also be used; some examples are methyl salicylate (attracts natural enemies of pests, and Eucalyptus oil (attracts certain beetles). Another common non-food based attractant is carbon dioxide (or agents that emit carbon dioxide) that can attract blood-feeding pests such as mosquitoes and ticks. Color or light attractants, UV light or certain specific colors can be used to attract pests. For example, yellow sticky traps attract many flying insects such as aphids, whiteflies and leafhoppers. Hormones, synthetic or naturally-occurring growth regulators that can attract pests by mimicking physiological conditions can be used to attract pests. An example is juvenile hormone analogs that can be used to lure mosquitoes or other pests during their breeding phases. Certain symbiotic bacteria, such as Serrata marcescens, produce odors that can attract mosquitoes and other blood-feeding insects. The above-mentioned pest attractants can be used in the bait compositions disclosed herein to trap or kill specific pests.

[0025] In some aspects, antioxidizing agents and preservatives can be included in the bait compositions. Examples of the antioxidizing agents are erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, ditert-butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butyhydroquinone (TBHQ), dl-alpha-tocophelol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, methylhydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, guaiac resin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and mixed tocopherols. Examples of the preservatives are benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, salicylic acid, diphenyl, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, potassium nitrite, dehydroacetic acid, sodium dehydroacetate, isobutyl p-oxybenzoate, isopropyl p-oxybenzoate, ethyl p-oxybenzoate, butyl p-oxybenzoate, propyl p-oxybenzoate, calcium propionate, sodium propionate, 2-methyl-4-isothi- azolin-3-one (MIT), chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT,) l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).

[0026] Formulations

[0027] The bait compositions comprising either the compound of Formula One (I) or the compound of Formula Two (II) can be converted into customary types of compositions, e.g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Examples for composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emulsions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g. CS), pastes (e.g. PA), pastilles, hot-melt extrusions, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BB, BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e g. LN), as well as gel formulations (e.g. GF), and mixtures thereof (e.g., ZC, ZE, ZW). These and further composition types are defined in the “Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system”, Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife International. In some specific instances of the composition, the bait formulation is a ready-for-use bait (RB) formulation. In some other instances, the bait composition is a bait concentrate (CB). In some instances, the bait composition is a granular bait (GB). In some instances, the bait formulation is selected from the group consisting of plate bait (PB), bait block (BB) and scrap bait (SB).

[0028] The compositions are prepared in a known manner, for example, as described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T& F Informa, London, 2005.

[0029] Examples for suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers, fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers, embittering agents, processing aids, pH modifiers, thickening agents, viscosity modifiers, and binders.

[0030] The carrier can be a solid or a liquid carrier. In this regard, the phrase “solid carrier” encompasses any non-liquid material that acts as a carrier. For example, gels, semisolids, or solgel type materials are considered as solid carriers in this context.

[0031] Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclohexanol; glycols; dimethyl sulfoxide; ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone; esters, e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; glycol ethers; amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.

[0032] Suitable solid carriers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof. Solid carriers can also serve the role of attractant. For instance, a grain flour or granular sugar can serve as both carrier and attractant. Fillers are inert components that fill up the space and balance the composition and / or stabilize the formulation. Typical fillers are clay or mineral fillers, gels and polymers, chalk or lime, diatomaceous earth, sawdust, glycerin, silica and activated carbon.

[0033] Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon’s, Vol. 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon’s Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).

[0034] Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylaryl sulfonates, diphenyl sulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignin sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates.Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols,of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.

[0035] Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide.Examples of N-substituted fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides.Examples of sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are home- or copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.

[0036] Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Suitable poly electrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or poly-ethyleneamines.

[0037] Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the compound I on the target. Examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxiliaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T& F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.

[0038] Suitable thickeners are e g. polysaccharides (e g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), inorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.

[0039] Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones.

[0040] Suitable anti-freezing agents are e.g. ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.

[0041] Suitable anti-foaming agents are e.g. silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.

[0042] Suitable colorants or pigment dispersions (e.g. in red, blue, or green) are pigments of low water solubility and water-soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).

[0043] Suitable tackifiers or binders are e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.

[0044] Suitable pH modifiers that provide certain benefits such as processability, stability, extended shelflife and storage can be added. In some embodiments, the pH modifiers help to maintain a specific pH range. In some embodiments, the pH modifiers can maintain the pH range from 4.0 - 8.0. In some other instances, the pH modifiers can maintain the pH range from 5.0 - 7.0. In some other instances, the pH modifiers can maintain the pH range from 5.0 -6.5. In some other instances, the pH modifiers maintain an acidic pH range in the medium. pH modifiers can provide several advantages; for example, optimizing the active ingredients stability as a pH modifier ensures that the composition remains within a pH range that maintains the chemical stability of the active ingredient prolonging the shelf life and effectiveness. In some instances, the activity of certain ingredients is influenced by pH. For example, some pesticides are more effective at specific pH levels. A pH modifier adjusts the solution to the optimal range for maximum bioactivity. In some instances, the pH modifiers help in improving solubility as some active ingredients or formulation components have pH-dependent solubility. Adjusting the pH ensures that these components remain dissolved, preventing precipitation or phase separation. pH modifiers can also improve the compatibility with tank mixes, for example, pesticides are often mixed with other chemicals or fertilizers before application. pH modifiers help maintain compatibility and prevent unwanted chemical reactions that could reduce efficacy or form insoluble residues. pH modifiers, in some instances, can also reduce phytotoxicity, for example,extreme pH levels in a spray solution can harm plants. A pH modifier ensures that the formulation is safe for crops by maintaining a pH within an acceptable range, n multi-phase formulations like emulsifiable concentrates or suspensions, pH modifiers can stabilize the emulsion or suspension by controlling the charge and interactions of the dispersed particles.

[0045] In some instances, the pH modifiers are acidic pH modifiers including carboxylic acids such as citric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid or tartaric acid; inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid; sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid. In other instances, basic pH modifiers such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide can be used. Ammonium compounds such as ammonium hydroxide or ammonium carbonate can be used in some instances. In some instances, carbonates and bicarbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate can be used. Buffering agents such as sodium hydrogen phosphate, disodium hydron phosphate and potassium phosphate can also be used. Carbonate / bicarbonate buffers such as sodium carbonate / sodium bicarbonate combinations can be used. Organic buffer systems such as citric acid / sodium citrate or acetic acid / sodium acetate combinations can also be used. The choice of pH modifier depends on many factors, for example, the desired pH range, the chemical compatibility with active ingredients and other excipients and the formulation type.

