Methods and apparatuses for extremely large-scale MIMO dltransmission with blockage effect
By partitioning antenna arrays into subarrays and reporting CSI with blockage information, the solution addresses blockage effects in large-scale MIMO systems, enhancing channel estimation and spectral efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- LENOVO (BEIJING) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-23
Smart Images

Figure CN2025129524_23072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR EXTREMELY LARGE-SCALE MIMO DLTRANSMISSION WITH BLOCKAGE EFFECTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to methods and apparatuses for extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink (DL) transmission with blockage effect.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like) ) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .SUMMARY
[0003] An article "a" before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to "at least one" of those elements or "one or more" of those elements. The terms "a, " "at least one, " "one or more, " and "at least one of one or more" may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, "or" as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or more of" or "one or both of" ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase "based on" shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as "based on condition A" may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase "based at least in part on. " Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a "set" may include one or more elements.
[0004] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may include a UE for wireless communication. The UE may include: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: receive DL reference signals (RSs) from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of a network equipment (NE) ; and transmit a channel state information (CSI) report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0005] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked beam (s) for the subarray.
[0006] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a beam of a subarray and indicates whether the beam is blocked.
[0007] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the CSI report includes a precoder matrix indicator (PMI) , and the PMI indicates a respective precoder for each subarray of the antenna array as well as the blockage information.
[0008] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the PMI indicates the respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and at least one of the offset value (s) has a candidate value for indicating that an associated beam is blocked.
[0009] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the at least one of the offset values comprises: a first offset value with respect to a first codebook index indicating an azimuth angle of departure (AOD) associated with the reference subarray; a second offset value with respect to a second codebook index indicating a zenith angle of departure (ZOD) associated with the reference subarray; or a third offset value with respect to a third codebook index indicating a beam offset associated with the reference subarray or a co-phasing factor between polarizations or half panels of the reference subarray.
[0010] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked data layer (s) for the subarray.
[0011] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a data layer of a subarray and indicates whether the data layer is blocked.
[0012] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the CSI report includes a PMI indicating a respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and includes an index of the reference subarray.
[0013] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the reference subarray has fewest blocked beams among the plurality of subarrays.
[0014] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the PMI further indicates a respective co-phasing factor for each subarray of the antenna array, and the co-phasing factor for the reference subarray is 1.
[0015] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the CSI report further includes a channel quality indicator (CQI) determined based at least in part on the blockage information.
[0016] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the CQI is determined based on an assumption that a transmission power for each subarray with blocked data layer (s) is distributed evenly among unblocked data layer (s) of the subarray only.
[0017] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may further include an NE for wireless communication. The NE may include: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to: transmit DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of the NE; and receive a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0018] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked beam (s) for the subarray.
[0019] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a beam of a subarray and indicates whether the beam is blocked.
[0020] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the CSI report includes a PMI, and the PMI indicates a respective precoder for each subarray of the antenna array as well as the blockage information.
[0021] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the PMI indicates the respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and at least one of the offset value (s) has a candidate value for indicating that an associated beam is blocked.
[0022] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the at least one of the offset values comprises: a first offset value with respect to a first codebook index indicating an AOD associated with the reference subarray; a second offset value with respect to a second codebook index indicating a ZOD associated with the reference subarray; or a third offset value with respect to a third codebook index indicating a beam offset associated with the reference subarray or a co-phasing factor between polarizations or half panels of the reference subarray.
[0023] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked data layer (s) for the subarray.
[0024] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a data layer of a subarray and indicates whether the data layer is blocked.
[0025] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the CSI report includes a PMI indicating a respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and includes an index of the reference subarray.
[0026] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the NE to distribute, for a subarray with blocked data layer (s) , transmission power evenly among unblocked data layer (s) of the subarray only.
[0027] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may further include a processor for wireless communication. The processor may include: at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of an NE; and transmit a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0028] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may further include a processor for wireless communication. The processor may include: at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: transmit DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of an NE; and receive a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0029] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may further include a method performed by a UE. The method may include: receiving DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of an NE; and transmitting a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0030] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may further include a method performed by an NE. The method may include: transmitting DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of the NE; and receiving a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] In order to describe the manner in which advantages and features of the present disclosure can be obtained, a description of the present disclosure is rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings depict only example embodiments of the present disclosure and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope.
[0032] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] Figure 2A illustrates an AOD and a ZOD for an antenna array of a transmitter in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, and Figure 2B illustrates an azimuth angle of arrival (AOA) and a zenith angle of arrival (ZOA) for an antenna array of a receiver in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0034] Figure 2C illustrates an example of subarray partition in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0035] Figure 3 illustrates examples of blockage effect in an angular domain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] Figure 6 illustrates an example of an NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] Figure 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method performed by a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0040] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method performed by an NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0041] The detailed description of the appended drawings is intended as a description of embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present disclosure may be practiced. It should be understood that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
[0042] While operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, persons skilled in the art will readily recognize that such operations need not be performed in the particular order as shown or in a sequential order, or that all illustrated operations need be performed, to achieve desirable results; sometimes one or more operations can be skipped. Further, the drawings can schematically depict one or more example processes in the form of a flow diagram. However, other operations that are not depicted can be incorporated in the example processes that are schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the illustrated operations. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing can be advantageous.
[0043] Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, embodiments of the present disclosure are provided under specific network architectures and service scenarios, such as 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE advanced, 3GPP 5G new radio (NR) , 5G-Advanced, 6G, and so on. It is contemplated that along with developments of network architectures and new service scenarios, all embodiments in the present disclosure are also applicable to similar technical problems; and moreover, the terminologies recited in the present disclosure may change, which should not affect the principle of the present disclosure.
[0044] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.
[0045] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NEs 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as a long-term evolution (LTE) network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be an NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0046] The one or more NEs 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN) , a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0047] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN) . In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NEs 102.
[0048] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.
[0049] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0050] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N3, or other network interface) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NEs 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0051] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106.
[0052] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or other network interface) . The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106) .
