Layered three-way conversion catalytic article with zoned configuration
A TWC catalytic article with a layered and zoned configuration enhances catalytic performance by optimizing palladium and rhodium distribution, addressing the need for improved pollutant conversion in gasoline engines.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- BASF MOBILE EMISSIONS CATALYSTS LLC
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing three-way conversion (TWC) catalytic articles for gasoline engines require improved catalytic performance, particularly in the close-coupled position, to efficiently convert hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides during cold start and mid-to-high speed phases.
A TWC catalytic article with a layered and zoned configuration, comprising a bottom layer with palladium and a top layer with distinct front and rear zones, each containing palladium and rhodium components supported on ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) and refractory metal oxide particles, with specific loading ratios to enhance catalytic performance.
The layered and zoned configuration improves the catalytic performance of TWC articles, ensuring effective conversion of pollutants even at low light-off temperatures, making it suitable for gasoline engines.
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Figure CN2026072514_23072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LAYERED THREE-WAY CONVERSION CATALYTIC ARTICLE WITH ZONED CONFIGURATIONFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a three-way conversion catalytic article useful for treatment of engine exhausts at a close-coupled position, and to an exhaust treatment system comprising the three-way catalytic article. Particularly, the present invention relates to a three-way conversion catalytic article useful for treatment of engine exhausts from gasoline engines.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Engine exhausts substantially consist of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (HC) , carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx, such as NO and / or NO2) . For gasoline engines, three-way conversion (TWC) catalytic articles (hereinafter interchangeably referred to as TWC catalysts or TWC) are typically used to simultaneously oxidize unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide and reduce nitrogen oxides. TWC catalysts are known effective near stoichiometric conditions, under which the basic reactions including reduction and oxidation may be exemplified as follows, 2 NO + 2 CO → N2 + 2 CO2 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O.
[0003] TWC catalysts generally utilize one or more platinum group metals (PGMs) , e.g., platinum, palladium and rhodium, as catalytically active species to convert gaseous pollutants, which are typically supported on support particles of a refractory metal oxide and / or an oxygen storage component (OSC) material. The support particles carrying the PGMs are generally coated on a ceramic or metallic substrate, usually a honeycomb substrate, to provide a TWC catalytic article.
[0004] Certain exhaust treatment systems for a gasoline engine comprise an upstream TWC catalytic article mounted in a position near the exhaust manifold and the engine compartment (also referred to as the close-coupled position, CC) , which may be followed by a downstream catalytic article, such as a further TWC, a four-way converter (FWC) or a particulate filter, placed in a position either closely next to the upstream TWC catalytic article or underneath the vehicle body (also referred to as the underfloor position, UF) .
[0005] The upstream TWC catalytic article (also referred to as close-coupled TWC or CC TWC) is quickly heated up during the cold start phase of engines and provides the majority of conversions for the gaseous pollutants including HC, CO and NOx. The CC TWC also plays an important role in converting the emissions during mid-to high-speed phases of engines after the cold start.
[0006] Therefore, a CC TWC with a low light-off temperature and also a good overall exhaust treatment performance is highly desirable.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The object of the present invention is to provide a TWC catalytic article, especially a TWC catalytic article suitable as CC TWC for gasoline engines, which has improved overall catalytic performance for exhaust treatment.
[0008] It has been surprisingly found that the object of the present invention can be achieved by a catalytic article comprising a layered and zoned configuration of catalyst composition on the substrate.
[0009] Accordingly, in the first aspect, the present invention provides a TWC catalytic article, which comprises
[0010] a) a substrate having a plurality of gas flow passages defined by walls extending from an inlet end to an outlet end,
[0011] b) a bottom layer comprising a palladium component supported on a support, and
[0012] c) a top layer comprising a front zone and a rear zone in the direction from the inlet end to the outlet end, each zone comprising a palladium component and a rhodium component supported on respective supports, the supports in each zone including particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of a refractory metal oxide,
[0013] wherein
[0014] - the bottom layer comprises the palladium component at a first palladium loading and the front zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a second palladium loading, with a ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading being higher than 1: 1, and
[0015] - the front zone of the top layer has a first ceria loading and the rear zone of the top layer has a second ceria loading, with a ratio of the first ceria loading to the second ceria loading being lower than 1: 1.
[0016] In the second aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing the TWC catalytic article as described in the first aspect, including
[0017] - depositing a bottom coat slurry on the substrate to obtain a bottom layer;
[0018] - depositing a top coat slurry for one of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer from one end of the substrate toward the opposite end over a certain length to obtain a front zone or a rear zone of a top layer; and
[0019] - depositing a top coat slurry for the other of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer over the remaining length of the substrate to obtain the other zone of a top layer.
[0020] In the third aspect, the present invention provides an exhaust treatment system comprising the TWC catalytic article as described in the first aspect located downstream of a gasoline engine in a close-coupled position.
[0021] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating an exhaust stream from a gasoline engine, which includes contacting the exhaust stream with the TWC catalytic article as described in the first aspect or the exhaust treatment system as described in the third aspect.
[0022] In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a TWC catalytic article, which comprises at least one transition metal component in the coating on the substrate, wherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and any combinations thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] Figures 1 to 11 schematically show catalyst compositions and configurations of the samples S1 to S11 respectively, which were described in Examples. Only the washcoating of the samples with main elements to be concerned are shown in the schematic drawings. The left side represents the inlet end and the right side represents the outlet end of the samples in each drawings.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] The present invention will be described in detail hereinafter. It is to be understood that the present invention may be embodied in many different ways and shall not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
[0025] Herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The terms “comprise” , “comprising” , etc. are used interchangeably with “contain” , “containing” , etc. and are to be interpreted in a non-limiting, open manner. That is, e.g., further components or elements may be present. The expressions “consists of” or cognates may be embraced within “comprises” or cognates.
[0026] The terms “platinum group metal (PGM) component” , “palladium component” , “platinum component” and “rhodium component” are intended to describe the presence of respective platinum group metal in any possible valence state, which may be for example metal or metal oxide as the catalytically active form, or may be for example metal compound, complex or the like which, upon calcination or use of the catalyst, decomposes or otherwise converts to the catalytically active form.
[0027] The term “support” refers to a material in form of particles for receiving and carrying one or more platinum group metal (PGM) components, and optionally one or more other components such as stabilizers, promoters and binders. Any reference to a platinum group metal component that is “supported on a support” is intended to mean that the platinum group metal component is supported on and / or in support particles. It is to be understood that same or different supports may be used for supporting different platinum group metal components in the TWC catalytic article. It is also to be understood that same or different supports may be used for the same platinum group metal in different layers or in different zones.
[0028] The term “front zone” is used interchangeably with “inlet zone” , referring to the first zone which an exhaust stream from an engine will contact with. The term “rear zone” is used interchangeably with “outlet zone” , referring to the zone subsequent to the first zone which the exhaust stream flows from the first zone will contact with.
[0029] Herein, any reference to an amount of loading in the unit of “g / ft3” or “g / in3” is intended to mean the weight of the specified component or coating layer per unit volume of the substrate or substrate part, on which they are carried.
[0030] Herein, any reference to a layer “on the substrate” is intended to mean the layer is carried by a substrate which may be blank or have already carried one or more other layers. Also, any reference to applying a slurry “on the substrate” is intended to mean the slurry is applied onto a substrate which may be blank or have already carried one or more coating layers.
[0031] The terms “exhaust” , “exhaust gas” , “exhaust stream” and the like are used interchangeably with each other and refer to any engine effluents that may also contain particulate matter.
