Compositions of hydrofluoroolefins and systems for using the compositions

Abstract

Environmentally friendly refrigerant blends utilizing refrigerants including E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E)), 1,1-difluoropropene (HFO-1252zc) and E-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)) are provided. The blends have low GWP, low toxicity, and low flammability with low temperature glide for use in a hybrid, mild hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or full electric vehicles for thermal management (transferring heat from one part of the vehicle to the other) of the passenger compartment providing air conditioning (A / C) or heating to the passenger cabin.

Description

TS0131-WO01TITLE COMPOSITIONS OF HYDROFLUOROOLEFINS AND SYSTEMS FOR USING THE COMPOSITIONS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U. S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 63 / 745,344 filed on January 15, 2025 and U. S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 789,531 filed on April 16, 2025, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present invention is directed to compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin compound selected from E-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E) or E-HFO-1132), E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E) or E-HFO-1234ze), 1,1- difluoropropene (HFO-1252zc) and combinations thereof.BACKGROUND

[0003] The automotive industry is going through an architecture platform rejuvenation from using an internal combustion engine (ICE) for propulsion to using electric motors for propulsion. This platform rejuvenation is severely limiting the size of the internal combustion engine (ICE) in hybrid, plug-in hybrid vehicles or possibly eliminating the ICE altogether in pure electric vehicles. Some vehicles still maintain an ICE and are noted as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) or mild hybrid electric vehicles (MHEV). Vehicles which are fully electric and have no ICE are denoted as full electric vehicles (EV), including battery electric vehicles (BEV). All HEV, PHEV, MHEV and EVs use at least one electric motor, where the electric motor provides some form of propulsion for the vehicles normally provided by the internal combustion engine (ICE) found in gasoline / diesel powered vehicles.

[0004] In electrified vehicles, the ICE is typically reduced in size (HEV, PHEV, or MHEV) or eliminated (EV) to reduce vehicle weight thereby increasing the electric drive-cycle. While the ICE’s primary function is to provide vehicle propulsion, it alsoTS0131-WO01provides heat to the passenger cabin as a secondary function. Typically, heating is required when ambient conditions are 10°C or lower. In a non-electrified vehicle, there is excess heat from the ICE, which can be scavenged and used to heat the passenger cabin. It should be noted that while the ICE may take some time (several minutes) to heat up and generate heat, it functions well down to temperatures as low as -30°C. Therefore, in electrified vehicles, ICE size reduction or elimination is creating a demand for effective alternative heating of the passenger cabin. In current EVs, with no ICE, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heaters are currently being used. Use of a heat pump for cooling and heating can replace the PTC heater along with the air conditioning system and allow more efficient cooling and heating.

[0005] Although HFCs do not contribute to the destruction of stratospheric ozone, they contribute to the "greenhouse effect", i.e., global warming. As a result of their contribution to global warming, HFCs have come under scrutiny, and their widespread use may also be limited in the future.

[0006] For example, due to environmental pressures, R-134a, a hydrofluorocarbon or HFC, has been phased out for automobile air conditioning in favor of lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants with GWP < 150. While HFO-1234yf, a hydrofluoro-olefin, meets the low GWP requirement (GWP =4 per Pappadimitriou and GWP <1 perAR5), it has lower refrigeration capacity compared to R-134a and may not fully meet the heating requirements at low (-10°C) to very low (-30°C) ambient temperatures in current system designs. Refrigerant blends commonly used in stationary refrigerant applications are another option for automotive heat pumps. Examples of compositions comprising HFO-1234yf are disclosed in WO2007 / 126414; the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0007] This regulatory landscape is continuously evolving, taking into consideration properties beyond just ODP and GWP. More particularly, there is a need for refrigerant compositions that not only meet low ODP standards and have low global warming potentials and meet the standards of evolving regulations, but also provide heat transfer and thermodynamic characteristics that meet or exceed the effectiveness of conventional refrigerants, and extend the operating window toTS0131-WO01lower ambient temperatures for further reduction in the dependency on lower efficiency PTC heaters.

[0008] There is a need for low GWP heat pump type fluids to meet the ever-increasing needs of hybrid, mild hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles, electrified mass transit, and residential and commercial structures for thermal management which can provide both cooling and heating.

[0009] The instant invention solves certain problems associated with conventional refrigerants and provides compositions which meet the evolving regulatory landscape.SUMMARY

[0010] The present invention relates to compositions of environmentally friendly refrigerant blends with low GWP (e.g., GWP less than or equal to 150), low toxicity (e.g., class A per ANSI / ASHRAE standard 34 or ISO standard 817) ), and low flammability (e.g., class 1, 2L or 2 per ASHRAE 34 or ISO 817) with low temperature glide for use in a hybrid, mild hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or full electric vehicles for complete vehicle thermal management (transferring heat from one part of the vehicle to another). The thermal management system may operate to provide cooling and / or heating of the power electronics, battery, motor and provide air conditioning (A / C) and / or heating to the passenger cabin. These refrigerants can also be used for mass transit mobile applications which benefit from a heat pump type system enabling both heating and cooling of batteries, motors and passenger compartment areas. Mass transit mobile applications are not limited to, but can include transport vehicles such as ambulances, buses, shuttles, and trains.

[0011] In one embodiment, disclosed herein are compositions useful as refrigerants and heat transfer fluids.

[0012] In one aspect of the invention, the compositions include refrigerant blends containing at least one fluoroolefin compound selected from HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc, and combinations thereof.

[0013] Compositions of the present invention exhibit low temperature glide over the operating conditions of vehicle thermal management systems. Due to theTS0131-WO01manner in which automotive vehicles are repaired or serviced, having a low temperature glide fluid or no glide would be preferred. Currently, during the vehicle A / C repair or service process, refrigerants are handled through specific automotive service machines which recover the refrigerant, recycle the refrigerant to some intermittent quality level removing gross contaminants and then recharge the refrigerant back into the vehicle after repairs or servicing have been completed. These machines are denoted as R / R / R machines since they recover, recycle, and recharge refrigerant. This on-site recovery, recycle and recharge of refrigerant during vehicle maintenance or repair is possible because a single compound refrigerant, currently HFO-1234yf, is being used. The current automotive service machines are not typically capable of handling refrigerant blends that may fractionate during use, and possibly exhibit preferential leak of the lowest boiling component(s). Thus, the refrigerant removed from a system during service may not yield the same percentages of the components as the original blend that was charged. Since the refrigerant is handled “on-site” at a vehicle repair shop, there is no opportunity to reconstitute the blend refrigerant back to the original composition concentrations as is done by a refrigerant recycler. Refrigerants with higher temperature glide can sometimes require “reconstitution” to the original formulation otherwise a loss in cycle performance can occur. Therefore, a need exists for refrigerants which have lower temperature glide for automotive applications. Since a heat pump fluid would be handled in the same manner as the air-conditioning fluid, this requirement for low temperature glide would also apply for a heat pump type fluid as it would be handled and / or serviced in the same manner as the traditional air-conditioning fluids.Additionally, current heat exchanger designs are based on use of single compound refrigerants. A new refrigerant with significant temperature glide could require a complete redesign of the heat exchangers and other system components in order to maintain overall system performance of incumbent systems utilizing single component fluids.

[0014] While HFO-1234yf can be used as an air-conditioning refrigerant, it is limited in its ability to perform as a heat pump type fluid, i.e., capable of providing the capacity needed in both cooling and heating modes. Therefore, the refrigerants noted herein uniquely provide improved capacity over HFO-1234yf in the heating operating range, and / or extend the heating range capability over HFO-1234yf toTS0131-WO01evaporator temperatures as low as -39°C, provide similar or improved efficiency (COP), have low GWP and low to mild flammability, while also uniquely exhibiting low temperature glide. Hence these refrigerants are most useful in electrified vehicle applications, particularly HEV, PHEV, MHEV, EV and mass transit vehicles which require these properties over the lower end heating range. It should be noted that a heat pump fluid needs to perform well in an air-conditioning cycle, i.e., refrigerant average condensing temperatures up to 40°C, desirably providing equivalent or increased capacity versus HFO-1234yf. Therefore, the refrigerant blends noted herein perform well over a range of temperatures, particularly from -39°C up to +40°C and can provide both heating and cooling depending upon which cycle is required by the heat pump system.

[0015] The present inventors have discovered refrigerant blends that, in some embodiments, provide volumetric cooling and heating capacity higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions, cooling and heating COP which is similar or higher than the COP of HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions, with average temperature glide less than 7.1 K, in some embodiments less than 7 K, are non-toxic and that would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0016] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of at least one fluoroolefin compound selected from HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc, and combinations thereof.

[0017] Each of these components of the refrigerant blends of the present invention possesses specific properties which, when the components are combined together, particularly in the proportions disclosed herein, form a composition exhibiting synergistic and unexpected effects. More particularly, in the compositions of the present invention, HFO-1252zc contributes to reduced glide, HFO-1234ze(E) contributes to decreased flammability and increased efficiency (COP), and HFO-1132(E) contributes to increased capacity. The compositions of the present invention, as a result of the characteristics of the discrete components thereof, provide volumetric cooling and heating capacity higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions, cooling and heating COP which is similar to orTS0131-WO01higher than the COP of HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions, with average temperature glide less than 7.1 K, in some embodiments less than 7 K, are non-toxic and that would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.BLEND 1

[0018] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1234ze(E).

[0019] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 10 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 60 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition.

[0020] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition, when HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in such proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -31.2ºC to -40.1ºC. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 8 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 32% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to 31% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1.TS0131-WO01Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0021] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. More particularly, when HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in such proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -34.4°C to -35.4°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 7.1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 13% higher, preferably from about 9% to about 13% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to 9% higher, preferably from about 5% to about 9% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 2, preferably about 1.2. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0022] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. More particularly, when HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in such proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this composition of Blend 1 has a boiling point of about -34.5°C. Also, this composition of Blend 1 provides a low average temperature glide of less than 7 K, preferably about 6.8 K. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides cooling capacity of about 10% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides heating capacity of about 5% higher than HFO-TS0131-WO011234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides cooling COP of about 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides heating COP of about 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this composition of Blend 1 provides GWP less than 2, preferably about 1.2. Additionally, this composition would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.BLEND 2

[0023] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E), and HFO-1252zc.

