Ran nodes and methods for enhanced VSWR / RL measurement
The method of remeasuring VSWR/RL with boosted transmission power and cross-checking using network indicators addresses inaccuracies in existing VSWR/RL measurement, improving accuracy and reducing false alarms in ORAN scenarios.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL)
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing VSWR/RL measurement methods, particularly in ORAN scenarios, suffer from inaccurate measurements, leading to false alarms or missed faults due to the absence of AIB boards, measurement asynchrony, and restricted RU active mode, which are not addressed by current standardized behaviors.
A method involving a first RAN node requesting and receiving remeasurement of VSWR/RL from a second RAN node, with the option to boost transmission power and utilize network performance indicators for cross-checking to enhance accuracy, thereby reducing false alarms and improving measurement precision.
The proposed method achieves enhanced VSWR/RL measurement accuracy by reducing false alarms and missed faults, especially in low RF load situations, through remeasurement during boosted transmission power and cross-checking with network performance indicators.
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Figure CN2025072264_23072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RAN NODES AND METHODS FOR ENHANCED VSWR / RL MEASUREMENTTechnical Field
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to communications system, and particularly to methods and apparatuses for VSWR / RL measurement.Background
[0002] VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) alarms are crucial in telecommunications as they indicate the efficiency of power transmission from a transmitter to an antenna. A high VSWR alarm signals potential issues such as impedance mismatches, damaged cables, or faulty connectors, which can lead to significant transmission (Tx) power loss, cell / sector outage and even hardware (HW) damage by reflect power.
[0003] Currently, the VSWR alarms are based on VSWR or Return Loss (RL) measurement. Return Loss is defined as a ratio of reflected power (or feedback power) to incident power (or forward power) , usually expressed in decibels (dB) , as shown in the following formula, where Prmeans reflected power and Pi means incident power. A higher RL value (dB) indicates better impedance matching and less reflected power.
[0004] The relationship between VSWR and RL is defined as:
[0005] The following Table 1 lists some corresponding values of VSWR, RL and Reflected Power (%) . It can be seen that a higher VSWR value indicates worse impedance matching and more reflected power. In the following, the terms “VSWR” and “RL” are used interexchangeably or equivalently, and the term “VSWR / RL” refers to either VSWR, RL, or both VSWR and RL. Table 1 Relationship between VSWR and RL
[0006] The existing detection and reporting solutions of VSWR / RL faults or alarms can be roughly divided into two categories. One is the design with AIB (Antenna interface board) or similar circuit, which can accurately obtain the forward power and feedback power with corresponding algorithms, so it can accurately calculate VSWR / RL measurement with an error of ±0.5dB or smaller. Once VSWR fault is found, an alarm can be directly reported to peer end. Another one solution is the design without AIB or similar circuit, which is usually called simple VSWR or light VSWR. Relatively, the accuracy of simple or light VSWR is not high, generally with an error of ±4dB, so it is easy to generate fake alarms or miss VSWR fault.
[0007] However, due to lower costs, use of simple or light VSWR is becoming increasingly common, for example, for ORAN (Open Radio Access Network) scenarios. With respect to the pain points of simple or light VSWR solution without AIB board, there is a need for VSWR / RL measurement with improved accuracy, thereby resulting in less fake alarms or missed VSWR fault.Summary
[0008] Aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments provide methods and apparatuses for enhanced VSWR / RL measurement with improved accuracy.
[0009] In some embodiments, a method performed by a first RAN node is provided, which may include sending, to a second RAN node, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, based on a VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node, and receiving a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node.
[0010] In some embodiments, a method performed by a second RAN node is provided, which may include receiving, from a first RAN node, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, and sending, to the first RAN node, a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result obtained by performing VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.
[0011] In some embodiments, a first RAN node is provided, which may include one or more processors, and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the first RAN node to send, to a second RAN node, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, based on a VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node, and receive a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node.
[0012] In some embodiments, a second RAN node is provided, which may include one or more processors, and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the second RAN node to receive, from a first RAN node, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, and send, to the first RAN node, a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result obtained by performing VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.
[0013] In some embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium is provided, which may have computer-readable instructions stored therein. The computer-readable instructions, when executed by a processor of a first RAN node, may configure the first RAN node to perform the above described method, or when executed by a processor of a second RAN node, may configure the second RAN node to perform the above described method.
[0014] In some embodiments, a computer program product is provided, which may include computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions, when executed by a processor of a first RAN node, may configure the first RAN node to perform the above described method, or when executed by a processor of a second RAN node, may configure the second RAN node to perform the above described method.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0015] The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.
[0016] Figure 1 shows a traditional process of VSWR measurement and alarm report;
[0017] Figure 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a first RAN node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a second RAN node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] Figure 4 shows an exemplary process of enhanced VSWR / RL measurement according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] Figure 5 shows another exemplary process of enhanced VSWR / RL measurement according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] Figures 6A and 6B show simulation results tested in TDD (Time Division Duplex) radio system;
[0022] Figures 7A and 7B show simulation results tested in FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) radio system;
[0023] Figure 8 shows an exemplary process of enhanced VSWR / RL measurement in ORAN architecture according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] Figure 9 is a modularized block diagram of a first RAN node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] Figure 10 is a modularized block diagram of a second RAN node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] Figure 11 is a block diagram of a first RAN node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] Figure 12 is a block diagram of a second RAN mode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] Figure 13 shows an example of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments;
[0029] Figure 14 is another example of a communication system according to some embodiments;
[0030] Figure 15 shows a wireless device, which may be configured to operate in communication system of Figure 13 or in communication system of Figure 14;
[0031] Figure 16 shows a network node in accordance with some embodiments; and
[0032] Figure 17 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.Detailed Description
[0033] The embodiments set forth below represent information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure.
[0034] As used herein, the term “RAN node” may refer to a node in Radio Access Network. Examples of such nodes are NodeB, base station (BS) , multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as MSR BS, eNodeB, gNodeB (gNB) , MeNB, SeNB, location measurement unit (LMU) , integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, network controller, radio network controller (RNC) , base station controller (BCS) , relay, IAB, repeater, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver station (BTS) , Central Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Distributed Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Radio Unit (RU) , Baseband Unit, Centralized Baseband, C-RAN, access point (AP) , transmission points, transmission nodes, transmission reception point (TRP) , RRU, RRH, nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS) , core network node (e.g. MCS, MME etc) , O&M, OSS, SON, positioning node (e.g. E-SMLC) , etc. In particular, in Ambient IoT scenario, the RAN nodes may comprise intermediate node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) and assisting node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) . In the ORAN scenario, the RAN nodes may comprise O-CU, O-DU, O-RU and the like in the ORAN architecture.
[0035] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.
[0036] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be liming of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0037] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0038] Below description will be given to explain VSWR / RL measurement and alarm report.