[0032] According to the first aspect of the present invention, a TWC catalytic article is provided, which comprises
[0033] a) a substrate having a plurality of gas flow passages defined by walls extending from an inlet end to an outlet end,
[0034] b) a bottom layer comprising a palladium component supported on a support, and
[0035] c) a top layer comprising a front zone and a rear zone in the direction from the inlet end to the outlet end, each zone comprising a palladium component and a rhodium component supported on respective supports, the supports in each zone including particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of a refractory metal oxide,
[0036] wherein
[0037] - the bottom layer comprises the palladium component at a first palladium loading and the front zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a second palladium loading, with a ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading being higher than 1: 1, and
[0038] - the front zone of the top layer has a first ceria loading and the rear zone of the top layer has a second ceria loading, with a ratio of the first ceria loading to the second ceria loading being lower than 1: 1.
[0039] The TWC catalytic article according to the present invention is particularly useful suitable as CC TWC for gasoline engines.
[0040] The bottom layer in the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention comprises a palladium component supported on a support, and may further comprise one or more PGM components other than the palladium component, or be substantially free of any other PGM component.
[0041] In some embodiments, the bottom layer in the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention comprise the palladium component as the sole PGM component. In other words, the bottom layer is substantially free of any other PGM component.
[0042] Herein, reference to a zone or layer that is substantially free of a PGM component is intended to mean no PGM component as specified has been intentionally added or used in the zone or layer. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that migration of trace amounts of PGM (s) into the zone or layer may inadvertently occur during loading, coating and / or calcining, such that trace amounts of the specified PGM component may be present in the zone or layer. There is generally less than 1 wt%, including less than 0.75 wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, less than 0.25 wt%, or less than 0.1 wt%, of the specified PGM component, based on the total PGMs in the zone or layer.
[0043] In the bottom layer of the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention, the palladium component may be loaded in an amount (i.e., the first palladium loading) in the range of from 1 to 150 g / ft3, from 2 to 100 g / ft3, or from 2 to 50 g / ft3, calculated as palladium element. Any other PGM component, when present, may be loaded in an amount of from 0.5 to 50 g / ft3, from 0.5 to 30 g / ft3, or from 0.5 to 5 g / ft3, calculated as the PGM element.
[0044] There is no particular restriction to the support suitable for supporting the palladium component and, when present, the other PGM component (s) in the bottom layer. Generally, the support may be selected from particles of refractory metal oxides, particles of oxygen storage component (OSC) materials and any combinations thereof.
[0045] Preferably, the support for supporting the palladium component, and when present, the other PGM component (s) in the bottom layer include a combination of particles of refractory metal oxides and particles of oxygen storage component.
[0046] Refractory metal oxides are widely used as support materials for supporting the platinum group metal components in exhaust treatment catalytic articles, which may be high surface area alumina-based materials, zirconia-based materials or a combination thereof. Within the context of the present invention, “alumina-based material” refers to a material comprising alumina as a base and optionally a dopant. Similarly, “zirconia-based material” refers to a material comprising zirconia as a base and optionally a dopant.
[0047] Suitable examples of the alumina-based materials include, but are not limited to alumina, for example a mixture of the gamma and delta phases of alumina which may also contain substantial amounts of eta, kappa and theta alumina phases, lanthana doped alumina, magnesia doped alumina, calcia doped alumina, strontia doped alumina, baria doped alumina, ceria doped alumina, zirconia doped alumina, ceria-zirconia doped alumina, lanthana-zirconia doped alumina, baria-lanthana doped alumina, baria-lanthana-neodymia doped alumina, and any combinations thereof. Suitable examples of the zirconia-based materials include, but are not limited to zirconia, magnesia doped zirconia, calcia doped zirconia, strontia doped zirconia, baria doped zirconia, lanthana doped zirconia, yttria doped zirconia, neodymia doped zirconia, praseodymia doped zirconia, titania doped zirconia, titania-lanthana doped zirconia, lanthana-yttria doped zirconia, and any combinations thereof. For example, the refractory metal oxides may be selected from alumina, lanthana doped alumina, lanthana-zirconia doped alumina, ceria doped alumina, zirconia doped alumina, ceria-zirconia doped alumina, zirconia, lanthana doped zirconia, lanthana-yttria doped zirconia, and any combinations thereof.
[0048] Generally, the refractory metal oxides may be loaded in the bottom layer in an amount in the range of from 0.05 to 0.8 g / in3, from 0.07 to 0.7 g / in3, or from 0.1 to 0.6 g / in3.
[0049] Oxygen storage component (OSC) materials refer to materials that have a multi-valence state and can actively react with oxidants such as oxygen or nitrogen oxides under oxidative conditions, or reacts with reductants such as carbon monoxide (CO) or hydrogen under reduction conditions. Typically, the OSC materials comprise one or more reducible rare earth metal oxides, such as ceria (i.e., ceria-based OSC material) . The ceria-based OSC materials may also comprise one or more of lanthana, praseodymia, neodymia, europia, samaria, ytterbia, yttria, zirconia, hafnia, and any combinations thereof to constitute a composite oxide with ceria. Preferably, the oxygen storage component materials are selected from ceria-zirconia composite oxides and rare earth-stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxides such as lanthana stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, praseodymia stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, neodymia stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, yttria stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide and any combinations thereof.
[0050] Generally, the OSC materials may be loaded in the bottom layer in an amount in the range of from 0.3 to 2.0 g / in3, from 0.4 to 1.8 g / in3, or from 0.5 to 1.6 g / in3.
[0051] In some embodiments, the support for supporting the palladium component in the bottom layer of the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention includes particles of an alumina-based material and particles of a ceria-based OSC material, wherein the alumina-based material is selected from alumina, lanthana doped alumina, baria doped alumina, baria-lanthana doped alumina, baria-lanthana-neodymia doped alumina, and any combination thereof, and the ceria-based OSC material is selected from a ceria-zirconia composite oxide, a rare earth-stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide such as lanthana stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, praseodymia stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, neodymia stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide and yttria stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, and any combinations thereof.
[0052] Preferably, the ceria-zirconia composite oxide may have a ceria content of 20%to 45%by weight. The rare earth-stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide may have a ceria content of 20%to 45%by weight and a content of other rare earth oxide of no higher than 15%by weight, for example in the range of from 1%to 15%by weight or from 3%to 15%by weight.
[0053] The refractory metal oxide and the OSC material for supporting the palladium component in the bottom layer may be used at a ratio in the range of from 1: 20 to 1: 1.
[0054] The bottom layer in the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention is deposited on the substrate from the inlet end to the outlet end, preferably without zoning. In other words, the bottom layer extends from the inlet end to the outlet end of the substrate with no designed change of the layer composition.
[0055] The bottom layer is deposited on the substrate at a loading in the range of from 0.2 to 6.0 g / in3, from 0.75 to 4.0 g / in3, or from 1.0 to 3.0 g / in3.
[0056] In some embodiments, the bottom layer is deposited directly on walls the substrate. That is, there is no layer beneath the bottom layer on the walls of the substrate.
[0057] The top layer in the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention comprises a front zone and a rear zone in the direction from the inlet end to the outlet end. It will be understood that the front zone and the rear zone may be exactly adjoining, but may alternatively be non-intentionally interrupted with a gap or non-intentionally overlap each other, depending on the accuracy of the deposition process for applying the two zones of the top layer.
[0058] The front zone and the rear zone are generally deposited at a length ratio in the range of from 1 : 9 to 4: 1, from 1: 5 to 2: 1, or from 1: 3 to 1: 1.
[0059] For example, the front zone may extend from the inlet end toward the outlet end of the substrate over a length accounting for 10%to 80%, preferably 15%to 65%, more preferably 25%to 50%of the substrate length. The rear zone may extend from the outlet end toward the inlet end of the substrate over a length accounting for 20%to 90%, preferably 35%to 85%, more preferably 50 to 75%of the substrate length.