[0024] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 50 to about 98 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0025] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 98 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 16 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition. When HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc and HFO-1132(E) are combined in such proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -20.2°C to -39.5°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 8 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 29% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to about 27% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, thisTS0131-WO01range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0026] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition. When HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc and HFO-1132(E) are combined in such proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -30.7°C to -39.5°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 8 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 29% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to about 27% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0027] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition. More particularly, when HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc and HFO-1132(E) are combined in certain proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -34.2°C to -36.1 °C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 7.1 K or less, preferably 7.0 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 15.5% higher, preferably from about 9% to about 15.5% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range ofTS0131-WO01compositions provides heating capacity of up to about 12% higher, preferably from about 5% to about 12% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 2, preferably about 1.2. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0028] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), about 74 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and about 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition. More particularly, when HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc and HFO-1132(E) are combined in such proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this composition of Blend 2 has a boiling point of about -36.1 °C. Also, this composition of Blend 2 provides a low average temperature glide of about 7.0 K. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides cooling capacity of about 15.5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides heating capacity of about 12% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides cooling COP of about 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides heating COP of about 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this composition of Blend 2 provides GWP less than 2, preferably about 1.2. Additionally, this composition of Blend 2 would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.BLEND 3

[0029] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of HFO-1252zc and HFO-1234ze(E).TS0131-WO01

[0030] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. When HFO-1252zc and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in certain proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -19.6°C to -27.8°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 8% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0031] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. When HFO-1252zc and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in certain proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -21.9°C to -25.8°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0032] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. More particularly, when HFO-1252zc and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in certainTS0131-WO01proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -19.6°C to -24.5°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher, preferably about 5% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0033] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 20 to about 26 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. More particularly, when HFO-1252zc and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in certain proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this range of compositions has a boiling point of -24.2°C to -25.2°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of about 1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher, preferably about 5% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0034] In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. More particularly, when HFO-1252zc and HFO-1234ze(E) are combined in such proportions, the resulting composition exhibits synergistic effects. For example, this composition of Blend 3 has a boiling point of about -24.2°C. Also, this composition of Blend 3 provides a low average temperature glide of less than 1 K. In addition, this composition of Blend 3 providesTS0131-WO01cooling COP of about 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 3 provides heating COP of about 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this composition of Blend 3 provides GWP less than 1, preferably about 0.8. Additionally, this composition would be classified as class 2L flammability by ASHRAE.PROPERTIES AND NON-REFRIGERANT COMPONENTS

[0035] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising refrigerant blends of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, and which have a burning velocity of 10 cm / s or less, when measured in accordance with ISO 817 vertical tube method.

[0036] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 is classified as 1, 2L or 2, preferably as 2L or 2, more preferably 2L, for flammability as defined in ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 34.

[0037] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 has an LFL of less than 10 volume percent when measured in accordance with ASTM-E681.

[0038] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions further comprising a lubricant in addition to a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0039] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said lubricant comprises at least one selected from polyalkylene glycol, polyol ester, poly-α-olefin, and polyvinyl ether.

[0040] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein the polyol ester lubricant is obtained by reacting a carboxylic acid with a polyol comprising a neopentyl backbone selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid has 2 to 18 carbon atoms.TS0131-WO01

[0041] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said lubricant has volume resistivity of greater than 1010Ω-m at 20°C.

[0042] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said lubricant has surface tension of from about 0.02 N / m to 0.04 N / m at 20°C.

[0043] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said lubricant has a kinematic viscosity of from about 20 cSt to about 500 cSt at 40°C.

[0044] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said lubricant has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV.

[0045] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said lubricant has a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mg KOH / g.

[0046] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions further comprising from 0.1 to 200 ppm by weight of water.

[0047] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, and further comprising from about 10 ppm by volume to about 0.35 volume percent oxygen.

[0048] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, and further comprising from about 100 ppm by volume to about 1.5 volume percent air.

[0049] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions further comprising a stabilizer in addition to a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0050] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles, phenolic compounds, cyclic monoterpenes, terpenes, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates, thiols, and lactones.TS0131-WO01

[0051] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein the stabilizer is selected from tolutriazole, benzotriazole, tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,6-di-terbutyl-4-methylphenol, fluorinated epoxides, n-butyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butylphenylglycidyl ether, d-limonene, α-terpinene, β-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, or butylated hydroxytoluene.

[0052] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein the stabilizer is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 1.0 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant.

[0053] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions further comprising at least one tracer in addition to a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0054] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said at least one tracer is present in an amount from about 1 ppm by weight to about 1000 ppm by weight.

[0055] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said at least one tracer is selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons, perfluorocarbons, perfluoroolefins, and combinations thereof.

[0056] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions wherein said at least one tracer is selected from HFC-23 (trifluoromethane), HCFC-31 (chlorofluoromethane), HFC-41 (fluoromethane), HFC-161 (fluoroethane), HFC-143a (1,1,1 -trifluoroethane), HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFC-236fa (1, 1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane), HFC-236ea (1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane), HFC 245cb (1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane), HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), HFC-254eb (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane), HFC-263fb (1,1,1 trifluoropropane), HFC-272ca (2,2-difluoropropane), HFC-281ea (2-fluoropropane), HFC-281fa (1 -fluoropropane), HFC-329p (1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluorobutane), HFC-329mmz (1,1, 1 -trifl uoro-2-TS0131-WO01methylpropane), HFC-338mf (1,1,1,2, 2,4,4, 4-octafluorobutane), HFC-338pcc (1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane), CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane), CFC-114 (1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), CFC-114a (1,1,-dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane), HCFC-123 (1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane), HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1, 1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-124a (1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-141b (1, 1 -dichloro-1 -fluoroethane), HCFC-142b (1-chloro-1,1 -difluoroethane), HCFC-151a (1-chloro-1 -fluoroethane), HCFC-244bb (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane), HCC-40 (chloromethane), HFO-1141 (fluoroethylene), HCFO-1130 (1,2-dichloroethene), HCFO-1130a (1,1 -dichloroethene), HCFO-1131 (1-chloro-2-fluoroethene), HCFO-1122 (2-chloro-1,1 -difluoroethene), HFO-1123 (1, 1,2-trifluoroethene), HFO-1234ye (1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), HFO-1243zf (3,3,3-trifluoropropene), HFO-1225ye (1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene), HFO-1225zc (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene), PFC-116 (hexafluoroethane), PFC-C216 (hexafluorocyclopropane), PFC-218 (octafluoropropane), PFC-C318 (octafluorocyclobutane), PFC-1216 (hexafluoroethane), PFC-31-10mc (1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-decafluorobutane), PFC-31-10my (1,1, 1,2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoro-2 -trifluoromethylpropane), and combinations thereof.

[0057] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are methods or systems, wherein the composition further comprises a UV dye in addition to a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3. The UV dye is a useful component for detecting leaks of the compositions by permitting one to observe the fluorescence of the dye in the composition at a leak point in the vicinity of heat pump apparatus.

[0058] By UV dye is meant a UV fluorescent composition that absorbs light in the ultra-violet or near-ultra-violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fluorescence produced by the UV dye under illumination of a UV light that emits radiation with wavelength from about 10 nanometers to about 750 nanometers may be detected. Therefore, if a composition containing such a UV fluorescent dye is leaking from a given point in a heat pump apparatus, the fluorescence can be detected at the leak point.

[0059] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are methods or systems, wherein the composition comprises a UV dye selected from the group consisting of naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes,TS0131-WO01phenanthracenes xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives or combinations thereof.

[0060] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, and the composition is free of or substantially free of Group A Fluorinated Substances.

[0061] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, and degradation products of the composition are free of or substantially free of Group A Fluorinated Substances.

[0062] In another embodiment, disclosed herein is a refrigerant storage container containing the compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, according to any of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the refrigerant comprises gaseous and liquid phases.

[0063] In another embodiment, also disclosed herein are systems for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle comprising an evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device, each operably connected to perform a vapor compression cycle, the refrigerant composition comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, of any of the foregoing embodiments, being circulated through each of the evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device. In one embodiment, system is a secondary loop system.

[0064] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are cooling and heating systems, wherein the average temperature glide is less than 8 K, in some embodiments about 7.1 K or less, in some embodiments about 7.0 K or less.

[0065] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are cooling and heating systems, wherein the system does not include a PTC heater.

[0066] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are cooling and heating systems, wherein the system is not a reversible cooling loop.TS0131-WO01

[0067] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein are cooling and heating systems, wherein the system further comprises a reheater operably connected between the compressor and the condenser.

[0068] In another embodiment, also disclosed herein is a method for replacing HFO-1234yf in a heating and cooling system contained within an electric vehicle, comprising providing any of the foregoing compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 to said heating and cooling system as a heat transfer fluid.

[0069] According to any of the foregoing embodiments, also disclosed herein is a method for replacing HFO-1234yf with any of the compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, disclosed herein, and which produce volumetric cooling and heating capacity higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same set of conditions, and cooling and heating efficiency similar to or higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same set of conditions. The replacement compositions of the present invention also are classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE. In addition, the replacement compositions of the present invention provide a condenser glide of less than about 8 K, in some embodiments about 7.1 K or less, in some embodiments about 7.0 K or less.

[0070] In another embodiment, also disclosed herein is a method of servicing the heating and cooling system of an electric vehicle comprising removing all of a used refrigerant from the system and charging the system with any of the foregoing compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0071] In another embodiment, disclosed herein is a use of any of the foregoing compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 as a heat transfer fluid in a system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle.

[0072] The various aspects and embodiments of the invention can be used alone or in combinations with each other. Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment which illustrates, by way of example, the principles of the invention.TS0131-WO01BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0073] FIG. 1 illustrates a reversible cooling or heating loop system, according to an embodiment.

[0074] FIG. 2 illustrates a reversible cooling or heating loop system, according to an embodiment.

[0075] FIG. 3 illustrates a cooling or heating loop system, according to an embodiment.

[0076] FIG. 4 illustrates a reversible cooling or heating loop system, according to an embodiment.

[0077] FIG. 5 illustrates a reversible cooling or heating loop system, according to an embodiment.

[0078] FIG. 6 illustrates a cooling or heating system, according to an embodiment.

[0079] FIG. 7 illustrates a cooling or heating system, according to an embodiment.

[0080] FIG. 8 illustrates a cooling or heating system, according to an embodiment.

