Satiety supplement composition and methods of use

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a composition or dietary supplement comprising prebiotic fibers, polyphenols, thylakoids and probiotics as well as L-glutamine or an analog thereof. The disclosure also provides the use of a composition or dietary supplement comprising prebiotic fibers, polyphenols, thylakoids and probiotics as well as L-glutamine or an analog thereof to maintain fullness or prolonged satiation.

Description

Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT & TRADEMARK RECEIVING OFFICE PCT PATENT APPLICATIONSATIETY SUPPLEMENT COMPOSITION AND METHODS OF USE FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure is directed to a composition or dietary supplement with specific formulations of prebiotic fibers, polyphenols, thylakoids and probiotics. The disclosure also relates to embodiments on the use of the described compositions or dietary supplements to maintain fullness or prolonged satiation.CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority to U. S. Provisional Application No.63 / 743,835, filed January 10, 2025, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0003] Satiation is the physiologic process that regulates meal size and termination, and it is quantified by the calories consumed to reach satiation. Given its role in energy intake, changes in satiation contribute to obesity's pathogenesis and has emerged as a promising avenue for precision obesity management, potentially paving the way to enhance the weight loss response to current anti-obesity interventions. In particular, satiety-inducing hormones such as GLP-1 and GIP have captured public attention because of the efficacy of modern Anti-Obesity medications (AOMs) such as Ozempic® and Wegovy®, which have shown strong clinical results reducing weight and associated negative health outcomes.

[0004] Supplement companies have sought to capitalize off of this momentum with foods and / or food additives containing more natural ingredients that stimulate pathways to induce satiety and reduce hunger. These products offer benefits over AOMs such as over-the-counter availability, lower cost, and more consumer-friendly delivery methods (capsules, powders vs. injection). However, current foods or food additives designed to induce satiety or reduce hunger often possess one or more short-comings that can include: (1) short efficacious window that is unlikely to support full-day satiety; (2) uncertain efficacy or safety profile given that the supplement market is a relatively unregulated industry and many ingredients with GLP-1 claims have little evidence toAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003support their safety or routine use and (3) only leverage a single mechanism of action (probiotic, fiber, polyphenol) that involves using one ingredient in excess, which can have additional side effects, rather than using multiple pathways to enhance satiety.

[0005] Accordingly, there is an unmet need in the art for compositions or dietary supplements comprising efficacious ingredients in inducing satiety via multiple mechanisms of action yet are also considered safe for routine use to ensure prolonged satiety over the course of a day. The materials and methods provided herein address this need.SUMMARY

[0006] In one aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid and at least one microbe. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof. In some cases, the P-glucan is a high number average molar mass P-glucan. In some cases, the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 0,08% by weight or from about 0,08% to about 21 % by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is present m an amount of at least 0,25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present m a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium, lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium, butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia. inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu. In some cases, the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the method further comprises L-glutamine or L-theanine. In some cases, the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the composition further comprises a digestible starch or source thereof. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder. In some cases, the method of further comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara caraAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring system is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin. In some cases, the solubility' enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the composition is in an oral dosage form. In some cases, the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

[0007] In some cases, any composition provided herein is formulated as a dietary' supplement.

[0008] In some cases, any composition provided herein is formulated as ready to drink,

[0009] In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising the ingredients shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0010] In yet another aspect, provided herein is a dietary supplement comprising the ingredients shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0011] In a still further aspect, provided herein is a method of maintaining fullness or prolonging satiation in a subject, the method comprising: administering to a subject a dietary supplement comprising at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid and at least one microbe, in a dosage effective in maintaining fullness or prolonging satiation in the subject as compared to a control. In some cases, the dosage is a daily dosage of about 30 g or about 75g. In some cases, the dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals. In some cases, the regular intervals is every' 2 hours over a defined period of time. In some cases, the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day. In some cases, the control is the same subject not administered the dietary supplement. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof. In some cases, the P-glucan is a high number average molar mass P-glucan. In some cases, the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 0.08% by weight or from about 0.08% to about 21% by weight of the dietary’ supplement. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the dietary’ supplement. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected fromAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogen.es, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium vent.ri.osum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at leastAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106- 1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu. In some cases, the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the dietary supplement further comprises L-glutamine or L-theanine. In some cases, the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the method further comprises a digestible starch or source thereof. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder. In some cases, the dietary supplement further comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring system is present m an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum. In some cases, the emulsifier is present at from about 0.08-4% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the dietary supplement. In some cases, the dietary supplement is in an oral dosage form. In some cases, the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.|0012] In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid, at least one microbe and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof. In some cases, the P-glucan is a high number average molar mass P-glucan. In some cases, the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 0.08% by weight or from about 0.08% to about 21% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85%Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality' of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1 % to about 4% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, RoseburiaAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu. In some cases, the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises L-glutamine or L-theanine. In some cases, the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the composition further comprises a digestible starch or source thereof. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder. In some cases, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring agent is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the composition is in an oral dosage form. In some cases, the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

[0013] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of treating obesity or a co-morbidity thereof in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject suffering from obesity an effective dosage of any pharmaceutical composition provided herein, thereby treating obesity. In some cases, the effective dosage is a daily dosage is at least 30 g or at least 75 g. In some cases, the effective dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals. In some cases, the regular intervals is every 2 hours over a defined period of time. In some cases, the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day. In some cases, the administration reduces weight, reduces waist circumference, slows or prevents weight gain, improves hemoglobin Ale,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003and / or improves the fasting glucose in the subject as compared to a control, wherein the control is the same subject not administered the pharmaceutical composition.

[0014] In another aspect, provided herein is a composition for use in treating obesity or co¬ morbidity thereof in a subject, wherein the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid, at least one microbe and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof. In some cases, the p-glucan i a high number average molar mass P-glucan. In some cases, the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 0.08% by weight or from about 0,08% to about 21% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant. In some cases, the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum,, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof. In some cases, the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu. In some cases, the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises L-glutamine or L-theanine. In some cases, the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the composition for use further comprises a digestible starch or source thereof. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder. In some cases, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof. In some cases, the flavoring agent is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin. In someAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the composition is in an oral dosage form. In some cases, the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONDefinitions

[0015] While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter.

[0016] As used herein, the term “a” or “an” can refer to one or more of that entity, i.e. can refer to a plural referent. As such, the terms “a” or “an”, “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. In addition, reference to “an element” by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the elements is present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the elements.

[0017] Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the present specification and claims, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense that is as “including, but not limited to”.

[0018] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification may not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. It is appreciated that certain features of the disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

[0019] As used herein, the term “treatment” is defined as the application or administration or use of a composition described herein, or identified by a method described herein, to a patient, or application or administration or use of the composition to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, who has a disease, a symptom of disease or a predisposition toward a disease, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disease, the symptoms of disease, or the predisposition toward disease.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0020] The terms “patient”, “subject” and “individual” are used interchangeably herein and can mean an animal. The animal can be any vertebrate or invertebrate. The animal can be any mammalian or non-mammalian animal. In some cases, the animal is selected from the group consisting of humans, canines, rodents, porcine, equines and felines. In one embodiment, the animal is mammalian, with human patients being preferred. In some cases, the animal is selected from the group consisting of birds, reptiles, insects, worms and fish. In some cases, the animal is amphibian. The animal can be selected from the group consisting of toads, frogs and salamanders. In some cases, the animal is a marsupial. The animal can be selected from the group consisting of wombats, wallabies, bandicoots, kangaroos, opossums and koalas. In some cases, the methods of the invention find use in experimental animals, in veterinary applications, and in the development of animal models for disease, including, but not limited to, rodents including mice, rats, and hamsters, as well as primates. In some cases, the methods of the invention find use in veterinary applications, wherein the subject is an animal as provided herein.

[0021] By the phrases “therapeutically effective amount” and “effective dosage” and “effective amount” is meant an amount sufficient to produce a desirable result; the exact nature of the result will vary depending on the nature of the disorder for which an individual is afflicted with or diagnosed to possess. For example, administration can the result in an increase in the expression or production of a cytokine or chemokine in an individual as compared to cytokine or chemokine production in the individual prior to administration and / or a control individual who either has not been administered or used the composition and is generally healthy or suffers from a similar or the same malady as the individual administered or using the composition. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors can influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and / or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, administration of a composition provided herein by a subject can include a single administration or a series of administrations.

[0022] The term “prebiotic” as used herein can be a general term to refer to chemicals and or ingredients that can affect the growth and / or activity of microorganisms in a host (e.g. can allow for specific changes in the composition and / or activity in the microbiome). Prebiotics can confer a health benefit on the host. Prebiotics can be selectively fermented, e.g. in the colon. Some nonlimiting examples of prebiotics can include: complex carbohydrates, complex sugars, resistantAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003dextrins, resistant starch, amino acids, peptides, nutritional compounds, biotin, polydextrose, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), inulin, lignin, psyllium, chitin, chitosan, gums (e.g. guar gum), high amylose cornstarch (HAS), cellulose, P-glucans, hemi¬ celluloses, lactulose, mannooligosaccharides, mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), oligofructose-enriched inulin, oligofructose, oligodextrose, tagatose, trans-galactooligosaccharide, pectin, resistant starch, and xylooligosacchandes (XOS). Prebiotics can be found in foods (e.g. acacia gum, guar seeds, brown rice, rice bran, barley hulls, chicory root, Jerusalem artichoke, dandelion greens, garlic, leek, onion, asparagus, wheat bran, oat bran, baked beans, whole wheat flour, banana), and breast milk. Prebiotics can also be administered in other forms (e.g. capsule or dietary supplement),

[0023] The term “probiotic” as used herein can refer to live or living microorganisms, such as, for example, certain bacteria and yeast, that when ingested by a subject or individual, can be beneficial to the health of or provide a health benefit to said subject or individual.

[0024] As used herein the terms “microorganism” or “microbe” should be taken broadly These terms, used interchangeably, can include but are not limited to, the two prokaryotic domains Bacteria and Archaea. The term may also encompass eukaryotic fungi and protists.

[0025] The terms “microbial consortia” or “microbial consortium” can refer to a subset of a microbial community of individual microbial species, or strains of a species, which can be described as carrying out a common function, or can be described as participating, or leading to, or correlating with, a recognizable parameter, such as a phenotypic trait of interest.

[0026] The term “microbial community” can mean a group of microbes comprising two or more species or strains. Unlike microbial consortia, a microbial community does not have to be carrying out a common function, or does not have to be participating in, or leading to, or correlating with, a recognizable parameter, such as a phenotypic trait of interest.