[0046] For use in bait compositions, the typical amount of the active ingredient (compound of Formula One (I) or compound of Formula Two (II)) is from 0.001 weight % to 50 weight %. In some aspect, the amount of the active ingredient is from 0.01 weight % to 50 weight %. In some other instances, the amount of the active ingredient is from 0.01 weight % to 40 weight %. In some other instances, the amount of the active ingredient is from 0.01 weight % to 30 weight %. In other instances, the amount of the active ingredient is from 0.01 weight % to 20 weight %. In some other instances, the amount of the active ingredient is from 0.01 weight % to 10 weight %. In other instances, the amount of the active ingredient is from exO. Ol weight % to 5 weight %.

[0047] The bait composition can be a liquid, a solid or a semisolid preparation (e.g. a gel). Solid baits can be formed into various shapes and forms suitable to the respective application e.g.granules, blocks, sticks, disks. Liquid baits can be filled into various devices to ensure proper application, e.g. open containers, spray devices, droplet sources, or evaporation sources. Gels can be based on aqueous or oily matrices and can be formulated to obtain desired stickiness, moisture retention or aging characteristics.

[0048] In some aspects, the bait composition is formulated to use as an aerosol or spray application (AE).

[0049] Bait compositions comprising compound of Formula I or Formula II can be formulated as aerosols (e.g. in spray cans). Oil sprays or pump sprays are highly suitable for the professional user for controlling pests such as flies or cockroaches. Aerosol recipes are preferably composed of the active compound, solvents such as lower alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol), ketones (e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone), paraffin hydrocarbons (e g. kerosene) having boiling ranges of approximately 50 to 250° C., dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, water, furthermore auxiliaries such as emulsifiers such as sorbitol monooleate, oleyl ethoxylate having 3-7 mol of ethylene oxide, fatty alcohol ethoxylate, perfume oils such as ethereal oils, esters of medium fatty acids with lower alcohols, aromatic carbonyl compounds, if appropriate stabilizers such as sodium benzoate, amphoteric surfactants, lower epoxides, triethyl orthoformate and, if required, propellants such as propane, butane, nitrogen, compressed air, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, or mixtures of these gases.

[0050] The oil spray formulations differ from the aerosol recipes in that no propellants are used. For use in spray compositions, the content of active ingredient is from 0.001 to 80 weights %, preferably from 0.01 to 50 weight % and most preferably from 0.01 to 20 weight %.

[0051] The compounds of Formula I, or Formula II and their respective compositions can also be used in fumigating coils, smoke cartridges, vaporizer plates or long-term vaporizers and also in moth papers, moth pads or other heat-independent vaporizer systems.

[0052] The bait compositions disclosed herein can be used for application on to fibers, fabric, knitted goods, nonwovens, netting material or foils and tarpaulins preferably comprise a mixture including compound I or II, optionally a repellent and at least one binder. Suitable repellents for example are N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEBT), N, N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEP A), l-(3 -cyclo- hexan-1 -yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperine, (2-hydroxymethyl - cyclohexyl)acetic acid lactone, 2-ethyl-l,3-hexandiol, indal one, Methylneodecanamide (MNDA), a pyrethroid not used for insect control such as {(+ / -)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4- oxocyclopent-2-(+)-enyl-(+)-trans-chrysantemate (Esbiothrin), a repellent derived from or identical with plant extracts like limonene, eugenol, (+)-Eucamalol (1), (-)-l- epi-eucamalol or crude plant extracts from plants like Eucalyptus maculata, Vitex rotundifolia, Cymbopogan martinii, Cymbopogan citratus (lemon grass), Cymopogan nartdus (citronella). Suitable binders are selected from polymers and copolymers of vinyl esters of aliphatic acids (such as such as vinyl acetate and vinyl versatate), acrylic and methacrylic esters of alcohols, such as butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, and methyl acrylate, mono- and di- ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as styrene, and aliphatic dienes, such as butadiene.

[0053] Nets or knitted materials can be impregnated with the bait compositions disclosed herein. The impregnation of nets is done in general by dipping the textile material into emulsions or dispersions of the insecticide or spraying them onto the nets.

[0054] The bait compositions disclosed herein can be used for protecting wooden materials such as trees, board fences, sleepers, etc. and buildings such as houses, outhouses, factories, but also construction materials, furniture, leathers, fibers, vinyl articles, electric wires and cables etc. from ants and / or termites (e.g. when the pests invade into houses and public facilities). In some specific instances against termites, the bait compositions can be used as perimeter applications or spot treatments. The compositions are applied not only to the surrounding soil surface or into the under-floor soil in order to protect wooden materials but it can also be applied to lumbered articles such as surfaces of the under-floor concrete, alcove posts, beams, plywood, furniture, etc., wooden articles such as particle boards, half boards, etc. and vinyl articles such as coated electric wires, vinyl sheets, heat insulating material such as styrene foams, etc. In case of application against ants, in some aspects, an ant controller is applied to the crops or the surrounding soil, or is directly applied to the nest of ants or the like. In these instances, the ant controller is a physical device that contains the bait compositions disclosed herein.

[0055] The compositions disclosed herein may also be comprised in household insecticidal products such as e.g. “heated” air fresheners in which insecticidal compositions are released upon heating (electrically or by burning), smoke coils, vaporizers, aerosols, pressure-free spray products, for example pump and atomizer sprays, automatic fogging systems, foggers, foams,gels, evaporator products with evaporator tablets made of cellulose or plastic, liquid evaporators, gel and membrane evaporators, propeller-driven evaporators, energy-free or passive evaporation systems, moth papers, moth bags and moth gels, as granules or dusts, in baits for spreading or in bait stations. In these instances, bait or food attractant can be excluded.

[0056] Another aspect of the bait compositions disclosed herein is the development of formulations with desirable properties, for example, that are efficient with observable effects, easy to apply, minimal water involved during applications (suited for areas with water shortage) and the like. In this regard, one aspect of the bait compositions disclosed herein is a bait composition that is suitable for hand application or application by hand-held applicators. A wide variety of hand-held applicators are commercially available for bait applications. In these instances, farmers do not need water to apply the formulation and application process is straight forward.