[0053] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0054] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0055] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0056] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0057] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0058] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0059] Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has been a fundamental part of the 4G or 5G system, and may continue to be an important part of 6G networks. Massive MIMO (also known as large-scale antenna systems and very large MIMO) is a MIMO technology where an NE may be equipped with a large number of antenna elements (for example, 50 antenna elements) , which are used to perform transmissions that share the same time and frequency band and are separated in the spatial domain. Massive MIMO is one of the most critical technologies for 5G communications. With massive antenna arrays at the NE, massive MIMO can improve the spectral efficiency by orders of magnitude through beamforming or multiplexing. Herein, the terms "antenna elements" and "antennas" may be used interchangeably.
[0060] For 6G communications, extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) , which is a MIMO technology where an NE (e.g. a base station) may be equipped with a number of antennas much larger than that for massive MIMO, can effectively achieve 10-fold increases in spectral efficiency. On the other hand, benefiting from the rich spectrum resource at millimeter-wave (mmWave) band or terahertz (THz) band, high-frequency communications may provide largely available bandwidth. Meanwhile, the very small size of high-frequency antennas favorably enables the deployment of XL-MIMO with an extremely large number of antennas. Therefore, high-frequency XL-MIMO may be a key enabling technology for 6G communications.
[0061] As the size of the antenna array increases, the electromagnetic (EM) field begins to exhibit some near field properties. In particular, the Rayleigh distance (e.g., denoted as LR) , which defines the boundary between the near field and the far field, is calculated as follows: where D is the largest dimension of the antenna array, and λ is the wavelength.
[0062] As the value of D increases with the size of the antenna array, and the value of λ decreases as the frequency increases, the Rayleigh distance may increase, which means that the near field region increases, and thus more UEs are included in the near field region of the antenna array.
[0063] For a transmitter with a rectangular antenna array, e.g., an uniform planar array (UPA) with a size of Dx in the x direction and a size of Dy in the y direction, two different Rayleigh distances, i.e. and in the x and y directions may be given by:
[0064] For a regular receiver (whose antenna array cannot be considered as an extremely large antenna array for XL-MIMO transmission) , when the distance d from the transmitter to the receiver is between and for example, assuming Dy<Dx and the receiver is considered to be in the near field of the antenna array of the transmitter in the x direction, and in the far field of the antenna array of the transmitter in the y direction. Accordingly, the near field effect in the y direction may be ignored, and only the near field effect in the x direction is considered. In other words, we may assume that the phase variation is linear in the y direction but not in the x direction.
[0065] When the value of D decreases, LR is reduced quadratically. By partitioning a large antenna array into several subarrays, where each subarray consists of fewer antenna elements and has a smaller size, its Rayleigh distance is reduced quadratically, too. When a large antenna array is split evenly by Kx and Ky in the x and y directions, respectively, the two Rayleigh distances of a subarray, i.e. and in the x and y directions may be given by: and
[0066] As can be seen, the two Rayleigh distances in the x and y directions for the subarray are reduced to and respectively, and thus a receiver within the Rayleigh distance of the antenna array may be outside of the Rayleigh distance of the subarray.
[0067] The electromagnetic wave propagation in the near field is explained as follows.
[0068] The typical antenna in an extremely large antenna array may still be an electric dipole antenna (unidirectional or cross polarized) . The electric field from an oscillating electric dipole is as follows: where is the electric dipole moment of the electric dipole at the origin; is perpendicular to the direction vector and is the outgoing spherical wave with speed c.
[0069] Because vacuum (or air) is a linear medium, the electric field of the near field EM wave radiated from an antenna array is the summation of the electric field radiated from all the antennas in the antenna array. Accordingly, a near field signal received from the antenna array can be calculated as a sum of the signals from all the antennas in the antenna array.
[0070] The design of MIMO in 5G NR is based on a planar wave assumption (i.e., the EM wave radiated from an antenna array can be treated as a combination of planar waves) . However, in the near field, the EM wave radiated from an antenna array cannot be treated as a combination of planar waves. Therefore, the use of XL-MIMO in 6G with near field requires new theory in the area of channel model, transceiver architecture, channel estimation, and transmission scheme design.
[0071] The channel from a transmitter with a rectangular antenna array partitioned into KxKy subarrays to a regular receiver can be represented as where the channel Hn (n = 0, 1, 2, …, KxKy-1) from subarray n (or the n-th subarray) is a traditional far field MIMO channel of a UPA.
[0072] It is assumed that the size of the subarray of the transmitter is the size of the antenna array of the receiver is and there are p different paths from the n-th subarray of the antenna array of the transmitter to the receiver including the line of sight (LOS) path, the channel Hn is a summation of all these paths, which is as follows: where Hm,n is the channel of the m-th path (m=0, 1, 2, …, p-1) from the n-th subarray of the antenna array of the transmitter to the receiver, βn,m is the amplitude of the m-th path from the n-th subarray of the antenna array of the transmitter to the receiver, θn,m, ZOA, θn, m, ZOA, are the ZOA, AOA, ZOD, AOD for the m-th path from the n-th subarray of the antenna array of the transmitter to the receiver respectively -it should be noted that different subarrays may have different ZODs, AODs, ZOAs, and / or AOAs to the receiver due to their different placement in the antenna array of the transmitter, are the random (but correlated between different subarrays) initial phases for two polarizations and their cross terms, κn,m is the cross polarization power ratio (XPR) for the m-th path from the n-th subarray of the antenna array of the transmitter to the receiver, is an array response matrix for a transmitting beam in a transmitting direction with a ZOD of θn, m, ZOD and an AOD of and is an array response matrix for a receiving beam in a receiving direction with a ZOA of θn, m, ZOA and an AOA of which are as follows: and is a scaler function for a transmitting antenna element in response to the transmitting direction with the ZOD of θn, m, ZOD and the AOD of and is a scaler function for a receiving antenna element in response to the receiving direction with the ZOA of θn, m, ZOA and the AOA of are the 3-dimensional (3D) vector locations of all the antenna elements in the subarray n of the antenna array of the transmitter and all the antenna elements in the antenna array of the receiver, respectively, and are the unit length directions of the outgoing beam (n, m) at the subarray n of the antenna array of the transmitter and the incident beam (n, m) at the antenna array of the receiver respectively, which are as follows: and
[0073] Figure 2A illustrates an AOD and a ZOD for an antenna array (or subarray) of a transmitter in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, and Figure 2B illustrates an AOA and a ZOA for an antenna array (or subarray) of a receiver in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0074] In Figure 2A, the antenna array (or subarray) of the transmitter is in the xz plane, and the direction vector of the transmitted signal is denoted as n. The ZOD is the angle between the z axis and n, and is denoted as θ. The AOD is the angle between the x axis and the projection of the direction vector, i.e. n′, in the xy plane, and is denoted as When the ZOD is zero, i.e. θ=0°, the direction of the transmitted signal points to zenith, and when the ZOD is +90°, i.e. θ=+90°, the direction of the transmitted signal points to the horizon.