[0027] As used herein, “isolate,” “isolated,” “isolated microbe,” and like terms, are intended to mean that the one or more microorganisms has been separated from at least one of the materials with which it is associated in a particular environment (for example soil, water, plant tissue, etc). Thus, an “isolated microbe” does not exist in its naturally occurring environment; rather, it is through the vari ous techniques described herein that the mi crobe has been removed from its natural setting and placed into a non-naturally occurring state of existence. Thus, the isolated strain or isolated microbe may exist as, for example, a biologically pure culture, or as spores (or other formsAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003of the strain). In aspects, the isolated microbe may be in association with an acceptable earner, which may be a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0028] In certain aspects of the disclosure, the isolated microbes may exist as “isolated and biologically pure cultures.” It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that an isolated and biologically pure culture of a particular microbe, denotes that said culture is substantially free of other living organisms and contains only the individual microbe in question. The culture can contain varying concentrations of said microbe. The present disclosure notes that isolated and biologically pure microbes often “necessarily differ from less pure or impure materials,” See, e.g. In re Bergstrom, 427 F.2d 1394, (CCPA 1970)(discussing purified prostaglandins), see also. In re Bergy, 596 F 2d 952 (CCPA 1979)(discussing purified microbes), see also, Parke-Davis & Co. v. FI K. Mulford & Co,, 189 F 95 (S. D. N. ¥ 191 1 ) (Learned Hand discussing purified adrenaline), aff'd in part, rev’d in part, 196 F. 496 (2d Cir, 1912), each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, in some aspects, the disclosure provides for certain quantitative measures of the concentration, or purity limitations, that must be found within an isolated and biologically pure microbial culture. The presence of these purity values, in certain embodiments, is a further attribute that distinguishes the presently disclosed microbes from those microbes existing in a natural state. See, e.g., Merck & Co. v. Olin Malhieson Chemical Corp., 253 F.2d 156 (4th Cir.1958) (discussing purity limitations for vitamin B12 produced by microbes), incorporated herein by reference.

[0029] As used herein, “individual isolates” should be taken to mean a composition, or culture, comprising a predominance of a single genera, species, or strain, of microorganism, following separation from one or more other microorganisms.

[0030] The term “microbiome”, “microbiota”, and “microbial habitat” can be used interchangeably herein and can refer to the ecological community of microorganisms that live on or in a subject's body. The microbiome can be comprised of commensal, symbiotic, and / or pathogenic microorganisms. Microbiomes can exist on or in many, if not most parts of the subject. Some non-limiting examples of habitats of microbiome can include body surfaces, body cavities, body fluids, the gut, the colon, skin surfaces and pores, vaginal cavity, umbilical regions, conjunctival regions, intestinal regions, the stomach, the nasal cavities and passages, the gastrointestinal tract, the urogenital tracts, saliva, mucus, and feces.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0031] As used herein, the term “Generally Recognized As Safe” or its acronym " GRAS" can be any substance that is generally recognized, among qualified experts, as having been adequately shown to be safe under the conditions of its intended use, or unless the use of the substance is otherwise excepted from the definition of a food additive in accordance with sections 201 (s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).

[0032] As used herein, the term "dietary' supplement" can mean a product, for a manufactured product, intended to supplement a subject’s diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance for use by the subject to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any of the aforementioned ingredients.Overview

[0033] Provided herein are formulations comprising a blend of ingredients known to stimulate production of satiety-inducing hormones, such as, for example, GLP-1 and / or GIP. In some cases, one or more of the ingredients are generally regarded as safe (GRAS). In some cases, the blend comprises one or more prebiotic fibers, one or more amino acids, one or more probiotics, one or more polyphenols or flavonoids, one or more thylakoids or any combination thereof. In some cases, the blend comprises one or more prebiotic fibers, one or more amino acids, one or more probiotics, one or more polyphenols or flavonoids, one or more thylakoids, one or more digestible starches or any combination thereof, In some cases, the blend comprises one or more prebiotic fibers, one or more amino acids, one or more probiotics, one or more polyphenols or flavonoids, one or more thylakoids, one or more digestible starches, vitamin D or any combination thereof. In some cases, the one or more ammo acids can be L-theanine or L-glutamine. In some cases, the blend is a form that can be mixed in a solvent and delivered or titrated multiple times throughout a defined interval of time. The form can be a pill, capsule or powder. The solvent can be water. In some cases, the blend is formulated as a dietary supplement or food additive. In some cases, consumption of any of the compositions, dietary supplements or food additives provided herein by a subject can result in a prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation for said subject. The prolonged feeling of fullness or satiation can be enhanced by consumption of any of the compositions, dietaiy supplements or food additives provided herein multiple times during a defined interval of time. The multiple times can be 2 or more times. The multiple times can beAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003consumed periodically during the defined interval of time. Periodically can be at defined intervals as provided herein or randomly throughout the defined interval of time. The defined interval of time can be, for example, the hours that the subject is awake during a 24-hour period. In some cases, consumption of any of the compositions, dietary’ supplements or food additives provided herein can induce or stimulate the production of one or more satiety-inducing hormones. The induction or stimulation of the one or more satiety-inducing hormones can result in a feeling of fullness or satiation in a subject who has consumed any of the compositions, dietary supplements or food additives provided herein,

[0034] In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof at least one microbe or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof, at least one microbe, L-Glutamine (or L-theanine) or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof, at least one microbe, L-Glutamine (or L-theanine), at least digestible starch or source thereof or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof, at least one microbe, L-Glutamine (or L-theanine), at least digestible starch or source thereof, vitamin D or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof, at least one microbe, L-Glutamme (or L-theanine), at least digestible starch or source thereof vitamin D, a flavoring system as provided herein or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof, at least one microbe, L-Glutamine (or L-theanine), at least digestible starch or source thereof, vitamin D, a solubility enhancer, a flavoring system as provided herein or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof, at least one microbe, L-Glutamine (or L-theanine), at least digestible starch or source thereof, vitamin D, a solubility enhancer, an emulsifier, a flavoring system as provided herein or any combination thereof. In one embodiment,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003any composition provided herein comprises L-Glutamine (or L-theanine) and one or more of the group consisting of at least one prebiotic fiber or source thereof, at least one polyphenol or source thereof, at least one thylakoid or source thereof, at least one microbe, at least digestible starch or source thereof, vitamin D, a solubility enhancer, an emulsifier, a flavoring system as provided herein and any combination thereof.

[0035] In any of the compositions provided herein, the at least one prebiotic fiber comprises 2 or more types of prebiotic fibers or sources thereof as provided herein. In any of the compositions provided herein, the at least one polyphenol comprises 2 or more types of polyphenols or sources thereof as provided herein. In any of the compositions provided herein, the flavoring system comprises a non-nutritive sweetener as provided herein. In some cases, the composition comprises the formulation of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, In one embodiment, the composition comprises the formulation of Table 1. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the formulation of Table 2. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the formulation of Table 3, In one embodiment, the composition comprises the formulation of Table 4. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the formulation of Table 5.

[0036] In some cases, the composition is formulated as a dietary supplement, a food or a ready-to-drink solution. In some cases, the composition is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient. In some cases, the composition as provided herein is in an oral dosage form. In some cases, the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.Prebiotics

[0037] As described herein, any composition, dietary supplement or food additive provided herein can comprise at least one prebiotic or a source thereof. The at least one prebiotic can comprise one or a plurality of prebiotics. Each prebiotic that is used as a prebiotic in any composition provided herein can be any prebiotic known in the art. The prebiotic can be any flavoring agent known in the art to be GRAS. A prebiotic that is used as a prebiotic in any composition provided herein can be selected from the group consisting of arrabina, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, inulin, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), resistant starch (RSI, RS2, RS3, RS4), arabinoxylan, acacia gum, pectin, lactulose, polydextrose, isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), cellulose, soy oligosaccharides, raffinose, larch arabinogalactan,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003hemicellulose, psyllium, mannooligosaccharides (MOS), agar, alginates, chitosan, xanthan gum, guar gum. In one embodiment, the at least one prebiotic comprises the plurality or blend of prebiotics found in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5. A prebiotic that is used as a prebiotic in any composition provided herein can be from a source of said prebiotic in which at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source is said prebiotic.

[0038] In some cases, either the single prebiotic or source thereof or the plurality of prebiotics or sources thereof can be present in an amount of at least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, either the single prebiotic or source thereof or the plurality of prebiotics or sources thereof can be present in an amount of at most 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, either the single prebiotic or source thereof or the plurality of prebiotics or sources thereof can be present in an amount of about 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, either the single prebiotic or source thereof or the plurality of prebiotics or sources thereof can be present in an amount of about 30%-35%, about 35-40%, about 40-45%, about 45%-50%, or about 50%-55%. In some cases, either the single prebiotic or source thereof or the plurality of prebiotics or sources thereof can be present in an amount of between 30%-35%, between 35-40%, between 40-45%, between 45%-50%, or between 50%-55%. In some cases, either the single prebiotic or source thereof or the plurality of prebiotics or sources thereof can be present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 or Table 4. In some cases, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200322%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source of the prebiotic is said prebiotic.

[0039] In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or source thereof. The source of fructooligosaccharide can be any known source of fructooligosaccharides known in the art. The source of the fructooligosaccharide can be any source of a fructooligosaccharide known in the art that is GRAS. The source of fructooligosaccharide can be from beets. In some cases, the FOS or source thereof can be present in an amount of at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21 %, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the FOS or source thereof can be present in an amount of at most 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the FOS or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the FOS or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 2%-4%, about 4%-6%, about 6%-8%, about 8%-10%, about 10%-12%, about 12%-14%, about 14%-16%, about 16%-18%, about 18%-20% or about 20%-22%. In some cases, the FOS or source thereof can be present in an amount of between 2%-4%, between 4%-6%, between 6%-8%, between 8%-10%, between 10%-12%, between 12%-14%, between 14%-16%, between 16%-18%, between 18%-20% or between 20%-22%. In some cases, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source of the FOS is said FOS.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0040] In some cases, the FOS or source thereof can be present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0041] In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises acacia gum or source thereof. The source of acacia gum can be any known source of acacia gum known in the art. The source of the acacia gum can be any source of acacia gum known in the art that is GRAS. In some cases, the acacia gum or source thereof can be present in an amount of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the acacia gum or source thereof can be present in an amount of at most 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the acacia gum or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the acacia gum or source thereof can be present in an amount of about l%-2%, about 2%-4%, about 4%-6%, about 6%-8%, about 8%-10%, about 10%-l 2%, about 12%-14%, about 14%- 16%, about 16%- 18%, about 18%-20% or about 20%-22%. In some cases, the acacia gum or source thereof can be present in an amount of between l%-2%, between 2%-4%, between 4%-6%, between 6%-8%, between 8%-10%, between 10%-12%, between 12%-14%, between 14%-16%, between 16%- 18%, between 18%-20% or between 20%-22%. In some cases, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source of the acacia gum is said acacia gum.

