Systems and methods for detemination of lens mechanical properties

Abstract

Methods may include causing a plurality of image sensors to capture one or more first images of a lens disposed in or on a lens holder. The lens may be under a first compression force applied along a radial axis. The lens holder may be configured to support the lens, while one or more mechanical loads are applied to the lens. Methods may include causing the plurality of image sensors to capture one or more second images of the lens under a second compression force applied along the radial axis. The second compression force may be different from the first compression force. Methods may include determining one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images. The mechanical properties may include one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

Description

JSV7232USPSP1SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DETEMINATION OF LENS MECHANICAL PROPERTIESBACKGROUND

[0001] Mechanical properties are critical IOL characteristics contributing to the achievement and maintenance of the post-operative refractive targets. To enable characterization of mechanical properties, several testing routines may be required. Each of the several testing routine may require its own development, validation, and tolerance chain analysis.

[0002] Improvements are needed.SUMMARY

[0003] It is to be understood that both the following general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive. Methods and systems for determination of lens mechanical properties are described.

[0004] A system of one or more computers can be configured to perform particular operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that in operation causes or cause the system to perform the actions. One or more computer programs can be configured to perform particular operations or actions by virtue of including instructions that, when executed by data processing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions.

[0005] Disclosed herein are systems for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens. Systems may include a lens holder configured to receive (e.g., support, etc.) a lens. Systems may include a plurality of image sensors configured to capture one or more images of the lens. At least a first image sensor of the plurality of image sensors may include a predetermined angular off-set between a second image sensor of the plurality of image sensors. Systems may include a displacement actuator disposed to apply a mechanical load to the lens along at least a first axis. Systems may include a compression force sensor configured to measure a compression force applied to the lens via the displacement actuator. Systems may include a processor configured to: cause the plurality of image sensors to capture first images while theJSV7232USPSP1displacement actuator is in a first setting indicative of a first compression force applied to the lens, determine, via the compression force sensor, first compression data from the compression force sensor while the displacement actuator is in the first setting, cause the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting indicative of a second compression force applied to the lens, where the second compression force is different from the first compression force, cause the plurality of image sensors to capture second images while the displacement actuator is in the second setting, determine, via the compression force sensor, second compression data from the compression force sensor while the displacement actuator is in the second setting, and determine one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images, the second images, the first compression data, and the second compression data. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

[0006] Disclosed herein are methods for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens. Methods may include causing a plurality of image sensors to capture one or more first images of a lens disposed in or on a lens holder. The lens may be under a first compression force applied along a radial axis. The lens holder may be configured to support the lens, while one or more mechanical loads are applied to the lens. Methods may include causing the plurality of image sensors to capture one or more second images of the lens under a second compression force applied along the radial axis. The second compression force may be different from the first compression force. Methods may include determining one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images. The mechanical properties may include one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

[0007] Disclosed herein are systems for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens. Methods may include causing a plurality of image sensors to capture first images of a lens disposed between a pair of opposing surfaces of a lens holder while a displacement actuator is in a first setting. The lens holder may be configured to support the lens while a contraction length between the pair of opposing surfaces is adjusted. The first settingJSV7232USPSP1may indicate a first contraction length along a radial axis of the lens. Methods may include causing the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting. The second setting may be indicative of a second contraction length along the radial axis of the lens. Methods may include causing the plurality of image sensors to capture second images while the displacement actuator is in the second setting. Methods may include determining one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

[0008] These and other features and advantages are described in greater detail below.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Some features are shown by way of example, and not by limitation, in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like numerals reference similar elements.

[0010] Fig. 1 shows an example system for determining lens mechanical properties described herein.

[0011] Figs. 2A and 2B show images of an example subject lens in an example lens holder.

[0012] FIG. 3 shows an example strain map associated with the systems and methods described herein.

[0013] Fig. 4 shows an example stress map associated with the systems and methods described herein.

[0014] Fig. 5 shows a flowchart of an example method disclosed herein.

[0015] Fig. 6 shows a flowchart of an example method disclosed herein.

[0016] The accompanying drawings show examples of the disclosure. It is to be understood that the examples shown in the drawings and / or discussed herein are non-exclusive and that there are other examples of how the disclosure may be practiced.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, show examples of the disclosure. It is to be understood that the examples shown in the drawings and / or discussed herein are nonexclusive and that there are other examples of how the disclosure may be practiced.JSV7232USPSP1

[0018] The present disclosure relates to automated system for mechanical properties determination of intraocular lenses. The unit comprises hardware and software components and enables the dynamic / static determination of multiple mechanical properties from a single routine.

[0019] Mechanical properties may be determined and impacted by several factors, such as intrinsic properties of the lens and materials comprised in the lens including platform design, material bulk properties, material surface properties, etc. Determinations made concerning the platform design may comprise observations related to haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, center thickness, etc. Determinations made concerning the material bulk properties may comprise observations related to elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, cross-linking degree, etc. Determinations made concerning the material surface properties may comprise observations related to surface treatment, roughness, etc. Determinations made concerning the material bulk properties and / or the material surface properties may be used to train one or more models associated with material properties, wherein the one or more models associated with material properties may convert observed strain into stress models.