[0060] Each of the front zone and the rear zone comprises a palladium component and a rhodium component, and may further comprise one or more other PGM components, but preferably be substantially free of any other PGM component. In some embodiments, the top layer in the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention is substantially free of any other PGM component.
[0061] In the top layer of the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention, the palladium component may be loaded in the front zone at an amount ( (i.e., the second palladium loading) ) in the range of from 1 to 250 g / ft3, from 10 to 150 g / ft3, or 15 to 80 g / ft3, calculated as palladium element. The palladium component may be loaded in the rear zone at an amount (also referred to as third palladium loading) in the range of from 1 to 150 g / ft3, from 2 to 50 g / ft3, or from 2 to 30 g / ft3, calculated as palladium element.
[0062] According to the present invention, the ratio of the second palladium loading in the front zone of the top layer to the first palladium loading in the bottom layer is higher than 1: 1, at least 3: 2, or at least 2: 1, for example in the range of from 2: 1 to 50: 1, or from 2: 1 to 20: 1.
[0063] The ratio of the second palladium loading in the front zone to the third palladium loading in the rear zone is higher than 1: 1, at least 3: 1, or at least 5: 1, for example in the range of from 5: 1 to 50: 1 or from 5: 1 to 20: 1.
[0064] In the top layer of the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention, the rhodium component may be loaded in the front zone at a first rhodium loading and in the rear zone at a second rhodium loading with a ratio of the second rhodium loading to the first rhodium loading being in the range of from 3: 1 to 1: 1 or from 2: 1 to 1: 1. For example, the rhodium component may be loaded in each zone at an amount in the range of from 0.5 to 150 g / ft3, from 1 to 50 g / ft3, or from 1 to 30 g / ft3, calculated as rhodium element.
[0065] Particularly, the front zone of the top layer may have a first loading ratio of palladium to rhodium (also referred to as the first Pd / Rh ratio) in the range of from 5: 1 to 50: 1 or from 5: 1 to 20: 1, and the rear zone of the top layer may have a second loading ratio of palladium to rhodium (also referred to as the second Pd / Rh ratio) in the range of 5: 1 to 10: 1, from 1: 1 to 5: 1 or from 1: 1 to 3: 1. Preferably, the first Pd / Rh loading ratio in the front zone is higher than the second Pd / Rh loading ratio in the rear zone. For example, the first Pd / Rh loading ratio in the front zone is at least 3 times or at least 5 times higher than the second Pd / Rh loading ratio in the rear zone.
[0066] Any other PGM component, when present, may be loaded at an amount in the range of from 0.5 to 50 g / ft3, from 0.5 to 30 g / ft3, or from 0.5 to 10 g / ft3, calculated as respective PGM element.
[0067] In the top layer of the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention, the supports in each zone includes particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of a refractory metal oxide. Suitable ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) materials and refractory metal oxides and suitable examples thereof may be those as described hereinabove for the bottom layer.
[0068] In the top layer of the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention, the ratio of the first ceria loading in the front zone to the second ceria loading in the rear zone is lower than 1: 1, for example in the range of from 1: 10 to 9: 10 or from 3: 10 to 8: 10. It will be understood that the ceria loadings in the front zone and the rear zone include any ceria amounts originating from the ceria-based OSC materials as the support and other components containing ceria, when used, for depositing the zones of the top layer.
[0069] In some embodiments, the front and rear zones of the top layer, independently from each other, may comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide as the support for supporting the palladium component, preferably a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from alumina-based materials. Alternatively or additionally, the front and rear zones of the top layer, independently from each other, may comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide as the support for supporting the rhodium component, preferably a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from alumina-based materials, zirconia-based material materials or a combination thereof.
[0070] In those embodiments, the alumina-based material may be alumina, lanthana doped alumina, baria doped alumina, baria-lanthana doped alumina, baria-lanthana-neodymia doped alumina, zirconia doped alumina, and any combination thereof. The alumina-based material, when being doped, may have no higher than 30%by weight of the dopant, for example, 3 to 8%by weight of lanthana, 8 to 10 %of baria, 5%to 25%by weight of zirconia.
[0071] The zirconia-based material may be zirconia, lanthana doped zirconia, lanthana-yttria doped zirconia, and any combinations thereof. The zirconia-based material, when being doped, may have no higher than 20%by weight of the dopant, for example, 5 to 15%by weight of lanthana and / or yttria.
[0072] The ceria-based OSC material may be a ceria-zirconia composite oxide, a rare earth-stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide selected from lanthana stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, praseodymia stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, neodymia stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide and yttria stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide, and any combinations thereof. Preferably, the ceria-zirconia composite oxide may have a ceria content of 20%to 45%by weight. The rare earth-stabilized ceria-zirconia composite oxide may have a ceria content of 10%to 45%by weight and a content of other rare earth oxide of no higher than 15%by weight, for example in the range of from 1%to 15%by weight or from 3%to 15%by weight.
[0073] In some particular embodiments, the front and rear zones of the top layer, independently from each other, may comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-zirconia composite oxide and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from alumina for supporting the palladium componentand the front and rear zones of the top layer, independently from each other, may comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-zirconia composite oxide and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from zirconia or lanthana-yttria doped zirconia for supporting the rhodium component.
[0074] The front zone of the top layer may comprise the ceria-based OSC material and alumina at a loading ratio (also referred to as first OSC / Al2O3 ratio) in the range of from 1: 2 to 5: 2 or from 1: 1 to 2: 1. The rear zone of the top layer may comprise the ceria-based OSC material and alumina) at a loading ratio (also referred to as second OSC / Al2O3 ratio) in the range of from 5: 2 to 20: 1 or from 5: 1 to 10: 1.
[0075] In some further embodiments, the loading ratio of the ceria-based OSC material and alumina in the front zone (i.e., first OSC / Al2O3 ratio) is lower than the loading ratio of the ceria-based OSC material and alumina in the rear zone (second OSC / Al2O3 ratio) in the top layer. For example, the second OSC / Al2O3 ratio is at least 1.1 times, or at least 1.5 times, particularly 1.5 to 10 times or 3 to 10 times, higher than the first OSC / Al2O3 ratio.
[0076] The top layer is generally deposited at a loading in the range of from 0.2 to 10.0 g / in3, preferably 1.0 to 8.0 g / in3, more preferably 1.0 to 5.0 g / in3. Particularly, the front zone and the rear zone of the top layer may be deposited, respectively from each other, at a loading in the range of from 0.2 to 10.0 g / in3, preferably 1.0 to 8.0 g / in3, more preferably 1.0 to 5.0 g / in3.
[0077] In illustrative embodiments, the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention comprises
[0078] a) a substrate having a plurality of gas flow passages defined by walls extending from an inlet end to an outlet end,
[0079] b) a bottom layer comprising a palladium component supported on a support and being substantially free of any other PGM component, and
[0080] c) a top layer comprising a front zone and a rear zone in the direction from the inlet end to the outlet end, in which each zone comprises a palladium component supported on a combination of particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of an alumina-based material (e.g. alumina) , and a rhodium component supported on a combination of particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of an alumina-based material or a zirconia-based material,
[0081] wherein
[0082] - the bottom layer comprises the palladium component at a first palladium loading and the front zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a second palladium loading, with a ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading being higher than 1: 1,
[0083] - the front zone of the top layer has a first ceria loading and the rear zone of the top layer has a second ceria loading, with a ratio of the first ceria loading to the second ceria loading being lower than 1: 1,
[0084] - the front zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina at a loading ratio in the range of from 1: 2 to 5: 2; and the rear zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina for supporting the palladium component at a loading ratio in the range of from 5: 2 to 20: 1.