[0057] In one specific embodiment, corn grits can be used as a food resource in the bait compositions disclosed herein.

[0058] Corn grits are known around the world. It is, in general, made from dried and ground corn. Corn grits are available from many companies, for example “Corn Grits G108” or “Com Grits G101” are both available from Godawari Industries (https: / / www.godawari.com / ). As another example, Homestead Gristmill Stoneground Grits, available in a variety of colors (https: / / www.homesteadgristmillstore.com). Additionally, the machinery used to make corn grits as readily available from many sources such as SHULIY Group Co. Ltd.(https: / / www.shuliy.coni / product / com-grit-making-machine / ). Generally, a course grind of the corn grits is desired for formulation of the pesticide bait composition but nearly any desired size can be obtained and used. However, in general, a particle size of com grits about from about 5000 microns to about 500 microns, preferably from about 2500 microns to about 1000 microns may be used to get the desired particle size.

[0059] Corn grits may also be made with corn containing transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis. This will provide additional means to control Fall Army Worm and additional insects that consume the pesticide bait.

[0060] Another option is using grounded com cob by itself to replace corn grits. Additionally, mixtures of corn grits, com grits containing transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis, and grounded corn cob may also be used.

[0061] The bait compositions disclosed herein comprise other formulation ingredients usually known in the formulation technology. For example, ingredients such as binders, biocides, embittering agents, colorants, solvents, stabilizers can be included in the bait compositions.

[0062] There are many known binders in the formulation arts. A binder may bind the components of the pesticide bait compositions so that the desired size and shape of the pesticide bait composition is obtained may be selected, for example, from a natural oil such as, avocado oil, canola oil, coconut oil, corn oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, vegetable oil, and walnut oil. The amount of binder to use in the pesticide bait compositions, based on the total weight of a pesticide bait composition, is from about 6 weight percent to about 1 weight percent, preferably about 5 weight percent to about 1 weight percent, and even more preferably about 4 weight percent to about 2 weight percent. The binder weight percent will vary depending on various factors such as, local environmental conditions, other components in the composition, and the desired shape and size of the pesticide bait composition, among other factors.

[0063] A microbial biocide may be used in bait compositions disclosed herein. Examples of biocides include natural pyrethrum (from Chrysanthemum flowers), bitumen, camphor, vinegar, rose water, sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate, benzoic acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid, sodium nitrite, potassium sulfite, 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CIT), l,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), Chloromethyl-methylisothiazolone (CMIT / MIT), sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate, and calcium sorbate. The amount of biocide to use in the pesticide bait compositions, based on the total weight of a pesticide bait composition, is from about 0.6 weight percent to about 0.005 weight percent, preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.15 weight percent to about 0.02 weight percent. The biocide weight percent will vary depending on various factors such as, local environmental conditions, biological organisms in the environment, to prevent or reduce microbial growth, and other components in the composition, among other factors.

[0064] An embittering agent, also known as a bitterant, may be in the pesticide bait compositions. Examples of embittering agents are denatonium, sucrose octaacetate, quercetin, brucine, and quassin. The amount of embittering agent to use in the pesticide bait compositions, based on the total weight of a pesticide bait composition, is from about 0.005 weight percent to about 0.6 weight percent, preferably from about 0.001 weight percent to about 0.3 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.02 weight percent to about 0.15weight percent. The embittering agent weight percent will vary depending on various factors such as, local environmental conditions, effects on the pests, and amount to discourage accidental exposure, among other factors.

[0065] A stabilizer may be in the bait compositions. Examples of stabilizers include butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG), tertbutyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), 2-naphthol (2NL), 4-phenylphenol (OPP) and 2,4- di chlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-DA). The amount of stabilizer to use in the pesticide bait compositions, based on the total weight of a pesticide bait composition, is from about 0.6 weight percent to about 0.005 weight percent, preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.15 weight percent to about 0.01 weight percent. The stabilizer weight percent will vary depending on various factors such as, local environmental conditions and other components in the composition, among other factors.

[0066] A colorant may be in the bait compositions. There are many colorants available such as, Brilliant Blue, E133 (Blue shade), Indigotine, E132 (Dark Blue shade), Fast Green, E143 (Bluish green shade), Allura Red AC, E129 (Red shade), Erythrosine, E127 (Pink shade), Tartrazine, 13102 (Yellow shade), Sunset Yellow, 13110 (Orange shade). However, red colorants such as Lithol rubin BK, (E180), Amaranth (E123), Sudan III, and red 2G (E128) may also be used. Currently it is preferred to use red colorants. The amount of colorant to use in the pesticide bait compositions, based on the total weight of a pesticide bait composition, is from about 0.6 weight percent to about 0.005 weight percent, preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.15 weight percent to about 0.01 weight percent. The colorant weight percent will vary depending on various factors such as, local environmental conditions, and other components in the composition, among other factors.

[0067] A solvent may be used in the bait compositions. Examples of solvents include dihydrolevoglucosenone and dimethyl sulfoxide. A solvent may be used to facilitate the dispersion and / or dissolution of components to formulate a more homogeneous pesticide bait. The amount of solvent to use in the pesticide bait compositions, based on the total weight of a pesticide bait composition, is from about 0.6 weight percent to about 0.005 weight percent, preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 0.001 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.15 weight percent to about 0.01 weight percent. The solvent weight percent will vary depending on various factors such as, local environmental conditions and other components in the composition, among other factors.

[0068] The components of the desired bait composition may be mixed in any order. For example, a solvent composition can be produced using a solvent and mixing it with an embittering agent to make a homogeneous composition. Additionally, an oil composition can be produced using a binder mixed with a biocide, stabilizer, and compounds of Formula One (I) or Formula Two (II), to form a more homogeneous composition. In one aspect, a bait composition can be produced by mixing the oil composition and the solvent composition with corn grits until the liquid is evenly coated and distributed on corn grits the desired size and shape of the bait composition is obtained so that the bait composition can be placed into a corn whorl.

[0069] In some aspects of the bait compositions disclosed herein, in addition to compounds of Formula One (I) or Formula Two (II), one or more pesticidally-active ingredients can be present. The terms “pesticidally-effective” and “pesticidally-active” are used interchangeably throughout this disclosure. Preferably, the additional pesticide is an insecticide.