[0039] Figure 1 shows a traditional process of VSWR measurement alarm report. Usually, there is a VSWR supervisor module inside RU / O-RU that inspects the “Return Loss” value in near real time. As shown in the dash-line box ①, once a fault or alarm reporting condition is fulfilled, for example, the RL value becomes lower than a predefined threshold, the VSWR supervisor will send “Return loss fault indication” to a fault manager module inside the RU / O-RU, which will report a VSWR fault or alarm to DU / O-DU, completing the alarm reporting process. As shown in the dash-line box ②, once a fault ceasing condition is fulfilled, for example, the RL value becomes higher than the predefined threshold, the VSWR supervisor module will send “Cease Return loss fault indication” to the fault manage, which will report “Cease VSWR alarm” to the DU / O-DU to clear the VSWR alarm.
[0040] The above described simple or light VSWR solution for VSWR / RL fault detection may be applied in the traditional process of VSWR alarm report. However, with the simple or light VSWR solution, the traditional process has at least the following issues.
[0041] Inaccurate measurement issue
[0042] As there is no AIB board or assistant algorithm, it is difficult to acquire accurate forward and reflected power through existing solutions. Therefore, the calculated RL value is usually not accurate, and the bias is usually between ±4dB. Especially when RF (Radio Frequency) load is quite low, e.g., PRB (Physical Resource Block) load is lower than 10%, the situation will become even worse with bigger bias, resulting in a significant reduction in accuracy. This will lead to more fake alarms or missed VSWR faults.
[0043] Measurement asynchrony issue
[0044] Measurement asynchrony issue arises due to signal fluctuations during the measurement period of VSWR / RL values. In most cases, the measurement channel for forward and reflected power are multiplexed, so only time-division measurement can be used, such as measuring forward power at T0 and reflected power at T1, but the transmission power might be different for T0 and T1, i.e., there is signal fluctuation. Such difference in transmission power will result in inaccurate measurement values. The measurement asynchrony issue will be even worse with bigger signal fluctuation.
[0045] Restricted RU Active Mode
[0046] Currently, some solutions of VSWR / RL measurement / alarm involve the RU actively triggering a remeasurement of VSWR / RL value in certain scenarios. However, this is more of a collaborative effort between products (DU and RU) from the same supplier, requiring customized development on scheduling of DU / BBU (Baseband Unit) so as to effectively improve accuracy. For ORAN scenarios, however, it is almost impossible to achieve such remeasurement of VSWR / RL value, unless new standardized behaviors are proposed and finalized in the future.
[0047] In the following, methods and apparatuses for VSWR / RL measurement with improved accuracy will be described, in view of at least some of the above issues.
[0048] Figure 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a first RAN node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Here, the first RAN node may be or include DU or O-DU. In some embodiments, the method 200 may include an operation S202 of sending, to a second RAN node which may be or include RU or O-RU, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, based on a VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node. The method 200 may further include an operation S204 of receiving a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node. In the method 200, the first RAN node (e.g., DU or O-DU) may actively initiate the VSWR / RL remeasurement process based on the VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node (e.g., RU or O-RU) . With the remeasurement process, it is possible to obtain a more accurate measurement value of VSWR / RL.
[0049] Although not shown in Figure 2, in some embodiments, the method 200 may further include an operation of increasing the transmission power of the first RAN node while or before sending the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL at operation S202. The first RAN node may autonomously determine and increase the transmission power based on real-time conditions, without need to negotiate with the second RAN node in advance. For example, the first RAN node may make such autonomous power adjustment by boosting its Tx power level, either by inserting dummy data, rescheduling user data, using PRB padding / injection, or utilizing any other known method for increasing transmission power. The second RAN node may then perform and complete a remeasurement of VSWR / RL during the increased power transmission scheduled by the first RAN node. By enabling the remeasurement with the boosted transmission power, it is possible to obtain a more accurate measurement result, and address the above inaccurate measurement issue especially in the situation of a quite low RF load. Also, it is possible to address the above measurement asynchrony issue, as the remeasurement is allowed to be performed during the increased power transmission, with almost no signal fluctuation.
[0050] Although not shown in Figure 2, in some embodiments, the method 200 may further include an operation of reporting a VSWR / RL alarm based on the received VSWR / RL remeasurement result being less than or equal to a first threshold. The first RAN mode may report, to an upper layer, VSWR / RL alarms of different alarm levels. In some embodiments, the VSWR / RL alarms may be categorized into three levels of critical, medium and minor, based on the severity indicated by the VSWR / RL measurement results. For instance, in terms of RL values, 6dB is typically considered as a threshold for a critical alarm (it means roughly 25%transmission power will be reflected) , while 14dB considered as a threshold for a minor alarm. A further threshold, such as 10dB may be set for a medium alarm, which means roughly 11%transmission power will be reflected. This categorization may be listed as below, however, it is merely an example, and it may be adjusted according to, for example, requirements of customer, hardware requirements, real-time conditions and the like. Critical Alarm: Return loss ≤ 6dB Medium Alarm: 6dB < Return loss ≤ 10dB Minor Alarm: 10dB < Return loss ≤ 14dB
[0051] The first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm of a first level when the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to a first threshold but greater than a second threshold. In an example, for a medium alarm threshold (e.g., 10dB) <the VSWR / RL remeasurement result ≤a minor alarm threshold (e.g., 14dB) , the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm of a minor level. The first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm of a second level when the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to the second threshold but greater than a third threshold. In an example, for a critical alarm threshold (e.g., 6dB) <the VSWR / RL remeasurement result ≤ the medium alarm threshold (e.g., 10dB) , the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm of a medium level. Further, the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm of a third level when the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to the third threshold. In an example, for the VSWR / RL remeasurement result ≤ the critical alarm threshold (e.g., 6dB) , the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm of a critical level.
[0052] In some embodiments, the reporting of a VSWR / RL alarm may be further based on a network performance indicator. That is, the first RAN node may conduct crosscheck on the VSWR / RL condition by using one or more network performance indicators. Such crosscheck may be an assistant mechanism for further improving accuracy of VSWR / RL alarms. When a VSWR alarm occurs, the rated transmission power will inevitably decrease due to an increase in reflected power. At this point, it will have more or less impact on network performance, especially downward performance indicators, and rank and layer will be affected when the transmission power decreases to a certain extent. In an example, the network performance indicators that are usually considered to be affected and the impact on them include one or more of: RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) : Decreased RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) : Decreased SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) : Decreased CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) : Decrease TPUT (Peak Throughput) : Decrease BLER (Block Error Rate) : Increased
[0053] Table 2 shows an exemplary simulation results of degradation in some network performance indicators. Here, a 4T (Transmit) 4R (Receive) radio system is taken as an example, with a carrier configuration of 20M bandwidth and 4*40W transmission power of NR carrier. The simulation results may be related to a channel model, such as AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) , TDL-A (Tapped Delay Line -A) and the like. When reflected power reaches about 10%, that is, the value of RL is about 10dB, which corresponds to the above-described medium alarm threshold (e.g., 10dB) , the degradation of the indicators is as follows. Table 2 Simulation Results of Degradation in Network Performance Indicators
[0054] It can be seen from the simulation results that the network performance indicators may deteriorate at least by an expected amount when reflected power reaches a certain ratio, that is, with respect to a certain VSWR / RL value. Therefore, before reporting a VSWR / RL alarm, the first RAN node may use the network performance indicators to add a joint cross checking, so as to check whether the VSWR / RL value received from the second RAN node is accurate. If the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to the first threshold, and the network performance indicator deteriorates at least by an expected amount (such as an amount listed in Table 2) , the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm. Otherwise, if the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to the first threshold, but the network performance indicator has no degradation, or little degradation, or even becomes better, the first RAN node may decide not to report a VSWR / RL alarm. Instead, the first RAN node may doubt whether the VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node is accurate, and may perform processing such as requesting the second RAN node to perform another VSWR / RL measurement. With the described crosscheck with network performance indicator, it is possible to achieve less fake alarms or missed VSWR fault, thereby improving accuracy of VSWR / RL alarms.