[0020] International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11979-3 described mechanical properties and test methods for IOLS. ISO 11979-3 enumerates some of the mechanical properties required for qualification of IOL mechanical platforms and lists the associated figures of merit, including compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, angle of contact. Additionally, rotational stability under anticipated biomechanical stresses is an important characteristic for effectiveness of a lens, such as a toric IOLs in correcting corneal astigmatism. A time dependency of a dynamic response may be characterized for accommodating IOLs comprising a mechanism of action based on movement of the IOLs under compression.

[0021] Theoretical modelling (analytical, finite element modeling (FEM)) of mechanical behavior of lenses under compression or during functional testing (i.e. lens delivery) uses material models derived from generic physical properties characterization methods (i.e. dynamic mechanical analysis in shear or elongation modes). As such, the geometry of the test samples (i.e. rectangular, disks, dog-bones, etc.) as well as the actual boundary conditions bear little to no resemblance to the actual - biophysical - conditions to which an IOL is being subjected during or after implantation.JSV7232USPSP1

[0022] The systems and methods described herein may comprise a custom two-way microscope with an angular off-set between the two optic sides (e.g., 45.0 degrees, 90.0 degrees, etc.). Each optic side may comprise a camera. Each camera and associated objective lens may be mounted on a fixed or rotating arm approximately centered above the location of a subject lens.Additionally, the cameras may be placed on an automatic height adjusting stage. The objective lens may comprise a magnification so that an area of interest of the subject lens fits adequately within a camera sensor. An adjustable iris may be included behind the objective lenses to adjust a system F-number. An illumination source may be used. The illumination source may comprise an intensity and / or type that may be controlled using a light control panel. The illumination source may illuminate an illumination stage. The subject lens under test may be placed in a fluid (e.g., water, liquid, etc.) cell filled with saline or purified water using a lens holder. A thermostat may be disposed in the fluid cell. The fluid cell may be directly placed on the illumination stage.

[0023] The lens holder may comprise a plurality of arms or surfaces configured to engage at least a portion of a lens interposed therebetween. A first arm of the lens holder may be connected to a displacement actuator that may be connected to a function generator. The function generator may control shape modulation associated with the mechanical load, frequency modulation associated with the mechanical load, amplitude modulation associated with the mechanical load, etc. A second arm may be disposed opposite from the first arm such that a lens may be disposed therebetween. The second arm may be connected to a compression force sensor that may be part of a displacement control feed-back loop. The cameras, displacement actuator, compression force sensor, temperature controller and light source may be connected to a control computer.

[0024] Fig. 1 shows an example system 100 for determining lens mechanical properties described herein. The system 100 may comprise a fluid cell 110, a displacement actuator 120, a displacement controller 130, a first image sensor 140, a second image sensor 150, a compression force controller 160, and a temperature controller 170. The system 100 may be used to test a subject lens 180. The subject lens 180 may comprise an intraocular lens (IOL). The system 100 may automatically determine mechanical properties for intraocular lenses.

[0025] The fluid cell 110 may comprise purified water. The fluid cell 110 may comprise saline water. Fluid in the fluid cell 110 may be temperature regulated by the temperature controller 170. The fluid cell 110 may comprise a temperature sensor. Determinations of the temperature sensorJSV7232USPSP1may be received by the temperature controller 170 and / or a control computer. The temperature controller 170 may interpret signals received from the temperature sensor. The temperature controller 170 may cause some conditions in the fluid cell 110 to replicate conditions when the subject lens 180 is in use (e.g., installed, implanted, etc.). The fluid cell 110 may facilitate in-vitro testing of an IOL.

[0026] The system 100 may comprise a lens holder configured to hold a subject lens 180. The fluid cell 110 may comprise the lens holder. The fluid cell 110 may be the lens holder. The lens holder may comprise a first arm (e.g., side, wall, etc.). The first arm may be in communication with (e.g., comprise, be connected to, etc.) to the displacement actuator 120. The lens holder may comprise a second arm. The second arm may be disposed opposite from the first arm such that a lens may be disposed therebetween. The second arm may be in communication with (e.g., comprise, be connected to, etc.) a compression force sensor.

[0027] The displacement actuator 120 may cause the first arm of the lens holder to displace the subject lens 180. The displacement actuator 120 may cause compression force to be applied to the subject lens 180. The displacement actuator 120 may be controlled by the displacement controller 130. The displacement controller 130 may cause the displacement actuator 120 to apply a determined compression force to the subject lens 180. The displacement controller 130 may cause the displacement actuator 120 to cause the subject lens 180 to be compressed by a determined length. The compression force controller 160 may interpret signals from the compression force sensor.

[0028] The first image sensor 140 and / or the second image sensor 150 may comprise or be a component of a camera. The first image sensor 140 and / or the second image sensor 150 may comprise or be a component of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The first image sensor 140 and / or the second image sensor 150 may comprise and / or be a component of and / or be in communication with the control computer. The first image sensor 140 may provide a top view of the subject lens 180. Images captured by the first image sensor 140 may be used to determine rotation of the subject lens 180, haptic compression of the subject lens 180, etc. The second image sensor 150 may provide a side view of the subject lens 180. Images captured by the second image sensor 150 may be used to determine vaulting of the subject lens 180, haptic compression of the subject lens 180, etc.JSV7232USPSP1