[0075] In Figure 2B, the antenna array (or subarray) of the receiver is in the xz plane, and the direction vector of the received signal is denoted as m. The ZOA is the angle between the z axis and m, and is denoted as θ. The AOA is the angle between the x axis and the projection of the direction vector, i.e. m′, in the xy plane, and is denoted as
[0076] The channel state information (CSI) of a channel from an individual subarray of an antenna array of a transmitter to an antenna array of a receiver may be represented using Type 1 codebook in NR release 15 (R15) . Type 1 codebook is designed for single user MIMO feedback up to 8 data layers. In NR, when a Type 1 CSI is reported for a single panel base station, the UE may include a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) in the CSI report to indicate the CSI-RS resource used in the measurement to derive the CSI, rank indicator (RI) of the reported rank, channel quality indicator (CQI) on the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to use, and PMI on the selection of transmitter precoder.
[0077] Some codebook designs for XL-MIMO DL transmission with an antenna array partitioned into multiple subarrays have been discussed in, for example, WO2025167170A1, which is incorporated into the present disclosure by reference.
[0078] Besides the effect of spherical wave, another consequence arising from the increase in the size of the antenna array is spatial non-stationarity, which means that the channel characteristics, such as path loss, angle of arrival / departure, and the presence of multipath components (MPCs) , can vary significantly across the physical aperture of the array.
[0079] For a large antenna array, an object may block one or more antenna ports but not all the antenna ports. Such partial blockage effect may also make the channel in spatial non-stationary. To account for this partial blockage effect, it is imperative to model blockers individually with their own blockage regions, and avoid transmission in the directions of the blockers.
[0080] The present disclosure proposes some solutions for dealing with the issue of blockage for the large antenna array at an NE (e.g., a base station) .
[0081] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the NE may transmit DL RSs (e.g., CSI-RS) from its antenna array to the UE. The UE may estimate the channel and provide a CSI report to the NE. The antenna array of the NE may be partitioned into a plurality of subarrays. Each subarray consists of a number of adjacent antenna elements. Based on the size of the antenna array, subarrays can be placed horizontally, vertically or both.
[0082] Figure 2C illustrates an example of subarray partition in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0083] In the example illustrated in Figure 2C, an antenna array including 24×8 antenna elements is partitioned into 12 subarrays, each subarray includes 4×4 antenna elements, and the 12 subarrays are arranged in two rows in the vertical direction and six columns in the horizontal direction. In particular, the 12 subarrays include subarrays (0, 0) , (1, 0) , (2, 0) , (3, 0) , (4, 0) and (5, 0) in the first row (row 0) , and subarrays (0, 1) , (1, 1) , (2, 1) , (3, 1) , (4, 1) and (5, 1) in the second row (row 1) . When the antenna array is used for transmitting, for the same object, the subarrays in the same row may have a same ZOD but different AODs, and the subarrays in the same column may have a same AOD but different ZODs. Each subarray may have 32 ports in two polarizations.
[0084] Assume that the antenna array of the NE is partitioned into M1M2 subarrays, where M1 is the number of subarrays in the horizontal direction and M2 is the number of subarrays in the vertical direction. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a DL precoder may be constructed from a precoder of each subarray. For example, the precoder of rank k may take the form of the following equation (1) : where is the individual transmission precoder of a rank k for subarray (a, b) , and is the relative phase and amplitude of subarray (a, b) relative to a reference subarray. The phase of the reference subarray is 0 by default.
[0085] For Type 1 codebook, different beams in different directions can be used for transmission of different data layers. These different beams are signaled in a PMI in a CSI report as different AOD / ZOD values. In the near field, different subarrays may have different AODs / ZODs towards the UE, the directions of useful beams from them to the receiver at the UE are different. Because they are close to each other, these AODs / ZODs are not independent but related. The nature of the differences depends on both the AODs / ZODs and the relative arrangement of the subarrays. In the example of Figure 2C, a 24x8 array is partitioned into 6x2 subarrays. The relative position between two subarrays leads to different AODs (if they are horizontally offset relative to each other) , different ZODs (if they are vertically offset relative to each other) , or both. For a same beam or direction, two subarrays in the same column have different ZODs but the same AOD, and two subarrays in the same row have different AODs but the same ZOD. The slightly different AOD / ZOD can be represented by a differential value relative to a reference subarray. For example, in Figure 2C, in the case that the subarray at the bottom left corner (i.e., subarray (0, 0) ) is taken as the reference subarray, and the other subarrays are labeled as a two-dimensional (2D) grid with respect to it, the AOD and ZOD of subarray (i, j) for beam k can be represented as: where is the azimuth offset between and which is common for all subarrays in column i; and is the zenith offset between and which is common for all subarrays in row j.
[0086] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, for the selected path (s) , the UE may report the AOD and ZOD for the reference subarray (e.g., and ) and the angular offset (s) (e.g., and / or ) , instead of the AOD and ZOD (e.g., and ) for each of the other subarrays. The network may reconstruct the AODs or ZODs for all the subarrays based on the AOD and ZOD for the reference subarray and the angular offset (s) . The range of the angular offset (s) (e.g., and / or ) may be much smaller than the range of the AOD and ZOD of each subarray (e.g., and ) , therefore, the bits required for indicating the angular offset (s) is fewer than the bits required for indicating the AOD and ZOD of each subarray, thereby the PMI overhead is reduced significantly.