[0081] FIG. 9 illustrates a cooling or heating system, according to an embodiment.

[0082] FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a secondary loop cooling and heating system for electric and hybrid vehicles.

[0083] FIG. 11 illustrates burning velocity of a composition comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of about 80 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 20 wt% HFO-1252zc.

[0084] FIG. 12 illustrates burning velocities of composition comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of about 80 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 20 wt% HFO-1252zc, about 77 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 23 wt% HFO-1252zc, and about 75 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 25 wt% HFO-1252zc.TS0131-WO01DETAILED DESCRIPTIONDEFINITIONS

[0085] As used herein, the term heat transfer composition or heat transfer fluid means a composition used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink.

[0086] A heat source is defined as any space, location, object, or body from which it is desirable to add, transfer, move or remove heat. Example of a heat source in this embodiment is the vehicle passenger compartment requiring air conditioning.

[0087] A heat sink is defined as any space, location, object, or body capable of absorbing heat. Example of a heat sink in this embodiment is the vehicle passenger compartment requiring heating.

[0088] A heat transfer system is the system (or apparatus) used to produce a heating or cooling effect in a particular location. A heat transfer system in this invention implies the heating or cooling system which provides heating or cooling of the passenger compartment of an automobile. Sometimes this system is called a heat pump system and may be a reversible heating system or a reversible cooling system, or simply a heating and cooling system.

[0089] A heat transfer fluid comprises at least one refrigerant and at least one member selected from the group consisting of lubricants, stabilizers, tracers, UV dyes, and flame suppressants.

[0090] Volumetric capacity is the amount of heat absorbed or rejected divided by the theoretical compressor displacement. Heat removed or absorbed is the enthalpy difference across a heat exchanger multiplied by the refrigerant mass flowrate. Theoretical compressor displacement is the refrigerant mass flowrate divided by the density of the gas entering the compressor (i.e., compressor suction density). More simply, volumetric capacity is the suction density multiplied by the heat exchanger enthalpy difference. Higher volumetric capacity allows the use of a smaller compressor for the same heat load. Herein, cooling capacity refers to the volumetric capacity in cooling mode and heating capacity refers to the volumetric capacity in heating mode.TS0131-WO01

[0091] Coefficient of performance (COP) is the amount of heat absorbed or rejected divided by the required energy input to operate the cycle (approximated by the compressor power). COP is specific to the mode of operation of a heat pump, thus COP for heating or COP for cooling. COP is directly related to the energy efficiency ratio (EER).

[0092] Subcooling refers to the reduction of the temperature of a liquid below that liquid’s saturation point for a given pressure. The liquid saturation point is the temperature at which the vapor is completely condensed to a liquid. By cooling a liquid below the saturation temperature (or bubble point temperature), the net refrigeration effect can be increased. Subcooling thereby improves refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of a system. The subcool amount is the amount of cooling below the saturation temperature (in degrees).

[0093] Superheating refers to the increase of the temperature of a vapor above that vapor’s saturation point for a given pressure. The vapor saturation point is the temperature at which the liquid is completely evaporated to a vapor. Superheating continues to heat the vapor to a higher temperature vapor at the given pressure. By heating the vapor above the saturation temperature (or dew point temperature), the net refrigeration effect can be increased. Superheating thereby improves refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of a system when it occurs in the evaporator. Suction line superheat does not add to the net refrigeration effect and can reduce efficiency and capacity. The superheat amount is the amount of heating above the saturation temperature (in degrees).

[0094] Temperature glide (sometimes referred to simply as "glide") is the absolute value of the difference between the starting and ending temperatures of a phasechange process by a refrigerant within a condenser of a refrigerant system, exclusive of any subcooling or superheating. For an evaporator, the glide is the difference in temperature between the dew point and the evaporator inlet. Glide may be used to describe condensation or evaporation of a near azeotrope or non-azeotropic composition. When referring to the temperature glide of an air conditioning or heat pump system, it is common to provide the average temperature glide being the average of the temperature glide in the evaporator and the temperature glide in theTS0131-WO01condenser. Glide is applicable to blend refrigerants, i.e. refrigerants that are composed of at least 2 components.

[0095] Low glide here is defined as average glide which is about 8 K or less, preferably about 7.1 K or less, in some embodiments about 7.0 K or less, over the operating range of interest (e.g., a glide ranging from greater than 0 to about 8 K, or greater than 0 to about 7.1 K or less, preferably greater than 0 to about 7.0 K or less) under conditions for heating and cooling.

[0096] HFO-1252zc may be prepared by methods known in the art, and preferably methods which have been developed by the assignee of the present application, such as the methods disclosed in assignee’s International PCT Application Nos. PCT / US2024 / 037121, PCT / US2024 / 037130, PCT / US2024 / 037131, PCT / US2024 / 037137 and / or PCT / US2024 / 037158, the entire disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference. HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E) are commercially available.

[0097] As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0098] The transitional phrase "consisting of" excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. If in the claim such would close the claim to the inclusion of materials other than those recited except for impurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase "consists of' appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

[0099] The transitional phrase "consisting essentially of" is used to define a composition, method that includes materials, steps, features, components, orTS0131-WO01elements, in addition to those literally disclosed provided that these additional included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, especially the mode of action to achieve the desired result of any of the processes of the present invention. The term 'consisting essentially of' occupies a middle ground between “comprising” and 'consisting of.

[0100] Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with an open-ended term such as “comprising,” it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also include such an invention using the terms “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of” including, for example, a composition consisting essentially of or consisting of.

[0101] Also, use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

[0102] Unless otherwise defined, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value, preferably as within 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from the context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term “about.”

[0103] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the disclosed compositions, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, unless a particular passage is cited. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions,TS0131-WO01will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.REFRIGERANT BLENDS

[0104] Global warming potential (GWP) is an index for estimating relative global warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons showing the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The GWP for the 100-year time horizon is commonly the value referenced. For mixtures, a weighted average can be calculated based on the individual GWPs for each component. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides vetted values for refrigerant GWPs in official assessment reports (ARs.) The fourth assessment report is denoted as AR4 and the fifth assessment report is denoted as AR5. The GWP values reported for refrigerant blends of the present invention herein refer to the AR5 values, for those compounds listed therein.

[0105] Ozone-depletion potential (ODP) is a number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance. The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of R-11 or trichlorofluoromethane. R-11 is a type of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and as such has chlorine in it which contributes to ozone depletion. Furthermore, the ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and hydrofluorochlorocarbons (HCFCs) have ODPs that range from 0.01 to 1.0. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and the hydrofluoro-olefins (HFO’s) described herein have zero ODP because they do not contain chlorine, bromine or iodine, species known to contribute to ozone breakdown and depletion.

[0106] The refrigerant blends have zero ODP and low GWP, or GWP ≤ 150 (by AR5 values). Table 1, shown below, is a summary table showing refrigerant and GWP per the 5thassessment report conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The GWP value for HFO-1234ze(E) is less than 1 (e.g., https: / / www.ipcc.ch / site / assets / uploads / 2018 / 02 / WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf). The GWP value for HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1252zc are each estimated as being less than 1 (Gupta, et al. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 250 (2021 ); Tokuhashi, et al. J. Phys. Chem. A2019, 123, 4834-4843) (see Table 1 below).TS0131-WO01

[0107] For a refrigerant blend, GWP may be calculated as a weighted average of the individual GWP values for the components in the blend, taking into account the mass (e.g., weight %) of each ingredient in the blend. Table 1 provides the GWP values for each of the components of the refrigerant blends of the present invention.TABLE 1Refrigerant GWPHFO-1234ze(E) < 1HFO-1132(E) 0.0056HFO-1252zc 0.09

[0108] The refrigerant blends as described herein operate in heat exchangers, i.e., evaporators and / or condensers with low temperature glide. Thus, there is limited fractionation of the composition in operation providing efficient and consistent performance for cooling and heating.

[0109] In some embodiments, the refrigerant blends provide average temperature glides of less than about 8 K, or about 7.1 K or less, in some embodiments about 7.0 K or less, over operating range of interest. This effect is observed, when any of the foregoing refrigerant blends are used in a heat pump.Blend 1

[0110] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1234ze(E). In all compositions of Blend 1, HFO-1132(E) contributes to increased capacity and HFO-1234ze(E) contributes to decreased flammability and increased COP. These characteristics of HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E), when HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E) are combined in the proportions of this range of compositions, result in refrigerant blends of Blend 1 which have unexpected properties and performance.

[0111] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition.TS0131-WO01

[0112] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 10 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 60 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition.

[0113] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. This range of compositions has a boiling point of -31.2ºC to -40.1ºC. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 8 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 32% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to 31% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1.Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0114] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), as well as any ranges or values therebetween. This range of compositions with respect to Blend 1 has a boiling point of -34.4°C to -35.4°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 7.1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 13% higher, preferably from about 9% to about 13% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to 9% higher, preferably from about 5% to about 9% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the sameTS0131-WO01conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 2, preferably about 1.2.

[0115] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E). This composition of Blend 1 has a boiling point of about -34.5°C. Also, this composition of Blend 1 provides a low average temperature glide of about 7 K or less, preferably about 6.8 K. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides cooling capacity of about 10% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides heating capacity of about 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides cooling COP of about 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 1 provides heating COP of about 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this composition would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2, preferably as class 2L or 2, or preferably as class 2L, flammability by ASHRAE. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP of about 1.2.

[0116] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that these ranges of compositions may further comprise trace amounts (e.g., less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt%) of one or more additional compounds.

[0117] More particularly, in some embodiments, the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / or the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-TS0131-WO011122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0118] More particularly, in some embodiments, in addition to HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E), the refrigerant blends of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO- E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140,wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0119] Thus, in some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E), as well as one or more of the additional compounds a) and / or b).

[0120] In some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of (i) from about 1 toTS0131-WO01about 50 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 10 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 60 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), orfrom about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), orfrom about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E); and (ii) less than about 1 weight percent, preferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably less than about 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably less than about 0.1 weight percent, of one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO- E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140.

[0121] In some embodiments, a refrigerant blend of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1132(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, andabout 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), the HFO-1234ze(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compoundsTS0131-WO01selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO- 1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb.

[0122] In some embodiments, the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143, wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0123] More particularly, in some embodiments, in addition to HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E), the refrigerant blends of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional compounds comprising: a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or b) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO- 1141 and HFC-143,wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0124] Thus, in some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E), as well as one or more of the additional compounds a) and / or b).