[0055] To be noted, the crosscheck with network performance indicators are assistant and optional, and the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm without conducting the crosscheck. Alternatively, the first RAN node may conduct the crosscheck only when the VSWR / RL remeasurement result falls within a preset range of values, for example, greater than a preset threshold, for example, the critical alarm threshold of 6dB. On the other hand, if the received VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node is less than or equal to the critical alarm threshold, the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm of the critical level directly, without conducting the crosscheck. In this way, it is possible to immediately report a critical alarm and thus minimize hardware risks, such as damage of power amplifier (PA) .
[0056] As described above, the first RAN node may report a VSWR / RL alarm based on the received VSWR / RL remeasurement result being not greater than the first threshold. For example, if the previously received VSWR / RL measurement is less than the minor alarm threshold of 14dB, and the later received VSWR / RL remeasurement result is still less than the minor alarm threshold of 14dB, that is, the VSWR / RL alarm persists, the first RAN nod may report the alarm with or without the value of the VSWR / RL remeasurement result to an upper layer. This may improve accuracy of VSWR / RL alarm while ensuring that the hardware remains at low risk.
[0057] In some embodiments, the first RAN node may not report or may crease report of a VSWR / RL alarm based on the received VSWR / RL remeasurement result being greater than the first threshold. For example, if the previously received VSWR / RL measurement is less than the minor alarm threshold of 14dB, but the later received VSWR / RL remeasurement result is greater than the minor alarm threshold of 14dB, for example, which means little or almost no return loss and low risks, the first RAN node may determine that the previously received VSWR / RL measurement indicates a fake VSWR fault, and crease report of a VSWR / RL alarm to an upper layer.
[0058] In some embodiments, the first RAN node may have or be configured with different modes in which the first RAN node may selectively send the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL based on different thresholds. That is, the operation S202 may be performed in different modes, such as an aggressive mode and a moderate mode. When the aggressive mode is applied, the first RAN node may send the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL upon detecting that the VSWR / RL measurement result from the second RAN node is less than or equal to a first threshold, such as the minor alarm threshold of 14dB. That is, as long as the received VSWR / RL measurement result is not greater than the first threshold, the remeasurement of VSWR / RL will be triggered. In this way, it is possible for the first RAN node to double check almost every VSWR / RL measurement result from the second RAN node, thereby improving accuracy of VSWR / RL alarm based on the VSWR / RL measurement result. On the other hand, when the moderate mode is applied, the first RAN node may send the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL upon detecting that the VSWR / RL measurement result from the second RAN node is less than or equal to the first threshold but greater than a third threshold, such as the critical alarm threshold of 6dB. That is, the remeasurement of VSWR / RL will be triggered only when the received VSWR / RL measurement result is greater than the third threshold. If the received VSWR / RL measurement result is less than or equal to the third threshold, which means a sever return loss, the first RAN node may immediately and directly report a VSWR / RL alarm to an upper layer, without initiating remeasurement of VSWR / RL. In this way, it is possible to immediately report a critical alarm and minimize hardware risks.
[0059] If the received VSWR / RL measurement result is greater than the first threshold, which means little or almost no return loss, the first RAN node may neither initiate the remeasurement of VSWR / RL nor report a VSWR / RL alarm.
[0060] In some embodiments, the operation S202 of sending the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL may be further based on one or more network performance indicators. That is, the first RAN node may conduct crosscheck on the VSWR / RL condition by using one or more network performance indicators. Such crosscheck may be an assistant mechanism for checking accuracy of the VSWR / RL measurement value received from the second RAN node, and for determining whether it is necessary to initiate the remeasurement. As explained above and listed in Table 2, the network performance indicators may deteriorate at least by an expected amount when reflected power reaches a certain ratio, that is, with respect to a certain VSWR / RL value. Accordingly, the first RAN node may add a joint crosscheck using the indicators after receiving the VSWR / RL measurement value from the second RAN node. If the VSWR / RL measurement value from the second RAN node is between the medium alarm threshold (e.g., 10dB) and the minor alarm threshold (e.g., 14dB) , indicating a VSWR / RL alarm of minor level, but the network performance indicator degrades more than an expected amount (e.g., a degradation in RSRP more than 18%as shown in Table 2) , the first RAN node may doubt about accuracy of the VSWR / RL measurement value and then trigger remeasurement of VSWR / RL. For example, in the aggressive mode, the first RAN node may send the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL when the VSWR / RL measurement result is less than or equal to the first threshold, and the network performance indicator deteriorates more than an expected amount. In the moderate mode, the first RAN node may send the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL when the VSWR / RL measurement result is less than or equal to the first threshold but greater than the third threshold, and the network performance indicator deteriorates more than an expected amount. On the other hand, if the VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node indicate a VSWR / RL alarm of a certain level, and the network performance indicator has degradation as expected, the first RAN node may determine that the VSWR / RL measurement result from the second RAN node is accurate, and may report a VSWR / RL alarm with the value of VSWR / RL measurement result, without initiating the VSWR / RL remeasurement, that is, no request of VSWR / RL remeasurement. The crosscheck using one or more network performance indicators may assist the first RAN node to quickly check the accuracy of the VSWR / RL measurement result from the second RAN node, and to avoid unnecessary remeasurement of VSWR / RL. In this way, it is possible to reduce remeasurement of VSWR / RL and associated transmission of messages, thereby preventing waste of resources and facilitating power saving in the network.
[0061] To be noted, the crosscheck with network performance indicators are assistant and optional, and the first RAN node may trigger remeasurement of VSWR / RL without conducting the crosscheck.
[0062] Although not shown in Figure 2, in some embodiments, the method 200 may further include an operation of reporting a VSWR / RL alarm based on the VSWR / RL measurement result being less than or equal to the third threshold, such as the critical alarm threshold of 6dB. That is, If the received VSWR / RL measurement result is less than or equal to the third threshold, which means a sever return loss, the first RAN node may immediately and directly report a VSWR / RL alarm to an upper layer, without initiating remeasurement of VSWR / RL. In this way, it is possible to immediately report a critical alarm and minimize hardware risks.