[0042] In some cases, the acacia gum or source thereof can be present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 4 or Table 5.

[0043] In some cases, the prebiotic or source thereof comprises Arrabina1M(complex of naturally occurring dietary fibers derived from wheat). In some cases, the Arrabina™ (complex of naturallyAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003occurring dietary fibers derived from wheat) can be present in an amount of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the ArrabinarM(complex of naturally occurring dietary fibers derived from wheat) can be present in an amount of at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the Arrabma1M(complex of naturally occurring dietary fibers derived from wheat) can be present in an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the Arrabina™ (complex of naturally occurring dietary fibers derived from wheat) can be present in an amount of about 2%-4%, about 4%-6%, about 6%-8%, about 8%-10%, about 10%- 12% or about 12%- 14% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the Arrabina™ (complex of naturally occurring dietary fibers derived from wheat) can be present in an amount of between 2%-4%, between 4%-6%, between 6%-8%, between 8%-10%, between 10%-12% or between 12%-l 4% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the sweet potato powder acts as a digestible starch.

[0044] In some cases, the Arrabina™ (complex of naturally occurring dietary fibers derived from wheat) is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 5.

[0045] In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises Beta-glucan or a source thereof. In some cases, the beta-glucan can be a beta-glucan with a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa. In some cases, the beta-glucan can be a high number average molar mass Beta-glucan. In some cases, the Beta-glucan can be a PromOat® beta-glucan (Tate & Lyle; 35% oat soluble betaglucan fiber by weight and contains small amounts of carbohydrate and protein; fat content is negligible). The source of beta-glucan can be any known source of beta-glucans known in the art. The source of the beta-glucans can be any source of a beta-glucans known in the art that is GRAS. The source of beta-glucan can be selected from the group consisting of oat, barley, wheat, baker’s yeast, certain fungi, mushrooms, and bacteria. In some cases, the beta-glucan or source thereof can be present in an amount of at least 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the beta-glucan or source thereof can be present in an amount of at most 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the beta-glucan or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200323%, 24%, or 25% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the beta-glucan or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 16%-18%, about 18%-20%, about 20%-22% or about 22%-24% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the beta¬ glucan or source thereof can be present in an amount of between 16%-l 8%, between 18%-20%, between 20%-22% or between 22%-24% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source of the beta-glucan is said beta-glucan.

[0046] In some cases, the beta-glucan or source thereof is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0047] In some cases, the at least one prebiotic comprises resistant starch or source thereof. In some cases, the resistant starch can be a RSI, RS2, RS3 or RS4 resistant starch. RSI starches can be whole or partially milled grains, seeds (e.g., flaxseeds, sunflower seeds), legumes (e.g., chickpeas, lentils, kidney beans) or unprocessed cereals (e.g., wheat, barley). RS2 starches can be green bananas, raw potato starch, high-amylose corn starch, some varieties of uncooked maize or tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus), plantains (unripe). In some cases, the resistant starch is a SolnulIMresistant starch (i.e., composition comprising RS2 potato starch (about 60%) and fiber). RS3 starches can be cooked and cooled rice, cooked and cooled potatoes, cooked and cooled pasta, cooked and cooled barley, cooked and cooled oats, bread crusts or some parboiled rice varieties. RS4 starches can be cross-linked starches (e.g., modified maize starch), etherized or esterified starches (e.g., hydroxypropylated tapioca starch), phosphorylated starches (e.g., distarch phosphate) or fiber-enhanced processed foods (e.g., some breads, cereals, and crackers). In some cases, the resistant starch can be any known source of resistant starch known in the art. The source of the resistant starch can be any source of a resistant starches known in the art that is GRAS. In one embodiment, the resistant starch is potato starch. In some cases, the resistant starch or source thereof can be present in an amount of at least 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the resistantAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003starch or source thereof can be present in an amount of at 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the resistant starch or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the resistant starch or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 4%-6%, about 6%-8%, about 8%-10%, about 10%-12% or about 12%-14% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the resistant starch or source thereof can be present in an amount of between 4%-6%, between 6%-8%, between 8%-l 0%, between 10%-l 2% or between 12%-14% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source of the resistant starch is said resistant starch.

[0048] In some cases, the resistant starch or source thereof is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 4 or Table 5.Polyphenols

[0049] As described herein, any composition, dietary supplement or food additive provided herein can comprise at least one polyphenol or source thereof. The at least one polyphenol can comprise one or a plurality of polyphenols or source] s) thereof. Each polyphenol or source thereof that is used in any composition provided herein can be any polyphenol or source thereof known in the art. The polyphenol can be any flavoring agent known in the art to be GRAS. A polyphenol that is used as a polyphenol in any composition provided herein can be selected from the group consisting of anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, lignans and any combination thereof. In some cases, a flavonoid for use in any composition provided herein is quercetin. A source of a polyphenol that is used in any composition provided herein can be selected from the group consisting of green coffee extract, green tea extract, cinnamon extract, cinnamon bark extract, blueberry extract, butterfly pea, a source of quercetin and any combination thereof. In oneAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003embodiment, the at least one polyphenol comprises the plurality or blend of polyphenols found in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0050] In some cases, either the single polyphenol or source thereof or the plurality of polyphenols or sources thereof can be present in an amount of at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2% 3%, 4% or 5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, either the single polyphenol or source thereof or the plurality of polyphenols or sources thereof can be present in an amount of at most 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0,9%, 1 %, 2% 3%, 4% or 5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, either the single polyphenol or source thereof or the plurality of polyphenols or sources thereof can be present in an amount of about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0,7%, 0.8%, 0,9%, 1%, 2% 3%, 4% or 5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, either the single polyphenol or source thereof or the plurality of polyphenols or sources thereof can be present in an amount of about 0.1%-0.2%, about 0.2%-0.3%, about 0.3%-0.4%, about 0.4%-0.5%, about 0,5%-0.6%, about 0.6%-0,7%, about 0.7%-0.8%, about 0.8%-0.9%, about 0.9%-l%, about 1%-2%, about 2%-3%, about 3%-4% or about 4%-5%. In some cases, either the single polyphenol or source thereof or the plurality of polyphenols or sources thereof can be present in an amount of between 0.1%-0.2%, between 0.2%-0.3%, between 0.3%-0.4%, between 0.4%-0.5%, between 0.5%-0.6%, between 0.6%-0.7%, between 0.7%-0.8%, between 0.8%-0.9%, between 0.9%-l%, between l%-2%, between 2%-3%, between 3%-4% or between 4%-5%. In some cases, either the single polyphenol or source thereof or the plurality of polyphenols or sources thereof can be present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5. In some cases, at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source of the polyphenol is said polyphenol.

[0051] In some cases, the source of the at least one polyphenol comprises green tree extract or green coffee extract. In some cases, the green tree extract or green coffee extract can be present inAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003an amount of at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the green tree extract or green coffee extract can be present in an amount of at most 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the green tree extract or green coffee extract can be present in an amount of about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1,9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the green tree extract or green coffee extract can be present in an amount of about 0.1%-0.2%, about 0.2%-0.3%, about 0,3%-0.4%, about 0,4%-0.5%, about 0.5%-0.6%, about 0.6%-0.7%, about 0.7%-0.8%, about 0.8%-0.9%, about 0.9%-l%, about 1 %-1.2%, about 1.2%-1.4%, about 1,4%-l.6%, about 1.6%-1,8% or about 1,8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the green tree extract or green coffee extract can be present in an amount of between 0. l%-0.2%, between 0.2%-0.3%, between 0.3%-0.4%, between 0.4%-0.5%, between 0.5%-0.6%, between 0.6%-0.7%, between 0.7%-0.8%, between 0.8%-0.9%, between 0.9%-l%, between 1%-1.2%, between 1.2%- 1.4%, between 1.4%-1.6%, between 1.6%-1.8% or between 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein.

[0052] In some cases, the green tree extract or green coffee extract is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0053] In some cases, the at least one polyphenol comprises quercetin or a source thereof. In some cases, the quercetin or source thereof can be present in an amount of at least 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the quercetin or source thereof can be present in an amount of at most 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the quercetin or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the quercetin or source thereof can be present in an amount of about 1%-1.2%, about 1.2%-1.4%, about 1.4%-1.6%, about 1.6%-1.8% or about 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the quercetin or source thereof can be present in an amount of between 1%-1.2%, between 1.2%-1.4%, between 1.4%-1.6%, between 1.6%-1.8% or between 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. ExemplaryAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003sources of quercetin for use in any composition provided herein can be selected from the group consisting of capers, lovage leaves, radish leaves, dill weed, coriander, yellow wax pepper, fennel leaves, watercress, kale, cranberry, lingonberry black plums, radicchio, red onion and buckwheat seeds. In some cases, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% by weight or by volume of the source of the quercetin is said quercetin.

[0054] In some cases, the quercetin or source thereof is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2 or Table 3.