[0125] In some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of (i) from about 1 toTS0131-WO01about 50 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 10 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 60 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), orfrom about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), orfrom about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E); and (ii) less than about 1 weight percent, preferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably less than about 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably less than about 0.1 weight percent, of one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or b) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO- 1141 and HFC-143.

[0126] In some embodiments, a refrigerant blend of Blend 1 of compositions of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1132(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143, andabout 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), the HFO-1234ze(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC- 134a and HFO-1234ze(Z).

[0127] The refrigerant blends of Blend 1 as described herein operate in heat exchangers, i.e., evaporators and / or condensers with low temperature glide. Thus, there is limited fractionation of the composition in operation providing efficient and consistent performance for cooling and heating.

[0128] In some embodiments, the refrigerant blends of Blend 1 provide average temperature glides about 8 K or less, preferably 7.1 K or less, in some embodiments about 7.0 K or less, over the operating range of interest, more particularly anTS0131-WO01average temperature glide ranging from greater than about 6.8 K to less than about 8 K, preferably to less than about 7.1 K, or from greater than about 6.8 K to less than about 7.0 K. This effect is observed, when refrigerant blends of Blend 1 of the present invention are used in a heat pump.Blend 2

[0129] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc. In all compositions of Blend 2, HFO-1252zc contributes to reduced glide, HFO-1234ze(E) contributes to decreased flammability and increased COP, and HFO-1132(E) contributes to increased capacity. These characteristics of HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc and HFO-1132(E), when HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc and HFO-1132(E) are combined in the proportions of this range of compositions, result in refrigerant blends of Blend 2 which have unexpected properties and performance.

[0130] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 1 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 50 to about 98 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0131] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 1 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 98 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 16 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition. This range of compositions has a boiling point of -20.2°C to -39.5°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 8 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 29% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to about 27% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher thanTS0131-WO01HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE

[0132] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO-1252zc, based on the total weight of the composition. This range of compositions has a boiling point of -30.7°C to -39.5°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 8 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 29% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to about 27% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0133] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO-1252zc, as well as any ranges or values therebetween.This range of compositions with respect to Blend 2 has a boiling point of -34.2°C to -36.1°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 7.1 K or less, preferably 7.0 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling capacity of up to about 15.5% higher, preferably from about 9% to about 15.5% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating capacity of up to about 12% higher, preferably from about 5% to about 12% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range ofTS0131-WO01compositions provides cooling COP of up to 4% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2, preferably as class 2L or 2, or preferably as class 2L, flammability by ASHRAE. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 2, preferably about 1.2.

[0134] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), about 74 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and about 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc.This composition of Blend 2 has a boiling point of about -36.1 °C. Also, this composition of Blend 2 provides a low average temperature glide of about 7.0 K. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides cooling capacity of about 15.5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides heating capacity of about 12% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides cooling COP of about 4% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 2 provides heating COP of about 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this composition of Blend 2 provides GWP less than 2, preferably about 1.2. Additionally, this composition of Blend 2 would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0135] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that these ranges of compositions may further comprise trace amounts (e.g., less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt%) of one or more additional compounds.

[0136] More particularly, in some embodiments, the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-TS0131-WO01114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / or the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, and / or the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from methane, ethylene, dichloromethane (HCC-30), fluoroethylene (HFC-1141), propane (HC-290), propylene (HC-1270), HFO-1234yf, allene, 1-fluoro-1-propene (HFO-1261ze), 1,1,1 -trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1 -propene, 1,1 -difluoropropane (HFC-272fb), 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf), 3-chloropropene (HCO-1260zf), C3H4FCI (HCFO-1251) and HFO-1243zf, wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0137] More particularly, in some embodiments, in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, the refrigerant blends of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO- E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / orc) at least one additional compound selected from methane, ethylene, HCC- 30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC-TS0131-WO01263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1 -propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO- 1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO-1243zf,wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0138] Thus, in some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, as well as one or more of the additional compounds a), b) and / or c).

[0139] In some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of (i) from about 1 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 50 to about 98 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc, or from about 1 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 98 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 16 weight percent HFO-1252zc, or from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO-1252zc, or from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO-1252zc; and (ii) less than about 1 weight percent, preferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably less than about 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably less than about 0.1 weight percent, of one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO- E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a,TS0131-WO01HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / orc) at least one additional compound selected from methane, ethylene, HCC- 30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC- 263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1 -propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO- 1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO-1243zf.

[0140] In some embodiments, a refrigerant blend of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1132(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140;about 74 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), the HFO-1234ze(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO- 1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and about 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc, the HFO-1252zc comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO- 1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1- propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO- 1243zf.

[0141] In some embodiments, the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-TS0131-WO011225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143, and / or the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf, wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0142] More particularly, in some embodiments, in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, the refrigerant blends of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO- 1141 and HFC-143; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or c) at least one additional compound selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf,wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0143] Thus, in some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, as well as one or more of the additional compounds a), b) and / or c).

[0144] In some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of (i) from about 1 to about 40 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 50 to about 98 weight percentTS0131-WO01HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc, or from about 1 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 98 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 16 weight percent HFO-1252zc, or from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO-1252zc, or from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO-1252zc; and (ii) less than about 1 weight percent, preferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably less than about 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably less than about 0.1 weight percent, of one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO- 1141 and HFC-143; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or c) at least one additional compound selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf.

[0145] In some embodiments, a refrigerant blend of Blend 2 of compositions of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1132(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143;about 74 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), the HFO-1234ze(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC- 134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); andabout 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc, the HFO-1252zc comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compoundsTS0131-WO01selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO- 1243zf.

[0146] The refrigerant blends of Blend 2 as described herein operate in heat exchangers, i.e., evaporators and / or condensers with low temperature glide. Thus, there is limited fractionation of the composition in operation providing efficient and consistent performance for cooling and heating.

[0147] In some embodiments, the refrigerant blends of Blend 2 provide average temperature glides about 8 K or less, preferably 7.1 K or less, in some embodiments about 7.0 K or less, over the operating range of interest, more particularly an average temperature glide ranging from greater than about 6.4 K to less than about 8 K, preferably to less than about 7.1 K, or from greater than about 6.4 K to less than about 7.0 K. This effect is observed, when refrigerant blends of Blend 2 of the present invention are used in a heat pump.Blend 3

[0148] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of HFO-1252zc and HFO-1234ze(E). In all compositions of Blend 3, HFO-1252zc contributes to reduced glide and HFO-1234ze(E) contributes to decreased flammability and increased COP. These characteristics of HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, when HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc are combined in the proportions of this range of compositions, result in refrigerant blends of Blend 3 which have unexpected properties and performance.

[0149] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition.

[0150] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. This range of compositions has a boiling point of -21.9°C to -25.8°C. Also, this range of compositions provides aTS0131-WO01low average temperature glide of 1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0151] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), based on the total weight of the composition. This range of compositions has a boiling point of -19.6°C to -24.5°C. Also, this range of compositions provides a low average temperature glide of 1 K or less. In addition, this range of compositions provides cooling COP of up to 5% higher, preferably about 5% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this range of compositions provides heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this range of compositions provides GWP less than 1. Additionally, this range of compositions would be classified as class 1, 2L or 2 flammability by ASHRAE.

[0152] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E). This composition of Blend 3 has a boiling point of about -24.2°C. Also, this composition of Blend 3 provides a low average temperature glide of less than 1 K. In addition, this composition of Blend 3 provides cooling COP of about 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. In addition, this composition of Blend 3 provides heating COP of about 7% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions. Additionally, this composition of Blend 3 provides GWP less than 1, preferably about 0.8. Additionally, this composition would be classified as class 2L flammability by ASHRAE.

[0153] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that these ranges of compositions may further comprise trace amounts (e.g., less than about 1 wt%,TS0131-WO01preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt%) of one or more additional compounds.

[0154] More particularly, in some embodiments, the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / or the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from methane, ethylene, dichloromethane (HCC-30), fluoroethylene (HFC-1141), propane (HC-290), propylene (HC-1270), HFO-1234yf, allene, 1-fluoro-1 -propene (HFO-1261ze), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1-propene, 1,1-difluoropropane (HFC-272fb), 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf), 3-chloropropene (HCO-1260zf), C3H4FCI (HCFO-1251) and HFO-1243zf, wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0155] More particularly, in some embodiments, in addition to HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, the refrigerant blends of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional compounds comprising: a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from methane, ethylene, HCC- 30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC- 263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1 -propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO- 1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO-1243zf,TS0131-WO01wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0156] Thus, in some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, as well as one or more of the additional compounds a) and / or b).

[0157] In some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of (i) from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E); and (ii) less than about 1 weight percent, preferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably less than about 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably less than about 0.1 weight percent, of one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb; and / orb) at least one additional compound selected from methane, ethylene, HCC- 30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC- 263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1 -propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO- 1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO-1243zf.

[0158] In some embodiments, a refrigerant blend of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:TS0131-WO01about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc, the HFO-1252zc comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO- 1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1- propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO- 1243zf, andabout 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), the HFO-1234ze(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO- 1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb.

[0159] In some embodiments, the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or the the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf, wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0160] More particularly, in some embodiments, in addition to HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, the refrigerant blends of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional compounds comprising: a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or b) at least one additional compound selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf,wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent,TS0131-WO01more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0161] Thus, in some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc, as well as one or more of the additional compounds a) and / or b).

[0162] In some embodiments, refrigerant blends of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of (i) from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E); and (ii) less than about 1 weight percent, preferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably less than about 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably less than about 0.1 weight percent, of one or more additional compounds comprising:a) at least one additional compound selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / or b) at least one additional compound selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf.

[0163] In some embodiments, a refrigerant blend of Blend 3 of compositions of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc, the HFO-1252zc comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compounds selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO- 1243zf, andabout 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), the HFO-1234ze(E) comprising less than about 1 wt%, preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.2 wt% or less than about 0.1 wt% of one or more additional compoundsTS0131-WO01selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC- 134a and HFO-1234ze(Z).

[0164] The refrigerant blends of Blend 3 as described herein operate in heat exchangers, i.e., evaporators and / or condensers with low temperature glide. Thus, there is limited fractionation of the composition in operation providing efficient and consistent performance for cooling and heating.