[0029] The control computer may comprise one or more processors. The control computer may comprise one or more local computing devices. The control computer may comprise one or more remote computing devices. The control computer may comprise a cloud computing environment. The control computer may comprise a distributed ledger. The control computer may send information to and / or receive information from the displacement controller 130. The control computer may send information to and / or receive information from the compression force controller 160. The control computer may send information to and / or receive information from the temperature controller 170. The control computer may control the displacement actuator 120, the displacement controller 130, the first image sensor 140, the second image sensor 150, the compression force controller 160, and / or the temperature controller 170. The control computer may perform one or more methods described herein. The control computer may receive an indication of one or more intrinsic properties (platform, surface, physical, etc.) associated with the subject lens 180. The indication of one or more intrinsic properties may comprise material bulk properties and / or material surface properties. The control computer may use a pre-existent material mathematical model with the one or more materials associated with the subject lens 180 to determine mechanical properties associated with the subject lens 180. The control computer may use a pre-existent material mathematical model with the one or more materials associated with the subject lens 180 to solve a Cauchy stress tensor. The pre-existent material mathematical model may be associated with known qualities (elasticity, hyper-elasticity, etc.) about the one or more materials associated with the subject lens 180. Solving the Cauchy stress tensor may comprise the determination of a deformation gradient associated with the subject lens 180.Solving the Cauchy stress tensor may enable evaluation of local accumulation of stresses on the subject lens 180 (e.g., making use of a material model).

[0030] The subject lens 180 being tested for mechanical properties may be placed in the fluid cell 110 of the system 100. The fluid cell 110 may comprise saline water. The saline water may be kept at around body temperature via the temperature controller 170. The displacement actuator 120 may be at a first setting. The first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150 may capture first images of the lens 180 while the displacement actuator 120 is at the first setting. The compression force controller 160 may receive first compression force information from the compression force sensor at the first setting. The control computer and / or displacementJSV7232USPSP1controller 130 may cause the displacement actuator 120 to adjust to a second setting to displace the lens 180. Displacing the lens 180 may comprise applying compression force to the lens 180. The first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150 may capture second images of the lens 180 while the displacement actuator 120 is at the second setting. The compression force controller 160 may receive second compression force information from the compression force sensor at the second setting. The control computer may receive the first images, first compression data, second images, and second compression data. The control computer may determine a plurality of mechanical properties of the subject lens 180 based on one or more of the first images, first compression data, second images, and second compression data.

[0031] The example system 100 may be configured to enable simultaneous determination of one or more mechanical properties identified in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11979-3 of the subject lens 180. The example system 100 may create and observe deformation gradients in axial and perpendicular planes and convert the observed deformation gradients into one or more mechanical stress maps. The example system 100 facilitates the validation of designs of IOL platforms comprising new material, features, geometrical properties, and / or surface properties. The example system 100 may be configured to enable simultaneous determination of two or more mechanical properties identified in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11979-3 of the subject lens 180.

[0032] Figs. 2A and 2B show images of an example subject lens 200 in an example lens holder 210. Fig. 2A shows the lens holder 210 in a first setting. The lens holder 210 comprises a first arm 212 and a second arm 214. At the first setting, the subject lens 200 comprises a first lens height 202 and a first lens length 204. The first arm 212 may be in communication with a displacement actuator, like the displacement actuator 120 of Fig. 1. The second arm 214 may be in communication with a compression force sensor.

[0033] Fig. 2B shows the lens holder 210 in a second setting. At the second setting, the subject lens 200 comprises a second lens height 222 and a second lens length 224. The second lens height 222 may be greater than the first lens height 202. The second lens length 224 may be less than the first lens length 204. The displacement actuator may cause the first arm 212 to move closer to the second arm 214, causing the subject lens 200 to receive compression force. The compression force sensor may detect the compression force applied to the subject lens 200.JSV7232USPSP1

[0034] The first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150 may simultaneously capture images of the subject lens in the first setting and the second setting. Figs. 2A and 2B may depict images and / or a perspective of the second image sensor 150. Images captured by the first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150 may comprise two dimensional (2D) projections. Each time the subject lens 200 is captured, two images, one by the first image sensor (a top view image) and one by the second image sensor (a side view image) may be captured and associated with each other. The images captured by the first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150 may be processed such that a contour of the subject lens 200 is identified in the images. The camera exposure can be automatically adjusted or be operated with fixed values to provide enough contrast to detect the lens contour for a broad range of conditions. Camera exposure associated with the first image sensor 140 and / or the second image sensor 150 may be automatically adjusted to provide contrast to detect the lens contour. Camera exposure associated with the first image sensor 140 and / or the second image sensor 150 may be operated with fixed values to provide enough contrast to detect the lens contour for a broad range of conditions. The images captured by the first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150 may be used to determine compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, and / or contact angle.

[0035] The subject lens 200 may be subjected to a controlled load. The controlled load may comprise a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, a circumferential load, etc. The subject lens 200 may be examined under one or more controlled environmental conditions. The one or more controlled environmental conditions may comprise temperature, medium, fixation anvil, etc. The one or more controlled environmental conditions may facilitate frictionless contact with the fixation anvil and / or the lens holder 210 for evaluation of an elastomer capsular bag, toric stability, etc.