[0055] In some cases, the source of the at least one polyphenol comprises cinnamon extract or cinnamon bark extract. In some cases, the cinnamon extract or cinnamon bark extract can be present in an amount of at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the cinnamon extract or cinnamon bark extract can be present in an amount of at most 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the cinnamon extract or cinnamon bark extract can be present in an amount of about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the cinnamon extract or cinnamon bark extract can be present in an amount of about 0. l%-0.2%, about 0.2%-0.3%, about 0.3%-0.4%, about 0.4%-0.5%, about 0.5%-0.6%, about 0.6%-0.7%, about 0.7%-0.8%, about 0.8%-0.9%, about 0.9%-l%, about 1%-1.2%, about 1.2%-1.4%, about 1.4%-1.6%, a bout 1.6%- 1.8% or about 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the cinnamon extract or cinnamon bark extract can be present in an amount of between 0.1%-0.2%, between 0.2%-0.3%, between 0.3%-0.4%, between 0.4%-0.5%, between 0.5%-0.6%, between 0.6%-0.7%, between 0.7%-0.8%, between 0.8%-0.9%, between 0.9%-l%, between 1%-1.2%, between 1.2%-1.4%, between 1.4%-1.6%, between 1.6%- 1.8% or between 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0056] In some cases, the cinnamon extract or cinnamon bark extract is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0057] In some cases, the source of the at least one polyphenol comprises blueberry extract. In some cases, the blueberry extract can be present in an amount of at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%.0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the blueberry extract can be present in an amount of at most 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1,1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1,5%, 1,6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the blueberry extract can be present in an amount of about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1,9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the blueberry extract can be present in an amount of about 0. l%-0.2%, about 0.2%-0.3%, about 0.3%-0.4%, about 0.4%-0.5%, about 0.5%-0.6%, about 0.6%-0.7%, about 0.7%-0.8%, about 0.8%-0,9%, about 0.9%-l%, about 1%-1.2%, about 1.2%-1,4%, about 1,4%-1.6%, about 1,6%-l,8% or about 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the blueberry extract can be present in an amount of between 0.1%-0.2%, between 0.2%-0.3%, between 0.3%-0.4%, between 0.4%-0.5%, between 0.5%-0.6%, between 0.6%-0.7%, between 0.7%-0.8%, between 0.8%-0.9%, between 0.9%-l%, between 1%-1.2%, between 1.2%-1.4%, between 1.4%-1.6%, between 1,6%-l.8% or between 1,8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein.

[0058] In some cases, the blueberry extract is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 4 or Table 5.Thylakoids

[0059] The source of the at least one thylakoid in any composition provided herein can be any organism that possesses a photosynthetic membrane, such as, for example, photosynthesizing bacteria, algae (e.g., green algae) and plants (i.e., chloroplast membranes). The thylakoids are responsible for photosynthesis in plants, green algae, and in the photosynthetic bacteria such as blue-green and purple bacteria. The thylakoid membrane consists of proteins and lipids in about 70 / 30 percent ratio. There are more than 100 different proteins in the membrane; the lipid fraction is dominated by galactolipids with the main fatty acids being of the omega-3 type. In addition, the thylakoid membrane contains several different pigments, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003plastoquinones, the carotenoids P-carotene, luteine, violaxanthin and neoxanthin. This means that the thylakoids have a composition of high nutrition value and the same applies to synthetic membranes having the same or substantially the same composition as the thylakoids, i.e., chloroplasts as well as the thylakoids may be used in the food additive as well as in the composition or dietary supplement provided herein. Examples of biological membranes are the chloroplasts or the thylakoid membranes and the membranes may be obtained from clover, rape, sugar beet, dandelion, Arabidopsis thaliana, maize, tobacco, sunflower, salad, Chenopodium, Atriplex, spinach and grasses or a mixture thereof. Green leaves from plants constitute a convenient and abundant source for isolation and preparation in large quantity7of chloroplast membranes for use in a composition provided herein.

[0060] Photosynthetic membrane comprising thylakoids for use in a composition provided herein can be isolated by any means known in the art. For example, isolation can comprise disintegrating the cells mechanically yielding membrane vesicles with different sizes and compositions. Large cell debris can then be removed by low-speed centrifugation and the membrane vesicles of the supernatant, then, collected by differential centrifugation or gradient centrifugation. Alternatively, the large cell debris can be removed by filtration, and the membrane vesicles collected by centrifugation.

[0061] The thylakoid for use in any composition, dietary supplement or food additive as provided herein can be any thylakoid or source thereof known in the art. The thylakoid can be any thylakoid known in the art to be GRAS. In some cases, the source of a thylakoid for use in any composition provided herein is spinach extract.

[0062] In some cases, the thylakoid or source thereof (e.g., spinach extract) is present in an amount of at least 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18% or 19% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the thylakoid or source thereof (e.g., spinach extract) is present in an amount of at most 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18% or 19% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the thylakoid or source thereof (e.g., spinach extract) is present in an amount of about 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18% or 19% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the thylakoid or source thereof (e.g., spinach extract) is present in an amount of about 11%-13%, about 13%-15%, about 15%- l 7% or about 17%- 19%. In some cases, the thylakoid or source thereof (e.g., spinach extract) is present in an amount of between 11%-13%, between 13%-15%, between 15%-17% or between 17%-19%.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003In some cases, the at least one thylakoid or source thereof (e.g., spinach extract) is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.Digestible Starch

[0063] As described herein, any composition, dietary supplement or food additive provided herein can comprise at least one digestible starch or source thereof. The digestible starch or source thereof can be any digestible starch or source thereof known in the art. The source of the digestible starch can include, for example, starchy vegetables, legumes or fruit (ripened). The starchy vegetables can include potatoes, sweet potatoes, peas, corn, lima beans, yams, and cassava. The legumes can include black beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, lentils, and chickpeas. In some cases, the source of the digestible starch is sweet potato powder. In some cases, the sweet potato powder can be present in an amount of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the sweet potato powder can be present in an amount of at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the sweet potato powder can be present in an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the sweet potato powder can be present in an amount of about 2%-4%, about 4%-6%, about 6%-8%, about 8%- 10%, about 10%- 12% or about 12%- 14% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the sweet potato powder can be present in an amount of between 2%-4%, between 4%-6%, between 6%-8%, between 8%-10%, between 10%-l 2% or between 12%-l 4% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the sweet potato powder acts as a digestible starch.

[0064] In some cases, the sweet potato powder is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.Probiotics

[0065] In one embodiment, the at least one microbe in a composition provided herein is a probiotic. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaer fustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium, infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium, acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia. cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.|0066] In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of at least 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014or 1015cfu in a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of at most 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014or 1015cfu in a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of about 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, IO10, 10", 1012, 1013, 1014or 1015cfu in a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu in a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of at most 106- 1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu in a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of between 106-1012, between 106-1010or between 108-109cfu in a composition as provided herein.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0067] In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of at least 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of at most 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1,4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1,7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of less than 0.05%, 0,1%, 0,2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of more than 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0,5%, 0,6%, 0.7%, 0,8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe can be present in an amount of at least 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe can be present in an amount of at most 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe can be present in an amount of about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe can be present in an amount of about 0.05%-0.1%, about 0.1%-0.15%, about 0.15%-0.2%, about 0.2%-0.25% or about 0.25%-0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe can be present in an amount of between 0.05%-0.1%, between 0.1%-0.15%, between 0.15%-0.2%, between 0.2%-0.25% or between 0.25%-0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In one embodiment, the probiotic or microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is complexed or present with an excipient.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0068] In some cases, the probiotic or microbe is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 4 or Table 5.Other Ingredients

[0069] In one embodiment, a composition provided herein further comprises one or more ammo acids. The one or more amino acids can be L-glutamine or L-theanine. In some cases, the amino acid (e.g., L-glutamine or L-theanine) can be present in an amount of at least 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22% or 23% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the amino acid (e.g., L-glutamme or L-theanine) can be present in an amount of at most 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22% or 23% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the amino acid (e.g., L- glutamine or L-theanine) can be present in an amount of about 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22% or 23% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the composition provided herein further comprises L-glutamine or L-theanine present in an amount of from about 10% to about 12.5%, about 12.5% to about 15%, about 15% to about 17.5%, about 17.5% to about 20% or about 20% to about 22,5% by weight of the composition. In some cases, the L-glutamine or L-theanine is complexed or present with an excipient.

[0070] In some cases, the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

[0071] In one embodiment, a composition provided herein further comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

[0072] In some cases, the composition provided herein further comprises vitamin D. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at most 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of about 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.00001%, 0.00002%, 0.00003%, 0.00004%,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-20030.00005%, 0.00006%, 0.00007%, 0.00008%, 0.00009%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004% or 0.0005% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of at most 0.00001%, 0.00002%, 0.00003%, 0.00004%, 0.00005%, 0.00006%, 0.00007%, 0.00008%, 0.00009%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004% or 0.005% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in an amount of about 0.00001%, 0.00002%, 0.00003%, 0.00004%, 0.00005%, 0.00006%, 0.00007%, 0.00008%, 0.00009%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004% or 0.0005% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the vitamin D is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 4 or Table 5, In one embodiment, the vitamin D is complexed or present with an excipient. Further to this embodiment, the vitamin D is present in an amount of 25 micrograms per serving in any composition provided herein. The vitamin D is any of the formulations provided herein can be vitamin D3.

[0073] In some cases, the composition provided herein further comprises an emulsifier. The emulsifier can be any emulsifier known in the art. The emulsifier can be any emulsifier known in the art to be GRAS. In some cases, the emulsifier is gum acacia or Gellan gum. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of at least 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% or 4% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of at most 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% or 4% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% or 4% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of about 0.01%-0.04%, about 0.04%-0.08%, about 0.08%-0.1%, about 0.1%-0.5%, about 0.5%-l%, about l%-2%, about 2%-3% or about 3%-4%. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in an amount of between 0.01%-0.04%, between 0.04%-0.08%, between 0.08%-0.1%, between 0.1%-0.5%, between 0.5%-l%, between l%-2%, between 2%-3% or between 3%-4%. In some cases, the emulsifier is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 3 or Table 4.

[0074] In some cases, the composition provided herein further comprises a solubility enhancer. The solubility enhancer can be any solubility enhancer known in the art. The solubility enhancerAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003can be any solubility enhancer known in the art to be GRAS. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is beta-cyclodextrin. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of at least 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of at most 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0,05%, 0.06%, 0,07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0,1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0,4% or 0,5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of about 0.01%-0,04%, about 0.04%-0.08%, about 0.04%-0.08%, about 0.08%-0, 1% or about 0, l%-0.5%, In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of between 0.01%-0,04%, between 0.04%-0,08%, between 0.04%-0.08%, between 0,08%-0, 1% or between 0.1%-0.5%. In some cases, the solubility enhancer is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 or Table 4.