[0165] In some embodiments, the refrigerant blends of Blend 3 provide average temperature glides about 1 K or less, over the operating range of interest. This effect is observed, when refrigerant blends of Blend 3 of the present invention are used in a heat pump.REFRIGERANT ADDITIVES

[0166] The compositions of the present invention comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 may further comprise a lubricant. Such compositions may be used as a heat transfer fluid. The compositions of the present invention containing the refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 and the lubricant may contain additives such as one or more of a stabilizer, a leakage detection material (e.g., UV dye), a tracer, and / or other beneficial additives.

[0167] The lubricant chosen for compositions of the present invention preferably has sufficient solubility in the refrigerant blend (i.e., a refrigerant blend according to any of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3) to ensure that the lubricant can return to the compressor from the evaporator. Furthermore, the miscibility must not be so great as to reduce the effective viscosity of the lubricant for lubricating the compressor. In one preferred embodiment, the lubricant and refrigerant blend are miscible over a broad range of temperatures. For use in mobile air-conditioning and heating, miscibility over a temperature range of from about -40°C to about +40°C is desirable.

[0168] Lubricants of the invention may include polyalkylene glycol lubricants (PAG), polyol ester lubricants (POE), polyvinyl ether lubricants (PVE), and even poly-α-olefins (PAO), alkylbenzenes, mineral oils, fluorinated polyethers, and even silicon lubricants.TS0131-WO01

[0169] Preferred lubricants may be one or more polyalkylene glycol type lubricants (PAG), one or more polyol ester type lubricants (POE), one or more poly-α-olefins (PAO), or one or more polyvinyl ether lubricants. Additionally, lubricants for combination with the refrigerant blends of the present invention (i.e., refrigerant blends of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3) may be mixtures of any of PAG, POE, and / or PVE lubricants.

[0170] Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) oils may be homopolymers or copolymers consisting of two or more oxypropylene groups. PAG oils can be un-capped, singleend capped, or double-end capped. Examples of commercial PAG oils include, but are not limited to ND-8, Castrol PAG 46, Castrol PAG 100, Castrol PAG 150, Daphne Hermetic PAG PL, and Daphne Hermetic PAG PR.

[0171] PAG lubricant properties that make them of use in the present invention include volume resistivity of greater than 1010Ω-m at 20°C, surface tension of from about 0.02 N / m to 0.04 N / m at 20°C, kinematic viscosity of from about 20 cSt to about 500 cSt at 40°C, breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, and hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mg KOH / g.

[0172] In one embodiment, the lubricant comprising a PAG is stable when exposed to the inventive composition wherein the refrigerant blend composition has a Total Acid Number (TAN), mg KOH / g number of less than about 1, greater than 0 and less than 1, greater than 0 and less than about 0.75 and, in some cases, greater than 0 and less than about 0.4. In an aspect of this embodiment, the lubricant comprises a PAG and the refrigerant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a refrigerant blend according to any of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, which may optionally comprise one or more of the additional compounds disclosed herein in an amount of greater than about 0 and less than 1 wt.%, preferably less than 0.5 wt.%.

[0173] Preferred lubricants may be one or more polyol ester type lubricants (POE) or one or more polyvinyl ether lubricants. POE lubricants are typically formed by a chemical reaction (esterification) of a carboxylic acid, or a mixture of carboxylic acids, with an alcohol, or mixture of alcohols.

[0174] In one embodiment, the polyol esters as used herein include esters of a diol or a polyol having from about 3 to 20 hydroxyl groups and a carboxylic acid (or fatty acid) having from about 1 to 24 carbon atoms is preferably used as the polyol. AnTS0131-WO01ester which can be used as the base oil is described in EUROPEAN Patent Application published in accordance with Art. 153(4) EP 2 727 980 A1, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Here, examples of the diol include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol,1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1.7-heptanediol, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl- 1,3-propanediol, 1.8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, and the like.

[0175] Examples of the above-described polyol include a polyhydric alcohol such as trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, di(trimethylolpropane), tri(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol, di(pentaerythritol), tri(pentaerythritol), glycerin, polyglycerin (dimer to eicosamer of glycerin), 1,3,5-pentanetriol, sorbitol, sorbitan, a sorbitol-glycerin condensate, adonitol, arabitol, xylitol, mannitol, etc.; a saccharide such as xylose, arabinose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, sorbose, cellobiose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalose, sucrose, raffinose, gentianose, melezitose, among others; partially etherified products and methyl glucosides thereof; and the like. Among these, a hindered alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, di(trimethylolpropane), tri(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol, di(pentaerythritol), tri(pentaerythritol), etc. is preferable as the polyol.

[0176] Though the fatty acid is not particularly limited on its carbon number, in general, a fatty acid having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms is used. In the fatty acid having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, a fatty acid having 3 or more carbon atoms is preferable, a fatty acid having 4 or more carbon atoms is more preferable, a fatty acid having 5 or more carbon atoms is still more preferable, and a fatty acid having 10 or more carbon atoms is the most preferable from the standpoint of lubricating properties. In addition, a fatty acid having not more than 18 carbon atoms is preferable, a fatty acid having not more than 12 carbon atoms is more preferable, and a fatty acid having not more than 9 carbon atoms is still more preferable from the standpoint of compatibility with the refrigerant. In one embodiment the carboxylic acid has 2 to 18 carbon atoms.TS0131-WO01

[0177] In addition, the fatty acid may be either of a linear fatty acid and a branched fatty acid, and the fatty acid is preferably a linear fatty acid from the standpoint of lubricating properties, whereas it is preferably a branched fatty acid from the standpoint of hydrolysis stability. Furthermore, the fatty acid may be either of a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid. Specifically, examples of the above-described fatty acid include a linear or branched fatty acid such as pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, icosanoic acid, oleic acid, etc.; a so-called neo acid in which a carboxylic group is attached to a quaternary carbon atom; and the like. More specifically, preferred examples thereof include valeric acid (n-pentanoic acid), caproic acid (n-hexanoic acid), enanthic acid (n-heptanoic acid), caprylic acid (n-octanoic acid), pelargonic acid (n-nonanoic acid), capric acid (n-decanoic acid), oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), isopentanoic acid (3-methylbutanoic acid), 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid, and the like. Incidentally, the polyol ester maybe a partial ester in which the hydroxyl groups of the polyol remain without being fully esterified; a complete ester in which all of the hydroxyl groups are esterified; or a mixture of a partial ester and a complete ester, with a complete ester being preferable.

[0178] In the polyol ester, an ester of a hindered alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, di(trimethylolpropane), tri(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol, di(pentaerythritol), tri(pentaerythritol), etc. is more preferable, with an ester of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, or pentaerythritol being still more preferable, from the standpoint of more excellent hydrolysis stability; and an ester of pentaerythritol is the most preferable from the standpoint of especially excellent compatibility with the refrigerant and hydrolysis stability.

[0179] Preferred specific examples of the polyol ester include a diester of neopentyl glycol with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid; a triester of trimethylolethaneTS0131-WO01with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid; a triester of trimethylolpropane with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3, 5, 5-trimethylhexanoic acid; a triester of trimethylolbutane with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid; and a tetraester of pentaerythritol with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid. Incidentally, the ester with two or more kinds of fatty acids may be a mixture of two or more kinds of esters of one kind of a fatty acid and a polyol, and an ester of a mixed fatty acid of two or more kinds thereof and a polyol, particularly an ester of a mixed fatty acid and a polyol is excellent in low-temperature properties and compatibility with the refrigerant.

[0180] The POE lubricant used for electrified automotive air-conditioning application may have a kinematic viscosity (measured at 40°C, according to ASTM D445) between 20-500 cSt, or 75-110 cSt, and ideally about 80 cSt-100 cSt and most specifically, between 85 cSt-95 cSt. However, not wanting to limit the invention, it should be noted that other lubricant viscosities may be included depending on the needs of the electrified vehicle heat pump compressor. Suitable characteristics of an automotive POE type lubricant for use with the inventive composition are listed below.TS0131-WO01Specification Item Units Method POE Properties Viscosity at 40°C cSt ASTM D445 80-90Viscosity at 100°C cSt ASTM D445 9.0-9.3 Viscosity Index ASTM D2270 >80Color Gardner ASTM D1500 <1Flash point (COC) °C ASTM 92 250 minPour point °C ASTM D97 -40 maxSpecific Gravity (20°C) Kg / m3 ASTM D 1298 0.950-1.10 Capping Efficiency % ASTM E326 80-90Total Acid Number mg KOH / g ASTM D974 0.1 maxWater content PPm ASTM E284 50 max

[0181] In one embodiment, the lubricant comprises POE and the POE is stable when exposed to the inventive compositions wherein the refrigeration composition comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 has an F-ion of less than about 500 ppm and in some cases an F-ion amount of greater than 0 and less than 500 ppm, greater than 0 and less than 100 ppm and, in some cases, greater than 0 and less than 50 ppm.

[0182] In one embodiment, the lubricant comprises POE is stable when exposed to the inventive composition wherein the refrigerant blend composition has a Total Acid Number (TAN), mg KOH / g number of less than about 1, greater than 0 and less than 1, greater than 0 and less than about 0.75 and, in some cases, greater than 0 and less than about 0.4. In an aspect of this embodiment, the lubricant comprises POE and the refrigerant composition comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, which optionally comprises one or more of the additional compounds disclosed herein in an amount of greater than about 0 and less than 1 wt.%, preferably less than 0.5 wt.%.

[0183] In another embodiment, PVE lubricants can be included as lubricant in the compositions of the present invention. Though not meant to limit the scope of the present invention in anyway, in an embodiment of the present invention, the polyvinyl ether oil includes those taught in the literature such as described in U. S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,631 and 6,454,960. In another embodiment of the present invention, the polyvinyl ether oil is composed of structural units of the type shown by Formula 1:- [C(R1, R2)-C(R3, -R4)]- Formula 1TS0131-WO01where R1, R2, R3, and R4are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbons, where the hydrocarbons may optionally contain one or more ether groups. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, R1, R2, and R3are each hydrogen, as shown in Formula 2:- [CH2-CH(-O-R4)] - Formula 2

[0184] In another embodiment of the present invention, the polyvinyl ether oil is composed of structural units of the type shown by Formula 3:- [CH2— CH(— O— R5)]m— [CH2— CH(— O— R6)]nFormula 3where R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbons and where m and n are integers.