[0036] Fig. 3 shows an example strain map 300 associated with the systems and methods described herein. The example strain map 300 may comprise a local strain map. The example strain map 300 may show one or more indication of one or more deformation gradient. The example strain map 300 may be dynamic. The example strain map 300 may illustrate strain in a subject lens when the subject lens moves from an initial position 310 to a compressed position 320. The example strain map 300 may be static. The example strain map 300 may illustrate strainJSV7232USPSP1in the subject lens when the subject lens is in the compressed position 320. The compressed position 320 may illustrate the subject lens under controlled load. The controlled load may comprise a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, a circumferential load, etc. The example strain map 300 may be made with a plurality of two-dimensional (2D) images, such as images captured by the first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150 in FIG. 1. The images may comprise top view images and side view images.

[0037] The strain map 300 may show multiple strain areas. For example, a first strain area 322 may indicate high strain due to compression force. The first strain area 322 may be in direct communication with an element causing compression force, such as the first arm 212 of the lens holder 200 in FIG. 2. As another example, a second strain area 324 may indicate moderate strain due to compression force. The second strain area 324 may be more removed from the element causing the compression force than the first strain area 322. As another example, a third strain area 326 may indicate low strain due to compression force. The third strain area 326 may be more removed from the element causing the compression force than the second strain area 324. In addition to proximity to compression force source, differences in the strain areas may be due to differences in material type, amount of material used, configuration of material, etc. The strain map 300 may be influenced by the subject lens’ platform geometry, such as haptic loop design, connection to an optic body, vault height, optic body diameter, overall body diameter, etc.

[0038] Fig. 4 shows an example stress map 400 associated with the systems and methods described herein. The stress map 400 may map a subject lens. The stress map 400 may be dynamic. The stress map 400 may be static. The stress map 400 may map the subject lens under controlled load. The controlled load may comprise a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, a circumferential load, etc. The stress map 400 may be created using images from the first image sensor 140 and / or the second image sensor 150. The stress map 400 may be created using one of more strain maps, such as the strain map 300 in Fig.3. The stress map 400 may be created using a pre-existent material mathematical model. The preexistent material mathematical model may comprise an elastic model, a hyper-elastic model, etc. The pre-existent material mathematical model may be used to solve the Cauchy stress tensor. The pre-existent material mathematical model may be used to solve the Cauchy stress tensor when the subject lens is dynamically being compressed. The pre-existent material mathematicalJSV7232USPSP1model may be used to solve the Cauchy stress tensor when the subject lens is in a static compressed position (state, etc.).

[0039] The stress map 400 may show multiple stress areas. For example, a first stress area 422 may comprise an indication of low stress. The first stress area 422 may be associated with an area of low strain in one or more strain maps used to create the stress map 400. As another example, a second stress area 424 may comprise an indication of moderate stress. The second stress area 424 may be associated with an area of moderate strain in one or more strain maps used to create the stress map 400. The second stress area 424 may be associated with an area where strain satisfied a moderate stress threshold but did not satisfy a high stress threshold in one or more strain maps used to create the stress map 400. The second stress area 424 may be associated with an area where an average of strain in one or more strain maps used to create the stress map 400 was below a high stress threshold. Any other number of methods may be used to determine a level of stress associated with an area. As another example, a third stress area 426 may comprise an indication of high stress. The third stress area 426 may be associated with an area of high strain in one or more strain maps used to create the stress map 400. The third stress area 426 may be associated with an area where strain satisfied a high stress threshold in one or more strain maps used to create the stress map 400. The third stress area 426 may be associated with an area where an average of strain in one or more strain maps used to create the stress map 400 was satisfied a high stress threshold. Any other number of methods may be used to determine a level of stress associated with an area.

[0040] A displacement actuator, such as the displacement actuator 120 in Fig. 1, may be driven with a given excitation profile to perform a measurement routine. Image acquisition procedures for image sensors, such as the first image sensor 140 and the second image sensor 150, may automatically be triggered at time steps as the displacement actuator is driven. For each time step, a collection of two images may be acquired and used for subsequent image segmentation of the lens contour using the same generic coordinate system. The image segmentation may comprise an edge detection algorithm. The edge detection algorithm may comprise polar unwrapping for contrast base edge detection.

[0041] Segmentation at discrete time steps may enable determination of local strain at discrete locations along the contour of the subject lens. Hence, simultaneous determination of axialJSV7232USPSP1displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, and angle of contact may be performed. Additionally, compression force may be continuously recorded (e.g., observed, stored, etc.) throughout the measurement routine.

[0042] Furthermore, by means of pre-existent material mathematical model solving the Cauchy stress tensor using a determined deformation gradient may enable the evaluation of the local accumulation of stresses, which may be shown in the stress map 400. Under fixed experimental conditions, the stresses are impacted by IOL platform design. The IOL platform design may comprise geometrical properties and / or material and / or surface properties. Geometrical properties may be properties associated with mechanical platform characteristics of a subject lens. Geometrical properties may comprise haptic design (including connection to an optic body), overall and optic body diameters, vault height, center thickness, etc. Material and / or surface properties may comprise elasticity moduli, tension glass temperature (Tg), haptic roughness, hardness, etc.

[0043] Fig. 5 is a flowchart of an example process 500. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of Fig. 5 may be performed by a computing device, such as a processor or a control computer.

[0044] Optionally, a lens may be disposed in or on a lens holder. The lens holder may be configured to support the lens while one or more mechanical loads are applied to the lens.