[0075] In some cases, the composition provided herein further comprises one or more coloring agents. In some cases, each of the one or more coloring agents can be present in an amount of at least 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9% or 4.0% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, each of the one or more coloring agents can be present in an amount of at most 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9% or 4.0% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, each of the one or more coloring agents can be present in an amount of about 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9% or 4.0% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, each of the one or more coloring agents can be present in an amount of about 0.6%-0.8%, about 0.8%-1.0%, about 1.0%-1.2%, about 1.2%-1.4%, about 1,4%-1.6%, about 1.6%-1.8%, about 1.8%-2.0%, about 2%-2.2%, about 2.2%-2.4%, about 2.4%-2.6%, about 2.6%-2.8%, about 3%-3.2%, about 3.2%-3.4%, about 3.4%-3.6%, about 3.6%-3.8%, or about 3.8%-4%. In some cases, each of the one or moreAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003coloring agents can be present in an amount of between 0.6%-0.8%, between 0.8%-1.0%, between 1.0%-1.2%, between 1.2%-1.4%, between 1.4%-1.6%, between 1.6%-1.8%, between 1.8%-2.0%, between 2%-2.2%, between 2.2%-2.4%, between 2.4%-2.6%, between 2.6%-2.8%, between 3%-3.2%, between 3.2%-3.4%, between 3.4%-3.6%, between 3.6%-3.8%, or between 3.8%-4%. In some cases, the coloring agent can be present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 5.

[0076] In some cases, the composition provided herein further comprises a flavoring system. The flavoring system can comprise one or a plurality of flavoring agents. Each flavoring agent that is used as a part of a flavoring system in any composition provided herein can be a flavoring agent known in the art. The flavoring agent can be any flavoring agent known in the art to be GRAS. A fla voring agent that is used as a part of a flavoring system in any composition provided herein can be selected from the group consisting of salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara flavoring, natural sweetness enhancer and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the flavoring system comprises stevia. The stevia can be any stevia known in the art. In one embodiment, the flavoring system comprises the plurality of flavoring agents categorized as flavoring system in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0077] In some cases, the flavoring system comprising either a single or a plurality of flavoring agents can be present in an amount of at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the flavoring system comprising either a single or a plurality of flavoring agents can be present in an amount of at most 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the flavoring system comprising either a single or a plurality of flavoring agents can be present in an amount of about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the flavoring system comprising either a single or a plurality of flavoring agents can be present in an amount of about 8%-10%, about 10-12%, about 12-14%, about 14%-16%, about 16%-18%, about 18%-20%, about 20%-22%, about 22%-24%, about 24%-26%, about 26%-28% or about 28%-30%. In some cases, the flavoring system comprising either a single or a plurality of flavoring agents can be present in an amount of between 8%-10%, betweenAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200310-12%, between 12-14%, between 14%- 16%, between 16%-18%, between 18%-20%, between 20%-22%, between 22%-24%, between 24%-26%, between 26%-28% or between 28%-30%.

[0078] In some cases, the flavoring system comprising either a single or a plurality of flavoring agents can be present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0079] In some cases, the flavoring system comprises a non-nutritive or artificial sweetener. The non-nutritive or artificial sweetener can be any non-nutritive or artificial sweetener known in the art. The non-nutritive or artificial sweetener can be any non-nutritive or artificial sweetener known in the art that is GRAS. The non-nutritive or artificial sweetener can be selected from the group consisting of sucralose, allulose, stevia or monk fruit extract. In one embodiment, the flavoring system comprises stevia. The stevia can be any stevia known in the art. In one embodiment, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener is allulose. In one embodiment, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener is sucralose. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., sucralose) can be present in an amount of at least 0,01%, 0,02%, 0,03%, 0,04%, 0,05%, 0,06%, 0,07%, 0,08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the non- nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., sucralose or stevia) can be present in an amount of at most 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., sucralose or stevia) can be present in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49% or 0.5% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., sucralose or stevia) can be present in an amount of about 0.01%-0.04%, about 0.04%-0.08%, about 0.04%-0.08%, about 0.08%-0.1% orAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003about 0.1 %-0.5%. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., sucralose or stevia) can be present in an amount of between 0.01%-0.04%, between 0.04%-0.08%, between 0.04%-0.08%, between 0.08%-0.1% or between 0.1%-0.5%. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., allulose) can be present in an amount of at least 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., allulose) can be present in an amount of at most 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., allulose) can be present in an amount of about 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29% or 30% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g,, allulose) can be present in an amount of about 14%-16%, about 16%-18%, about 18%-20%, about 20%-22%, about 22%-24%, about 24%-26%, about 26%-28% or about 28%-30%, In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g,, allulose) can be present in an amount of between 14%-l 6%, between 16%-18%, between 18%-20%, between 20%-22%, between 22%-24%, between 24%-26%, between 26%-28% or between 28%-30%. In some cases, the non-nutritive or artificial sweetener (e.g., sucralose) can be present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0080] In some cases, the flavoring system comprises salt. The salt can be sea salt. In some cases, the salt can be present in an amount of at least 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%. 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7$, 2.8%, 2.9% or 3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the salt can be present in an amount of at most 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%. 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7$, 2.8%, 2.9% or 3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the salt can be present in an amount of about 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%. 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7$, 2.8%, 2.9% or 3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the salt can be present in an amount of about 1%- 1.2%, about 1.2%-1.4%, about 1.4%-1.6%, about 1,6%-1.8%, about 1.8%-2%, about 2%-2.2%, about 2.2%-2.4%, about 2.4%-2.6%, about 2.6%-2.8% or about 2.8%-3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the salt can be present in an amount of between 1%-1.2%, between 1.2%-1.4%, between 1.4%-1.6%, between 1.6%-1.8%, between 1.8%-2%,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003between 2%-2.2%, between 2.2%-2.4%, between 2.4%-2.6%, between 2.6%-2.8% or between 2.8%-3% by weight of a composition as provided herein.

[0081] In some cases, the salt is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0082] In some cases, the flavoring system comprises monk fruit extract. In some cases, the monk fruit extract can be present in an amount of at least 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0,28%, 0.29%, 0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the monk fruit extract can be present in an amount of at most 0,05%, 0.1 %, 0, 11 %, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0, 14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the monk fruit extract can be present in an amount of about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0,12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0,15%, 0,16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0,3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the monk fruit extract can be present in an amount of about 0.05%-0.1%, about 0.1%-0.15%, about 0.15%-0.2%, about 0.2%-0.25% or about 0.25%-0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the monk fruit extract can be present in an amount of between 0.05%-0.1%, between 0.1%-0.15%, between 0.15%-0.2%, between 0.2%-0.25% or between 0.25%-0.3% by weight of a composition as provided herein.

[0083] In some cases, the monk fruit extract is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 5.

[0084] In some cases, the flavoring system comprises citric acid. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of at least 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% or 0.1% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of at most 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% or 0.1% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of about 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% or 0.1% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of about 0.04%-0.08%, about 0.04%-0.08% or about 0.08%-0.1% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of between 0.04%-0.08%, between 0.04%-0.08% or between 0.08%-0.1% by weight of a composition as provided herein.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0085] In some cases, the flavoring system comprises citric acid. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of at most 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of about 2%-4%, about 4%-6%, about 6%-8% or about 8%-10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the citric acid can be present in an amount of between 2%-4%, between 4%-6%, between 6%-8% or between 8%-10% by weight of a composition as provided herein.

[0086] In some cases, the citric acid is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0087] In some cases, the flavoring system comprises lemon powder. In some cases, the lemon powder can be present in an amount of at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lemon powder can be present in an amount of at most 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lemon powder can be present in an amount of about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lemon powder can be present in an amount of about 5%-6%, about 6%-7%, about 7%-8%, about 8%-9% or about 9%-10% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lemon powder can be present in an amount of between 5%-6%, between 6%-7%, between 7%-8%, between 8%-9% or between 9%-10% by weight of a composition as provided herein.

[0088] In some cases, the lemon powder is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 or Table 4.

[0089] In some cases, the flavoring system comprises lime powder. In some cases, the lime powder can be present in an amount of at least 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lime powder can be present in an amount of at most 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lime powder can be present in an amount of about 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% or 2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lime powder can be present inAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003an amount of about 1%-1.2%, about 1.2%-1.4%, about 1.4%-1.6%, about 1.6%-1.8% or about 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein. In some cases, the lime powder can be present in an amount of between 1%-1.2%, between 1.2%-1.4%, between 1.4%-1.6%, between 1.6%- 1.8% or between 1.8%-2% by weight of a composition as provided herein.

[0090] In some cases, the lime powder is present in a composition as provided herein in the amount shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 or Table 4.Use of Compositions Provided Herein

[0091] In one embodiment, a composition, dietary supplement or food additive as provided herein stimulates the production and / or release of satiety inducing hormones in a subject following consumption or administration of said composition, dietary supplement or food additive, thereby leading to or facilitating prolonged satiation or an extended feeling of fullness in the subject. Examples of satiety-inducing hormones affected by consumption or administration of a composition, dietary supplement or food additive provided herein can include Peptide YY (PYY), GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide- 1) or any combination thereof. PYY is a hormone produced and released from the colon into the blood. PYY signals satiety. GLP-1 and GIP are incretin hormones. Incretm hormones are gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion together with hyperglycemia. GIP and GLP-1 are the known incretin hormones from the upper (GIP, K cells) and lower (GLP-1, L cells) gut. GLP-1 stimulates the glucose sensing ability of the insulin secreting cell, prevents that cell from apoptosis, stimulates proliferation of those pancreatic beta cells and inhibits gastric emptying. GLP-1 also stimulates satiety, but this may be due to its important role in decreasing gastric emptying.

[0092] In some cases, a composition, dietary supplement or food additive as provided herein induces prolonged satiation or prolonged or an extended feeling of fullness in the subject by having said subject consume an effective dosage at regular intervals over a defined period of time (i.e., titrated). This titration method aims to address the relatively short effective life of the actives within the body and provide a mechanism for more prolonged satiety. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of at least 5 g, at least 10 g, at least 15 g, at least 30 g or at least 75 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of about 5 g, about 15 g, about 30 g or about 75 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of 5 g, 15 g, 30 g or 75 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosageAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003of between 5 g-15 g, between 15 g-30 g or between 30 g-75 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of from 5 g-15 g, from 15 g-30 g or from 30 g-75 g. In some cases, the effective dosage is administered or consumed in a single dose. In some cases, the effective dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals. In some cases, the effective dosage is divided into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 smaller dose units administered at regular intervals. The regular interval can be every' 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 hours. In one embodiment, the regular interval is every 2 hours. In some cases, the defined period of time is 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours. In some cases, the defined period of time is every 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 or 96 hours. In some cases, the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day. In some cases, the defined period of time is 12-16 hours over a 24-hour period.