[0070] In some aspects, the additional pesticide is selected from the group consisting of abamectin, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acrinathrin, acynonapyr, afidopyropen, allethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, amitraz, azadirachtin, B.t. var. aizawai, B.t. var. israelensis, B.t. var. kurstaki, B.t. var. tenebrionensis, Bacillus sphaericus, bensultap, benzoximate, benzpyrimoxan, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl, bioresmethrin, bistrifluron, broflanilide, bromopropylate, buprofezin, chinomethionat, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron, chromafenozide, clofentezine, clothianidin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cycloprothrin, cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, cyphenothrin [(IR)-trans-isomers], cyproflanilide, cyromazine,dazomet, d- trans allethrin, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, dicloromezotiaz, dicofol, diflovidazin, diflubenzuron, dimpropyridaz, dinotefuran, d-traus allethrin, emamectin benzoate, empenthrin [(EZ)-(lR)-isomers], esfenval erate, etofenprox, etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenoxycarb, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, fenvalerate, flometoquin, flonicamid, fluacrypyrim, flubendiamide, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, flufenoxuron, flumethrin, fhipyradifurone, flupyrimin, fluxarnetamide,garnma-cyhalothrin, halfenprox, halofenozide, hexaflumuron, hexythiazox, hydramethylnon, hydroprene, hydroxy ecdysone, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, isocycloseram, kadethrin, kinoprene, lambda-cyhalothrin, lepimectin, lufenuron, metaflumizone, metam, methoprene, methoxychlor, methoxyfenozide, methyl eugenol, milbemectin, nitenpyram, novaluron, noviflumuron, permethrin, phenothrin [(IR)-trans-isomer], prallethrin, propargite, pyflubumide, pymetrozine, pyrethrins (pyrethrum), pyridaben, pyrifluquinazon, pyrimidifen, pyriproxyfen, resmethrin, silafluofen, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropidion, spirotetramat, sulfluramid, sulfoxaflor, tau-fluvalinate, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, tetradifon, tetramethrin, tetramethrin [(lR)-isomers], tetraniliprole, theta-cypermethrin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiocyclam, thiosultap-sodium, tolfenpyrad, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, triflumezopyrim, trifiumuron, and zeta-cypermethrin.

[0071] Examples of insect pests that can be controlled by the bait compositions disclosed herein include:

[0072] Order Lepidoptera: E.g., cutworm caterpillars such as Agrotis spp., Euxoa spp., Elasmopalpus lignosellus and leaf feeders and borers such as Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera spp., Chrysodeixis includens, Rachplusia nu, Trichoplusia ni, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Helicoverpa spp., Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo suppressalis, Chilo spp., Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea spp., Ostrinia nubilalis, Cydia pomonella., Cydia spp., Amyelois transitella, Maruca vitrata, Tuta absoluta, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Diaphania spp., Phtorimaea operculella, Neoleucinodes elegantalis.

[0073] Order Diptera: Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Anastrepha spp., Anastrepha fraterculus, Anastrepha obliqua, Antherigona soccata, Bactrocera spp., Bactrocera oleae, Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bibio hortulanus, Bradysia spp., Calliphora erythrocephala, Ceratitis spp., Ceratitis capitata, Chrysomyia spp., Culexspp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus spp., Delia spp, Drosophila melanogaster, Fannia spp., Gastrophilus spp., Geomyza tripunctata, Glossinaspp., Hypoderma spp., Hyppobosca spp., Liriomyza spp., Lucilia spp., Melanagromyza spp., Musca spp., Oestrus spp., Orseolia spp., Oscinella frit, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Phorbia spp., Rhagoletis spp, Rivelia quadrifasciata, Scatella spp, Sciara spp., Stomoxys spp., Tabanus spp., Tannia spp. and Tipula spp.;

[0074] Order Hymenoptera, (including family: Formicidae) Acromyrmex spp, Acromyrmex heyeri, Lundii Acromyrmex, Acromyrmex niger, Arge spp., Atta spp., Atta bisphaerica, Atta capiguara, Atta laevigata, Atta sexdens, Atta sexdens rubropilosa, Atta Mexicana, Atta texana, Cephus spp., Diprion spp., Diprionidae, Gilpinia polytoma, Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion spp., Pogonomyrmex spp, Solenopsis spp. And Vespa spp.; Camponotus spp. (carpenter ant), Tapinoma sessile (odourous house ant), Monomorium minimum, Tetramorium caespitum (pavement ant), Linepithema humile (argentine ant), Monomorium pharaonic (pharaoh ant), Crematogasterspp., Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille), Formica spp., Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricus), Dorymyrmexspp., Technomyrmexspp., and Solenopsis geminate;

[0075] Order Isoptera: Coptotermes spp., Corniternes cumulans, Incisitermes spp., Heterotermes tenuis, Heterotermes spp., Macrotermes spp., Mastotermes spp., Microtermes spp, Reticulitermes spp., Rhinotermes spp.; drywood termites from the family Kalotermitidae;

[0076] Order Orthoptera: Blatta spp. (incl. Oriental and Turkistan), Blattella spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Leucophaea maderae, Locusta spp., Neocurtilla hexadactyla, Periplaneta spp., Scapteriscus spp, and Schistocerca spp.; Pehplaneta spp. (incl. American and Australian) and Supella spp. (brown banded);

[0077] Order Blattodea: Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Blatta orientalis, Pehplaneta fuliginosa;

[0078] Order Coleoptera: Agriotes spp., Amphimallon majale, Anomala orientalis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus eugenii, Anthonomus spp., Aphodius spp, Astylus atromaculatus, Ataenius spp., Atomaria linearis, Chaetocnema tibialis, Cerotoma spp, Conoderus spp, Cosmopolites spp., Cotinis nitida, Curculio spp., Cyclocephala spp., Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp., Diloboderus abderus, Epilachna spp., Eremnus spp., Heteronychus arator, Hypothenemus hampei, Lagria vilosa, Leptinotarsa decemLineata, Lissorhoptrus spp., Liogenys spp., Maecolaspis spp., Maladera castanea, Megascelis spp., Melighetes aeneus, Melolontha spp.,Myochrous armatus, Orycaephilus spp., Otiorhynchus spp., Phyllophaga spp., Phlyctinus spp., Popillia spp., Psylliodes spp., Rhyssomatus aubtilis, Rhizopertha spp., Scarabeidae, Sitophilus spp., Sitotroga spp., Somaticus spp., Sphenophorus spp., Sternechus subsignatus, Tenebrio spp., Tribolium spp., Trogoderma spp., Alphitobius spp. (darkling beetle), and Elateridae spp.(wireworm - click beetle).