[0087] In a blockage channel model, multiple blockers including self-blockage may be introduced. Each blocker leads to a rectangular blockage region which may block multiple adjacent antenna ports. The blocked antenna ports may have an attenuation of 30 dB for self-blockage or 20 dB for other blockage region for affected antenna ports. The blocked antenna ports are next to each other and in a same subarray or two adjacent subarrays. When a large antenna array is partitioned into multiple subarrays, the blocking effect can be modeled by subarrays. In other words, the blockage effect needs to be modeled on the subarray / beam basis. The subarray blocked by a blockage region may depend on the AOD / ZOD of the blocker. A blocker's position relative to the NE and the UE may determine which subarrays are blocked. This can be effectively modeled by using the AOD and ZOD from the NE to the blocker, assuming that the blocker is in the far-field of each individual subarray but possibly in the near-field of the entire large array. It is possible that some beams from a subarray are blocked, but the other beams from the same subarray are not blocked. Because the used beams are in different directions, a blockage region in a given location may block different subarrays in different beams.
[0088] Figure 3 illustrates an example of blockage effect in an angular domain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0089] Six subarrays (subarrays 0 through 5) are shown in Figure 3. As illustrated in Figure 3, two beams are used for transmission from the NE to the UE, one to the left and the other to the right. Due to the near field effect, the AODs of each beam are slightly different for different subarrays. Two blockage regions respectively block the beam to the left (e.g., beam 0) for subarrays 0 and 1, and block the beam to the right (e.g., beam 1) for subarrays 4 and 5. Consequently, it is needed to model the blockage on (subarray, beam) basis, i.e., which beam (s) of each subarray are blocked. When a beam from a subarray is blocked, both polarizations of the beam are blocked.
[0090] When a beam from a subarray is blocked, transmission from the subarray in that beam will not reach the UE and the transmission power is wasted. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, in order not to waste the DL power, this part of the transmission power can be redistributed to the other beams from the same subarray to increase the receiver signal-noise-ratio (SNR) at the UE. This is possible because the transmission precoder at the subarray is based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) vectors and transmissions in different directions (utilizing different DFT vectors) are orthogonal. As long as the total transmission power is constant, power can be freely distributed between the beams from each subarray. With R15 Type 1 codebook, the DL transmisison power is evenly distributed among the transmitted data layers. When some of the beams (or data layers) are blocked from a subarray, the NE can evenly distribute the transmission power from the subarray to the unblocked beams (or data layers) of the subarray.
[0091] In the example shown in Figure 3, assume that two data layers are transmitted, one (e.g., layer 0) through beam 0 and the other (e.g., layer 1) through beam 1. For a subarray with no beam or data layer blocked, assume that the precoding matrix (also referred to as unblocked precoding matrix) is: (codebookMode=1, 2)
[0092] The definitions of parameters in the above equation may refer to those provided in R15 specifications.
[0093] For subarrays 0 and 1, beam 0 (layer 0) is blocked and beam 1 (layer 1) is unblocked. The NE may transmit only layer 1 through these 2 subarrays. Effectively the precoding matrix for subarrays 0 and 1 may become: (codebookMode=1, 2)
[0094] Thus, all the transmission power from subarrays 0 and 1 are used to transmit layer 1.
[0095] Similarly, for subarrays 4 and 5, beam 1 (layer 1) is blocked and beam 0 (layer 0) is unblocked. The effective precoding matrix for subarrays 4 and 5 may become (codebookMode=1, 2)
[0096] Thus, all the transmission power from subarrays 4 and 5 are used to transmit layer 0.
[0097] In general, assume that the transmission rank (RI) is L, and a subarray has Lb layers blocked. If the unblocked precoding matrix for this subarray is Wub, its precoding matrix after blockage is where W′ub is derived by replacing the Lb columns corresponding to the Lb blocked layers with 0. is a renormalization factor for distributing the transmission power evenly to the unblocked layers transmitted from the subarray.
[0098] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, when the UE calculates the CQI part of the CSI, it needs to take into account the power redistribution for the blocked subarrays at the NE. Compared with no power redistribution, redistribution of transmission power from the blocked subarray may enhance the SNR for the unblocked layers and thus enhances the CQI.
[0099] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the codeword of a subarray may be based on R15 Type 1 single panel codebook (e.g., for 32 ports) , and the codeword of the entire array may be constructed with the aforementioned equation (1) .
[0100] In R15 Type 1 single panel codebook, the direction of each used beam is represented in the horizontal and vertical directions by two DFT vectors concatenated together, e.g. vl, m or which are represented as follows: where l represents a horizontal beam; m represents a vertical beam; N1 is a number of antenna ports per polarization direction in a horizontal direction of the antenna array; N2 is a number of antenna ports per polarization direction in a vertical direction of the antenna array; O1 is a horizontal oversampling factor; and O2 is a vertical oversampling factor.
[0101] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, among the subarrays of the antenna array of the NE, one subarray can be chosen as a reference subarray and have corresponding horizontal beam l and vertical beam m fully described as in Type 1 codebook. The beams of the other subarrays can be described using differential values or relative differences with respect to the beams of the reference subarray.
[0102] It is assumed that the subarrays are partitioned into regular one-dimensional (1D) or 2D arrangement. As described above, for a same object, two subarrays in the same column have different ZODs / ZOAs but the same AOD / AOA, and two subarrays in the same row have the same ZOD / ZOA but different AODs / AOAs. Therefore, the UE may report the AOD and ZOD for the reference subarray (e.g., and ) and the angular offset (s) (e.g., and / or ) , instead of the AOD and ZOD (e.g., and ) for each of the other subarrays, thereby reducing the PMI overhead. If an offset value for an AOD / ZOD is not reported in the PMI, it may be assumed to be 0 by default.