[0063] Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a second RAN node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Here, the second RAN node may be or include RU or O-RU. In some embodiments, the method 300 may include an operation S302 of receiving from a first RAN node (e.g., DU or O-DU) , a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL. The method 200 may further include an operation S304 of sending, to the first RAN node, a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result obtained by performing VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL. Then, the first RAN node may determine whether to report or cease a VSWR / RL alarm based on the VSWR / RL remeasurement result. In an example, the second RAN node may detect that a VSWR / RL value is between 6dB and 14dB, and then send this to the first RAN node, as a report of VSWR / RL alarm. When the first RAN node receives the reported VSWR / RL value between 6dB and 14dB, the first RAN node may initiate remeasurement of VSWR / RL by sending a request remeasurement of VSWR / RL to the second RAN node. In response to the received request, the second RAN node may perform another measurement of VSWR / RL and send the result of remeasurement to the first RAN node. If the result of remeasurement still indicates a VSWR / RL value between 6dB and 14dB or even lower, that is, the VSWR / RL alarm persists, the first RAN mode may report the VSWR / RL alarm with or without the remeasurement result directly. If the result of remeasurement indicates a VSWR / RL value larger than 14dB, that is, the VSWR / RL alarm does not persist, the first RAN node may determine that the previous reported VSWR / RL value is a VSWR / RL fault, and may cease the VSWR / RL alarm without reporting it to the upper layer. With the enhanced process of VSWR / RL remeasurement, it is possible to obtain VSWR / RL measurement with improved accuracy, thereby reducing fake alarms or missed VSWR fault.
[0064] In some embodiments, the second RAN node may perform the VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request from the first RAN node during an increased power transmission scheduled by the first RAN node. For example, the first RAN node may increase its transmission power while or before sending the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL to the second RAN node, so that the second RAN node may complete the requested remeasurement of VSWR / RL and obtain the remeasurement result during the increased power transmission. By performing the remeasurement during the boosted power transmission, it is possible to obtain a more accurate measurement result with increased and stable transmission power, and address the above inaccurate measurement issue especially in the situation of a quite low RF load. Also, it is possible to address the above measurement asynchrony issue, as the remeasurement is allowed to be performed during the increased power transmission, with almost no signal fluctuation.
[0065] Figure 4 shows an exemplary process of enhanced VSWR / RL measurement according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The exemplary process of Figure 4 may be implemented without changing the existing framework and the RU / O-RU internal implementation mechanism as shown in Figure 1. There is also no need to add or define any new message structure. All message interactions can be facilitated using existing 3GPP or ORAN messages (such as those messages used in the process of Figure 1) , or by enhancing existing messages with additional content. As shown in Figure 4, the RU / O-RU inspects the “Return Loss” value in near real time, and once a fault or alarm reporting condition is fulfilled, for example, the RL value becomes lower than a predefined threshold, the RU / O-RU may report a VSWR fault or alarm to the DU / O-DU. Upon receiving the report of VSWR alarm with VSWR / RL measurement result from the RU / O-RU, the DU / O-DU may make a judgement by comparing the VSWR / RL measurement result with predefined VSWR / RL thresholds, such as the minor, medium and critical thresholds described above. Here, the DU / O-DU may also perform crosscheck on the VSWR / RL measurement result by using one or more network performance indicators described above. The judgement and crosscheck may be implemented with corresponding logic modules in the DU / O-DU. In an example, if the VSWR / RL measurement result is between the critical threshold and the minor threshold, but the network performance indicators do not have an expected degradation, the DU / O-DU may doubt about the accuracy of the VSWR / RL measurement result. Then, the DU / O-DU may boost its transmission power and send a request for VSWR / RL remeasurement to the RU / O-RU. In response to the request for VSWR / RL remeasurement, the RU / O-RU may perform another VSWR / RL measurement during the boosted power transmission, and report the result of VSWR / RL remeasurement including newly calculated VSWR / RL value to the DU / O-DU. If this VSWR / RL value is still between the critical threshold and the minor threshold, it means that the VSWR fault or alarm persists, and the DU / O-DU may report it to the upper layer. If the VSWR / RL value is greater than the minor threshold, it means that the VSWR fault or alarm can be ceased, and the DU / O-DU will not report it to the upper layer.
[0066] The operations of judgement, crosscheck, power boosting and remeasurement initiating by the DU / O-DU are shown as logic modules, and may implemented in software to provide the functionality of the DU / O-DU according to embodiments described herein.
[0067] Figure 5 shows another exemplary process of enhanced VSWR / RL measurement according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The DU / O-DU is shown as including a DU / O-DU interface, and the RU / O-RU is shown as including a RU / O-RU interface, a VSWR / RL supervision module, and a VSWR / RL measurement module. The DU / O-DU and the RU / O-RU may communicate with each other via the DU / O-DU interface and the RU / O-RU interface as well as corresponding message interactions. In this context, a value of VSWR may be derived or calculated using RL value, and no restriction is imposed on any component used for VSWR derivation or calculation. The term VSWR / RL is used to represent any equivalent result or value. Further, In the current 3GPP and ORAN implementations, VSWR / RL measurement can be configured as either a periodic or a one-time task. In the example of Figure 5, during system initialization, the DU / O-DU may initiate a periodic VSWR / RL measurement upon system startup. The RU / O-RU may continuously monitor the VSWR / RL condition by using the VSWR / RL supervision module, which may send an instruction of VSWR / RL measurement to the VSWR / RL measurement module. The VSWR / RL measurement module may continuously measures the VSWR / R / L value and send the VSWR / RL result to the VSWR / RL supervision module. Then, the VSWR / RL supervision module may report the VSWR / RL measurement result to the DU / O-DU via the RU / O-RU interface. Once the DU / O-DU receives the VSWR / RL measurement result via the DU / O-DU interface, it may compare the VSWR / RL measurement results against predefined VSWR / RL thresholds, such as a minor threshold TH1 (e.g., 14dB) , and a critical threshold TH2 (e.g., 6dB) . Such comparison may lead to three possible outcomes (Alternatives 1, 2 and 3) as shown in different blocks of Figure 5.