[0079] Specific embodiment of bait compositions disclosed herein include:

[0080] Termite bait compositions: A termite bait may be a material comprising substantially of cellulose, e.g. paper or card, and compound of Formula I or II. Suitable bait materials are known to the person skilled in the art. Compound of Formula I or II may be applied to the bait (that is food resource or phagostimulant) after the bait is at the desired location and / or may be applied to the bait during preparation, e.g. compound of Formula I or II may be incorporated into the cellulose material. In another aspect, disclosure herein provides a method for controlling termites and / or termite populations comprising locating an, e.g. cellulose-based, termite bait comprising compound of Formula I or II in a locus where termite control is needed or is expected to be needed. In a further aspect, there isprovided a cellulose-based, termite bait comprising compound of Formula I or Formula II.

[0081] Cockroach bait compositions: A cockroach bait composition may be a material comprising a suitable bait material for cockroaches, and compound I or II. Suitable cockroach bait materials are known to the person skilled in the art. Compound I or II bait may be applied to an area, locus or environment where cockroach control is needed. In a further aspect the disclosure provides a method for controlling cockroaches and / or cockroach populations comprising locating an, e.g. suitable cockroach bait comprising compound I or II at a locus where such cockroach control is needed or is expected to be needed. In a further aspect the invention provides an, e.g. protein-based, cockroach bait comprising compound I or II. In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method of controlling cockroach pests with a bait compositions disclosed herein. In a further embodiment, the bait composition is used to control cockroaches by secondary kill, whereby compound I or II is translocated in insect-produced residues throughout the cockroach population, especially affecting relatively sedentary early-instar nymphs, so that cockroaches that are not directly exposed to the bait composition also are controlled.

[0082] In one embodiment, cockroaches or cockroach populations are controlled by application of an effective amount of a bait composition comprising compound I or II to a locus so that from 0.005 to 0.015 g of compound I or II per 1 m2; or from 0.015 to 0.02 g compound I or II per 1 m2is applied to the locus / environment. A locus can include, for example, single and multi-family residential buildings; schools; institutional, commercial, agricultural (including livestock, poultry and companion animal housing) and industrial facilities (including warehouses, apartments, supermarkets, restaurants, motels, hotels, hospitals, daycare facilities, food-handling / storage / processing establishments and zoos); and transportation equipment, such as aircraft, trains, ships, boats, and buses.

[0083] In one embodiment, a method of controlling cockroach pests or populations comprises application to an indoor locus of known or suspected cockroach infestation or cockroach harborage sites. Direct applications including as a spot or crack-and-crevice can be made to areas including, but not limited to, pest entry sites, attics, wall voids, behind cabinets or equipment, under counters or under / behind appliances, and along baseboards and reticulation systems. In another embodiment, a method of controlling cockroach pests or populations comprises application to an outdoor locus of known or suspected cockroach infestation or cockroach harborage sites, including application as a spot or crack-and-crevice to exterior structural elements and also outdoor breeding sites, such as refuse collection areas, loading docks, adjacent tree holes, crawl spaces, or other sources of cockroach infestations. The bait composition comprising the compound of Formula I or Formula II can be applied in harborage areas around the structure or where pests are likely to enter or rest, such as utility entry points, weep holes, eaves of structures, around windows or doors, or around lights.

[0084] The present disclosure also relates to ant bait compositions. An ant bait may be a material comprised substantially of a suitable bait material for the target ant and compound of Formula I or Formula II. Suitable ant bait materials are known to the person skilled in the art. The bait composition can be applied to the environment or locus of known or likely ant foraging or infestation.

[0085] In a further aspect, the disclosure provides a method for controlling ants and / or ant populations comprising locating a suitable ant bait composition comprising compound Formula I or Formula II where ant control is needed or is expected to be needed. In a further aspect thedisclosure provides an, e.g. carbohydrate containing, ant bait composition comprising compound I or II. The locus or environment is similar to that of cockroach insects such as, for example, single and multi-family residential buildings; schools; institutional, commercial, agricultural (including livestock, poultry and companion animal housing) and industrial facilities (including warehouses, apartments, supermarkets, restaurants, motels, hotels, hospitals, daycare facilities, food-handling / storage / processing establishments and zoos); and transportation equipment, such as aircraft, trains, ships, boats, and buses. Application including as a spot or crack-and-crevicecan be made to areas including, but not limited to, pest entry sites, attics, wall voids, behind cabinets or equipment, under counters or under / behind appliances, and along baseboards and reticulation systems. In another embodiment, a method of ant pests or populations comprises application to an outdoor locus of known or suspected ant infestation or nesting sites, including application as a spot or crack-and-crevice to exterior structural elements and also outdoor nesting sites. The bait composition comprising compound of Formula I or Formula II can be applied in nesting areas or ant trails around the structure or where pests are likely to enter or rest, such as utility entry points, weep holes, eaves of structures, around windows or doors, or around lights. In one embodiment, from 0.5 g - 1.5 g of ant bait per 1 m2; or 1.5 g - 2.0 g of ant bait per 1 m2is applied which has an compound I or II loading of 0.005% by weight to 0.1% by weight; or from 0.125% to 0.05 % by weight.

[0086] The amount (loading concentration) of compound of Formula I or Formula II in the bait compositions disclosed herein depends on the type of application (gel, paste, powder, liquid or solid, aerosol) and the type of pest. In one aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-50% w / w. In another aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-45% w / w. In one another aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-40% w / w. In yet another aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-35% w / w. In another aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-30% w / w. In another aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-25 % w / w. In one aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-20% w / w. In another aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-15 % w / w. In one aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-10% w / w. In another aspect, the amount of compound I or II can be from 0.01-5% w / w. In some instances, the loading concentration can depend on whether the composition will be diluted prior to theapplication. For example, a higher loading composition, depending on the application type and the need, can be diluted further prior to the application.