[0103] In some embodiments, the PMI may include a co-phasing factor for representing the phase offset applied to two different polarization directions for cross-polarized antenna array of the transmitter at the NE, and / or a co-phasing factor for representing the phase offset applied to the left and right half panels for a subarray. Each polarization or half-panel is an independent degree for signaling and their signals can be added coherently at the receiver at the UE by the co-phasing factor (s) at the transmitter. When subarrays are used, the co-phasing factor (s) may also be reported with offset value (s) with respect to the reference subarray.
[0104] In some embodiments, in the case that an offset value for the co-phasing factor is not reported in the PMI, it is assumed to be 0 by default. Alternatively, the offset for the subarrays or the two half-panels can be independently reported without a reference value.
[0105] In R15 single-panel Type 1 codebook, a UE may select a set of paths (LOS and / or NLOS) and report them as PMI. Depending on the individual codebook design, all selected paths or a subset of the selected paths may be reported. The codebook may take the following form: and i2 where i1 contains the angle information of the selected beam (e.g., i1, 1 may indicate an AOD, and i1, 2 may indicate a ZOD) , and i2 contains the co-phasing information (e.g., a phase offset) between two polarizations or two half-panels.
[0106] Depending on the individual codebook, all or a subset of the selected beams are reported. If not all the beams are explicitly reported in [i1, 1, i1, 2, i1, 3] , the unreported beams are fixed relative to the reported beams [i1, 1, i1, 2] .
[0107] The offset values for the subarrays with respect to a reference subarray may be applied to each of the field in (i1, i2) on top of the R15 codebook design.
[0108] For example, in the case of rank 1, the following codebooks shown in table 1, which are the same as those provided in table 5.2.2.2.1-5 in 3GPP TS 38.214, may be adopted: Table 1: Codebook for 1-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS
[0109] In such case, a single AOD / ZOD (asingle beam) is selected and this AOD / ZOD is signaled as i1= [i1, 1, i1, 2] in the PMI. The value i2 indicates the co-phasing value between the two polarizations. The detailed information regarding table 1 may be found in descriptions for table 5.2.2.2.1-5 in 3GPP TS 38.214, and details are omitted here for simplicity.
[0110] In the case of rank 2, the following codebooks shown in table 2, which are the same as those provided in table 5.2.2.2.1-6 in 3GPP TS 38.214, may be adopted: Table 2: Codebook for 2-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS
[0111] In such case, a pair of beams are selected and the two AODs / ZODs signaled as i1=[i1, 1, i1, 2, i1, 3] . [i1, 1, i1, 2] indicates the first beam, and i1, 3 indicates the offset value of a second beam relative to the first beam. The value i2 indicates the co-phasing value between the two polarizations. The detailed information regarding table 2 may be found in descriptions for table 5.2.2.2.1-6 in 3GPP TS 38.214, and details are omitted here for simplicity.
[0112] In the case of rank 5, the following codebook shown in table 3, which is the same as that provided in table 5.2.2.2.1-9 in 3GPP TS 38.214, may be adopted: Table 3: Codebook for 5-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS
[0113] In such case, three beams (represented by (l, m) , (l′, m′) , and (l″, m″) respectively) are selected, but only the AOD / ZOD of the first one is signaled as i1=[i1, 1, i1, 2] . The other two can be derived based on the reported i1, 1, i1, 2 with fixed offsets without additional signaling. The value i2 indicates the co-phasing value between the two polarizations for the first beam. The 2nd and 3rd beams have fixed co-phasing values between the two polarizations. The detailed information regarding table 3 may be found in descriptions for table 5.2.2.2.1-9 in 3GPP TS 38.214, and details are omitted here for simplicity.
[0114] In the case of rank 6, the following codebook shown in table 4, which is the same as that provided in table 5.2.2.2.1-10 in 3GPP TS 38.214, may be adopted: Table 4: Codebook for 6-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS
[0115] In such case, three beams (represented by (l, m) , (l′, m′) , and (l″, m″) respectively) are selected, but only the AOD / ZOD of the first one is signaled as i1=[i1, 1, i1, 2] . The other two can be derived based on the reported i1, 1, i1, 2 with fixed offsets without additional signaling. The value i2 indicates the co-phasing value between the two polarizations for the 1st and 2nd beams. The 3rd beam has a fixed co-phasing value between the two polarizations. The detailed information regarding table 4 may be found in descriptions for table 5.2.2.2.1-10 in 3GPP TS 38.214, and details are omitted here for simplicity.
[0116] In the case of rank 7, the following codebook shown in table 5, which is the same as that provided in table 5.2.2.2.1-11 in 3GPP TS 38.214, may be adopted: Table 5: Codebook for 7-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS
[0117] In such case, four beams (represented by (l, m) , (l′, m′) , (l″, m″) , and (l″′, m″′) respectively) are selected, but only the AOD / ZOD of the first one is signaled as i1=[i1, 1, i1, 2] . The other three can be derived based on the reported i1, 1, i1, 2 with fixed offsets without additional signaling. The value i2 indicates the co-phasing value between the two polarizations for the 1st and 2nd beams. The 3rd and 4th beams have fixed co-phasing values between the two polarizations. The detailed information regarding table 5 may be found in descriptions for table 5.2.2.2.1-11 in 3GPP TS 38.214, and details are omitted here for simplicity.
[0118] In the case of rank 8, the following codebook shown in table 6, which is the same as that provided in table 5.2.2.2.1-12 in 3GPP TS 38.214, may be adopted: Table 6: Codebook for 8-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS
[0119] In such case, four beams (represented by (l, m) , (l′, m′) , (l″, m″) , and (l″′, m″′) respectively) are selected, but only the AOD / ZOD of the first one is signaled as i1=[i1, 1, i1, 2] . The other three can be derived based on the reported i1, 1, i1, 2 with fixed offsets without additional signaling. The value i2 indicates the co-phasing value between the two polarizations for the 1st and 2nd beams. The 3rd and 4th beams have fixed co-phasing values between the two polarizations. The detailed information regarding table 6 may be found in descriptions for table 5.2.2.2.1-12 in 3GPP TS 38.214, and details are omitted here for simplicity.
[0120] The design of single panel rank 3 and rank 4 codebooks are different than those described above in that the panel is divided into two half-panels, and a co-phasing value (i2) of +1 or -1 is introduced between them.