[0085] In some further illustrative embodiments, the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention comprises
[0086] a) a substrate having a plurality of gas flow passages defined by walls extending from an inlet end to an outlet end,
[0087] b) a bottom layer comprising a palladium component supported on a support and being substantially free of any other PGM component, and
[0088] c) a top layer comprising a front zone and a rear zone in the direction from the inlet end to the outlet end, in which each zone comprises a palladium component supported on a combination of particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of an alumina-based material (e.g. alumina) , and a rhodium component supported on a combination of particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of a zirconia-based material,
[0089] wherein
[0090] - the bottom layer comprises the palladium component at a first palladium loading and the front zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a second palladium loading, with a ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading being at least 3: 2,
[0091] - the front zone of the top layer has a first ceria loading and the rear zone of the top layer has a second ceria loading, with a ratio of the first ceria loading to the second ceria loading being lower than 1: 1,
[0092] - the front zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina at a loading ratio in the range of from 1: 1 to 2: 1; and the rear zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina for supporting the palladium component at a loading ratio in the range of from 5: 1 to 10: 1.
[0093] In some particular illustrative embodiments, the ratio of the second palladium loading in the front zone of the top layer to the first palladium loading in the bottom layer is at least 2: 1, for example in the range of from 2: 1 to 50: 1, or from 2: 1 to 20: 1.
[0094] In some other or further particular illustrative embodiments, the ratio of the first ceria loading in the front zone of the top layer to the second ceria loading in the rear zone of the top layer is in the range of from 1: 10 to 9: 10 or from 3: 10 to 4: 5.
[0095] According to any of above illustrative embodiments, the rear zone of the top layer has a third palladium loading, and the ratio of the second palladium loading in the front zone to the third palladium loading in the rear zone is higher than 1: 1, at least 3: 1, or at least 5: 1, for example in the range of from 5: 1 to 50: 1 or from 5: 1 to 20: 1.
[0096] According to any of above illustrative embodiments, the front zone of the top layer has a first rhodium loading and the rear zone of the top layer has a second rhodium loading, with a ratio of the second rhodium loading to the first rhodium loading being in the range of from 3: 1 to 1: 1 or from 2: 1 to 1: 1.
[0097] According to any of above illustrative embodiments, the front zone of the top layer has a first Pd / Rh loading ratio and the rear zone of the top layer has a second Pd / Rh loading ratio, with the first Pd / Rh loading ratio in the front zone being higher, for example at least 3 times or at least 5 times higher, than the second Pd / Rh loading ratio in the rear zone.
[0098] Preferably, in the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention, the bottom layer is directly on the substrate and the top layer is directly on the bottom layer without an intermediate layer.
[0099] The substrate as used herein refers to a structure that is suitable for withstanding conditions encountered in exhaust streams of combustion engines on which the catalytic compositions carried, typically in the form of a washcoat. The substrate is generally a ceramic or metal honeycomb structure having fine, parallel gas flow passages extending from one end of the structure to the other.
[0100] The term “washcoat” has its usual meaning in the art and refers to a thin, adherent coating of a catalytic or other material applied to a substrate. A washcoat is generally formed by preparing a slurry containing a certain solid content (e.g., 15-60%by weight) of particles in a liquid vehicle, which is then applied onto a substrate, dried and calcined to provide a washcoat layer.
[0101] Metal materials useful for constructing the substrate may include heat resistant metals and metal alloys such as titanium and stainless steel as well as other alloys in which iron is a substantial or major component. Such alloys may contain one or more nickel, chromium, and / or aluminium, and the total amount of these metals may advantageously comprise at least 15 wt%of the alloy. e.g. 10 to 25 wt%of chromium, 3 to 8 %of aluminium, and up to 20 wt%of nickel. The alloys may also contain small or trace amounts of one or more metals such as manganese, copper, vanadium, titanium and the like. The surface of the metal substrate may be oxidized at high temperature, e.g., 1000 ℃ and higher, to form an oxide layer on the surface of the substrate, improving the corrosion resistance of the alloy and facilitating adhesion of the washcoat layer to the metal surface.
[0102] Ceramic materials useful for constructing the substrate may include any suitable refractory material, e.g., cordierite, mullite, cordierite-alumina, silicon nitride, zircon mullite, spodumene, alumina-silica-magnesia, zircon silicate, sillimanite, magnesium silicates, zircon, petalite, alumina, and aluminosilicates.
[0103] Within the context of the present invention, a monolithic flow-through substrate is preferred, which has a plurality of fine, parallel gas flow passages extending from an inlet face to an outlet face of the substrate such that passages are open to fluid flow therethrough. The passages, which are essentially straight paths from their fluid inlet to their fluid outlet, are defined by walls on which the catalytic material is applied as a washcoat so that the gases flowing through the passages contact the catalytic material. The flow passages of the monolithic substrate are thin-walled channels, which can be of any suitable cross-sectional shape and size such as trapezoidal, rectangular, square, sinusoidal, hexagonal, oval, circular, etc. Such structures may contain from 60 to 900 or more gas inlet openings (i.e., cells) per square inch of cross section. For example, the substrate may have from 400 to 900, more usually from 600 to 750, cells per square inch ( "cpsi") . The wall thickness of flow-through substrates may vary, with a typical range from 2 mils to 0.1 inches.
[0104] It is also possible that the substrate is a wall-flow substrate having a plurality of fine, parallel gas flow passages extending along from an inlet to an outlet face of the substrate wherein alternate passages are blocked at opposite ends. The configuration requiring the gas stream flow through the porous walls of the wall-flow substrate to reach the outlet face. The wall-flow substrates may contain up to 700 cells per square inch (cpsi) , for example 100 to 400 cpsi and more typically 200 to 300 cpsi. The cross-sectional shape of the cells can vary as described above. The flow passages of the monolithic substrate are thin-walled channels, which can be of any suitable cross-sectional shape and size such as trapezoidal, rectangular, square, sinusoidal, hexagonal, oval, circular, etc. The wall thickness of wall-flow substrates may vary, with a typical range from 2 mils to 0.1 inches.
[0105] According to the second aspect of the present invention, a process for the preparation of the TWC catalytic article as described herein is provided, which includes
[0106] - depositing a bottom coat slurry on the substrate to obtain a bottom layer;
[0107] - depositing a top coat slurry for one of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer from one end of the substrate toward the opposite end over a certain length to obtain a front zone or a rear zone of a top layer; and
[0108] - depositing a top coat slurry for the other of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer over the remaining length of the substrate to obtain the other zone of a top layer.
[0109] Generally, the slurries comprise catalyst particles of supported PGM (s) , a solvent (e.g. water) , an optional binder and an optional auxiliary such as surfactant, pH adjustor and thickener. The PGM (s) and respective support (s) in the slurries is (are) as descried generally or particularly hereinabove for the TWC catalytic article according to the present invention.
[0110] Those catalyst particles of supported PGM (s) may be prepared by impregnating precursors of the PGM (s) such as soluble salts and / or complex thereof via conventional techniques such as dry impregnation (also called incipient wetness impregnation or capillary impregnation) or wet impregnation on respective supports, optionally followed by drying and / or calcining. Suitable precursors of the PGMs may be selected from ammine complex salts, hydroxyl salts, nitrates, carboxylic acid salts, ammonium salts, and oxides. Non-limiting examples include palladium nitrate, tetraammine palladium nitrate, rhodium nitrate, tetraammine platinum acetate, and platinum nitrate, tetraammine platinum acetate and hexahydroxyplatinic acid diethanolamine salt ( (HOCH2CH2NH3) 2 [Pt (OH) 6] ) .
[0111] The binder may be selected from alumina, boehmite, silica, zirconium acetate, colloidal zirconia or zirconium hydroxide. When present, the binder is typically used in an amount of 0.5 to 5.0 wt%of the total washcoat loading.
[0112] The slurries may have a solid content for example in the range of 20 to 60 wt%, and are often milled to reduce the particle size. Typically, the slurries may have a D90 particle size of 3.0 to 40 microns, preferably 10 to 30 microns after milling, as measured by laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer.