[0068] Alternative 1: If Critical Threshold < VSWR / RL ≤ Minor Threshold, the DU / O-DU may increase its transmit (TX) power level in U-plane, either by inserting dummy data, rescheduling user data, or utilizing other methods, and trigger another round VSWR / RL measurement by sending a request for VSWR / RL remeasurement to the RU / O-RU. Before the actions of power-boosting and request-sending, the DU / O-DU may cross check the VSWR / RL condition by using one or more network performance indicators as described above. In response to receiving the request for VSWR / RL remeasurement via the RU / O-RU interface, the VSWR / RL supervision module may send, again, an instruction of VSWR / RL measurement to the VSWR / RL measurement module, so that the VSWR / RL measurement module may perform and complete another VSWR / RL measurement during the high TX power level transmission scheduled by the DU / O-DU. Then, the VSWR / RL measurement result obtained in response to the request for VSWR / RL remeasurement may be sent to the DU / O-DU. The DU / O-DU may detect whether the received new VSWR / RL measurement result indicates a value of VSWR / RL between the critical threshold and the minor threshold. If it is still between the thresholds, the DU / O-DU may actively requests an alarm list for VSWR fault, and use the new VSWR / RL measurement result to issue a corresponding VSWR / RL alarm. If the new VSWR / RL measurement result indicates a value of VSWR / RL greater than the minor threshold, the DU / O-DU may determine that the previous VSWR / RL measurement result is a fake VSWR fault, and may clear the VSWR / RL alarm by not reporting it to the upper layer. Before the actions of issuing the VSWR / RL alarm, the DU / O-DU may also cross check the VSWR / RL condition by using one or more network performance indicators as described above.
[0069] Alternative 2: If VSWR / RL≤ Critical Threshold indicating a critical alarm, The DU / O-DU may immediately reports a VSWR Critical Alarm using the standard alarm post-processing method.
[0070] Alternative 3: If VSWR / RL > Minor Threshold indicating no alarm, the process remains unchanged from the traditional method as described with reference to Figure 1. The process may go to loop of periodic VSWR / RL measurement.
[0071] Throughout this process of Figure 5, message interactions can be facilitated using existing 3GPP or ORAN messages, or by enhancing existing messages with additional content. In the 3GPP system, the relevant messages are defined in 3GPP TS 28.532 V18.4.0 (3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Management and orchestration; Generic management services (Release 18) ) , while in the ORAN specification, they are outlined in ORAN. WG1. O1-Interface, for example, reference may be made to “o-ran-performance-management. yang module” in Technical Specification “O-RAN. WG4. MP. 0-R003-v14.00. ”
[0072] Figures 6A and 6B show simulation results tested in TDD (Time Division Duplex) radio system. It should be noted that the tests are based on the example of full transmission power injection, which increase the traffic of 10%in Figure 6A to the traffic of 100%in Figure 6B. The tested TDD radio system is a 4T4R TDD radio system, with a carrier configuration of 20M NR carrier. Here, the reference value of RL is 14dB, and RL values of simulation results are shown corresponding to different phases (-120, -60, 0, 60, -120) and different groups (VSWR-A, VSWR-B, VSWR-C and VSWR-D) . As shown in Figure 6A, in the case of 10%traffic without power boosting or injection, the maxium bias from the reference RL value is about -13dB . On the other hand, by performing remeasurement with 100%traffic after power injection, the maxium bias is significantly lowered to about -2.5dB in Figure 6B. That is, the maxium bias is reduced from about -13dB to -2.5dB, and the accuracy is significantly improved with an increase of about 80%.
[0073] Figures 7A and 7B show simulation results tested in FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) radio system. It should be noted that the tests are based on the example of full transmission power injection, which increase the traffic of 10%in Figure 7A to the traffic of 100%in Figure 7B. The tested FDD radio system is a 2T2R FDD radio system, with a carrier configuration of 20M NR carrier. Here, the reference value of RL is 14dB, and RL values of simulation results are shown corresponding to different phases (-120, -60, 0, 60, -120) and different groups (VSWR-A and VSWR-B) . As shown in Figure 7A, in the case of 10%traffic without power boosting or injection, the maxium bias from the reference RL value is about -1.6dB . On the other hand, by performing remeasurement with 100%traffic after power injection, the maxium bias is lowered to about -1.3dB in Figure 7B. That is, the maxium bias is reduced from about -1.6dB to -1.3dB, contributing to an accuracy improvement of about 18%.
[0074] Figures 6A to 7B shows simulation results tested in the TDD and FDD radio systems separately, and the simulation results prove that the proposed solutions of enhanced VSWR / RL measurement brings obvious improvement in VSWR / RL measurement performance. Specifically, we can see a significant increase in accuracy of VSWR / RL measurement, especially for TDD, the increase is as high as 80%. For FDD which has had a relatively high accuracy, the improvement is not as significant as that for TDD, and the increase is about 18%.
[0075] Figure 8 shows an exemplary process of enhanced VSWR / RL measurement in ORAN architecture according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The exemplary process of Figure 8 is almost the same as that of Figure 5, and thus repeated description thereof is omitted here. There are differences in that the O-DU and the O-RU communicate with each other via the O-DU interface and the O-RU interface using ORAN messages, such as <o-ran-performance-management> shown in Figure 8. For these messages, reference may be made to “o-ran-performance-management. yang module” in Technical Specification “O-RAN. WG4. MP. 0-R003-v14.00. ”
[0076] In some embodiments, the first and second RAN nodes may each include one or more modules, each of which is implemented in software. The module (s) provide the functionality of the first and second RAN nodes according to any of the embodiments described herein.
[0077] Figure 9 shows a modularized block diagram of a first RAN node 900 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The first RAN node 900 may be configured to perform the method 200 as described above in connection with Figure 2. As shown in Figure 9, the first RAN node 900 may include: a sending module 910 for sending, to a second RAN node, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, based on a VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node; and a receiving module 920 for receiving a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node. Although not shown in Figure 9, the first RAN node 900 may further include: a power boosting module for increasing a transmission power of the first RAN node 900 while or before the sending module 910 sends the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL; a reporting module for reporting a VSWR / RL alarm based on the received VSWR / RL remeasurement result being less than or equal to a first threshold; and a crosscheck module for crosschecking VSWR / RL condition by using one or more network performance indicators upon receipt of VSWR / RL measurement result and / or VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node.
[0078] Figure 10 shows a modularized block diagram of a second RAN node 1000 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The second RAN node 1000 may be configured to perform the method 300 as described above in connection with Figure 3. As shown in Figure 10, the second RAN node 1000 may include: a receiving module 1010 for receiving, from a first RAN node, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL; and a sending module 1020 for sending, to the first RAN node, a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result obtained by performing VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL. Although not shown in figure 10, the second RAN node 1000 may further include a VSWR / RL measurement module for performing VSWR / RL measurement. The VSWR / RL measurement module may be configured to perform and complete the VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL during an increased power transmission scheduled by the first RAN node.
[0079] Figures 11 and 12 are block diagrams of first and second RAN nodes according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 11, the first RAN node 1100 may include a communication interface 1110, a processor 1120 and a memory 1130. The memory 1130 may store instructions executable by the processor 1120 whereby the first RAN node 1100 may be operative to perform the operations, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Figure 2. Particularly, the memory 1130 may store instructions executable by the processor 1120 whereby the first RAN mode 1100 may be operative to send, to a second RAN node via the communication interface 1110, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, based on a VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node, and to receive, via the communication interface 1110, a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node.