[0045] A plurality of image sensors may be caused to capture one or more first images (block 502). For example, a processor may cause a plurality of image sensors to capture one or more first images. The first images may be of the lens disposed in the lens holder. The lens may be under a first compression force applied along a radial axis. The lens holder may comprise a fluid cell. The fluid cell may comprise fluid. A temperature sensor may be caused to determine a temperature associated with the fluid. For example, the processor may cause a temperature sensor to determine a temperature associated with the fluid. The lens may be an intraocular lens (IOL). The first compression force may comprise zero (0) Newtons (N). At least a first image sensor of the plurality of image sensors may comprise a predetermined angular off-set between a second image sensor of the plurality of image sensors. The predetermined angular off-set may be 45 degrees. The predetermined angular off-set may be 90 degrees.JSV7232USPSP1

[0046] The plurality of image sensors may be caused to capture one or more second images (block 504). For example, the processor may cause the plurality of image sensors to capture one or more second images. The second images may be of the lens disposed in the lens holder. The lens may be under a second compression force applied along the radial axis. The second compression force may be different from the first compression force. The second compression for may cause the lens to receive a controlled load. The controlled load may be one or more of a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, or a circumferential load.

[0047] Mechanical properties of the lens may be determined (506). For example, the processor may determine the mechanical properties of the lens. The mechanical properties of the lens may be determined based on the first images and / or the second images. The mechanical properties may comprise one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact. The mechanical properties may comprise one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact. Other aspects of the lens may be determined included, for example, fiducial markings (e.g., toric IOL).

[0048] An indication of an intrinsic property associated with the lens may be received. For example, the processor may receive an indication of one or more intrinsic properties associated with the lens. The mechanical properties of the lens may be determined based on the indication of one or more intrinsic properties. The indication of one or more intrinsic properties may comprise lens platform properties, lens physical properties, lens surface properties. The lens platform properties may comprise one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness. The lens physical properties may comprise one or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature,. The lens surface properties may comprise one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.

[0049] A set of images of the first images and second images may be created. For example, the processor may create a set of images of the first images and the second images. The set of images may comprise a plurality of image pairs. Each pair may comprise a first paired image and a second paired image. Each first paired image may comprise an image from the first images. Each second paired image may comprise an image from the second images. The first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair may have been captured at the same time.JSV7232USPSP1

[0050] The set of images may be segmented. For example, the processor may segment the set of images. The segmenting may result in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens. A first area of the lens may be identified based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations. For example, the processor may identify the first area of the lens based on the first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations. A deformation gradient associated with the first area may be determined based on the first segmentation. For example, the processor may determine the deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation. A pre-existing material mathematical model may be applied based on a material associated with the lens. For example, the processor may apply a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens. A Cauchy stress tensor may be solved. For example, the processor may solve the Cauchy stress tensor.

[0051] At least one environmental condition may be controlled. For example, the processor may control at least one environmental condition. The at least one environmental condition may comprise one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil.

[0052] Although Fig. 5 shows example blocks of process 500, in some implementations, process 500 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 5. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 500 may be performed in parallel.

[0053] Fig. 6 is a flowchart of an example process 600. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of Fig. 6 may be performed by a computing device, such as a processor or a control computer.

[0054] Optionally, a lens may be disposed in or on a lens holder. The lens holder may be configured to support the lens while a contraction length between the pair of opposing surfaces is adjusted.

[0055] A plurality of image sensors may be caused to capture first images (block 602). For example, a processor may cause a plurality of image sensors to capture first images. The first images may be of the lens disposed between the pair of opposing surfaces in the lens holder while a displacement actuator is in a first setting. The first setting may indicate a first contraction length along a radial axis of the lens. The lens holder may comprise a fluid cell. The fluid cell may comprise fluid. At least a first image sensor of the plurality of image sensors may compriseJSV7232USPSP1a predetermined angular off-set between a second image sensor of the plurality of image sensors. The predetermined angular off-set may be 45 degrees. The predetermined angular off-set may be 90 degrees. The lens may be an intraocular lens (IOL).

[0056] The displacement actuator may be caused to adjust to a second setting (block 604). For example, the processor may cause the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting. The second setting may be indicative of a second contraction length along the radial axis of the lens. At least one environmental condition may be controlled. For example, the processor may control at least one environmental condition. The at least one environmental condition comprises one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil. A temperature sensor may be caused to determine a temperature associated with the fluid. The processor may cause the temperature sensor to determine a temperature associated with the fluid.

[0057] The plurality of image sensors may be caused to capture second images (block 606). For example, the processor may cause the plurality of image sensors to capture second images. The second images may be captured while the displacement actuator is in the second setting.

[0058] Mechanical properties of the lens may be determined based on the first images and the second images (block 608). For example, the processor may determine the mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images. The mechanical properties may comprise one or more of: axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

[0059] An indication of a material associated with the lens may be received. For example, the processor may receive the indication of one or more intrinsic properties associated with the lens. The mechanical properties of the lens may be determined based on the indication of one or more intrinsic properties. The indication of one or more intrinsic properties may comprise lens platform properties, lens physical properties, lens surface properties. The lens platform properties may comprise one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness. The lens physical properties may comprise one or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature. The lens surface properties may comprise one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.

[0060] A set of images of the first images and second images may be created. For example, the processor may create a set of images of the first images and the second images. The set of images may comprise a plurality of image pairs. Each pair may comprise a first paired image and a second paired image. Each first paired image may comprise an image from the first images.JSV7232USPSP1Each second paired image may comprise an image from the second images. The first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair may have been captured at the same time.