[0087] In one embodiment, disclosed herein is a ready to use bait (RB) formulation that is designed to attract a target pest species. As used herein, the phrase “ready to use” means that there is no need for dilution or alteration of the formulation prior to the application or use. In one aspect, the RB formulation is a solid. And in another aspect, the RB formulation is a liquid.

[0088] RB formulations are rationally designed to target a specific pest of interest and as such have flexible application methods. For example, they can be applied in furrow for attraction of soil pest, placed throughout buildings / enclosures as a baiting system or can be applied directly to the crop of interest.

[0089] One such use application is the use of RB formulation against wireworms as a soil bait. In one aspect, the RB formulation is mixed with seed at the time of planting. In another aspect, the RB formulation is mixed with the seed before planting. In some other cases, the RB formulation is applied along with the seeds. In some instances, the RB formulation is applied to the soil after planting the seed. In some aspects of the RB formulation, the compound of Formula I or II is present in 0.01-10.00 % w / w of the total composition. In some aspects, the compound of Formula I or II is present in 0.1-1.0 % w / w total composition. The RB formulation can be in the form of paste extruded granule or a spray coated granule. In one embodiment, disclosed herein is a bait concentrate (CB) formulation. Bait concentrates are solid or liquid formulations that are intended to be diluted before the application. One such application for example, is the use of CB formulation comprising compound of Formula I or II against fruit flies. In one aspect, the CB formulation comprises compound of Formula I or II in 0.01 - 0.5 % w / w of the total composition. In some instances, the CB formulation comprises compound of Formula I or II in 0.02 - 0.2 % w / w of the total composition. In some aspects, the CB formulation comprises compound of Formula I or II in 0.01 - 0.1 % w / w of the total composition. In some instances, the CB formulation comprises compound of Formula I or II in 0.02 % w / w of the total composition. In some other instances, the CB formulation comprises compound of Formula I or II in 0.2 % w / w of the total composition.

[0090] In light of the above disclosure, the following details are additionally provided.dl. A bait composition comprising A) a pesticidally active compound of Formula One (I) or Formula Two (II):Compound of Formula One (I)Compound of Formula Two (II)and a pest attractant.d2. The bait composition according to dl, wherein the compounds of Formula I or Formula II are embedded in a matrix.d3. The bait composition according to d2, wherein the matrix comprising A) carrier material and B) a pest attractant.d4. The bait composition according to d2 comprising a carrier material which is a pest attractant.d5. The bait composition according to d2, wherein the matrix is a pest attractant.d6. The bait composition according to dl-d5, comprising the compound of Formula One (I).d7. The bait composition according to d 1 -d5, comprising the compound of Formula Two (II).d8. The bait composition according to d2-d7 wherein the matrix is a solid or a liquid matrix.d9. The bait composition according to dl-d8, wherein the pest attractant is selected from the group consisting of food attractant, phagostimulant, pheromone and flavorant.dlO. The bait composition according dl, wherein the composition is a solid.dl 1. The bait composition according to dl, wherein the composition is a liquid.d 12. The bait composition according to dl, wherein the composition is a gel, paste or a powder.dl 3. The bait composition according to any one dl-dl2, wherein the pest attractant is a food attractant which comprises one or more of a grain, a protein, a vegetable, a fruit, a plant extract, a carbohydrate, a lipid or a cellulose material.dl4. The bait composition according any of d 1 -d 13, further comprising a phagostimulant.dl 5. The bait composition according any of dl -dl 3, further comprising a pheromone.d!6. The bait composition according to any of dl -d 15, wherein the compound of Formula One (I) or the compound of Formula Two (II) are present in an amount of from 0.005 to 20% by weight of the composition.dl 7. The bait composition according to any of dl-dl6, wherein the compound of Formula One (I) or the compound of Formula Two (II) are present in an amount of from 0.01 to 5% by weight of the composition.dl 8. A method for controlling or combating a pest comprising the step of applying a pesticidally effective amount of a bait composition according any one of dl -dl 7 to a locus of a pest or pest population.dl9. The method according to dl8, wherein the pest is an insect.d20. The method according to dl9, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting of Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca and Nematoda.d21. The method according claim dl9, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting of ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, bristletails, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, grubs, hornets, jassids, leafhoppers, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, moths, nematodes, plantbugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scales, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphylans, termites, thrips, ticks, wasps, whiteflies, fruit flies and wireworms. The following examples further illustrate the invention but should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope.EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

[0091] EXAMPLE 1

[0092] This example demonstrates the activity of Compound of Formula I impregnated in filter paper (cellulose) on control of eastern subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes.Compound I was diluted in acetone at rates of 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01% and 0.1% w / w. Both fipronil and imidacloprid were used as standards for comparison following the same dilutions for Compound of Formula I. Pieces of filter paper (substrate) were treated with 200 microliters of each concentration. The control treatment was composed by 200 microliters of acetone pipetted onto the filter paper. Filter papers were allowed to dry for 1 hour and provided to insects.Mortality was assessed daily up to seven days after the application (Table 1).Table 1. Corrected mortality of R. flavipes by compound of Formula I impregnated in filter paper.Treatments 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day Compound I0.1% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Compound 10.01% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Compound 10.001% 60% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Imidacloprid 0.1%38o / o 52o / o 53oo 58o / o 69o / o 69o / o 71o / oImidacloprid 0.01%7oo 18oo 39oo 42o / o 44o / 0 58oo 58o / oImidacloprid 0.001%0%2o / o 2o / o 3o / o 7o / o 17o / o 17o / oFipronil 0.1%100o / o 100o / o 100o / o 100o / 0 100o / o100% 100% Fipronil 0.01% 100%100o / o 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fipronil 0.001% 98%100o / o 100o / o 100o / o 100o / o 100o / o 100o / 0Acetone (control) QO / O 0% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%Compound I was effective on control of R. flavipes with superior efficacy compared to imidacloprid and similar to fipronil from 0.001% w / w from the second day after the application.EXAMPLE 2

[0093] Formulation preparation. A suspension concentrate of Compound of Formula I was prepared following a standard procedure known to those skilled in the art. Formulation components in mill base were added to a vessel and stirred with an overhead mixer equipped with Cowles blade at ambient temperature till uniform: further mixing with homogenizer is optional. The mixture was transferred to a bead mill and was milled until the desired particle size was achieved. The remaining formulation components were added to the collected mixture followed by agitation with an overhead mixer until the components were uniformly incorporated.