[0080] Figure 12 shows that the second RAN node 1200 may include a communication interface 1210, a processor 1220 and a memory 1230. The memory 1230 may store instructions executable by the processor 1220 whereby the second RAN node 1200 may be operative to perform the operations, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Figure 3. Particularly, the memory 1230 may store instructions executable by the processor 1220 whereby the second RAN mode 1200 may be operative to receive, from a first RAN node via the communication interface 1210, a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL, and to send, to the first RAN node via the communication interface 1210, a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result obtained by performing VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.
[0081] In some embodiments, a computer program is provided to include instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to carry out the functionality of each of the first and second RAN nodes according to any of the embodiments described herein, for example, one or more of the operations included in one or more methods for enhanced VSWR / RL measurement described above. In some embodiments, a carrier comprising the aforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a computer readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium such as memory) .
[0082] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product in the form of a non-volatile or volatile memory, e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) , a flash memory and a hard drive. The computer program product includes a computer program. The computer program includes: code / computer-readable instructions, which when executed by the processor 1120 of the first RAN node 1100, cause the first RAN node 1100 to perform the operations, e.g., of the procedures described earlier in conjunction with Figure 2; or code / computer-readable instructions, which when executed by the processor 1220 of the second RAN node 1200, cause the second RAN node 1200 to perform the operations, e.g., of the procedures described earlier in conjunction with Figure 3.
[0083] With the embodiments described above, methods and apparatuses for enhanced VSWR / RL measurement with improved accuracy are provided, which may address at least some of the issues described above with respect to the traditional process of VSWR alarm report, especially configured with the simple or light VSWR solution. For example, it is possible to, while considering low cost, improve accuracy of VSWR / RL measurement or alarm, in particular resolve pain points of simple or light VSWR solution without AIB board. Further, advantages may be achieved, for example, whether for 3GPP or ORAN implementations, the existing implementation mechanisms can be maximally reused, and there is no need to add any new message structure and internal implementation of RU / O-RU. Transmission power can be autonomously determined by DU / O-DU based on real-time conditions, and there is no need to negotiate with RU or O-RU in advance. Significant improvement in accuracy of VSWR / RL measurement or alarm can be achieved for both TDD and FDD radio systems, and the accuracy is especially dramatically increased for TDD radio system.
[0084] Figure 13 shows an example of a communication system 1300 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0085] In the example, the communication system 1300 includes a telecommunications network 1302 that includes an access network 1304, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 1306, which includes one or more core network nodes 1308. The access network 1304 includes one or more access network nodes or base stations of various types, access network nodes 1310A and 1310B are depicted (which may be collectively referred to as network nodes 1310) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points (APs) . Some embodiments of the access network 1304 may include more than one access network technology. The network nodes 1310 of access network 1304 facilitate direct or indirect connection of wireless devices, also referred to as user equipments (UEs) , such as by connecting UEs 1312A, 1312B, 1312C, and 1312D (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 1312) to the core network 1306 over one or more wireless connections.
[0086] Moreover, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunications network 1302 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a network node in the telecommunications network 1302 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other network nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any network node in the telecommunications network 1302, including one or more access network nodes 1310 and / or core network nodes 1308.
[0087] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . An ORAN network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN network node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies.
[0088] The network nodes 1310 facilitate direct or indirect connection of one or more UEs 1312 to the core network 1306 over one or more wireless connections. Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 1300 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 1300 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0089] The UEs 1312 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 1310 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 1308, 1310 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., via other devices of telecommunications network 1302) with the UEs 1312 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunications network 1302 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunications network 1302. More specifically, UEs 1312 may send messages, data, and / or other signals to network nodes 1308, 1310 or other elements of the telecommunications network 1302 by transmitting such signals to the relevant device directly without the signals passing through any intervening devices or by transmitting such signals to the relevant device indirectly through an intervening device (or multiple intervening devices) that then transmit the signal to the relevant device. Similarly, network nodes 1308, 1310 may send messages, data, and other signals to UEs 13122, other network nodes 1308, 1310, and other devices in telecommunications network 1302 directly or indirectly. As one specific example, a core network node 108 may transmit a particular message to a UE 1312 by transmitting the message to an access network node 1310 that will then transmit the message to the intended UE 1312. Similarly, a core network node 108 may receive a particular message from a UE 1312 by receiving the message from an access network node 1310 that itself received the message from the UE 1312.
[0090] In the depicted example, the core network 1306 connects elements of the access network 1304 (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 1310) to one or more host computing systems, such as host 1316. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 1306 includes one or more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 1308) of various types, one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 1308. Network nodes 1308 are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, access network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 1308. Example core network nodes provide functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0091] The host 1316 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 1304 and / or the telecommunications network 1302. The host 1316 may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host 1316 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0092] As a whole, the communication system 1300 of Figure 13 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system 1300 may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-Max) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, Li-Fi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox. Moreover, the communication system 1300 may be configured to support multiple different standards, protocols, or other rule sets, with individual components supporting all of the relevant rule sets or with different components or sub-systems within the communication system 1300 supporting different standards, protocols, or rule sets.
[0093] As one example, in certain embodiments, access network 1304 may contain some access network nodes 1310 that support 3GPP radio access technologies (RAT) , such as LTE or NR, while other access network nodes 1310 support (or the same access network nodes 1310 additionally support) non-3GPP RATs, such as Wi-Fi or a proprietary RAT. As another example, telecommunications network 1302 may support multiple generations of related communication standards (e.g., 4G and 5G 3GPP communication standards) and, as a result, may include an access network 104 and / or a core network 106 that supports multiple different standard generations or may include multiple access networks 104 and / or multiple core networks 106 with individual networks 104, 106 supporting different standard generations.
[0094] Telecommunications network 1302 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunications network 1302. For example, the telecommunications network 1302 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0095] In some examples, one or more of the UEs 1312 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 1304 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 1304. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0096] In the example, the hub 1314 communicates with the access network 1304 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 1312C and / or 1312D) and network nodes (e.g., network node 1310B) . In some examples, the hub 1314 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 1314 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 1306 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 1314 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 1310, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 1314.
[0097] As another example, the hub 1314 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 1314 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 1314 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 1314 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 1314 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0098] The hub 1314 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 1310B. The hub 1314 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 1314 and UEs (e.g., UE 1312C and / or 1312D) , and between the hub 1314 and the core network 1306. In other examples, the hub 1314 is connected to the core network 1306 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 1314 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 1304 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 1310 while still connected via the hub 1314 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 1314 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 1310B. In other embodiments, the hub 1314 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 1310B, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0099] Figure 14 is another example of a communication system 1400 according to some embodiments. As used herein, the communication system 1400 includes multiple access points (APs) 1410 (with four exemplary APs 1410A, 1410B, 1410C, and 1410D being depicted) and multiple wireless devices, referred to in the context of communication system 1400 as stations (STAs) 1412 (referred to individually as STA 1412A, STA 1412B, STA 1412C, STA 1412D, and STA 1412E) . STA 1412A is served by AP 1410A in a first basic service set (BSS) 1420A. STA 1410B and STA 1410C are served by AP 1410B in a second BSS, BSS 1420B. STA 1412D is served by AP 1410C in a third BSS, BSS 1420C. STA 1412E is served by AP 1410D in a fourth BSS, BSS 1420D. Stations 1412 may be non-AP STAs and correspond to various kinds of wireless devices, for example, user terminals, such as mobile or stationary computing devices like smartphones, laptop computers, desktop computers, tablet computers, gaming devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs) for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , or the like. Further, stations 1412 could, for example, correspond to other kinds of equipment like smart home devices, printers, multimedia devices, data storage devices, or the like.