[0113] Deposition of the slurries on the substrate or on an underlying coat may be carried out via any techniques known in the art. For example, the substrate may be dipped one or more times in a slurry or coated otherwise with a slurry to a desired length, and then dried at an elevated temperature (e.g., 100 to 150 ℃) for a period (e.g., 10 minutes to 3 hours) and calcined at a higher temperature (e.g., 400 to 700 ℃) typically for 10 minutes to 3 hours. The washcoat loading after calcination can be determined through calculation of the weight difference between the coated and uncoated substrate. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art, the washcoat loading can be modified by altering the slurry rheology. In addition, the deposition process including coating, drying and calcining to generate a washcoat can be repeated as needed to build a layer to the desired loading level or thickness, which means more than one washcoat may be applied.
[0114] The TWC catalytic article according to the present invention is particularly useful as a close-coupled TWC for abatement of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in an exhaust stream from a gasoline engine.
[0115] Accordingly, in the third aspect according to the present invention, an exhaust treatment system is provided, which comprises the TWC catalytic article as described in the first aspect located downstream of a gasoline engine in a close-coupled position.
[0116] In the fourth aspect according to the present invention, a method for treating an exhaust stream from a gasoline engine is provided, which includes contacting the exhaust stream with the TWC catalytic article as described in the first aspect or the exhaust treatment system as described herein in the third aspect.
[0117] In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a TWC catalytic article, which comprises at least one transition metal component in the coating on the substrate, wherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and any combinations thereof. The transition metal in the at least one transition metal component may be in in any possible valence state, which may be for example metal or metal oxide. The at least one transition metal component may be comprised in the coating at a loading of up to 0.5 g / in3 (i.e., about up to 30 g / L) , for example in the range of from 0.01 to 0.5 g / in3, from 0.01 to 0.05 g / in3, from 0.05 to 0.5 g / in3, from 0.05 to 0.4 g / in3, from 0.05 to 0.3 g / in3, from 0.05 to 0.1 g / in3, from 0.1 to 0.5 g / in3, from 0.1 to 0.4 g / in3, from 0.1 to 0.3 g / in3, from 0.1 to 0.2 g / in3, from 0.2 to 0.5 g / in3, from 0.2 to 0.4 g / in3, or from 0.2 to 0.3 g / in3.
[0118] The TWC catalytic article in the fifth aspect may have any configuration, for example layered or zoned or layered and zoned configurations, particularly the configuration as described in the first aspect of the present invention. The at least one transition metal component may be present in any zone (s) or layer (s) of the TWC catalytic article without any restriction. It has been found by the inventors that the presence of the at least one transition metal component in TWC catalytic article could boost the performance of emission control.
[0119] Embodiments
[0120] Various embodiments are listed below. It will be understood that the embodiments listed below may be combined with all aspects and other embodiments in accordance with the scope of the invention.
[0121] Embodiment 1. A TWC catalytic article, which comprises
[0122] a) a substrate having a plurality of gas flow passages defined by walls extending from an inlet end to an outlet end,
[0123] b) a bottom layer comprising a palladium component supported on a support, and
[0124] c) a top layer comprising a front zone and a rear zone in the direction from the inlet end to the outlet end, each zone comprising a palladium component and a rhodium component supported on respective supports, the supports in each zone including particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of a refractory metal oxide,
[0125] wherein
[0126] - the bottom layer comprises the palladium component at a first palladium loading and the front zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a second palladium loading, with a ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading being higher than 1: 1, and
[0127] - the front zone of the top layer has a first ceria loading and the rear zone of the top layer has a second ceria loading, with a ratio of the first ceria loading to the second ceria loading being lower than 1: 1.
[0128] Embodiment 2. The TWC catalytic article according to Embodiment 1, wherein the bottom layer and / or top layer is substantially free of any other PGM component.
[0129] Embodiment 3. The TWC catalytic article according to Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the support for supporting the palladium component in the bottom layer is a combination of particles of refractory metal oxides and particles of an oxygen storage component material, preferably a combination of particles of an alumina-based material and particles of a ceria-based OSC material.
[0130] Embodiment 4. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the front zone and the rear zone are deposited at a length ratio in the range of from 1: 9 to 4: 1, from 1: 5 to 2: 1, or from 1: 3 to 1: 1.
[0131] Embodiment 5. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading is at least 3: 2, or at least 2: 1, for example in the range of from 2: 1 to 50: 1, or from 2: 1 to 20: 1.
[0132] Embodiment 6. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the rear zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a third palladium loading, and wherein the ratio of the second palladium loading to the third palladium loading is higher than 1: 1, at least 3: 1, or at least 5: 1, for example in the range of from 5: 1 to 50: 1 or from 5: 1 to 20: 1.
[0133] Embodiment 7. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the front zone comprises the rhodium component at a first rhodium loading and the rear zone comprises the rhodium component at a second rhodium loading with a ratio of the second rhodium loading to the first rhodium loading being in the range of from 3: 1 to 1: 1 or from 2: 1 to 1: 1.
[0134] Embodiment 8. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the front zone of the top layer has a first loading ratio of palladium to rhodium in the range of from 5: 1 to 50: 1 or from 5: 1 to 20: 1, and wherein the rear zone of the top layer has a second loading ratio of palladium to rhodium in the range of 5: 1 to 10: 1, from 1: 1 to 5: 1 or from 1: 1 to 3: 1.
[0135] Embodiment 9. The TWC catalytic article according to Embodiment 8, wherein the first loading ratio of palladium to rhodium is at least 3 times or at least 5 times higher than the second loading ratio of palladium to rhodium.
[0136] Embodiment 10. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the front and rear zones of the top layer, independently from each other, comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from alumina-based materials as the support for supporting the palladium component, and comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from alumina-based materials or a zirconia-based materials for supporting the rhodium component.
[0137] Embodiment 11. The TWC catalytic article according to Embodiment 10, wherein the front zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina at a loading ratio in the range of from 1: 2 to 5: 2 or from 1: 1 to 2: 1, and the rear zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina at a loading ratio in the range of from 5: 2 to 20: 1 or from 5: 1 to 10: 1.
[0138] Embodiment 12. The TWC catalytic article according to Embodiment 11, wherein the loading ratio of the ceria-based OSC material to alumina in the rear zone is at least 1.1 times, or at least 1.5 times, particularly 1.5 to 10 times or 3 to 10 times, higher than the loading ratio of the ceria-based OSC material to alumina in the front zone.
[0139] Embodiment 13. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the ratio of the first ceria loading in the front zone of the top layer to the second ceria loading in the rear zone of the top layer is in the range of from 1: 10 to 9: 10 or from 3: 10 to 4: 5.
[0140] Embodiment 14. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the bottom layer is directly on the substrate and the top layer is directly on the bottom layer without an intermediate layer.
[0141] Embodiment 15. The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, which comprises at least one transition metal component in one or more of the bottom layer, the front zone of the top layer and the rear zone of the top layer, wherein the transition metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and any combinations thereof.
[0142] Embodiment 16. A process for preparing a TWC catalytic article according to any of Embodiments 1 to 15, which includes
[0143] - depositing a bottom coat slurry on the substrate to obtain a bottom layer;
[0144] - depositing a top coat slurry for one of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer from one end of the substrate toward the opposite end over a certain length to obtain a front zone or a rear zone of a top layer; and
[0145] - depositing a top coat slurry for the other of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer over the remaining length of the substrate to obtain the other zone of a top layer.
[0146] Embodiment 17. Use of the TWC catalytic article according to any of Embodiments 1 to 15 for abatement of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in an exhaust stream from a gasoline engine, particularly in a close-coupled position.