[0185] In one embodiment, the polyvinyl ether oil comprises copolymers of the following 2 units:Unit 1:2

[0186] The properties of the lubricant (viscosity, solubility of the refrigerant and miscibility with the refrigerant) may be adjusted by varying the m / n ratio and the sumTS0131-WO01of m+n. In another embodiment, the PVE lubricants are those that are 50-95 weight percent of unit 1.

[0187] In one embodiment, the lubricant comprising PVE is stable when exposed to the inventive composition, wherein the refrigerant blend composition has a Total Acid Number (TAN), mg KOH / g number of less than about 1, greater than 0 and less than 1, greater than 0 and less than about 0.75 and, in some cases, greater than 0 and less than about 0.4. In an aspect of this embodiment, the lubricant comprises PVE and the refrigerant composition comprises a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0188] Similar properties and characteristics may be required for use of PVE lubricants in the compositions described herein and, in particular, for use in automotive cooling and heating systems, as for POE lubricants.

[0189] In a preferred embodiment, the lubricant is soluble in the refrigerant at temperatures between about -40°C and about 80°C, and more preferably in the range of about -30°C and about 40°C, and even more specifically between -25°C and 40°C. In another embodiment, attempting to maintain the lubricant in the compressor is not a priority and thus high temperature insolubility is not preferred.

[0190] The amount of lubricant can range from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 7 wt%, and, in some cases, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0191] To suppress the hydrolysis of the lubricating oil, it is necessary to control the moisture concentration in the heating / cooling system for electric type vehicles. Therefore, the lubricant in this embodiment needs to have low moisture, typically less than 100 ppm by weight of water.

[0192] In a preferred embodiment, the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant that is soluble in the vehicle heat pump system refrigerant blend at temperatures between about -35°C and about 100°C, and more preferably in the range of about -35°C and about 50°C, and even more specifically between -30°C and 40°C. In another preferred embodiment, the POE lubricant is soluble at temperatures above about 70°C, more preferably at temperatures above about 80°C, and most preferably at temperatures between 90 -95°C.TS0131-WO01

[0193] Of particular note are PAG, POE, PAO, and PVE lubricants having: volume resistivity of greater than 1010Ω-m at 20°C; surface tension of from about 0.02 N / m to 0.04 N / m at 20°C; a kinematic viscosity of from about 20 cSt to about 500 cSt, or about 50 cSt to about 200 cSt, or about 75 cSt to about 100 cSt at 40°C; a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV; and a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mg KOH / g.

[0194] HFO type refrigerants, due to the presence of a double bond, may be subject to thermal instability and decompose under extreme use, handling or storage situations. Therefore, there may be advantages to adding stabilizers to HFO type refrigerants. Stabilizers may notably include nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles such as tolutriazole or benzotriazole, phenolic compounds such as tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,6-di-tertbutyl-4-methylphenol, epoxides (possibly fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl epoxides or alkenyl or aromatic epoxides) such as n-butyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butyl phenylglycidyl ether, cyclic monoterpenes, terpenes, such as d-limonene, a-terpinene, p-terpinene, y-terpinene, a-pinene, or p-pinene, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates, thiols and lactones. Examples of suitable stabilizers are disclosed in WO2019213004, WO2020222864, and WO2020222865; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0195] Blends of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 may or may not include stabilizers depending on the requirements of the system being used. If the refrigerant blend does include a stabilizer, it may include any amount from 0.001 wt% up to 1 wt%, preferably from about 0.01 to about 0.5 weight percent, more preferably, from about 0.01 to about 0.3 weight percent of any of the stabilizers listed above, and, in most case, preferably d-limonene.

[0196] In some embodiments, the compositions as disclosed herein, which contain a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, may further contain a tracer compound or tracers. The tracer may comprise two or more tracer compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the compositions at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million by weight (ppm) to about 1000 ppm, based on the weight of the total composition. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm.TS0131-WO01

[0197] The tracer may be present in the compositions of the present invention in predetermined quantities to allow detection of any dilution, contamination or other alteration of the composition. The presence of certain compounds in the composition may indicate by what method or process one of the components has been produced. The tracer may also be added to the composition in a specified amount in order to identify the source of the composition. In this manner, detection of infringement on patent rights may be accomplished. The tracers may be refrigerant compounds but are present in the composition at levels that are unlikely to impact performance of the refrigerant component of the composition.

[0198] Tracer compounds may be hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons, perfluorocarbons, perfluoroolefins, and combinations thereof. Examples of tracer compounds include, but are not limited to HFC-23 (trifluoromethane), HCFC-31 (chlorofluoromethane), HFC-41 (fluoromethane), HFC-161 (fluoroethane), HFC-143a (1,1,1 -trifluoroethane), HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane), HFC-236ea (1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane), HFC 245cb (1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane), HFC-245fa (1,1, 1,3, 3-pentafluoropropane), HFC-254eb (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane), HFC-263fb (1,1,1 trifluoropropane), HFC-272ca (2,2-difluoropropane), HFC-281ea (2-fluoropropane), HFC-281fa (1 -fluoropropane), HFC-329p (1,1,1, 2, 2, 3, 3,4,4-nonafluorobutane), HFC-329mmz (1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropane), HFC-338mf (1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-octafluorobutane), HFC-338pcc (1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane), CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane), CFC-114 (1,2-dichloro-1, 1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), CFC-114a (1, 1, -d ich I oro- 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane), HCFC-123 (1, 1 -dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane), HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-124a (1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-141b (1, 1 -dichloro-1 -fluoroethane), HCFC-142b (1 -chloro-1,1 -difluoroethane), HCFC-151a (1-chloro-1 -fluoroethane), HCFC-244bb (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane), HCC-40 (chloromethane), HFO-1141 (fluoroethylene), HCFO-1130 (1,2-dichloroethene), HCFO-1130a (1,1-dichloroethene), HCFO-1131 (1-chloro-2-fluoroethene), HCFO-1122 (2-chloro-1,1-TS0131-WO01difluoroethene), HFO-1123 (1,1,2-trifluoroethene), HFO-1234ye (1, 2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), HFO-1243zf (3,3,3-trifluoropropene), HFO-1225ye (1, 2, 3,3,3-pentafluoropropene), HFO-1225zc (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene), PFC-116 (hexafluoroethane), PFC-C216 (hexafluorocyclopropane), PFC-218 (octafluoropropane), PFC-C318 (octafluorocyclobutane), PFC-1216 (hexafluoroethane), PFC-31-10mc (1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-decafluorobutane), PFC-31-10my (1,1, 1,2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoro-2 -trifluoromethylpropane), and combinations thereof.REFRIGERANT BLEND FLAMMABILITY

[0199] Flammability is a term used to mean the ability of a composition to ignite and / or propagate a flame. For refrigerants and other heat transfer compositions or working fluids, the lower flammability limit (" LFL") is the minimum concentration of the heat transfer composition in air that is capable of propagating a flame through a homogeneous mixture of the composition and air under test conditions specified in ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) E681. The upper flammability limit (" UFL") is the maximum concentration of the heat transfer composition in air that is capable of propagating a flame through a homogeneous mixture of the composition and air under the same test conditions.

[0200] In order to be classified by ANSI / ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) Standard 34 or ISO 817ISO 817:2014(en) Refrigerants — Designation and Safety Classification as nonflammable (class 1, no flame propagation), a refrigerant must meet the conditions of ASTM E681 as formulated in both the liquid and vapor phase as well as nonflammable in both the liquid and vapor phases that result during leakage scenarios defined by ANSI / ASHRAE standard 34-2019 or ISO 817:2014(en) Refrigerants -Designation and Safety Classification.

[0201] In order for a refrigerant blend to be classified by ANSI / ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) as low flammability (class 2), the worst case of formulation (WCF) and the worst case of fractionation for flammability (WCFF) for the refrigerant blend must be determined based on manufacturing tolerances and vapor leak behavior. In order to be classified as 2, low flammability, the WCF and WCFF must: 1) exhibit flame propagation when tested atTS0131-WO01140°F (60°C) and 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa) and have an LFL >0.0062 lb / ft3(0.10 kg / m3) and 2) have a heat of combustion <8169 Btu / lb (19,000 kJ / kg).

[0202] In order for a refrigerant blend to be classified by ANSI / ASHRAE as low flammability (class 2L), the WCF and the WCFF for the refrigerant blend must meet the conditions for class 2 classification and have a maximum burning velocity of ≤3.9 in. / s (10 cm / s) when tested at 73.4°F (23.0°C) and 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa).

[0203] ASHRAE Standard 34 provides a methodology to calculate the heat of combustion for refrigerant blends using a balanced stoichiometric equation based on the complete combustion of one mole of refrigerant with enough oxygen for a stoichiometric reaction.

[0204] Refrigerant blends according to any of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3 have class 1, class 2L or class 2, preferably class 2L or 2, or preferably class 2L, flammability as defined by ANSI / ASHRAE standard 34 and ISO 817. Class 1, 2L and class 2 flammability can be managed in automotive heating / cooling systems. In particular, the composition comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), has class 2L flammability as defined by ANSI / ASHRAE standard 34 and ISO 817.

[0205] In some embodiments, any of the foregoing refrigerant compositions, comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, can further comprise one or more additional compounds as described herein for each of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0206] In one embodiment, the total amount of additional compounds present in any of the foregoing refrigerant compositions, comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, is greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably less than 0.1 weight percent.TS0131-WO01

[0207] In some embodiments, the total amount of additional compounds present in any of the foregoing refrigerant compositions, comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, is greater than 0 ppm and less than 5,000 ppm and, in particular, can range from about 5 to about 1,000 ppm, from about 5 to about 500 ppm, or from about 1 to about 100 ppm.

[0208] In one embodiment, as used herein, " Group A Fluorinated Substances” includes any substance that (i) contains at least one fully fluorinated methyl (-CF3) or methylene (-CF2-) carbon atom (without any H / CI / Br / l attached to it); and (ii) meets the criterion for persistence in soil / sediment and water established in Annex XIII (Section 1.1.1) of the European Union’s REACH Regulation (https: / / reachonline.eu / reach / en / annex-xiii-1-1.1-1.1.1.html as accessed on May 2, 2023) and referenced in the Annex XV Restriction Report dated March 22, 2023, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference (https: / / echa.europa.eu / documents / 10162 / f605d4b5-7c17-7414-8823-b49b9fd43aea as accessed on May 2, 2023). In one embodiment, Group A Fluorinated Substances include, but are not limited to, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).