[0100] Each of STAs 1412 may connect through a radio link to one of APs 1410. For example, depending on location or channel conditions experienced by a given STA 1412, the STA may select an appropriate AP and BSS for establishing the radio link. The radio link may be based on one or more orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) carriers from a frequency spectrum that is shared on the basis of a contention-based mechanism, e.g., an unlicensed or license exempt band like 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, the 5 GHz band, the 6 GHz band, or the 60 GHz band.
[0101] Each AP 1410 may provide data connectivity to STAs 1412 connected to a particular AP 1410. As illustrated, APs 1410 may be connected to a data network 1430. In this way, APs 1410 may also provide data connectivity between STAs 1412 and other entities, e.g., to one or more servers, service providers, data sources, data sinks, user terminals, or the like. Accordingly, the radio link established between a given STA 1412 and its serving AP 1410 may be used for providing various kinds of services to STA 1412, e.g., a voice service, a multimedia service, or other data service. Such services may be based on applications that are executed on STA 1412 and / or on a device linked to STA 1412. By way of example, Figure 14 illustrates an application service platform 1432 provided in data network 1430. The application (s) executed on STA 1412 and / or on one or more other devices linked to STA 1412 may use the radio link for data communication with one or more other STA 1412 and / or the application service platform 1432, thereby enabling utilization of the corresponding service (s) at STA 1412.
[0102] Figure 15 shows a wireless device 1500, which may be configured to operate in communication system 1300 of Figure 13 or in communication system 1400 of Figure 14. The wireless device 1500 may be alternatively referred to as a UE 1500, like a UE 1312 within the context of communication system 1300, or as a station (STA) 1500 or as a non-access-point station (non-AP STA) 1500, like a STA 1412 within the context of the communication system 1400, in accordance with respective embodiments. As used herein, a wireless device refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Examples of a wireless device include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, and wireless terminal. Other examples include any type of UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0103] A wireless device 1500 may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, wireless device 1500 may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, wireless device 1500 may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, wireless device 1500 may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0104] In particular embodiments, wireless device 1500 includes processing circuitry 1502 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1504 to an input / output interface 1506, a power source 1508, a memory 1510, a communication interface 1512, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain embodiments of wireless device 1500 may include all or a subset of the components shown in Figure 15. The level of integration between the components may vary from one embodiment of wireless device 1500 to another. In general, in a particular embodiment of wireless device 1500, processing circuitry 1502, input / output interface 1506, power source 1508, memory 1510, and communication interface 1512 may, in whole or in part, represent or include physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of wireless device 1500. Further, certain embodiments of wireless devices 1500 may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0105] The processing circuitry 1502 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1510. The processing circuitry 1502 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1502 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0106] In the example, the input / output interface 1506 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into wireless device 1500. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0107] In some embodiments, the power source 1508 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used to supply power to circuitry or to charge an associated battery. The power source 1508 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1508 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of wireless device 1500 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power source 1508 may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to make accessible power suitable for the respective components of the wireless device 1500 to which power is supplied.
[0108] The memory 1510 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 1510 includes one or more programs 1514, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1516. The memory 1510 may store, for use by wireless device 1500, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0109] The memory 1510 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 1510 may allow wireless device 1500 to access instructions, programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1510, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0110] The processing circuitry 1502 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network via or using the communication interface 1512. The communication interface 1512 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1522. The communication interface 1512 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another wireless device or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1518 and / or a receiver 1520 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 1518 and receiver 1520 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1522) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0111] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 1512 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard) , LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0112] In particular embodiments, wireless device 1500 may provide an output of data captured via a sensor, through its communication interface 1512, via a wireless connection to a network node, and / or in any appropriate manner. Data captured by sensors of a wireless device 1500 can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another wireless device 1500. In particular embodiments, such output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0113] As another example, wireless device 1500 comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, wireless device 1500 may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0114] Wireless device 1500, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. In particular embodiments, wireless device 1500 represents an IoT device that comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the example embodiment of wireless device 1500 shown in Figure 15.
[0115] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, wireless device 1500 may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another wireless device and / or a network node. Wireless device 1500 may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, wireless device 1500 may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, wireless device 1500 may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0116] In practice, any number of wireless devices 1500 may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first wireless device 1500 might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second wireless device 1500 that is a remote controller operating the drone. When a user makes changes from the remote controller, the first wireless device 1500 may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second wireless device 1500 can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, wireless device 1500 might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0117] Figure 16 shows a network node 1600 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunications network. In accordance with respective embodiments, network node 1600 may be configured to operate in communication system 1300 of Figure 13, like network nodes 1308 or 1310, or in communication system 1400 of Figure 14, like an AP 1410 or a station 1412. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0118] Network nodes 1600 may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. Network node 1600 may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. Network nodes 1600 may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0119] Other examples of network nodes 1600 include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0120] In particular embodiments, network node 1600 includes a processing circuitry 1602, a memory 1604, a communication interface 1606, and a power source 1608. In general, in a particular embodiment of network node 1600, processing circuitry 1602, memory 1604, communication interface 1606, and power source 1608 may, in whole or in part, represent or include physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of network node 1600.
[0121] The network node 1600 may be composed of multiple distinct network entities (e.g., a NodeB entity and a RNC entity, or a BTS entity and a BSC entity, etc. ) , which may each have or utilize their own respective physical components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 1600 comprises multiple such entities (e.g., BTS and BSC) , one or more of the separate entities may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1600 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memories 1604 or portions of memory 1604 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1610 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 1600 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1600, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, Wi-Fi (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard) , Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1600.
[0122] The processing circuitry 1602 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other components, such as the memory 1604, to provide network node 1600 functionality.
[0123] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1602 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1602 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1612 and baseband processing circuitry 1614. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 1612 and the baseband processing circuitry 1614 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1612 and baseband processing circuitry 1614 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0124] The memory 1604 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1602. The memory 1604 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1602 and utilized by the network node 1600. The memory 1604 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1602 and / or any data received via the communication interface 1606. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1602 and memory 1604 is integrated.