[0147] Embodiment 18. An exhaust treatment system, which comprises the TWC catalytic article as defined in any of Embodiments 1 to 15 located downstream of a gasoline engine in a close-coupled position.
[0148] Embodiment 19. A method for treating an exhaust stream, particularly from a gasoline engine, which includes contacting the exhaust stream with the TWC catalytic article as defined in any of Embodiments 1 to 15 or the exhaust treatment system as defined in Embodiment 18.
[0149] EXAMPLES
[0150] Aspects of the present invention will be more fully illustrated by the following examples, which are set forth to illustrate certain aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting thereof.
[0151] Preparation of Catalytic Articles
[0152] Example 1
[0153] Three TWC samples with washcoating as summarized in Table 1 below were prepared, and respective catalytic performance were tested.
[0154] Table 1 a WCL: washcoat loadingb CeO2: Total CeO2 loading including all CeO2 contents from ceria-zirconia composite oxides and other washcoat components
[0155] Example 1.1 Preparation of TWC sample S1 having a single-layer washcoat with a PGM loading of 55Pd / 6Rh
[0156] 37.45 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 8.52 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution, 175 grams of alumina and 713 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 133 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0157] The slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 5.08” in diameter and 3.19” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The total washcoat loading is 4.1 g / in3 and the PGM loading is 55 g / ft3 Pd and 6g / ft3 Rh.
[0158] Example 1.2 Preparation of TWC sample S2 having a bilayer washcoat with a total PGM loading of 55Pd / 6Rh
[0159] S2 is a Pd / Rh based TWC and has a bilayer washcoat structure comprising a bottom layer having palladium (Pd) and a top layer having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) .
[0160] Bottom coat slurry preparation: 30.1 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 115 grams of alumina and 495 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 95 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0161] Top coat slurry preparation: 7.2 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 8.2 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution, 67 grams of alumina and 213 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 40 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0162] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 5.08” in diameter and 3.19” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 2.9 g / in3 and the Pd loading of the bottom layer is 44 g / ft3. Top coat slurry was then applied, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 1.3 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the top layer consists of 11g / ft3 Pd and 6 g / ft3 Rh.
[0163] Example 1.3 Preparation of TWC sample S3 having a bilayer washcoat with a total PGM loading of 55Pd / 6Rh
[0164] S3 is a Pd / Rh based TWC and has a bilayer washcoat structure comprising a bottom layer having palladium (Pd) and a top layer having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) .
[0165] Bottom coat slurry preparation: 33.9 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 115 grams of alumina and 495 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 95 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0166] Top coat slurry preparation: 3.6 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 8.2 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution, 67 grams of alumina and 214 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 40 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0167] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 5.08” in diameter and 3.19” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 2.9 g / in3 and the Pd loading of the bottom layer is 49.5 g / ft3. Top coat slurry was then applied, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 1.3 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the top layer consists of 5.5 g / ft3 Pd and 6 g / ft3 Rh.
[0168] Example 1.4 Light Off Performance Test
[0169] The samples S1 to S3 were respectively mounted in steel converter cans and aged in an exhaust pipeline of a gasoline engine which was operated under exothermic 4-mode aging cycles. The duration of the aging is 70 hours at a maximum bed temperature of 980℃. The aged catalytic converters (TWCs) were tested on engine bench to get light off temperature T50, which refers to a temperature at which the emission conversion arrives 50%during a light off testing. The engine bench is a 2.0T engine.
[0170] The results for the light off temperature T50 for the TWCs S1 to S3 tested on the engine bench are provided in the following Table 2. The results indicate that a layering structure in terms of Pd contributes to improvement of the light off performance of the aged TWC.
[0171] Table 2
[0172] Example 2
[0173] Two TWC samples with a bilayer washcoating as summarized in Table 3 below were prepared, and respective catalytic performance were tested.
[0174] Table 3 a WCL: washcoat loading
[0175] Example 2.1 Preparation of TWC sample S4 having a bilayer washcoat with Rh in both layers
[0176] S4 is a Pd / Rh based TWC catalyst and has a bilayer washcoat structure, comprising a bottom layer having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) , and a zoned top layer having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) in front zone and rhodium (Rh) in rear zone.
[0177] Bottom coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 26.1 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 612 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 8.86 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution on 383 grams of zirconia doped alumina (20%ZrO2) via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0178] Front top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 111.1 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 192 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 551 grams of alumina via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 11.1 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution on 192 grams of zirconia doped alumina (20%zirconia) via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0179] Rear top coat slurry: The component was prepared by impregnating 14.5 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution on 250 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 688 grams of zirconia doped alumina (20%zirconia) via incipient wetness impregnation. The component was mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4 by addition of barium acetate.
[0180] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 4.00” in diameter and 5.35” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 1.34 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the bottom layer consists of 12g / ft3 Pd and 2 g / ft3 Rh. The front top coat slurry was then coated from inlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The front zone of the top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.13 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the front zone consists of 82 g / ft3 Pd and 4 g / ft3 Rh. The rear top coat slurry was then coated from outlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The rear top coat was obtained with a washcoat loading of 1.64 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the rear zone consists of 4 g / ft3 Rh.
[0181] Example 2.2 Preparation of TWC sample S5 having a bilayer washcoat with Rh in only top layer
[0182] S5 is a Pd / Rh based TWC catalyst and has a bilayer washcoat structure comprising a bottom layer having palladium (Pd) , and a zoned top layer having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) in front zone and rhodium (Rh) in rear zone.
[0183] Bottom coat slurry: A component was prepared by impregnating 24.86 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 584 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 394 grams of alumina via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The component was mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0184] Front top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 111.1 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 192 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 551 grams of alumina via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 16.6 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution on 192 grams of zirconia doped alumina (20%zirconia) via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0185] Rear top coat slurry: A component was prepared by impregnating 21.7 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution on 250 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 687 grams of zirconia doped alumina (20%zirconia) via incipient wetness impregnation. The component was mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below D90 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4 by addition of barium acetate.
[0186] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 4.00” in diameter and 5.35” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 1.39 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the bottom layer consists of 12g / ft3 Pd. The front top coat slurry was then coated from inlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The front zone of the top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.13 g / in3 and the PGM loading the front zone consists of 82 g / ft3 Pd and 6 g / ft3 Rh. The rear top coat slurry was then coated from outlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The rear zone of the top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 1.64 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the rear zone consists of 6 g / ft3 Rh.
[0187] Example 2.3: Emission Treatment Performance Test
[0188] The samples S4 and S5 were respectively mounted in steel converter cans and aged in an exhaust pipeline of a gasoline engine which was operated under exothermic 4-mode aging cycles. The duration of the aging is 100 hours at a maximum bed temperature of 980℃. The aged catalytic converters (TWCs) were tested on 1.5L vehicle which was operated under NEDC driving cycle.
[0189] The results of tailpipe bag emissions collected on the 1.5L vehicle for TWC S4 and TWC S5 are provided in the following Table 4. TWC S4 represents a bilayer TWC with Rh in both layers, and TWC S5 represents a bilayer TWC with Rh in only top layer. Compared with TWC S4, TWC S5 shows lower CO and NOx gas emissions, which indicate including Rh only in top layer contributes to improvement of exhaust treatment performance of the aged TWC.
[0190] Table 4. NEDC Tailpipe bag emission data
[0191] Example 3
[0192] Two TWC samples with a bilayer washcoating as summarized in Table 5 below were prepared, and respective catalytic performance were tested.
[0193] Table 5 a WCL: washcoat loading
[0194] Example 3.1: Preparation of TWC sample S6 having a bilayer washcoat with higher Pd loading in front zone of top layer than that in bottom layer
[0195] S6 is a Pd / Rh based TWC and has a bilayer washcoat structure comprising a bottom coat having palladium (Pd) , and a top coat having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) in both front zone and rear zone.