[0121] For example, in some cases of rank 3 and rank 4, the following codebooks shown in table 7 and table 8, which are the same as those provided in table 5.2.2.2.1-7 and table 5.2.2.2.1-8 in 3GPP TS 38.214, may be adopted: Table 7: Codebook for 3-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS Table 8: Codebook for 4-layer CSI reporting using antenna ports 3000 to 2999+PCSI-RS
[0122] In such cases, three or four data layers are transmitted on a single beam indicated by i1= [i1, 1, i1, 2] and using two half-panels (with co-phase indicated by i1, 3) and two polarizations (with co-phase indicated by i2) . The detailed information regarding table 7 and table 8 may be found in descriptions for table 5.2.2.2.1-7 and table 5.2.2.2.1-8 in 3GPP TS 38.214, and details are omitted here for simplicity.
[0123] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, for the reference subarray, e.g. subarray (refx, refy) , i1 (refx, refy) = [i1, 1 (refx, refy) , i1, 2 (refx, refy) ] or i1(refx, refy) = [i1, 1 (refx, refy) , i1, 2 (refx, refy) , i1, 3 (refx, refy) ] is reported in the PMI; for each of the other subarrays, offset value (s) with respect to the reference subarray is reported in the PMI.
[0124] For example, for a subarray (a, b) , an offset value as follows may be reported in the PMI: where Δi1, 1 (a, b) =i1, 1 (a, b) -i1, 1 (refx, refy) , Δi1, 2 (a, b) =i1, 2 (a, b) -i1, 2 (refx, refy) , and Δi1, 3 (a, b) =i1, 3 (a, b) -i1, 3 (refx, refy) .
[0125] The value of i1, 3 is reported for v=2, 3, 4, but is used differently in different codebooks. As described above, it may be used to indicate an angle offset (also referred to as beam offset) in some cases, or a co-phasing factor between a left half and a right half of an antenna array (or subarray) in some other cases.
[0126] Then, the value i*, * (a, b) can be derived at the NE as follows: i*, *(a, b) =i*, * (refx, refy) +Δi*, * (a, b) .
[0127] The reporting of Δi1, 1 (a, b) , Δi1, 2 (a, b) , Δi1, 3 (a, b) can have different quantization granularities.
[0128] (Δi1, 1 (a, b) , Δi1, 2 (a, b) ) represent offset from the reference value of (i1, 1 (refx, refy) , i1, 2 (refx, refy) ) . They can have the granularity where R1, R2≥1 is an integer such as 1, 2 or 4. The range of (Δi1, 1 (a, b) , Δi1, 2 (a, b) ) does not need to cover the full 2π, but just a fraction of it to reduce the overhead. As an example, they each can cover the range from with the granularity above.
[0129] Equivalently (Δi1, 1 (a) , Δi1, 2 (b) ) can reported for each column (a) and each row (b) (corresponding to and ) . They can have the same granularity and range of (Δi1, 1 (a, b) , Δi1, 2 (a, b) ) as above.
[0130] Δi1, 3 (a, b) may represent a beam offset (Δk1, Δk2) for the direction of the signaled 2nd beam (e.g., in the case of rank 2) or an offset value for co-phasing factor between two half-panels (e.g., in the case of rank 3 and rank 4) . As an example, its range can be the same as that of i1, 3 (a, b) .
[0131] Alternatively, Δi1, 3 (a, b) or Δi2 (a, b) or both may be not signaled and no additional co-phasing factor adjustment is performed for i1, 3 (a, b) or i2 (a, b) .
[0132] As explained above, the blockage effect needs to be considered for each beam of each subarray. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, blockage information for each subarray may be included the CSI report transmitted from the UE to the NE. Three methods are proposed to signal blockage information in the CSI report.
[0133] Method 1: A bitmap is introduced in the CSI report to signal the blockage information. Each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a beam of a subarray and indicates whether the beam is blocked.
[0134] As an example, assuming that there are Ns subarrays, the total number of bits required for different ranks may be as follows:
[0135] The length of the bitmap in the CSI report depends on the maximal rank (rmax) . As part of the CSI report configuration, the UE may be configured with a maximal rank rmax together with a PMI type. The value of r reported in the RI field cannot be higher than rmax. As shown in the table above, the number of beams used nb is a function of the transmission rank r, which may depend on the codebook used. The length of the bitmap required for blockage indication is less than or equal to
[0136] The blockage information may be reported in a wideband manner. If two parts CSI is adopted, the blockage information may be reported in the part-2 CSI since it depends on the rank indication in the CSI. If CQI is configured for reporting, it may be calculated by taking account into the blockage effect of each beam of each subarray.
[0137] Method 2: A new state in the beam direction or spatial domain field (e.g., [i1, 1, i1, 2] and i1, 3 (when i1, 3 indicates the second beam offset relative to the first beam) ) to indicate this beam is blocked for the subarray.
[0138] Take codebook rank=2, codebookMode=1 for example. In the R15 design, two beams are indicated, where the first beam direction is given by [i1, 1, i1, 2] and the second beam direction is given by i1, 3.
[0139] To signal whether the first beam is blocked for the subarray, a new state may be added in the [Δi1, 1, Δi1, 2] field. This can be implemented by adding a new value in Δi1, 1 or Δi1, 2 (but it is unnecessary for both of them) , or redesignating a certain value of [Δi1, 1, Δi1, 2] as blockage. Similarly, a new value can be added in Δi1, 3 to indicate blockage, or a certain value of Δi1, 3 can be redesignated for the same purpose.
[0140] For those beams that are used in the precoding matrix for transmission but not explicitly signaled, such as in ranks 5-8 codebook where the 2nd, 3rd and 4th beams have fixed offsets with respect to the signaled 1st beam, a bitmap may be still used to indicate whether these beams are blocked or not, e.g., using a method similar to Method 1 as described above.
[0141] Both Method 1 and Method 2 indicate blockage information on each (subarray, beam) basis, i.e., indicating blocked beam (s) for each subarray. In some other embodiments (e.g., the following Method 3) , blockage information may be indicated on each (subarray, data layer) basis, i.e., indicating blocked data layer (s) for each subarray.