[0209] In another embodiment, as used herein, “Group A Fluorinated Substances” includes any substance that has a Henry’s Law constant < 250 Pa*m3 / mol and contains at least one fully fluorinated methyl (-CF3) or methylene (-CF2-) carbon atom (without any H / CI / Br / l attached to it). In one embodiment, Group A Fluorinated Substances include, but are not limited to, TFA.

[0210] Thus, according to some embodiments, compositions of the present invention which comprise a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, as well as optionally one or more of the additional compounds and / or optionally one or more additives, are free of or substantially free of Group A Fluorinated Substances, such as TFA. In one embodiment, the phrase "free of" as used herein with respect to the presence of Group A Fluorinated Substances in the present compositions means that the amount of such substances in the compositions is sufficiently low so as to not be detectable, including but not limited to 0%, when measured by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, gas chromatography with a mass detector by analysis of a gas sample or liquid sample, and / or ion chromatography by analysis of a water sample after bubbling the thermal fluid through water. SuchTS0131-WO01methodologies are well known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the phrase "substantially free of" as used herein with respect to the presence of Group A Fluorinated Substances in the present compositions means that the amount of such substances in the compositions is > 0 wt.% and ≤ 5 wt.%, or > 0 wt.% and < 4 wt.%, or > 0 wt.% and < 3 wt.%, or > 0 wt.% and < 2 wt.%, or > 0 wt.% and < 1 wt.%, and all values and ranges therebetween, when measured by gas chromatographic (GC) techniques, for example gas chromatography (GC) with a flame ionization or electron-capture detector, or GC coupled with a mass detector (gas chromatography / mass spectral (GC / MS) method), by ion chromatograph(IC) or ion chromatography mass spectrometry (IC-MS) techniques, or by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) techniques. The TFA analytical standard may be used in either gas chromatography or ion chromatography and is available from, for example, Sigma Aldrich.

[0211] Further, in some embodiments, degradation products of such compositions of the present invention, are free of or substantially free of Group A Fluorinated Substances, such as TFA. In one embodiment, the phrase "free of" as used herein with respect to the formation of Group A Fluorinated Substances by the present compositions means that the theoretical molar yield of such substances in environmental compartments of air, soil / sediment and water produced during tropospheric degradation of the compositions is sufficiently low so as to not be detectable, including but not limited to 0%, when measured by GC techniques, for example GC with a flame ionization or electron-capture detector or GC / MS method, by IC or IC-MS techniques, or by HPLC or HPLC-MS techniques. In one embodiment, the phrase "substantially free of" as used herein with respect to the formation of Group A Fluorinated Substances by the present compositions means that the theoretical molar yield of such substances in environmental compartments of air, soil / sediment and water produced during tropospheric degradation of the compositions is > 0% and < 5%, or > 0% and < 4%, or > 0% and < 3%, or > 0% and < 2%, or > 0% and < 1%, and all values and ranges therebetween, when measured by GC techniques, for example GC with a flame ionization or electron-capture detector or GC / MS method, by IC or IC-MS techniques, or by HPLC or HPLC-MS techniques.TS0131-WO01

[0212] Another embodiment of the invention relates to storing any of the foregoing compositions in gaseous and / or liquid phases within a sealed container. The water concentration within the gas and / or liquid phase in the sealed container ranges from about 0.1 to 200 ppm by weight. The oxygen concentration within the gas and / or liquid phase in the sealed container ranges from about 10 ppm by volume to about 0.35 volume percent at about 25 C. The air concentration within the gas and / or liquid phase in the sealed container ranges from about 100 ppm by volume to about 1.5 volume percent.

[0213] The container for storing the foregoing compositions can be constructed of any suitable material and design that is capable of sealing the compositions therein while maintaining gaseous and liquids phases. Examples of suitable containers comprise pressure resistant containers such as a tank, a filling cylinder, and a secondary filling cylinder. The container can be constructed from any suitable material such as carbon steel, manganese steel, chromium-molybdenum steel, among other low-alloy steels, stainless steel and in some case an aluminum alloy.

[0214] The compositions of the present invention may be prepared by any convenient method to combine the desired amount of the individual components. A preferred method is to weigh the desired component amounts and thereafter combine the components in an appropriate vessel. Agitation may be used, if desired. In another embodiment, any of the foregoing refrigerant blends can be prepared by blending the fluoroolefin and hydrofluorocarbon compounds, and, in some cases, at least one of the additional compounds.

[0215] In a further embodiment, the compositions may be prepared from recycled or reclaimed refrigerant. One or more of the components may be recycled or reclaimed by means of removing contaminants, such as air, water, or residue, which may include lubricant or particulate residue from system components. The means of removing the contaminants may vary widely, but can include distillation, decantation, filtration, and / or drying by use of molecular sieves or other absorbents. Then the recycled or reclaimed component(s) may be combined with the other component(s) as described above.

[0216] In an embodiment of the present invention a system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle is provided. The systemTS0131-WO01comprises an evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device, each operably connected to perform a vapor compression cycle, wherein the system contains any of the foregoing compositions comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3. The average temperature glide in the inventive system is less than 8.0 K, or less than 7.1 K, in some embodiments less than 7.0 K, preferably from greater than 5.0 K to less than about 7.1 K or greater than 5.0 K to less than 7.0 K. In some cases, such as with Blend 3, average temperature glide in the inventive system is less than 1 K. The system is preferably a heat pump. Due to the excellent performance of the heat pump system in both cooling and heating of the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle, the system may no longer require a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater.

[0217] In some embodiments, a secondary loop heat pump system may be used that contains the composition comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3. In this case, the cycle that provides cooling to the passenger compartment may contain a heat transfer fluid such as water or a glycol solution. Or the secondary loop may utilize a fluid that changes phases, such as a fluorocarbon or other heat transfer fluid.

[0218] The refrigerant blends may be used in a variety of heating and cooling systems. In some embodiments, a reversing valve is used and the same loop is used for cooling and heating. In other embodiments, air side bypass or refrigerant valving / system design changes can accomplish the same effect as a reversible cycle, without a reversing valve.

[0219] In the embodiment of FIG. 1, a refrigeration system 100 having a refrigeration loop 110 comprises a first heat exchanger 120, a pressure regulator 130, a second heat exchanger 140, a compressor 150 and a four-way valve 160. The first and second heat exchangers are of the air / refrigerant type. The first heat exchanger 120 has passing through it the refrigerant of the loop 110 and the stream of air created by a fan.

[0220] In cooling mode, the refrigerant set-in motion by the compressor 150 passes, via the valve 160, through the heat exchanger 120 which acts as a condenser, that is to say gives up heat energy to the outside, then through the pressure regulator 130 then through the heat exchanger 140 that is acting as anTS0131-WO01evaporator thus cooling the stream of air intended to be blown into the motor vehicle cabin interior.

[0221] In heat pump mode, the direction of flow of the refrigerant is reversed using the valve 160. The heat exchanger 140 acts as a condenser while the heat exchanger 120 acts as an evaporator. The heat exchanger 140 can then be used to heat up the stream of air intended for the motor vehicle cabin.

[0222] Additional heat transfer loops may be connected to the heat pump system and absorb or reject heat at the heat exchangers 120 and / or 140 to allow transfer of heat away from the motor or battery, and therefore serve to provide thermal management of those components of the vehicle as well as cooling and heating for the passenger cabin.

[0223] In the embodiment of FIG. 2, a refrigeration system 300 having a refrigeration loop 310 comprises a first heat exchanger 320, a pressure regulator 330, a second heat exchanger 340, a compressor 350 and a four-way valve 360. The first and second heat exchangers 320 and 340 are of the air / refrigerant type. The way in which the heat exchangers 320 and 340 operate is the same as in the first embodiment depicted in FIG. 1. Two fluid / liquid heat exchangers 370 and 380 are installed both on the refrigeration loop circuit 310 and on the engine cooling circuit or on a secondary glycol-water circuit. Installing fluid / liquid heat exchangers without going through an intermediate gaseous fluid (e.g. air) contributes to improving heat exchange by comparison with air / fluid heat exchangers.

[0224] In one embodiment, the system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle, the system further comprises a reheater operably connected between the compressor and the condenser for reduction of humidity in the passenger compartment during cooling mode.

[0225] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, a refrigeration system 400 having a refrigeration loop 410 comprises a first heat exchanger (condenser) 420, a pressure regulator 430, a second heat exchanger (evaporator) 440, a compressor 450, a three-way valve 460, and a third heat exchanger (for reheat) 470. In cooling mode, at least a portion of the discharge flow exiting the compressor 450 is directed through the three-way valve 460 and into the third heat exchanger 470. The exit stream from the third heat exchanger 470 discharges into the inlet of the first heatTS0131-WO01exchanger 420. The refrigerant is condensed by the first heat exchanger 420 using an external fan 480 and ambient air as the heat sink. The existing saturated or subcooled liquid is expanded in the pressure regulator 430 and the resulting lower pressure saturated mixture of refrigerant liquid and vapor enters the second heat exchanger 440. The refrigerant evaporates in the second heat exchanger 440 through the use of a second fan 490 that is external to the refrigeration loop. The air passing across the second heat exchanger 440 is cooled to below the air dew point temperature. This causes the moisture in the air to partially condense, thereby lowering the absolute humidity of the air. The air then passes over the third heat exchanger 470, which transfers heat into the air, increasing the air temperature to above the dew point and lowering the relative humidity of the air, which is then supplied to the passenger compartment. This process of cooling to below the dew point temperature to remove moisture and subsequently reheating to above the dew point temperature allows for cooling and relative humidity control of the vehicle cabin. In heating mode, the three-way valve 460 is modulated to prohibit the flow of refrigerant to the first heat exchanger 420 and all vehicle cabin heating is accomplished using the third heat exchanger 470 in the heat pump configuration described in FIG. 1.