[0196] Bottom coat slurry preparation: 17.86 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 111 grams of alumina and 825 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 110 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0197] Front top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 44.09 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 300 grams of alumina and 238 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 11.3 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 9.4 grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 239 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (20%ceria) and 143 grams of zirconia oxide via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0198] Rear top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 5.38 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 81 grams of alumina and 309 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. A second component was prepared by impregnating 11 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 10.2 grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 406 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (30%ceria) and 155 grams of zirconia oxide via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0199] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 4.66” in diameter and 3.54” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 1.6g / in3 and the PGM loading of the bottom layer consists of 10 g / ft3 Pd. The front top coat slurry was then coated from inlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The front zone of top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the front zone consists of 40 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh. The rear top coat slurry was then coated from outlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The rear zone of top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the rear zone consists of 5 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh.
[0200] Example 3.2: Preparation of TWC sample S7 having a bilayer washcoat with higher Pd loading in bottom layer
[0201] S7 is a Pd / Rh based TWC catalyst and has a bilayer washcoat structure comprising a bottom coat having palladium (Pd) , and a top coat having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) in both front zone and rear zone.
[0202] Bottom coat slurry preparation: 48.81 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 109 grams of alumina and 820 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 110 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0203] Front top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 5.55 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 302 grams of alumina and 239 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 11.3 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 9.4grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 240 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (20%ceria) and 144 grams of zirconia oxide via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0204] Rear top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 5.38 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 81 grams of alumina and 309 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. A second component was prepared by impregnating 11 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 10.2 grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 406 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (30%ceria) and 155 grams of zirconia oxide via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0205] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 4.66” in diameter and 3.54” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 1.6g / in3 and the PGM loading of the bottom layer consists of 27.5 g / ft3 Pd. The front top coat slurry was then coated from inlet of the substrate to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The front zone of top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the front zone of top layer consists of 5 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh. The rear top coat slurry was then coated from outlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The rear zone of top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the rear zone of top layer consists of 5 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh.
[0206] Example 3.3: Emission Treatment Performance Test
[0207] The TWCs S6 and S7 were tested on a 2.0T engine bench under WLTC testing cycle.
[0208] Results of WLTC gas emissions collected for TWC S6 and TWC S7 tested on the engine bench are provided in the following Table 6. TWC S6 shows lower gas emissions than TWC S7, which indicates more Pd in front zone of top layer contributes to improvement of exhaust treatment performance of TWC.
[0209] Table 6
[0210] Example 4
[0211] Two TWC samples with a single layer washcoating as summarized in Table 7 below were prepared, and respective catalytic performances were tested.
[0212] Table 7 a WCL: washcoat loadingb CeO2: Total CeO2 loading including all CeO2 contents from ceria-zirconia composite oxides and other washcoat components
[0213] Example 4.1: Preparation of TWC sample S8 having a single layer washcoat
[0214] S8 is a Pd / Rh based TWC catalyst having a zoned layer. Both front and rear zones have PGMs consisting of Pd and Rh.
[0215] Front zone slurry preparation: 44.47 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 8.39 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution, 147 grams of alumina and 720 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (30%ceria) and 132 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 15 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0216] Rear zone slurry preparation: 19.26 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 5.62 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution, 148 grams of alumina and 716 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 132 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 15 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0217] The front zone slurry was coated from inlet to 50%length of a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 5.08” in diameter and 3.19” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The obtained washcoat loading of the front zone is 4.1 g / in3 and the PGM loading consists of 65 g / ft3 Pd and 6 g / ft3 Rh. The rear zone slurry was coated from outlet to 50%length of the substrate, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The obtained washcoat loading of the rear zone is 4.1 g / in3 and the PGM loading consists of 28 g / ft3 Pd and 4 g / ft3 Rh.
[0218] Example 4.2: Preparation of TWC sample S9 having a single layer washcoat
[0219] S9 is a Pd / Rh based TWC catalyst having a zoned layer. Both front and rear zones have PGMs consisting of Pd and Rh.
[0220] Front zone slurry preparation: 44.47 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 8.39 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution, 147 grams of alumina and 720 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 132 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 15 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0221] Rear zone slurry preparation: 19.26 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 5.62 grams of 9.8%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution, 148 grams of alumina and 716 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (30%ceria) and 132 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 15 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0222] The front zone slurry was coated from inlet to 50%length of a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 5.08” in diameter and 3.19” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The obtained washcoat loading of the front zone is 4.1 g / in3 and the PGM loading consists of 65 g / ft3 Pd and 6 g / ft3 Rh. The outlet zone slurry was coated from outlet to 50%length of the substrate, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The obtained washcoat loading of the rear zone is 4.1 g / in3 and the PGM loading consists of 28 g / ft3 Pd and 4 g / ft3 Rh.
[0223] Example 4.3: Emission Treatment Performance Test
[0224] The TWC S8 and TWC S9 were respectively mounted in steel converter cans and aged in an exhaust pipeline of a gasoline engine which was operated under exothermic 4-mode aging cycles. The duration of the aging is 70 hours at a maximum bed temperature of 980℃. The aged catalytic converters were tested on 2.0T vehicle which was operated under WLTC drive cycle.
[0225] The WLTC gas emission results for TWC S8 and TWC S9 tested on the 2.0T vehicle are provided in the following Table 8. TWC S8 represents a PGM zoned TWC catalyst with less ceria in front zone, and TWC S9 represents a PGM zoned TWC catalyst with more ceria in front zone. Compared with S9, S8 exhibited lower gas emissions, which indicates a zoning with less ceria loading in front zone and more ceria loading in rear zone contributes to improvement of exhaust treatment performance of the aged TWC.
[0226] Table 8
[0227] Example 5
[0228] Two TWC samples with a bilayer washcoating as summarized in Table 9 below were prepared, and respective catalytic performance were tested.
[0229] Table 9 a WCL: washcoat loadingb CeO2: Total CeO2 loading including all CeO2 contents from ceria-zirconia composite oxides and other washcoat components
[0230] Example 5.1: Preparation of TWC sample S10 having a bilayer washcoat with zoned top layer
[0231] TWC S10 has a bilayer washcoat structure comprising a bottom layer having palladium (Pd) , and a zoned top layer having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) in both front zone and rear zone.
[0232] Bottom coat slurry preparation: 8.9 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 110 grams of alumina and 810 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 141 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 12 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0233] Front top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 73.28 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 238 grams of alumina and 334 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 5.68 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution on 239 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (20%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. A third component was prepared by impregnating 3.33 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 9.4 grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 143 grams of ZrO2 via incipient wetness impregnation. These three components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0234] Rear top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 5.71 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 241 grams of alumina and 338 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 5.76 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution on 242 grams of ceria-zirconia composite (20%ceria) oxide via incipient wetness impregnation. A third component was prepared by impregnating 3.38 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 9.5 grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 145 grams of ZrO2 via incipient wetness impregnation. These three components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0235] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 5.20” in diameter and 3.15” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 1.6g / in3 and the PGM loading of bottom layer consists of 5 g / ft3 Pd. The front top coat slurry was then coated from inlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The front zone of top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the front zone consists of 65 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh. The rear top coat slurry was then coated from outlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The rear zone of top layer was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading of the rear top coat consists of 5 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh. The OSC / Al2O3 loading ratios in the front and rear zones of top layer are both 2.4: 1.
[0236] Example 5.2: Preparation of TWC sample S11 having a bilayer washcoat with zoned top layer
[0237] TWC S11 has a bilayer washcoat structure comprising a bottom layer having palladium (Pd) , and a zoned top layer having palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) in both front zone and rear zone.
[0238] Bottom coat slurry preparation: 9.0 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution, 111 grams of alumina and 832 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) and 111 grams of 60%aqueous barium acetate solutions were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 16 μm. The pH was adjusted around 4.0 by addition of nitric acid.