[0061] The set of images may be segmented. For example, the processor may segment the set of images. The segmenting may result in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens. A first area of the lens may be identified based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations. For example, the processor may identify the first area of the lens based on the first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations. A deformation gradient associated with the first area may be determined based on the first segmentation. For example, the processor may determine the deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation. A pre-existing material mathematical model may be applied based on a material associated with the lens. For example, the processor may apply a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens. A Cauchy stress tensor may be solved. For example, the processor may solve the Cauchy stress tensor.

[0062] Although Fig. 6 shows example blocks of process 600, in some implementations, process 600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 6. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 600 may be performed in parallel.EXAMPLE CLAUSES

[0063] Example Clause 1 : A system for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens may include: a lens holder configured to receive a lens; a plurality of image sensors configured to capture one or more images of the lens, where at least a first image sensor of the plurality of image sensors may include a predetermined angular off-set between a second image sensor of the plurality of image sensors; a displacement actuator disposed to apply a mechanical load to the lens along at least a first axis; a compression force sensor configured to measure a compression force applied to the lens via the displacement actuator; and a processor configured to: cause the plurality of image sensors to capture first images while the displacement actuator is in a first setting indicative of a first compression force applied to the lens, determine, via the compression force sensor, first compression data from the compression force sensor whileJSV7232USPSP1the displacement actuator is in the first setting, cause the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting indicative of a second compression force applied to the lens, where the second compression force is different from the first compression force, cause the plurality of image sensors to capture second images while the displacement actuator is in the second setting, determine, via the compression force sensor, second compression data from the compression force sensor while the displacement actuator is in the second setting, and determine one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images, the second images, the first compression data, and the second compression data.

[0064] Example Clause 2: The system of Example Clause 1, where the processor is further configured to create a set of images of the first images and the second images, where the set of images may include a plurality of image pairs, where each pair may include a first paired image and a second paired image, where each first paired image may include an image from the first images, where each second paired image may include an image from the second images, and where the first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair were captured at the same time.

[0065] Example Clause 3 : The system of Example Clause 1 or Example Clause 2, where the processor is further configured to segment the set of images, resulting in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens.

[0066] Example Clause 4: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-3, where the processor is further configured to identify a first area of the lens based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations.

[0067] Example Clause 5: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-4, where the processor is further configured to determine a deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation.

[0068] Example Clause 6: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-5, where the processor is further configured to apply a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens.

[0069] Example Clause 7: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-6, where the processor is further configured to solve a Cauchy stress tensor.JSV7232USPSP1

[0070] Example Clause 8: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-7, where the processor is further configured to cause the lens to receive a controlled load.

[0071] Example Clause 9: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-8, where the controlled load is one or more of a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, or a circumferential load.

[0072] Example Clause 10: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-9, where the processor is further configured to control at least one environmental condition.

[0073] Example Clause 11 : The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-10, where the at least one environmental condition may include one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil.

[0074] Example Clause 12: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-11, where the lens holder may include a fluid cell, and where the fluid cell may include fluid.

[0075] Example Clause 13: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-12, further may include a temperature sensor configured to determine a temperature associated with the fluid.

[0076] Example Clause 14: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-13, where the mechanical properties may include one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

[0077] Example Clause 15: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-14, where the processor is further configured to receive an indication of a material associated with the lens, and where the processor is further configured to determine the one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the material associated with the lens.

[0078] Example Clause 16: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-15, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness.

[0079] Example Clause 17: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-16, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include ones or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, cross-linking degree.

[0080] Example Clause 18: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-17, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.JSV7232USPSP1

[0081] Example Clause 19: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-18, where the lens is an intraocular lens (IOL).

[0082] Example Clause 20: The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-19, where the first compression force is 0 Newtons (N).

[0083] Example Clause 21 : The system of any one of Example Clauses 1-20, where the first axis is a radial axis.

[0084] Example Clause 22: A method for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens may include: causing a plurality of image sensors to capture one or more first images of a lens disposed in or on a lens holder, where the lens is under a first compression force applied along a radial axis, and where the lens holder is configured to support the lens, while one or more mechanical loads are applied to the lens; causing the plurality of image sensors to capture one or more second images of the lens under a second compression force applied along the radial axis, where the second compression force is different from the first compression force; and determining one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images, where the mechanical properties may include one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

[0085] Example Clause 23 : The method of Example Clause 22, where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further may include creating a set of images of the first images and the second images, where the set of images may include a plurality of image pairs, where each pair may include a first paired image and a second paired image, where each first paired image may include an image from the first images, where each second paired image may include an image from the second images, and where the first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair were captured at the same time.

[0086] Example Clause 24: The method of Example Clause 22 or Example Clause 23, further may include segmenting the set of images resulting in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens.

[0087] Example Clause 25: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-24, further may include identifying a first area of the lens based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations.JSV7232USPSP1

[0088] Example Clause 26: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-25, further may include determining a deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation.

[0089] Example Clause 27: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-26, where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further may include applying a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens.

[0090] Example Clause 28: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-27, where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further may include solving a Cauchy stress tensor.

[0091] Example Clause 29: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-28, where the second compression force causes the lens to receive a controlled load.

[0092] Example Clause 30: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-29, where the controlled load is one or more of a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, or a circumferential load.

[0093] Example Clause 31 : The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-30, further may include controlling at least one environmental condition.