[0094] Table 2. Suspension concentrate of Compound of Formula IComponent Role Concentration (%w / w)Compound of Formula Active 30.7IAtlox 4913 Dispersant 2Morwet EFW Wetting agent 1.32Propylene glycol Antifreeze 5.7Proxel GXL Biocide 0.1SAG 1572 Antifoam 0.15Veegum R Thickener 0.35Xanthan Gum Thickener 0.03Water Diluent Balance

[0095] This example demonstrates the activity of Compound I in a suspension concentrate diluted in a solution of water with 20% of sugar on control of Argentine ant Linepithema humile and pharaoh ant Monomorium pharaonis. Compound I was diluted in water at rates of 0.001%, 0.01% and 0.05% v / v. Fipronil was used as standard diluted in water at 0.001%. The control treatment was composed by water with 20% of sugar. The treatments were provided to antsthrough glass vials containing 200 microliter of solution and closed with a portion of cotton on the top. The glass vials were laid down inside the arenas (plastic pots) to moisten the cotton and allow insects to feed. Each arena was infested with 150 insects. Mortality was assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after the infestation (Table 3 and 4). TRT-1, TRT-2, and TRT-3 are formulations comprising Compound of Formula I.Table 3. Mortality of Argentine ants by Compound I diluted in water with 20% of sugar.Argentine Ants- Mean Percent mortality (± st dev)J 1 V / U 1111 'll thjl h 2 h 4 h 8 h 24 h 48 h TRT-1 0.05% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 21 ± 8 39 ± 10 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 TRT-2 0.01% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 23 ± 6 37 ± 15 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 TRT-3 0.001% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 13 ± 6 25 ± 8 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 Fipronil 0.001% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 47 ± 14 66 ± 15 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 Untreated n / a 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± l 1 ± 2 1 ± 2Table 4. Mortality of Pharaoh ants by Compound I diluted in water with 20% of sugar.Pharoah Ants- Mean Percent mortality (± st dev)I Treatments Rate| l h 2 h 4 h 8 h 24 h 48 hTRT-1 0.05% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 37 ± 8 59 ± 11 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 TRT-2 0.01% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 41 ± 13 52 ± 16 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 TRT-3 0.001% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 29 ± 15 44 ± 14 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 Fipronil 0.001% 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 53 ± 7 73 ± 10 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 Untreated n / a 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 2 ± 2 6 ± 3 7 ± 3 7 ± 3Compound I showed to be palatable for both species of ants in baits with sugar. Feeding was observed 2 h after the infestation and mortality initiated 4 h after the infestation. The palatability can also be associated with the high efficacy of Compound I, showing 100% of mortality at the lower rate 0.001% at 24 h after the exposure to the bait.EXAMPLE 3

[0096] This example demonstrates the activity of Compound I impregnated in food attractant (rodent chow) for German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) control. Compound I was diluted in acetone at rates of 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% v / v. Fipronil was used as standard diluted in acetone at 0.06%. All treatments were impregnated in granules of rodent chow. The control treatments were composed by acetone impregnated in rodent chow and untreated rodent chow. The treatments were provided to cockroaches in petri dishes with one granule of rodent chow / petri dish. Each petri dish was infested with 7 insects. Mortality was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h after the infestation (Table 5).Table 5. Mortality of cockroaches B. germanica by Compound I impregnated in rodent chow.Mean Percent Mortalityi treatments | 24 h 48 h 72 h Compound I 0.01% 0 20% 64% Compound I 0.05% 10% 64% 100% Compound I 0.1% 26% 100% 100% Fipronil 0.06% 100% 100% 100% Control (Diet + acetone) 0 0 0Control (Diet only) 0 0 0Adults fed on Compound I supplemented diets indicated that all concentrations where palatable and acceptable. Fipronil at the highest commercial application rate resulted in 100% mortality within 24 hr of administering the bait. Higher potency of Compound I was oberserved 48 h after the infestation at 0.1% rate. At 72 h both 0.05% and 0.1% showed 100% of mortality for Compound I.EXAMPLE 4

[0097] Bait preparation. The bait was prepared using a method known to those skilled in the art. A blend of invert sugar, corn steep liquor, ammonium acetate, and water was mixed with a suspension concentrate (Table 2) of Compound I. Commercial standard of Spinosad fruit fly bait, Naturelyte, was used.

[0098] This example demonstrates the activity of Compound I formulated as a bait concentrate (CB) at 0.24 g of Compound I / L of bait (0.02% by weight) for fruit fly Ceratitis capitata control in orange orchard. Two field trials were carried out diluting 1 part of bait+ Compound I with 1.5 parts of water, with application of 3-4 L of bait / ha. Three applications were performed using a gum sprayer in 1 m2per plant every 7 meters with very coarse droplets (4-6 cm of diameter with 60 to 80 droplets / m2). The standard Spinosad (CB with Spinosad at 0.24 g ai / L) followed the same dilution and method of application. The control treatment was composed by untreated plants. Around 20 plants per plot were sprayed per treatment. The interval between applications was 14 to 21 days. The damaged fruits by fruit fly on trees and fallen fruits damaged were assessed 7 days after the third application (Table 6).Table 6. Percent of fruits damaged by C. capitata in orange orchard after application of Compound I (Spinosad as standard)Total _,, % fruits % of fallen „....... Damaged Damaged,, _ Combined Treatments fZruits ®ZT.. damaged fruits...... (tree) (Fallen) ',, efficacy (tree) on trees damaged1sttrialCompound I 400 17 11 4.3% 20.0% 83.6% Spinosad 400 11 12 2.8% 21.8% 86.2% Untreated 400 191 55 47.8% 100.0%2ndtrialCompound I 400 11 9 2.8% 20.0% 83.8% Spinosad 400 20 13 5.0% 28.9% 79.4% Untreated 400 162 45 40.5% 100.0%The Compound I and Spinosad reduced the percent of fruits damaged on trees and on fallen fruits compared to untreated. Compound I demonstrates high efficacy (>80%) proving its effective use as attractive bait for fruit flies.EXAMPLE 5

[0099] Bait preparation. A blend of masa flour and Compound I were extruded using paste extrusion following known methods to those skilled in the art.