[0093] The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be at least 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225 or 240 minutes. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be at least 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be at most 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225 or 240 minutes. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be at most 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be about 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225 or 240 minutes. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be about 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be about 30-60, about 60-90, about 90-120, about 120-150, about 150-180 or about 210-240 minutes. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be about 7-9, about 9-11, about 11-13, about 13-15, about 15-17, about 17-19, about 19-21, about21-23 or about 1-6 hours, about 6-12, about 12-18 or about 18-24 hours. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be between 30-60, between 60-90, between 90-120, between 120-150, between 150-180 or between 210-240 minutes. The prolonged or extended feeling of fullness or prolonged satiation can be between 7-9, between 9-11, between 11-13, between 13-15, between 15-17, between 17-19, between 19-21, between21- 23 or between 1-6 hours, between 6-12, between 12-18 or between 18-24 hours.

[0094] Also provided herein is a method of treating obesity or a co-morbidity thereof in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject suffering from obesity anAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003effective dosage of a composition provided herein. In some cases, the composition is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition can comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient. A subject can be considered obese if the subject has a body mass index (BMI)>30 kg / m2 or BMI>27 kg / m2 with a comorbidity. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of at least 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of at most 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of about 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of between 30-35, between 35-40, between 40-45, between 45-50, between 50-55, between 55-60, between 60-65, between 65-70, between 70-75, between 75-80, between 80-85, between 85-90, between 90-95 or between 95-100 g. The effective dosage can be a daily dosage of about 30-35, about 35-40, about 40-45, about 45-50, about 50-55, about 55-60, about 60-65, about 65-70, about 70-75, about 75-80, about 80-85, about 85-90, about 90- 95 or about 95-100 g. In some cases, the effective dosage is administered or consumed in a single dose. In some cases, the effective dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals. In some cases, the effective dosage is divided into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 smaller dose units administered at regular intervals. The regular interval can be every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 hours. In one embodiment, the regular interval is every 2 hours. In some cases, the defined period of time is 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours. In some cases, the defined period of time is every 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 or 96 hours. In some cases, the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day. In some cases, the defined period of time is 12-16 hours over a 24-hour period.

[0095] Examples of obesity-related co-morbidities include, without limitation, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, weight bearing joint arthritis, cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, depression,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003anxiety, and atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease and / or cerebrovascular disease). In some cases, the methods and compositions described herein can be used to treat one or more obesity- related co-morbidities.

[0096] When treating obesity in a subject as described herein, the treatment can be effective to reduce the weight, reduce the waist circumference, slow or prevent weight gain, improve the hemoglobin Ale, and / or improve the fasting glucose, postprandial glucose or insulin response of the subject as compared to a control. The control can be the same subject not administered a pharmaceutical composition as provided herein. For example, treatment described herein can be effective to reduce the weight (e.g., the total body weight) of an obese subject by at least 3% (e.g., at least 5%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 12%, at least 15%, at least 18%, at least 20%, at least 22%, at least 25%, at least 28%, at least 30%, at least 33%, at least 36%, at least 39%, or at least 40%). For example, treatment described herein can be effective to reduce the weight (e.g., the total body weight) of an obese subject by from about 3% to about 40% (e.g,, from about 3% to about 35%, from about 3% to about 30%, from about 3% to about 25%, from about 3% to about 20%, from about 3% to about 15%, from about 3% to about 10%, from about 3% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 40%, from about 10% to about 40%, from about 15% to about 40%, from about 20% to about 40%, from about 25% to about 40%, from about 35% to about 40%, from about 5% to about 35%, from about 10% to about 30%, from about 15% to about 25%, or from about 18% to about 22%). For example, treatment described herein can be effective to reduce the weight (e.g., the total body weight) of an obese mammal by from about 3 kg to about 100 kg (e.g., about 5 kg to about 100 kg, about 8 kg to about 100 kg, about 10 kg to about 100 kg, about 15 kg to about 100 kg, about 20 kg to about 100 kg, about 30 kg to about 100 kg, about 40 kg to about 100 kg, about 50 kg to about 100 kg, about 60 kg to about 100 kg, about 70 kg to about 100 kg, about 80 kg to about 100 kg, about 90 kg to about 100 kg, about 3 kg to about 90 kg, about 3 kg to about 80 kg, about 3 kg to about 70 kg, about 3 kg to about 60 kg, about 3 kg to about 50 kg, about 3 kg to about 40 kg, about 3 kg to about 30 kg, about 3 kg to about 20 kg, about 3 kg to about 10 kg, about 5 kg to about 90 kg, about 10 kg to about 75 kg, about 15 kg to about 50 kg, about 20 kg to about 40 kg, or about 25 kg to about 30 kg). For example, treatment described herein can be effective to reduce the waist circumference of an obese subject by from about 1 inches to about 10 inches (e.g., about 1 inches to about 9 inches, about 1 inches to about 8 inches, about 1 inches to about 7 inches, about 1 inches to about 6 inches, about 1 inches to about 5 inches, about 1 inches to about 4 inches,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003about 1 inches to about 3 inches, about 1 inches to about 2 inches, about 2 inches to about 10 inches, about 3 inches to about 10 inches, about 4 inches to about 10 inches, about 5 inches to about 10 inches, about 6 inches to about 10 inches, about 7 inches to about 10 inches, about 8 inches to about 10 inches, about 9 inches to about 10 inches, about 2 inches to about 9 inches, about 3 inches to about 8 inches, about 4 inches to about 7 inches, or about 5 inches to about 7 inches). In some cases, the methods and materials described herein can be used to improve (e.g., increase or decrease) the hemoglobin Ale of an obese subject (e.g., an obese subject having type 2 diabetes mellitus) to from about 0.4% to about 3% (e.g., from about 0.5% to about 3%, from about 1% to about 3%, from about 1,5% to about 3%, from about 2% to about 3%, from about 2,5% to about 3%, from about 0.4% to about 2.5%, from about 0.4% to about 2%, from about 0.4% to about 1.5%, from about 0.4% to about 1%, from about 0.5% to about 2.5%, or from about 1% to about 2%) hemoglobin Ale. In some cases, the methods and materials described herein can be used to improve (e.g., increase or decrease) the fasting glucose of an obese subject (e.g., an obese subject having type 2 diabetes mellitus) to from about 10 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl (e.g,, from about 15 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl, from about 25 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl, from about 50 mg / di to about 200 mg / dl, from about 75 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl, from about 100 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl, from about 125 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl, from about 150 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl, from about 175 mg / di to about 200 mg / dl, from about 190 mg / dl to about 200 mg / dl, from about 10 mg / dl to about 175 mg / dl, from about 10 mg / dl to about 150 mg / dl, from about 10 mg / dl to about 125 mg / dl, from about 10 mg / dl to about 100 mg / dl, from about 10 mg / dl to about 75 mg / dl, from about 10 mg / dl to about 50 mg / dl, from about 10 mg / dl to about 25 mg / dl, or from about 10 mg / dl to about 20 mg / dl) glucose.EXAMPLES

[0097] The present disclosure is further illustrated by reference to the following Examples. However, it should be noted that these Examples, like the embodiments described above, are illustrative and are not to be construed as restricting the scope of the invention in any way.Example 1- Dietary Supplement Formulations

[0098] All ingredients are GRAS at the levels found in each of Tables 1 -5 and were dosed to balance efficacy and reduce the risk of negative side effects.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0099] Table 1. VORA Citrus Formula Version 1.Ingredient Use NT WGT PER ~30G PER DAY (6G AT 5 DOSES EACH) FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES Prebiotic fiber system 6g(FOS) (BEETS)BETA GLUCAN (OATS) 6.5gPrebiotic fiber systemSWT POTATO POWDER 3.5gPrebiotic fiber systemL-GLUT AMINE Amino Acid system 6gGREEN TEA EXTRACT Polyphenol system 0.3gQUERCETIN Polyphenol system 0.6gCINNAMON EXTRACT Polyphenol system 0.2gSPINACH EXTRACT Thylakoid system 4.5gBETA CYCLODEXTRIN Solubility enhancer 25mgPROBIOTIC BLEND Probiotic system generally want 0.1%-0.15% SALT 0.4gFlavor systemCITRIC ACID 25mgFlavor systemSUCRALOSE 20mgFlavor systemLEMON POWDER 2gFlavor systemLIME POWDER Flavor system 0.4gAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0100] Table 2. VORA Citrus Formula Version 2.Ingredient Use NT WGT PER ~30G PER DAY (6G AT 5 DOSES EACH) FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES Prebiotic fiber system 7g(FOS) (BEETS)BETA GLUCAN (OATS) 7.5gPrebiotic fiber systemSWT POTATO POWDER 4gPrebiotic fiber systemL-GLUT AMINE Amino Acid system 7gGREEN TEA EXTRACT Polyphenol system 0.4gQUERCETIN Polyphenol system 0.7gCINNAMON EXTRACT Polyphenol system 0.3gSPINACH EXTRACT Thylakoid system -5gBETA CYCLODEXTRIN Solubility enhancer 30mgPROBIOTIC BLEND Probiotic system generally, want 0.1%-0.15% SALT 0.5gFlavor systemCITRIC ACID 30mgFlavor systemSUCRALOSE 25mgFlavor systemLEMON POWDER 2.5gFlavor systemLIME POWDER Flavor system 0.5gAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0101] Table 3. VORA Citrus Formula Version 3.Nt Wgt per Nt Wgt per 5 servings or 1 Ingredient Use serving day max (mg) (mg) Fructooligosaccharides Prebiotic fiber1400 7000(EOS) (beets) systemPrebiotic fiberBeta Glucan (Oats) 1400 7000systemPrebiotic fiberSweet Potato Powder 800 4000systemAnimo AcidL-glutamine 1200 6000systemPolyphenolGreen Tea Extract 76 380systemPolyphenolQuercetin 100 500systemPolyphenolCinnamon Extract 40 200systemThylakoidSpinach Extract 1000 5000systemSolubilityBeta Cyclodextrin 6 30enhancerProbiotic generally, wantProbiotic Blend generally, want 0. l%-0.15% system 0.1 %-0.15%Salt Flavor system 110 550Citric Acid Flavor system 6 30Sucralose Flavor system 20 100Lemon Powder Flavor system 440 2200Lime Powder Flavor system 130 650Gum Acacia Emulsifier 6 30Total (mg) 6734 33670Other ingredients being contemplatedGlucomannan(Konjac) Prebiotic Fiber SystemL-theanine Ammo Acid SystemBlueberry Extract Polyphenol System (FlavonoidPowder Anthocyanidin)Allulose Flavor SystemStevia Flavor SystemAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0102] Table 4. VORA Citrus Formula Version 4.Nt Wgt per 5 Nt Wgt perservings or 1 day Ingredient Use servingmax)(mg)(mg) Fructooligosaccharides Prebiotic fiber1000 5000(FOS) (beets) systemPrebiotic fiberBeta Glucan (Oats) 2860 14300systemPrebiotic fiberSweet Potato Powder 800 4000systemResistant Starch Prebiotic fiber700 3500(Potatoes) systemAnimo AcidL-glutamine 3000 15000systemPolyphenolGreen Tea Extract 76 380systemPolyphenolBlueberry Extract 100 500systemPolyphenolCinnamon Extract 40 200systemThylakoidSpinach Extract 2000 10000systemSolubility’Beta Cyclodextrin 10 50enhancerProbiotic Blend Probiotic system 20 100Vitamin D Vitamin Support 10 50Sait Flavor system 0 0Citric Acid Flavor system 0 0Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Non-NutritiveAllulose Sweetener 4000 20000SystemLemon Powder Flavor system 0 0Lime Powder Flavor system 0 0Gum Acacia Fiber System 200 1000Total (mg) 14816 74080Other ingredients beingcontemplatedAllulose Flavor SystemStevia Flavor SystemGellan EmulsifierButterfly Pea AnthocyaninHigh number averagemolar mass Beta Glucan Prebiotic Fiber