[0125] The communication interface 1606 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data with UEs, other network nodes, and / or any other network equipment. In the illustrated embodiment, communication interface 1606 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 1616 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. In particular embodiments, network node 1500 may be capable of wireless communication and communication interface 1606 may also include radio front-end circuitry 1618 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, an antenna 1610. Particular embodiments of radio front-end circuitry 1618 include filter (s) 1620 and amplifier (s) 1622. The radio front-end circuitry 1618 may be connected to an antenna 1610 and processing circuitry 1602. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1610 and processing circuitry 1602. The radio front-end circuitry 1618 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1618 may convert the digital data into a radio signal (s) having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1620 and / or amplifiers 1622. The radio signal (s) may then be transmitted via the antenna 1610. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1610 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1618. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1602. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0126] In certain alternative embodiments, network node 1600 may be capable of wireless communication but does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1618, instead, the processing circuitry 1602 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1610. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1612 is part of the communication interface 1606. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1606 includes one or more ports or terminals 1616, the radio front-end circuitry 1618, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1612, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 1606 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1614, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0127] The antenna 1610 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1610 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1618 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 1610 is separate from the network node 1600 and connectable to the network node 1600 through one or more interfaces or ports.
[0128] The antenna 1610, communication interface 1606, and / or the processing circuitry 1602 may be configured to perform some or all of the receiving operations and / or obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node 1600. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1610, the communication interface 1606, and / or the processing circuitry 1602 may be configured to perform some or all of the transmitting or sending operations described herein as being performed by the network node 1600. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0129] The power source 1608 provides power to the various components of network node 1600 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 1608 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1600 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 1600 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1608. As a further example, the power source 1608 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0130] Embodiments of the network node 1600 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 16 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1600 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1600 and to allow output of information from the network node 1600. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1600.
[0131] Figure 17 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1700 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1700 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as an access network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which a virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1700 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.
[0132] Applications 1702 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0133] Hardware 1704 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1706 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VM 1708A and VM 1708B (which may be collectively referred to as VMs 1708) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1706 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to one or more of the VMs 1708.
[0134] The VMs 1708 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by virtualization layer 1706. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1702 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1708, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0135] In the context of NFV, each of the VMs 1708 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1708, and that part of hardware 1704 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more of the VMs 1708 on top of the hardware 1704 and corresponds to an application 1702.
[0136] Hardware 1704 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1704 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1704 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1710, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1702. In some embodiments, hardware 1704 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1712 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0137] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0138] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally
[0139] Notably, modifications and other embodiments of the disclosed invention (s) will come to mind to one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention (s) is / are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure. Although specific terms may be employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
[0140] Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A method (200) performed by a first RAN node, comprising:sending (S202) , to a second RAN node, a request for remeasurement of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Return Loss (RL) , based on a VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node; andreceiving (S204) a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node.2.The method (200) of claim 1 further comprising:increasing a transmission power of the first RAN node while or before sending the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.3.The method (200) of claim 1 or 2 further comprising:reporting a VSWR / RL alarm based on the received VSWR / RL remeasurement result being less than or equal to a first threshold.4.The method (200) of claim 3, wherein the reporting of a VSWR / RL alarm further comprises:reporting a VSWR / RL alarm of a first level when the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to the first threshold but greater than a second threshold;reporting a VSWR / RL alarm of a second level when the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to the second threshold but greater than a third threshold; andreporting a VSWR / RL alarm of a third level when the VSWR / RL remeasurement result is less than or equal to the third threshold.5.The method (200) of claim 3 or 4, wherein the reporting of a VSWR / RL alarm is further based on a network performance indicator, andthe reporting of a VSWR / RL alarm comprises:reporting a VSWR / RL alarm based on the VSWR / RL measurement result being less than or equal to the first threshold, and the network performance indicator deteriorating at least by an expected amount.6.The method (200) of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the sending (S202) of a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL comprises:based on the VSWR / RL measurement result being less than or equal to a first threshold, sending (S202) the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL; orbased on the VSWR / RL measurement result being less than or equal to a first threshold but greater than a third threshold, sending (S202) the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.7.The method (200) of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the sending (S202) of a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL is further based on a network performance indicator, andthe sending (S202) of a request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL comprises:based on the VSWR / RL measurement result being less than or equal to a first threshold, and the network performance indicator deteriorating more than an expected amount, sending (S202) the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL; orbased on the VSWR / RL measurement result being less than or equal to a first threshold but greater than a third threshold, and the network performance indicator deteriorating more than an expected amount, sending (S202) the request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.8.The method (200) of claim 5 or 7, wherein the network performance indicator comprises one or more of:Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) ,Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) ,Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) ,Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) ,Peak Throughput (TPUT) , orBlock Error Rate (BLER) .9.The method (200) of any of claims 1 to 8, further comprising:reporting a VSWR / RL alarm based on the VSWR / RL measurement result being less than or equal to a third threshold.10.The method (200) of any of claims 3 to 9, wherein the first threshold is set as 14dB, the second threshold is set as 10dB, and the third threshold is set as 6dB.11.The method (200) of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first RAN node comprises a Distributed Unit (DU) or an O-DU, and the second RAN node comprises a Radio Unit (RU) or an O-RU.12.A method (300) performed by a second RAN node, comprising:receiving (S302) , from a first RAN node, a request for remeasurement of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Return Loss (RL) ; andsending (S304) , to the first RAN node, a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result obtained by performing VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.13.The method (300) of claim 12, wherein the performing of VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL is completed during an increased power transmission scheduled by the first RAN node.14.The method (300) of claim 12 or 13, wherein the first RAN node comprises a Distributed Unit (DU) or an O-DU, and the second RAN node comprises a Radio Unit (RU) or an O-RU.15.A first RAN node (1100) , comprising:one or more processors (1120) ; andmemory (1130) storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors (1120) , cause the first RAN node (1100) to:send (S202) , to a second RAN node (1200) , a request for remeasurement of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Return Loss (RL) , based on a VSWR / RL measurement result received from the second RAN node (1200) ; andreceive (S204) a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result from the second RAN node (1200) .16.The first RAN node (1100) of claim 14, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors (1120) , further cause the first RAN node (1100) to perform a method (200) of any one of claims 2 to 11.17.A second RAN node (1200) , comprising:one or more processors (1220) ; andmemory (1230) storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors (1220) , cause the second RAN node (1200) to:receive (S302) from a first RAN node (1100) , a request for remeasurement of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Return Loss (RL) ; andsend (S304) , to the first RAN node (1100) , a report of VSWR / RL remeasurement result obtained by performing VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL.18.The second RAN node (1200) of claim 17, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors (1220) , further cause the second RAN node (1200) to:complete the performance of VSWR / RL measurement in response to the received request for remeasurement of VSWR / RL during an increased power transmission scheduled by the first RAN node (1100) .19.A computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions stored therein, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by a processor (1120) of a first RAN node (1100) , configure the first RAN node (1100) to perform a method (200) of any one of claims 1 to 11, or when executed by a processor (1220) of a second RAN node (1200) , configure the second RAN node (1200) to perform a method (300) of claim 12 or 13.20.A computer program product including computer-readable instructions, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by a processor (1120) of a first RAN node (1100) , configure the first RAN node (1100) to perform a method (200) of any one of claims 1 to 11, or when executed by a processor (1220) of a second RAN node (1200) , configure the second RAN node (1200) to perform a method (300) of claim 12 or 13.