[0100] This example demonstrates the efficacy of ready to use bait (RB ) impregnated with Compound I (4 g of Compound I / kg of RB) for wireworm Agriotes spp. control in potato. A field trial was carried out with application of Compound I + RB in furrow (before planting) at rates of 50, 75 and 100 g of Compound I / ha. The standard treatments where tefluthrin (15 g ai / kg) at 150 g ai / ha and cypermethrin (8 g ai / kg) at 96 g ai / ha, both applied in furrow. The assessment of incidence of damaged tubers was recorded at harvest (120 days after planting) (Table 7).Table 7. Efficacy of Compound I +RB for wireworm damage control in potato (average of 2 field trials).Treatments EfficacyCompound I+ RB - 50 g ai / ha 48% Compound I + RB - 75 g ai / ha 52%Compound I + RB - 100 g ai / ha 50%Teflutrin - 150 g ai / ha 42%Cypermethrin - 96 g ai / ha 35%The field performance of both Compound I + RB showed superior performance to both standards tefluthrin and cypermethrin. These results demonstrate the superior efficacy of both inventions versus the standards.EXAMPLE 6

[0101] Example 6 describes the unprecedented control and strong potency of Compound I on leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with a bait comprising Compound I in very low concentrations. The concentrations of 1%, 0.1%, and 0.01% v / v demonstrated to be very effective on control the leaf-cutting ant A. sexdens rubropilosa,compared to the main standard sulfluramide. Also, the method used is the same utilized by other companies to determine intrinsic activity and register their products against this type of pest. The test has important particularities, because the insecticides cannot kill the worker ants too fast, allowing the workers ants carry the bait into the colony to feed the fungus, where the ants keep this fungus as the feed source for all the ants in the colony. Compound I showed all the characteristics necessary to be considered and used as formicide bait for this species, showing mortality <15% in 24 hours and >90% in 21 days. These laboratory tests, using attractive pastes demonstrated that Compound I reduces worker ant populations, thereby limiting the pest’s ability to reproduce and cause crop damage, with results compared to the standard sulfuramide. This effect can be extrapolated to other species like Atta capiguara, Atta sexdens sexdens, Atta bisphaerica, Atta laevigata, Atta robusta and Atta opaciceps. The complex of leaf cutting ants is an endemic pest in Latin America and represents a significant agricultural threat to several crops such as Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp., pastures, sugarcane and orchards.

[0102] The baits were formulated as carry-attractive pastes for ingestion, based on citrus pulp powder, sucrose p.a., and distilled water. All formulations were prepared at a w / w (weight / weight) ratio. Compound I (technical material) was tested at the concentrations of 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% w / w and compared to Sulfuramide at 0.1% (current standard) and untreated. The applications were made applying 1 gram of formulated bait per replicate (4 replications). The treated baits were removed after 24 hours, followed by the provision of approximately 3 cm3of fungal sponge, which served as a food source, plus approximately 20 gardening workers ants (2 mm in body length) to grow and maintain the fungus. Whenever a substantial reduction in fungal sponges or live planters was observed, it was replaced to avoid the influence of food deficiency on the survival of the worker ants.

[0103] Results: The number of dead worker ants was assessed 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, and 21 days after insecticide application. The data were submitted to ANOVA and the averages of dead worker ants submitted to Tukey test (p>0.05). All concentrations of Compound I controlled A. sexdens rubropilosa as good as or better than sulfluramide. The lowest concentration (0.01% w / w) attended the expected efficacy for a formicide bait, killing <15% in 24 hours and >90% in 21 days (Figure 1).

[0104] This example demonstrates the efficacy of ready to use bait (RB ) impregnated with Compound I (4 g of Compound I / kg of RB) for wireworm Agriotes spp. control in potato.

[0105] All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

[0106] The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and “at least one” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The use of the term “at least one” followed by a list of one or more items (for example, “at least one of A and B”) is to be construed to mean one item selected from the listed items (A or B) or any combination of two or more of the listed items (A and B), unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

[0107] Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Claims

1. CLAIM(S):

1. A bait composition comprising A) a pesticidally active compound of Formula One (I) or Formula Two (II):Compound of Formula One (I)Compound of Formula Two (II)and a pest attractant.

2. The bait composition according to claim 1, wherein the compounds of Formula I or Formula II are embedded in a matrix.

3. The bait composition according to claim 2, wherein the matrix comprising A) carrier material and B) a pest attractant.

4. The bait composition according to claim 2 comprising a carrier material which is a pest attractant.

5. The bait composition according to claim 2, wherein the matrix is a pest attractant.

6. The bait composition according to claims 1-5, comprising the compound of Formula One (I).

7. The bait composition according to claims 1-5, comprising the compound of Formula Two (II).

8. The bait composition according to any of the claims 1-7 wherein the matrix is a solid or a liquid matrix.

9. The bait composition according to claim 1, wherein the pest attractant is selected from the group consisting of food attractant, phagostimulant, pheromone and flavorant.

10. The bait composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a solid.

11. The bait composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a liquid.

12. The bait composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a gel, paste or a powder.

13. The bait composition according to claim 1, wherein the pest attractant is a food attractant which comprises one or more of a grain, a protein, a vegetable, a fruit, a plant extract, a carbohydrate, a lipid or a cellulose material.

14. The bait composition according any of claims 1-13, further comprising a phagostimulant.

15. The bait composition according any of claims 1-13, further comprising a pheromone.

16. The bait composition according to any of claims 1-15, wherein the compound of Formula One (I) or the compound of Formula Two (II) are present in an amount of from 0.005 to 20% by weight of the composition.

17. The bait composition according to any of claims 1-16, wherein the compound of Formula One (I) or the compound of Formula Two (II) are present in an amount of from 0.01 to 5% by weight of the composition.

18. A method for controlling or combating a pest comprising the step of applying a pesticidally effective amount of a bait composition according any one of claims 1-17 to a locus of a pest or pest population.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the pest is an insect.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting of Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca and Nematoda.

21. The method according claim 19, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting of ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, bristletails, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, grubs, hornets, jassids, leafhoppers, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, moths, nematodes, plantbugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scales, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphylans, termites, thrips, ticks, wasps, whiteflies, fruit flies and wireworms.

Images