[0103] Table 5. VORA Beverage Base Mix-Version 5 Green Coffee.Ingredient Use / System Ingredient Grams % TypeOat Beta Glucan (e.g.,PromOat Beta Glucan 32%) 3.006 20.44% Active FiberAmino Acid Active (notL-Glutamine 3.006 20.44% prebiotic)Spinach Extract 2.005 13.63% Active ThylakoidArrabina Arabinoxylan 1.2 8.16% Active FiberCitric Acid 0.933 6.34% Inactive FlavorSolNul Resistant Starch 0.9 6.12% Active FiberFlavor Cara Cara (e.g.,Brookside Cara Cara) 0.676 4.60% Inactive FlavorOrange Color (e.g., Exberry'ColorBrilliant Orange Color) 0.534 3.63% InactiveAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Gum Acacia (e.g., TICPretested Gum Acacia) 0.516 3.51% Active FiberFOS (e.g., EUOLIGO FOS95 R AN EXP) 0.509 3.46% Active FiberSweet Potato Powder, Active DigestibleOrganic 0.5 3.40% StarchSea Salt 0.37 2.52% Inactive FlavorRed Color (e.g.. ExberryVeggie Red Color) 0.178 1.21% Inactive ColorActive Polyphenol Blueberry Extract 0.103 0.70% (anthocyanin)Active Polyphenol (chlorogenicGreen Coffee Extract 0.081 0.55% acid)Natural SweetnessEnhancer (e.g., Brookside Inactive FlavorSweetness enhancer) 0.074 0.50%Cinnamon Bark Extract 0.041 0.28% Active PolyphenolReb M, Stevia 0.038 0.26% Inactive FlavorProbiotic Blend 0.021 0.14% Active Probiotic Monkfruit Extract, (e.g.,GuoSweet MV50) 0.017 0.12% Inactive FlavorVitamin D3 Powder 0.002 0.01% Active VitaminTOTALS (DV%) 14.710 100%Contents grams %Total Fiber Ing 6.131 41.68%Amino Acid 3.006 20.44%Total Thylakoids 2.005 13.63%Total Starch 0.5 3.40%Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Total Polyphenol 0.225 1.53%Total Probiotics 0.021 0.14%Total Vitamins 0.002 0.01%Total Inactive 2.82 19.17%Totals 14.710 100%

[0104] By mixing with water and drinking throughout the day (up to 5 doses), the consumer can extend the effective life of the hormone response (e.g., GLP-1) from 2 hours to up to 10+hours per day.

[0105] Many of the individual ingredients have unpalatable flavors and low solubility. By including food processing agents and a flavoring system, solubility and bioavailability were increased, and off-flavors were reduced.Numbered Embodiments of the Disclosure

[0106] Other subject matter contemplated by the present disclosure is set out in the following numbered embodiments:

[0107] I. A composition comprising at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid and at least one microbe.

[0108] 2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a β-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.

[0109] 3. The composition of embodiment 2, wherein the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

[0110] 4. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 3% by weight or from about 3% to about 21% by weight of the composition.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0111] 5. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality' of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition.

[0112] 6. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof

[0113] 7. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.

[0114] 8. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0,25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the compositi on.

[0115] 9. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition.

[0116] 10. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

[0117] 11. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

[0118] 12. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Eaecalibacterium, Eibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.

[0119] 13. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium, infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, ButyrivibrioAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentuni, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.

[0120] 14. The composition of any of the above embodiments, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 10°-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu.

[0121] 15. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition.

[0122] 16. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, further comprising L- glutamine or L-theamne.

[0123] 17. The composition of embodiment 16, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

[0124] 18. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, further comprising a digestible starch.

[0125] 19. The composition of embodiment 18, wherein the digestible starch is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition.

[0126] 20. The composition of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein the digestible starch is sweet potato powder.

[0127] 21. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, further comprising one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, anAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

[0128] 22. The composition of embodiment 21, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.

[0129] 23. The composition of embodiment 21 or 22, w’herein the flavoring system is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition.

[0130] 24. The composition of embodiment 21, wherein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition.

[0131] 25. The composition of embodiment 21, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

[0132] 26. The composition of embodiment 21 or 25, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition.

[0133] 27. The composition of embodiment 21, wherein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.

[0134] 28. The composition of embodiment 21 or 27, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition.

[0135] 29. The composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the composition is in an oral dosage form.

[0136] 30. The composition of embodiment 29, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

[0137] 31. A composition of any one of the above embodiments, formulated as a dietary supplement.

[0138] 32. A composition of any one of embodiments 1-30, formulated as ready to drink.

[0139] 33. A composition comprising the ingredients shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0140] 34. A dietary supplement comprising the ingredients shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

[0141] 35. A method of maintaining fullness or prolonging satiation in a subject, the method comprising: administering to a subject a dietary supplement comprising at least oneAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid and at least one microbe, in a dosage effective in maintaining fullness or prolonging satiation in the subject as compared to a control.

[0142] 36. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the dosage is a daily dosage of about 30 g or about 75g.

[0143] 37. The method of embodiment 35 or 36, wherein the dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals.

[0144] 38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the regular intervals is every 2 hours over a defined period of time.

[0145] 39, The method of embodiment 38, wherein the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day.

[0146] 40, The method of any one of embodiments 35-39, wherein the control is the same subject not administered the dietary supplement.

[0147] 41, The method of any one of embodiments 35-40, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.

[0148] 42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

[0149] 43. The method of any one of embodiments 35-42, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 3% by weight or from about 3% to about 21% by weight of the dietaiy supplement.

[0150] 44. The method of any one of embodiments 35-42, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the dietary supplement.

[0151] 45. The method of any one of embodiments 35-43, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof.

[0152] 46. The method of any one of embodiments 35-45, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0153] 47. The method of any one of embodiments 35-46, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the dietary' supplement.

[0154] 48. The method of any one of embodiments 35-47, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the dietary supplement.

[0155] 49. The method of any one of embodiments 35-48, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

[0156] 50. The method of any one of embodiments 35-49, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the dietary suppl ement,

[0157] 51, The method of any one of embodiments 35-50, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.

[0158] 52. The method of any one of embodiments 35-50, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.

[0159] 53. The method of any one of embodiments 35-52, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106- 1012, at least 10°- 10'° or at least 108- 109cfu.

[0160] 54. The method of any one of embodiments 35-52, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the dietary supplement.

[0161] 55, The method of any one of embodiments 35-54, wherein the dietary supplement further comprises L-glutamine or L-theanine.

[0162] 56, The method of embodiment 55, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21 % by weight of the composition.

[0163] 57. The method of any one of embodiments 35-56, further comprising a digestible starch,

[0164] 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the digestible starch is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the dietary supplement.

[0165] 59. The method of embodiment 57 or 58, wherein the digestible starch is sweet potato powder.

[0166] 60. The method of any one of embodiments 35-59, wherein the dietary supplement further comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

[0167] 61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.

[0168] 62. The method of embodiment 60 or 61, wherein the flavoring system is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the dietary supplement.

[0169] 63. The method of embodiment 60, w’herein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the dietary’ supplement.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0170] 64. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

[0171] 65. The method of embodiment 60 or 64, wherein the emulsifier is present at from about 0.08-4% by weight of the dietary supplement.

[0172] 66. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.

[0173] 67. The method of embodiment 60 or 66, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the dietary supplement.

[0174] 68, The method of any one of embodiments 35-67, wherein the dietary supplement is in an oral dosage form.

[0175] 69, The method of embodiment 68, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

[0176] 70, A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid, at least one microbe and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient.

[0177] 71. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 70, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.

[0178] 72. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 71, wherein the p-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

[0179] 73. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-72, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 3% by weight or from about 3% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

[0180] 74. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-73, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition.

[0181] 75. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-74, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0182] 76. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-75, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.

[0183] 77. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-76, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition.

[0184] 78. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-77, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the compositi on.

[0185] 79, The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-78, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

[0186] 80, The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-79, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

[0187] 81. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-80, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.

[0188] 82. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-80, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, LactobacillusAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.

[0189] 83. The pharmaceutical composition of any of embodiments 70-82, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu,

[0190] 84, The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-82, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the compositi on.

[0191] 85, The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-84, further comprising L-glutamine or L-theanine.

[0192] 86. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 85, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theamne is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

[0193] 87. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-86, further comprising a digestible starch.

[0194] 88. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 87, wherein the digestible starch is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition.

[0195] 89. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 87 or 88, wherein the digestible starch is sweet potato powder.

[0196] 90. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-89, further comprising one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

[0197] 91. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 90, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0198] 92. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 90 or 91, wherein the flavoring agent is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition.

[0199] 93. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 90, wherein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition.

[0200] 94. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 90, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

[0201] 95. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 90 or 94, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition.

[0202] 96. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 90, wherein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.

[0203] 97. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 90 or 96, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition.

[0204] 98. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-97, wherein the composition is in an oral dosage form.

[0205] 99. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 98, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

[0206] 100. A method of treating obesity or a co-morbidity thereof in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject suffering from obesity an effective dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 70-99, thereby treating obesity.

[0207] 101. The method of embodiment 100, wherein the effective dosage is a daily dosage is at least 30 g or at least 75 g.