[0142] Method 3: A bitmap is introduced in the CSI report to indicate the blockage for every data layer of each subarray. Each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a data layer of a subarray and indicates whether the data layer is blocked. The length of the bitmap may be rmax*Ns long, where rmax is the maximal number of data layers or the rank, and Ns is the total number of subarrays.
[0143] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the reference subarray acting as an anchor subarray to provide reference to the other subarrays may be selected by the UE and signaled in the CSI report. For example, an index of the reference subarray may be included in the CSI report. In the case that there is a one-to-one correspondence between DL RS resources and subarrays, the index of the reference subarray may be represented by an index of the DL RS resource corresponding to the reference subarray. This may offer flexibility to the UE at the cost of additional signaling overhead in the CSI report.
[0144] Different subarrays may have different strengths since they have may have different numbers of blocked beams. The subarray with the fewest blocked beams (or with the most unblocked beams) has the highest strength so its channel can be estimated most accurately. As part of the UE's implementation, the UE may preferably select this subarray as the reference subarray.
[0145] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, co-phasing may be needed between different subarrays of an antenna array.
[0146] For example, for a precoder taking the form of the aforementioned equation (1) , the subarray (A, B) is the reference subarray and the relative-phases (e.g. co-phasing factors) of the other subarrays may be included in the PMI. For each subarray (a, b) , a co-phasing factor (e.g., with a value range of {0, 1, 2, 3} ) may be introduced with ap=eiπ / 4eiπp / 2,
[0147] For the reference subarray, or p=1. There is no need to include in the CSI report.
[0148] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a UE 400 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 400 may include at least one processor 402 and at least one memory 404. Additionally, the UE 400 may also include one or more of at least one controller 406 or at least one transceiver 408. The processor 402, the memory 404, the controller 406, or the transceiver 408, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0149] The processor 402, the memory 404, the controller 406, or the transceiver 408, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0150] The processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 402 may be configured to operate the memory 404. In some other implementations, the memory 404 may be integrated into the processor 402. The processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 404 to cause the UE 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0151] The memory 404 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 402 cause the UE 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 404 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0152] In some implementations, the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to cause the UE 400 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) . For example, the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the UE 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The UE 400 may be configured to support a means for performing the operations of the methods described in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0153] In an embodiment, the processor 402 may be configured to cause the UE 400 to:receive DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of an NE; and transmit a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0154] The controller 406 may manage input and output signals for the UE 400. The controller 406 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 400. In some implementations, the controller 406 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 406 may be implemented as part of the processor 402.
[0155] In some implementations, the UE 400 may include at least one transceiver 408. In some other implementations, the UE 400 may have more than one transceiver 408. The transceiver 408 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 408 may include one or more receiver chains 410, one or more transmitter chains 412, or a combination thereof.
[0156] A receiver chain 410 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 410 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 410 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 410 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 410 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0157] A transmitter chain 412 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmitter chain 412 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmitter chain 412 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 412 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0158] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may include at least one controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0159] The processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0160] The controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0161] The controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504. The controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500. The controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
[0162] The memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
[0163] The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 502 and / or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 500 and / or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0164] The one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 506 may be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0165] The processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for performing the operations of the methods described in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0166] In an embodiment, the processor 500 may be applicable for a UE or a device with similar functions. The controller 502 may be configured to cause the processor 500 to: receive DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of an NE; and transmit a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0167] In an embodiment, the processor 500 may be applicable for an NE (e.g., a base station) or a device with similar functions. The controller 502 may be configured to cause the processor 500 to: transmit DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of the NE; and receive a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0168] Figure 6 illustrates an example of an NE 600 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 600 may include at least one processor 602 and at least one memory 604. Additionally, the NE 600 may also include one or more of at least one controller 606 or at least one transceiver 608. The processor 602, the memory 604, the controller 606, or the transceiver 608, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0169] The processor 602, the memory 604, the controller 606, or the transceiver 608, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0170] The processor 602 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 602 may be configured to operate the memory 604. In some other implementations, the memory 604 may be integrated into the processor 602. The processor 602 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 604 to cause the NE 600 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0171] The memory 604 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 604 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 602 cause the NE 600 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 604 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0172] In some implementations, the processor 602 and the memory 604 coupled with the processor 602 may be configured to cause the NE 600 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 602, instructions stored in the memory 604) . For example, the processor 602 may support wireless communication at the NE 600 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The NE 600 may be configured to support a means for performing the operations of the methods described in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0173] In an embodiment, the processor 602 may be configured to cause the NE 600 to: transmit DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of the NE 600; and receive a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.
[0174] The controller 606 may manage input and output signals for the NE 600. The controller 606 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 600. In some implementations, the controller 606 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 606 may be implemented as part of the processor 602.
[0175] In some implementations, the NE 600 may include at least one transceiver 608. In some other implementations, the NE 600 may have more than one transceiver 608. The transceiver 608 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 608 may include one or more receiver chains 610, one or more transmitter chains 612, or a combination thereof.
[0176] A receiver chain 610 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 610 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 610 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 610 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 610 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0177] A transmitter chain 612 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmitter chain 612 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmitter chain 612 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 612 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0178] Figure 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a UE as described herein. In some implementations, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the UE to perform the described functions.
[0179] At 702, the method may include receiving DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of an NE. The operations of 702 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 702 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 4.
[0180] At 704, the method may include transmitting a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array. The operations of 704 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 704 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 4.
[0181] In some embodiments, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked beam (s) for the subarray.
[0182] In some embodiments, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a beam of a subarray and indicates whether the beam is blocked.
[0183] In some embodiments, the CSI report includes a PMI, and the PMI indicates a respective precoder for each subarray of the antenna array as well as the blockage information.
[0184] In some embodiments, the PMI indicates the respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and at least one of the offset value (s) has a candidate value for indicating that an associated beam is blocked.