[0094] Example Clause 32: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-31, where the at least one environmental condition may include one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil.

[0095] Example Clause 33: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-32, where the lens holder may include a fluid cell, and where the fluid cell may include fluid.

[0096] Example Clause 34: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-33, further may include causing a temperature sensor to determine a temperature associated with the fluid.

[0097] Example Clause 35: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-34, where the mechanical properties may include one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

[0098] Example Clause 36: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-35, further may include receiving an indication of a material associated with the lens, and where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens is further based on the indication of one or more intrinsic properties.JSV7232USPSP1

[0099] Example Clause 37: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-36, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness.

[0100] Example Clause 38: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-37, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, cross-linking degree.

[0101] Example Clause 39: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-38, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.

[0102] Example Clause 40: The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-39, where the lens is an intraocular lens (IOL).

[0103] Example Clause 41 : The method of any one of Example Clauses 22-40, where the first compression force is 0 Newtons (N).

[0104] Example Clause 42: A method for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens, the method may include: causing a plurality of image sensors to capture first images of a lens disposed between a pair of opposing surfaces of a lens holder while a displacement actuator is in a first setting, where the lens holder is configured to support the lens while a contraction length between the pair of opposing surfaces is adjusted, and where the first setting indicates a first contraction length along a radial axis of the lens; causing the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting, where the second setting is indicative of a second contraction length along the radial axis of the lens; causing the plurality of image sensors to capture second images while the displacement actuator is in the second setting; and determining one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images.

[0105] Example Clause 43: The method of Example Clause 42, where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further may include creating a set of images of the first images and the second images, where the set of images may include a plurality of image pairs, where each pair may include a first paired image and a second paired image, where each first paired image may include an image from the first images, where each second paired image mayJSV7232USPSP1include an image from the second images, and where the first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair were captured at the same time.

[0106] Example Clause 44: The method of Example Clause 42 or Example Clause 43, further may include segmenting the set of images resulting in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens.

[0107] Example Clause 45: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-44, further may include identifying a first area of the lens based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations.

[0108] Example Clause 46: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-45, further may include determining a deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation.

[0109] Example Clause 47: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-46, where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further may include applying a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens.

[0110] Example Clause 48: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-47, where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further may include solving a Cauchy stress tensor.

[0111] Example Clause 49: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-48, where the causing the displacement actuator to adjust to the second setting further may include controlling at least one environmental condition.

[0112] Example Clause 50: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-49, where the at least one environmental condition may include one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil.

[0113] Example Clause 51 : The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-50, where the lens holder may include a fluid cell and where the fluid cell may include fluid.

[0114] Example Clause 52: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-51, where the causing the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting may include causing a temperature sensor to determine a temperature associated with the fluid.

[0115] Example Clause 53: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-52, where at least a first image sensor of the plurality of image sensors may include a predetermined angular off-set between a second image sensor of the plurality of image sensors.JSV7232USPSP1

[0116] Example Clause 54: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-53, where the mechanical properties may include one or more of: axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

[0117] Example Clause 55: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-54, further may include receiving an indication of a material associated with the lens, and where the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens is further based on the indication of one or more intrinsic properties.

[0118] Example Clause 56: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-55, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness.

[0119] Example Clause 57: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-56, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, cross-linking degree.

[0120] Example Clause 58: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-57, where the indication of one or more intrinsic properties may include one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.

[0121] Example Clause 59: The method of any one of Example Clauses 42-58, where the lens is an intraocular lens (IOL).

[0122] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the implementations. As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems and / or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, and / or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods is not limiting of the implementations. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code - it being understood that software and hardware can be used to implement the systems and / or methods based on the description herein. As used herein, satisfying a threshold may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than theJSV7232USPSP1threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, and / or the like, depending on the context. Although particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification

[0123] Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of various implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination of related and unrelated items, and / or the like), and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of’).

Claims

JSV7232USPSP1CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A system for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens comprising:a lens holder configured to receive a lens;a plurality of image sensors configured to capture one or more images of the lens, wherein at least a first image sensor of the plurality of image sensors comprises a predetermined angular off-set between a second image sensor of the plurality of image sensors;a displacement actuator disposed to apply a mechanical load to the lens along at least a first axis;a compression force sensor configured to measure a compression force applied to the lens via the displacement actuator; anda processor configured to:cause the plurality of image sensors to capture first images while the displacement actuator is in a first setting indicative of a first compression force applied to the lens,determine, via the compression force sensor, first compression data from the compression force sensor while the displacement actuator is in the first setting,cause the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting indicative of a second compression force applied to the lens, wherein the second compression force is different from the first compression force, cause the plurality of image sensors to capture second images while the displacement actuator is in the second setting,determine, via the compression force sensor, second compression data from the compression force sensor while the displacement actuator is in the second setting, andJSV7232USPSP1determine one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images, the second images, the first compression data, and the second compression data.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to create a set of images of the first images and the second images, wherein the set of images comprises a plurality of image pairs, wherein each pair comprises a first paired image and a second paired image, wherein each first paired image comprises an image from the first images, wherein each second paired image comprises an image from the second images, and wherein the first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair were captured at the same time.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to segment the set of images, resulting in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to identify a first area of the lens based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to determine a deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to apply a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to solve a Cauchy stress tensor.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the lens to receive a controlled load.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the controlled load is one or more of a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, or a circumferential load.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to control at least one environmental condition.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one environmental condition comprises one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil.JSV7232USPSP112. The system of claim 1, wherein the lens holder comprises a fluid cell, and wherein the fluid cell comprises fluid.