[0208] 102. The method of embodiment 100 or 101, wherein the effective dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals.

[0209] 103. The method of embodiment 102, wherein the regular intervals is every’ 2 hours over a defined period of time.

[0210] 104. The method of embodiment 103, wherein the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0211] 105. The method of any one of embodiments 100-104, wherein the administration reduces weight, reduces waist circumference, slows or prevents weight gain, improves hemoglobin Ale, and / or improves the fasting glucose in the subject as compared to a control, wherein the control is the same subject not administered the pharmaceutical composition.

[0212] 106. A composition for use in treating obesity or co-morbidity thereof in a subject, wherein the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid, at least one microbe and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient.

[0213] 107. The composition of embodiment 106, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.

[0214] 108, The composition of embodiment 107, wherein the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

[0215] 109, The composition of any one of embodiments 106-108, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 3% by weight or from about 3% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

[0216] I 10. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-109, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition.

[0217] 111. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-110, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof.

[0218] 112. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-111, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.

[0219] 113. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-112, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present m an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition.

[0220] 114. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-113, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0221] 115. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-114, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

[0222] 116. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-115, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

[0223] 117. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-116, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.

[0224] 118. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-116, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus Caucasians, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.

[0225] 119. The composition of any of embodiments 106-118, w’herein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106- 1012, at least 10°-10!0or at least 108- l 0 cfu.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0226] 120. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-118, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition.

[0227] 121. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-120, further comprising L-glutamine or L-theanine.

[0228] 122. The composition of embodiment 121, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

[0229] 123. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-122, further comprising a digestible starch,

[0230] 124. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 123, wherein the digestible starch is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition,

[0231] 125, The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 123 or 124, wherein the digestible starch is sweet potato powder,

[0232] 126. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-125, further comprising one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

[0233] 127. The composition of embodiment 126, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.

[0234] 128. The composition of embodiment 126 or 127, wherein the flavoring agent is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition.

[0235] 129. The composition of embodiment 126, wherein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition.

[0236] 130. The composition of embodiment 126, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

[0237] 131. The composition of embodiment 126 or 130, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition.

[0238] 132. The composition of embodiment 126, w’herein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003

[0239] 133. The composition of embodiment 126 or 132, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition.

[0240] 134. The composition of any one of embodiments 106-133, wherein the composition is in an oral dosage form.

[0241] 135. The composition of embodiment 134, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

[0242] The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U. S. patents, U. S. patent application publications, U. S. patent application, foreign patents, foreign patent application and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and / or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, application and publications to provide yet further embodiments.

[0243] These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above¬ detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure, INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0244] All references, articles, publications, patents, patent publications, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. However, mention of any reference, article, publication, patent, patent publication, and patent application cited herein is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that they constitute valid prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in any country in the world.

Claims

Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003CLAIMSWhat is claimed:

1. A composition comprising at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid and at least one microbe.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 0.08% by weight or from about 0.08% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus,Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu.

15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition.

16. The composition of claim 1, further comprising L-glutamine or L-theanine.

17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

18. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a digestible starch or source thereofAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200319. The composition of claim 18, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition.

20. The composition of claim 18 or 19, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder.

21. The composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.

23. The composition of claim 21 or 22, wherein the flavoring system is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition.

24. The composition of claim 21, wherein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition.

25. The composition of claim 21, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

26. The composition of claim 21 or 25, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition.

27. The composition of claim 21, wherein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.

28. The composition of embodiment 21 or 27, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition.

29. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is in an oral dosage form.

30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

31. A composition of claim 1, formulated as a dietary supplement.

32. A composition of claim 1, formulated as ready to drink.

33. A composition comprising the ingredients shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

34. A dietary supplement comprising the ingredients shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 or Table 5.

35. A method of maintaining fullness or prolonging satiation in a subject, the method comprising: administering to a subject a dietary' supplement comprising at least oneAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid and at least one microbe, in a dosage effective in maintaining fullness or prolonging satiation in the subject as compared to a control.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the dosage is a daily dosage of about 30 g or about 75g.

37. The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein the dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the regular intervals is every’ 2 hours over a defined period of time.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day.

40. The method of claim 35, wherein the control is the same subject not administered the dietary supplement.

41. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a p-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the P-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

43. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 0.08% by weight or from about 0.08% to about 21% by weight of the dietary supplement.

44. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the dietary supplement.

45. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof.

46. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry' extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200347. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the dietary supplement.

48. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality' of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the dietary supplement.

49. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

50. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the dietary supplement.

51. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.

52. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides. EubacteriumAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.

53. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu.

54. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the dietary supplement.

55. The method of claim 35, wherein the dietary supplement further comprises L-glutamine or L-theanine.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

57. The method of claim 5, further comprising a digestible starch or source thereof.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the dietary suppl ement.

59. The method of claim 57 or 58, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder.

60. The method of claim 35, wherein the dietaiy supplement further comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.

62. The method of claim 60 or 61, wherein the flavoring system is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the dietaiy supplement.

63. The method of claim 60, wherein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the dietary supplement.

64. The method of claim 60, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

65. The method of claim 60 or 64, wherein the emulsifier is present at from about 0.08-4% by weight of the dietary supplement.

66. The method of claim 60, wherein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200367. The method of claim 60 or 66, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the dietary supplement.

68. The method of claim 35, wherein the dietary supplement is in an oral dosage form.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

70. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid, at least one microbe and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient.

71. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a β-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.

72. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 71, wherein the β-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

73. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present m an amount of at least 0.08% by weight or from about 0.08% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

74. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition.

75. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof.

76. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.

77. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition.

78. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in aAttorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition.

79. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

80. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

81. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.

82. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200383. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu.

84. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition.

85. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, further comprising L-glutamine or L- theanine.

86. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 85, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21 % by weight of the composition.

87. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, further comprising a digestible starch or source thereof.

88. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 87, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition.

89. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 87 or 88, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder.

90. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, further comprising one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

91. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 90, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.

92. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 90 or 91, wherein the flavoring agent is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition.

93. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 90, wherein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition.

94. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 90, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

95. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 90 or 94, w’herein the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-200396. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 90, wherein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.

97. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 90 or 96, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition.

98. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, wherein the composition is in an oral dosage form.

99. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 98, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

100. A method of treating obesity or a co-morbidity thereof in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject suffering from obesity an effective dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 70, thereby treating obesity.

101. The method of claim 100, wherein the effective dosage is a daily dosage is at least 30 g or at least 75 g.

102. The method of claim 100 or 101, wherein the effective dosage is divided into smaller dose units administered at regular intervals.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the regular intervals is every 2 hours over a defined period of time.

104. The method of claim 103, wherein the defined period of time is the hours the subject is awake per day.

105. The method of claim 100, wherein the administration reduces weight, reduces waist circumference, slows or prevents weight gain, improves hemoglobin Ale, and / or improves the fasting glucose in the subject as compared to a control, wherein the control is the same subject not administered the pharmaceutical composition.

106. A composition for use in treating obesity or co-morbidity thereof in a subject, wherein the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fiber, at least one polyphenol, at least one thylakoid, at least one microbe and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient.

107. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one prebiotic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acacia gum, glucomannan, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a P-glucan, a resistant starch and any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003108. The composition of claim 107, wherein the β-glucan has a number average molar mass greater than 500kDa.

109. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one prebiotic is present in an amount of at least 0.08% by weight or from about 0.08% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

110. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one prebiotic comprises a plurality of prebiotics, wherein the plurality of prebiotics is present in a total amount of at least 35% by weight or from about 35% to about 85% by weight of the composition.

111. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and any combination thereof.

112. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one polyphenol is selected from the group consisting of green tea extract, green coffee extract, cinnamon extract, blueberry extract, quercetin, butterfly pea and any combination thereof.

113. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one polyphenol is present in an amount of at least 0.25% by weight or from about 0.25% to about 2% by weight of the composition.

114. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one polyphenol comprises a plurality of polyphenols, wherein the plurality of polyphenols is present in a total amount of at least 1.5% by weight or from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the composition.

115. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one thylakoid is an extract from a green leafy plant.

116. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one thylakoid is present in an amount of at least 5% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

117. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one microbe is a species from a genus selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia, Anaerostipes, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Fibrobacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Anaerofustis, Anaerotruncus, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces and any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003118. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis. Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium, acetobutylicum, Clostridium aminophilum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium, indolis, Clostridium orbiscindens, Enterococcus faecium, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Oscillospira guilliermondii, Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus obeum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, Coprococcus, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Roseburia faeccis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and any combination thereof.

119. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of at least 106-1012, at least 106-1010or at least 108-109cfu.

120. The composition of claim 106, wherein the at least one microbe is present in an amount of less than 1% by weight of the composition.

121. The composition of claim 106, further comprising L-glutamine or L-theanine.

122. The composition of claim 121, wherein the L-glutamine or L-theanine is present in an amount of at least 15% by weight or from about 15% to about 21% by weight of the composition.

123. The composition of claim 106, further comprising a digestible starch or source thereof.

124. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 123, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is present in an amount of at least 3% or from about 3% to about 12% by weight of the composition.Attorney Docket No. ARZO-OOl / OIWO 356005-2003125. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 123 or 124, wherein the digestible starch or source thereof is sweet potato powder.

126. The composition of claim 106, further comprising one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of vitamin D, a flavoring system, an emulsifier, a solubility enhancer, a protein, a polypeptide, a coloring agent and any combination thereof.

127. The composition of claim 126, wherein the flavoring system comprises salt, citric acid, lime powder, lemon powder, monk fruit extract, allulose, stevia, sucralose, cara cara and any combination thereof.

128. The composition of claim 126 or 127, wherein the flavoring agent is present in an amount of at least 9% or from about 9% to about 28% by weight of the composition.

129. The composition of claim 126, wherein the vitamin D is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight of the composition.

130. The composition of claim 126, wherein the emulsifier is gum acacia or gellan gum.

131. The composition of claim 126 or 130, wherein the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.08-4% by weight of the composition.

132. The composition of claim 126, wherein the solubility enhancer is beta cyclodextrin.

133. The composition of claim 126 or 132, wherein the solubility enhancer is present in an amount of from about 0.06-0.10% by weight of the composition.

134. The composition of claim 106, wherein the composition is in an oral dosage form.

135. The composition of claim 134, wherein the oral dosage form is a powder, a pill, a tablet or a capsule.

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