[0185] In some embodiments, the at least one of the offset values comprises: a first offset value (e.g., Δi1, 1) with respect to a first codebook index (e.g., i1, 1) indicating an AOD associated with the reference subarray; a second offset value (e.g., Δi1, 2) with respect to a second codebook index (e.g., i1, 2) indicating a ZOD associated with the reference subarray; or a third offset value (e.g., Δi1, 3) with respect to a third codebook index (e.g., i1, 3) indicating a beam offset associated with the reference subarray or a co-phasing factor between polarizations or half panels of the reference subarray.
[0186] In some embodiments, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked data layer (s) for the subarray.
[0187] In some embodiments, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a data layer of a subarray and indicates whether the data layer is blocked.
[0188] In some embodiments, the CSI report includes a PMI indicating a respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and includes an index of the reference subarray.
[0189] In some embodiments, the reference subarray has fewest blocked beams among the plurality of subarrays.
[0190] In some embodiments, the PMI further indicates a respective co-phasing factor for each subarray of the antenna array, and the co-phasing factor for the reference subarray is 1.
[0191] In some embodiments, the CSI report further includes a CQI determined based at least in part on the blockage information.
[0192] In some embodiments, the CQI is determined based on an assumption that a transmission power for each subarray with blocked data layer (s) is distributed evenly among unblocked data layer (s) of the subarray only.
[0193] It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.
[0194] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by an NE as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the NE to perform the described functions.
[0195] At 802, the method may include transmitting DL RSs from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of the NE. The operations of 802 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 802 may be performed by an NE as described with reference to Figure 6.
[0196] At 804, the method may include receiving a CSI report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array. The operations of 804 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 804 may be performed by an NE as described with reference to Figure 6.
[0197] In some embodiments, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked beam (s) for the subarray.
[0198] In some embodiments, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a beam of a subarray and indicates whether the beam is blocked.
[0199] In some embodiments, the CSI report includes a PMI, and the PMI indicates a respective precoder for each subarray of the antenna array as well as the blockage information.
[0200] In some embodiments, wherein the PMI indicates the respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and at least one of the offset value (s) has a candidate value for indicating that an associated beam is blocked.
[0201] In some embodiments, the at least one of the offset values comprises: a first offset value (e.g., Δi1, 1) with respect to a first codebook index (e.g., i1, 1) indicating an AOD associated with the reference subarray; a second offset value (e.g., Δi1, 2) with respect to a second codebook index (e.g., i1, 2) indicating a ZOD associated with the reference subarray; or a third offset value (e.g., Δi1, 3) with respect to a third codebook index (e.g., i1, 3) indicating a beam offset associated with the reference subarray or a co-phasing factor between polarizations or half panels of the reference subarray.
[0202] In some embodiments, the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked data layer (s) for the subarray.
[0203] In some embodiments, the blockage information comprises a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a data layer of a subarray and indicates whether the data layer is blocked.
[0204] In some embodiments, the CSI report includes a PMI indicating a respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and includes an index of the reference subarray.
[0205] In some embodiments, the method further includes distributing, for a subarray with blocked data layer (s) , transmission power evenly among unblocked data layer (s) of the subarray only, e.g., based on the blockage information in the CSI report.
[0206] It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.
[0207] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to:receive downlink (DL) reference signals (RSs) from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of a network equipment (NE) ; andtransmit a channel state information (CSI) report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.2.The UE of claim 1, wherein the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked beam (s) for the subarray.3.The UE of claim 2, wherein the blockage information comprises a bitmap, and wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a beam of a subarray and indicates whether the beam is blocked.4.The UE of claim 2, wherein the CSI report includes a precoder matrix indicator (PMI) , and the PMI indicates a respective precoder for each subarray of the antenna array as well as the blockage information.5.The UE of claim 4, wherein the PMI indicates the respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and at least one of the offset value (s) has a candidate value for indicating that an associated beam is blocked.6.The UE of claim 5, wherein the at least one of the offset values comprises:a first offset value with respect to a first codebook index indicating an azimuth angle of departure (AOD) associated with the reference subarray;a second offset value with respect to a second codebook index indicating a zenith angle of departure (ZOD) associated with the reference subarray; ora third offset value with respect to a third codebook index indicating a beam offset associated with the reference subarray or a co-phasing factor between polarizations or half panels of the reference subarray.7.The UE of claim 1, wherein the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked data layer (s) for the subarray.8.The UE of claim 7, wherein the blockage information comprises a bitmap, and wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to a data layer of a subarray and indicates whether the data layer is blocked.9.The UE of claim 1, wherein the CSI report includes a PMI indicating a respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and includes an index of the reference subarray.10.The UE of claim 9, wherein the reference subarray has fewest blocked beams among the plurality of subarrays.11.The UE of claim 9, wherein the PMI further indicates a respective co-phasing factor for each subarray of the antenna array, and the co-phasing factor for the reference subarray is 1.12.The UE of claim 1, wherein the CSI report further includes a channel quality indicator (CQI) determined based at least in part on the blockage information.13.The UE of claim 12, wherein the CQI is determined based on an assumption that a transmission power for each subarray with blocked data layer (s) is distributed evenly among unblocked data layer (s) of the subarray only.14.A network equipment (NE) for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to:transmit downlink (DL) reference signals (RSs) from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of the NE; andreceive a channel state information (CSI) report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.15.The NE of claim 14, wherein the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked beam (s) for the subarray.16.The NE of claim 14, wherein the blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array indicates blocked data layer (s) for the subarray.17.The NE of claim 14, wherein the CSI report includes a PMI indicating a respective precoder for each of subarray (s) other than a reference subarray by offset value (s) with respect to a precoder for the reference subarray, and includes an index of the reference subarray.18.The NE of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the NE to distribute, for a subarray with blocked data layer (s) , transmission power evenly among unblocked data layer (s) of the subarray only.19.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to:receive downlink (DL) reference signals (RSs) from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of a network equipment (NE) ; andtransmit a channel state information (CSI) report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.20.A method performed by a user equipment (UE) , the method comprising:receiving downlink (DL) reference signals (RSs) from a plurality of subarrays of an antenna array of a network equipment (NE) ; andtransmitting a channel state information (CSI) report based on the DL RSs, wherein the CSI report includes blockage information for each subarray of the antenna array.