[0239] Front top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 71.24 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution d on 298 grams of alumina and 236 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. This step was followed by drying at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. A second component was prepared by impregnating 11.2 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 9.3 grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 237 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (20%ceria) and 141 grams of ZrO2 via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0240] Rear top coat slurry: A first component was prepared by impregnating 5.38 grams of 20%aqueous palladium nitrate solution on 81 grams of alumina and 309 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (40%ceria) via incipient wetness impregnation. A second component was prepared by impregnating 11.0 grams of 9.9%aqueous rhodium nitrate solution and 10.17 grams of 30%aqueous neodymium nitrate solution on 406 grams of ceria-zirconia composite oxide (30%ceria) and 154 grams of ZrO2 via incipient wetness impregnation. These two components were mixed with water and then milled to D90 of below 18 μm. The pH was adjusted around 8.0 by addition of barium hydroxide.
[0241] The bottom coat slurry was coated on a monolith cordierite substrate having dimensions of 4.66” in diameter and 3.54” in length, a cell density of 750 cpsi (cells per square inch) , and a wall thickness of 2.5 mils, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The bottom washcoat loading is 1.6g / in3 and the bottom coat consists of 5 g / ft3 Pd. Front top coat slurry was then coated from inlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs. The Front top coat was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading the front top coat consists of 65 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh. Rear top coat slurry was then coated from outlet to 50%of total length, dried at 150 ℃ for 1 hr and then calcinated at 500 ℃for 2 hrs. The rear top coat was obtained with a washcoat loading of 2.6 g / in3 and the PGM loading the rear top coat consists of 5 g / ft3 Pd and 5 g / ft3 Rh. The OSC / Al2O3 loading ratios in the front and rear zones of top layer are 1.6: 1 and 8.8: 1 respectively.
[0242] Example 5.3: Emission Treatment Performance Test
[0243] The TWC S10 and TWC S11 were respectively mounted in steel converter cans and aged in an exhaust pipeline of a gasoline engine which was operated under exothermic 4-mode aging cycles. The duration of the aging is 100 hours at a maximum bed temperature of 980℃. The aged catalytic converters were tested on 2.0T engine bench which was operated under WLTC drive cycle.
[0244] The results of WLTC gas emissions for TWC S10 and TWC S11 tested on the 2.0T vehicle are provided in the following Table 10. TWC S10 represents a bilayer TWC with zoned PGM loading and identical OSC / Al2O3 ratio for front and rear zones. And TWC S11 represents a bilayer TWC with zoned PGM loading and zoned OSC / Al2O3. Compared with TWC S10, TWC S11 with a lower OSC / Al2O3 ratio in front zone than that in rear zone exhibited lower gas emissions, which indicates a lower OSC / Al2O3 ratio in front zone contributes to improvement of exhaust treatment performance of the aged TWC.
[0245] Table 10
[0246] Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the method and apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1.A TWC catalytic article, which comprisesa) a substrate having a plurality of gas flow passages defined by walls extending from an inlet end to an outlet end,b) a bottom layer comprising a palladium component supported on a support, andc) a top layer comprising a front zone and a rear zone in the direction from the inlet end to the outlet end, each zone comprising a palladium component and a rhodium component supported on respective supports, the supports in each zone including particles of a ceria-based oxygen storage component (OSC) material and particles of a refractory metal oxide, wherein- the bottom layer comprises the palladium component at a first palladium loading and the front zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a second palladium loading, with a ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading being higher than 1: 1, and- the front zone of the top layer has a first ceria loading and the rear zone of the top layer has a second ceria loading, with a ratio of the first ceria loading to the second ceria loading being lower than 1: 1.2.The TWC catalytic article according to claim 1, wherein the bottom layer and / or top layer is substantially free of any other PGM component.3.The TWC catalytic article according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the support for supporting the palladium component in the bottom layer is a combination of particles of refractory metal oxides and particles of an oxygen storage component material, preferably a combination of particles of an alumina-based material and particles of a ceria-based OSC material.4.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the front zone and the rear zone are deposited at a length ratio in the range of from 1: 9 to 4: 1, from 1: 5 to 2: 1, or from 1: 3 to 1: 1.5.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the second palladium loading to the first palladium loading is at least 3: 2, or at least 2: 1, for example in the range of from 2: 1 to 50: 1, or from 2: 1 to 20: 1.6.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the rear zone of the top layer comprises the palladium component at a third palladium loading, and wherein the ratio of the second palladium loading to the third palladium loading is higher than 1: 1, at least 3: 1, or at least 5: 1, for example in the range of from 5: 1 to 50: 1 or from 5: 1 to 20: 1.7.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the front zone comprises the rhodium component at a first rhodium loading and the rear zone comprises the rhodium component at a second rhodium loading with a ratio of the second rhodium loading to the first rhodium loading being in the range of from 3: 1 to 1: 1 or from 2: 1 to 1: 1.8.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the front zone of the top layer has a first loading ratio of palladium to rhodium in the range of from 5: 1 to 50: 1 or from 5: 1 to 20: 1, and wherein the rear zone of the top layer has a second loading ratio of palladium to rhodium in the range of 5: 1 to 10: 1, from 1: 1 to 5: 1 or from 1: 1 to 3: 1.9.The TWC catalytic article according to claim 8, wherein the first loading ratio of palladium to rhodium is at least 3 times or at least 5 times higher than the second loading ratio of palladium to rhodium.10.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the front and rear zones of the top layer, independently from each other, comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from alumina-based materials as the support for supporting the palladium component, and comprise a combination of particles of a ceria-based OSC material and particles of a refractory metal oxide selected from alumina-based materials or a zirconia-based materials for supporting the rhodium component.11.The TWC catalytic article according to claim 10, wherein the front zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina at a loading ratio in the range of from 1: 2 to 5: 2 or from 1: 1 to 2: 1, and the rear zone of the top layer comprises the ceria-based OSC material and alumina at a loading ratio in the range of from 5: 2 to 20: 1 or from 5: 1 to 10: 1.12.The TWC catalytic article according to claim 11, wherein the loading ratio of the ceria-based OSC material to alumina in the rear zone is at least 1.1 times, or at least 1.5 times, particularly 1.5 to 10 times or 3 to 10 times, higher than the loading ratio of the ceria-based OSC material to alumina in the front zone.13.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the first ceria loading in the front zone of the top layer to the second ceria loading in the rear zone of the top layer is in the range of from 1: 10 to 9: 10 or from 3: 10 to 4: 5.14.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, wherein the bottom layer is directly on the substrate and the top layer is directly on the bottom layer without an intermediate layer.15.The TWC catalytic article according to any of preceding claims, which comprises at least one transition metal component in one or more of the bottom layer, the front zone of the top layer and the rear zone of the top layer, wherein the transition metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and any combinations thereof.16.A process for preparing a TWC catalytic article according to any of claims 1 to 15, which includes- depositing a bottom coat slurry on the substrate to obtain a bottom layer;- depositing a top coat slurry for one of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer from one end of the substrate toward the opposite end over a certain length to obtain a front zone or a rear zone of a top layer; and- depositing a top coat slurry for the other of the front and rear zones on the bottom layer over the remaining length of the substrate to obtain the other zone of a top layer.17.Use of the TWC catalytic article according to any of claims 1 to 15 for abatement of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in an exhaust stream from a gasoline engine, particularly in a close-coupled position.18.An exhaust treatment system, which comprises the TWC catalytic article as defined in any of claims 1 to 15 located downstream of a gasoline engine in a close-coupled position.19.A method for treating an exhaust stream, particularly from a gasoline engine, which includes contacting the exhaust stream with the TWC catalytic article as defined in any of claims 1 to 15 or the exhaust treatment system as defined in claim 18.