13. The system of claim 12, further comprising a temperature sensor configured to determine a temperature associated with the fluid.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein the mechanical properties comprise one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

15. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to receive an indication of a material associated with the lens, and wherein the processor is further configured to determine the one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the material associated with the lens.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness.

17. The system of claim 15, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprise ones or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, cross-linking degree.

18. The system of claim 15, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.

19. The system of claim 1, wherein the lens is an intraocular lens (IOL).

20. The system of claim 1, wherein the first compression force is 0 Newtons (N).

21. The system of claim 1, wherein the first axis is a radial axis.

22. A method for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens comprising:causing a plurality of image sensors to capture one or more first images of a lens disposed in or on a lens holder, wherein the lens is under a first compression force applied along a radial axis, and wherein the lens holder is configured to support the lens, while one or more mechanical loads are applied to the lens;causing the plurality of image sensors to capture one or more second images of the lens under a second compression force applied along the radial axis, wherein the second compression force is different from the first compression force; andJSV7232USPSP1determining one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images, wherein the mechanical properties comprise one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further comprises creating a set of images of the first images and the second images, wherein the set of images comprises a plurality of image pairs, wherein each pair comprises a first paired image and a second paired image, wherein each first paired image comprises an image from the first images, wherein each second paired image comprises an image from the second images, and wherein the first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair were captured at the same time.

24. The method of claim 23, further comprising segmenting the set of images resulting in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising identifying a first area of the lens based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising determining a deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further comprises applying a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further comprises solving a Cauchy stress tensor.

29. The method of claim 22, wherein the second compression force causes the lens to receive a controlled load.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the controlled load is one or more of a ramped load, a cyclic load, an amplitude modulated load, a single-sided load, or a circumferential load.

31. The method of claim 22, further comprising controlling at least one environmental condition.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one environmental condition comprises one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil.JSV7232USPSP133. The method of claim 22, wherein the lens holder comprises a fluid cell, and wherein the fluid cell comprises fluid.

34. The method of claim 33, further comprising causing a temperature sensor to determine a temperature associated with the fluid.

35. The method of claim 22, wherein the mechanical properties comprise one or more of: compression force, axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

36. The method of claim 22, further comprising receiving an indication of a material associated with the lens, and wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens is further based on the indication of one or more intrinsic properties.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, cross-linking degree.

39. The method of claim 36, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.

40. The method of claim 22, wherein the lens is an intraocular lens (IOL).

41. The method of claim 22, wherein the first compression force is 0 Newtons (N).

42. A method for simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical properties of a lens, the method comprising:causing a plurality of image sensors to capture first images of a lens disposed between a pair of opposing surfaces of a lens holder while a displacement actuator is in a first setting, wherein the lens holder is configured to support the lens while a contraction length between the pair of opposing surfaces is adjusted, and wherein the first setting indicates a first contraction length along a radial axis of the lens; causing the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting, wherein the second setting is indicative of a second contraction length along the radial axis of the lens; causing the plurality of image sensors to capture second images while the displacement actuator is in the second setting; andJSV7232USPSP1determining one or more mechanical properties of the lens based on the first images and the second images.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further comprises creating a set of images of the first images and the second images, wherein the set of images comprises a plurality of image pairs, wherein each pair comprises a first paired image and a second paired image, wherein each first paired image comprises an image from the first images, wherein each second paired image comprises an image from the second images, and wherein the first paired image and the second paired image of an image pair were captured at the same time.

44. The method of claim 43, further comprising segmenting the set of images resulting in a plurality of segmentations of a lens contour associated with the lens.

45. The method of claim 44, further comprising identifying a first area of the lens based on a first segmentation of the plurality of segmentations.

46. The method of claim 45, further comprising determining a deformation gradient associated with the first area based on the first segmentation.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further comprises applying a pre-existing material mathematical model based on a material associated with the lens.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens further comprises solving a Cauchy stress tensor.

49. The method of claim 42, wherein the causing the displacement actuator to adjust to the second setting further comprises controlling at least one environmental condition.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the at least one environmental condition comprises one or more of temperature, medium, or anvil.

51. The method of claim 42, wherein the lens holder comprises a fluid cell and wherein the fluid cell comprises fluid.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the causing the displacement actuator to adjust to a second setting comprises causing a temperature sensor to determine a temperature associated with the fluid.JSV7232USPSP153. The method of claim 42, wherein at least a first image sensor of the plurality of image sensors comprises a predetermined angular off-set between a second image sensor of the plurality of image sensors.

54. The method of claim 42, wherein the mechanical properties comprise one or more of: axial displacement, optic decentration, optic tilt, or angle of contact.

55. The method of claim 42, further comprising receiving an indication of a material associated with the lens, and wherein the determining the one or more mechanical properties of the lens is further based on the indication of one or more intrinsic properties.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: haptic loops, vault height, sagitta, or center thickness.

57. The method of claim 55, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, cross-linking degree.

58. The method of claim 55, wherein the indication of one or more intrinsic properties comprises one or more of: surface treatment or roughness.

59. The method of claim 42, wherein the lens is an intraocular lens (IOL).

Images