[0226] In the embodiment of FIG. 4, an air-conditioning (AC) and heat pump (HP) system 500, heating, cooling, or both can be accomplished in a vehicle cabin or for other vehicle loads. The system 500 includes an AC circuit 510 and a HP circuit 520. In air-conditioning only mode, the HP control valve 530 upstream of the heat pump condenser 540 will be closed and the refrigerant will flow from the compressor 550 into the air-cooled AC condenser 560, through an AC expansion valve 570, and into the AC evaporator 580; providing cooling to the cabin. From the AC evaporator 580, the refrigerant will flow back to the compressor 550. In heat pump only mode, the AC control valve 535 upstream of the AC condenser 560 will be closed and the refrigerant will flow from the compressor 550 into the HP condenser 540 to provide heating to the cabin. From the HP condenser 540 the refrigerant will flow through the HP expansion valve 575 to the HP evaporator 585. A separate humidity control mode could be accomplished by sending a portion of the compressor discharge gas into the AC circuit 510 and the remaining portion into the HP circuit 520.TS0131-WO01

[0227] In the embodiment of FIG. 5, a system 600 for heating, cooling, or both can be accomplished for a vehicle cabin or for other vehicle loads. The system 600 includes an AC circuit 610 and a water-cooled / HP circuit 620. In AC only mode, the water loop control valve 630 upstream of the water-cooled condenser 640 will be closed and the refrigerant will flow from the compressor 650 into the AC condenser 660, through an AC expansion valve 670, and into the AC evaporator 680; providing cooling to the cabin. In HP only mode, the AC control valve 635 upstream of the AC condenser 660 will be closed and the refrigerant will flow from the compressor 650 into the water-cooled condenser 640. A heat transfer fluid (e.g., water or other heat transfer fluid) will take the heat generated in the water-cooled condenser 640 and transfer it to the cabin heater core 690, thereby providing heat to the cabin. The heat transfer fluid may return from the cabin heater core 690 to the water-cooled condenser 640. The refrigerant will flow from the water-cooled condenser 640 through an HP expansion valve 675 into the HP evaporator 685 that cools a heat transfer fluid, which may be used to cool other components of the automobile and then back to the compressor 650. In some embodiments, there is one or more water / heat transfer fluid loop that may be used to heat and / or cool various other components of the vehicle. A separate humidity control mode could be accomplished by sending a portion of the compressor discharge gas into the AC circuit 610 and the remaining portion into the water cooled / HP circuit 620.

[0228] In the embodiments of FIG. 6 through FIG. 9, the same components exist in the system, but depending on the mode of operation, only some of those components are utilized.

[0229] In one embodiment, in heating mode wherein specific conditions exist where both the vehicle cabin and other vehicle components require heat, the refrigerant circuit 700 operates as shown in FIG. 6. Starting at the compressor 750, discharge refrigerant vapor will take two paths. One path is through the cabin condenser 740. The cabin condenser 740 is a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger typically of the fin-tube or microchannel type and can be single or multiple pass. A first fan 745 in the vehicle ventilation ductwork will induce a flow of either 100% outside air or a mixture of outside air and return air from the vehicle cabin across this cabin condenser 740 and the refrigerant as it condenses will heat the air. In this mode, a physical bypass 735 within the vehicle ventilation ductwork will prevent anyTS0131-WO01air from flowing over the cabin evaporator 730. The second path of refrigerant out of the compressor is through valve 770 and into a liquid / heat transfer fluid heat exchanger 720, which allows heat to be transferred from the warm refrigerant to the vehicle’s heat transfer fluid loop (not shown). This vehicle heat transfer loop can then be used to manage other vehicle heat loads. The heat transfer fluid of the heat transfer fluid loop may be water or a water / glycol solution. The condensed refrigerant out of exchanger 720 then combines with the condenser 740 liquid refrigerant outlet and the combined stream flows through an expansion device 775, which will drop the pressure of the liquid refrigerant and generate a liquid-vapor mixture. This liquid-vapor mixture then flows through the outdoor heat exchanger 780 (i.e., evaporator in this setup). The outdoor heat exchanger 780 will be a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger typically of the fin-tube or microchannel type and can be single or multiple pass. A second fan 785 will induce airflow across the outdoor heat exchanger 780 and allow the liquid-vapor refrigerant mixture to pick up heat from the ambient air and vaporize completely before it flows back to the compressor 750.

[0230] In another embodiment, in heating mode when specific conditions exist where only cabin heating is required, the refrigerant circuit 800 operates as shown in FIG. 7. Starting at the compressor 850, discharge vapor will first flow through the cabin condenser 840. A first fan 845 in the vehicle ventilation ductwork will induce a flow of either 100% outside air or a mixture of outside air and return air from the vehicle cabin across this cabin condenser 840 and the refrigerant will exchange heat between the condenser 840 and the air. In this mode, a physical bypass 835 within the vehicle ventilation ductwork will prevent any air from flowing over the cabin evaporator 830. The refrigerant will condense in the cabin condenser 840 and flow to an expansion device 875 which will drop the pressure of the liquid refrigerant and generate a liquid-vapor mixture. This liquid-vapor mixture flows through the outdoor heat exchanger 880 (i.e., evaporator in this setup). A second fan 885 will induce airflow across the outdoor heat exchanger 880 and allow the liquid-vapor refrigerant mixture to pick up heat from the ambient air and vaporize completely before it travels back to the compressor 850.

[0231] In another embodiment, in cooling mode when specific conditions exist where both the vehicle cabin and the vehicle components require cooling, theTS0131-WO01refrigerant circuit 900 operates as shown in FIG. 8. Starting at the compressor 950, discharge refrigerant vapor will first flow through the cabin condenser 940, wherein there will be no heat transfer as in this mode, a physical bypass 945 within the vehicle ventilation ductwork will prevent any air from flowing over the cabin condenser 940. Vapor refrigerant will pass through the cabin condenser 940 and flow through valve 975 and into the outdoor heat exchanger 980. In this mode, the outdoor heat exchanger 980 acts as a condenser as a first fan 985 induces flow across the heat exchanger and the hot refrigerant vapor exchanges heat and condenses to a liquid. A portion of this liquid refrigerant will leave the outdoor heat exchanger 980 and enter the internal heat exchanger 990. Liquid refrigerant will be subcooled in the internal heat exchanger 990 and then flow to an expansion device 910 and into the cabin evaporator 930. This air-to-refrigerant cabin evaporator 930 will be of the fin-tube or microchannel type of heat exchanger and can be single or multiple pass. A second fan (or cabin blower fan) 935 will induce a flow of either 100% outside air or a mixture of outside air and return air from the cabin across the coil of the cabin evaporator 930 where heat will be exchanged between the air and refrigerant. The refrigerant will vaporize and travel back to the internal heat exchanger 990 where it will be further superheated until it finally re-enters the compressor 950. The remaining portion of refrigerant exiting the condenser 980 will flow through expansion valve 915 and into the liquid / heat transfer fluid heat exchanger 920 wherein vehicle component heat is transferred via a heat transfer fluid loop (not shown) into the refrigerant. This vehicle heat transfer loop can then be used to manage other vehicle heat loads. The refrigerant vaporizes in heat exchanger 920 and joins the refrigerant exiting internal heat exchanger 990 at the suction of the compressor 950.

[0232] In another embodiment, in cooling mode when specific conditions exist where only vehicle cabin cooling is required, the refrigerant circuit 1000 operates as shown in FIG. 9. Starting at the compressor 1050, discharge refrigerant vapor will first flow through the cabin condenser 1040, wherein there will be no heat transfer, as in this mode, a physical bypass 1045 within the vehicle ventilation ductwork will prevent any air from flowing over the cabin condenser 1040. Vapor refrigerant will pass through the cabin condenser 1040 and flow through a valve 1075 to the outdoor heat exchanger 1080. In this mode, the outdoor heat exchanger 1080 actsTS0131-WO01as a condenser as a first fan 1085 induces flow across the heat exchanger 1080 and the hot refrigerant vapor exchanges heat and condenses to a liquid. This liquid refrigerant will leave the outdoor heat exchanger 1080 and enter the internal heat exchanger 1090. Liquid refrigerant will be subcooled in the internal heat exchanger 1090 and then flow to an expansion device 1010 and into the cabin evaporator 1030. A second fan (or cabin blower fan) 1035 will induce a flow of either 100% outside air or a mixture of outside air and return air from the cabin across the cabin evaporator 1030 where heat will be exchanged between the air and refrigerant. The refrigerant will vaporize and flow back to the internal heat exchanger 1090 where it will be further superheated until it finally returns to the compressor 1050.

[0233] With reference to FIG. 10, it illustrates an electric vehicle heat pump with secondary loops. The purpose of the secondary loops is to separate the refrigerant from the “users” or various vehicle heat exchangers used to cool / heat the cabin air, the power electronics, and the battery to enable the use of refrigerants with a higher flammability than historic refrigerants used for vehicles. The heat pump itself consists of a compressor (1), a condenser (2), an expansion valve (3), and an evaporator (4). The concept here is that the refrigerant loop is close coupled, contained within the “engine compartment,” and does not require reversing capability. Two separate heat transfer fluid (i.e. water, or a glycol solution, oils, refrigerants) loops are in communication with the refrigerant loop via the condenser (2) and evaporator (4). The first heat transfer fluid loop is contained within the “engine compartment” and utilizes an air-to-liquid heat exchanger (5) and circulation pump (6) to discharge heat from the condenser (2) in air-conditioning mode or provide heat to the evaporator (4) in heat pump mode or a combination of both. Air flows over the heat exchanger (5) via an external fan. The second heat transfer fluid loop consists of a pump (7) and heat exchanger (8). For simplicity, one heat exchanger is shown, when in reality, several heat exchangers could be employed providing heating / cooling to the cabin air, the power electronics, and the battery. Control valves (9), (10), (11), and (12) are used to depict the flexibility of such a system to provide heating, cooling, or both to any given heat exchanger via communication with the heat pump condenser (2) and evaporator (4).

[0234] The refrigerant blends have low GWP, low toxicity, and low flammability with low temperature glide for use in a hybrid, mild hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or fullTS0131-WO01electric vehicles for thermal management (transferring heat from one part of the vehicle to the other) of the passenger compartment providing air conditioning (A / C) or heating to the passenger cabin. Additionally, the refrigerant blends provide improved performance under the same conditions as compared to HFO-1234yf, in particular capacity higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions, and COP similar to or higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0235] In another embodiment, also disclosed herein is a method for replacing HFO-1234yf in a heating and cooling system contained within an electric vehicle, comprising providing any of the foregoing compositions to said heating and cooling system as a heat transfer fluid. The composition for replacing HFO-1234yf comprises a refrigerant composition comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3, which optionally include one or more of the additional compounds disclosed herein in an amount of greater than about 0 and less than 1 wt.%, preferably less than 0.5 wt.% or less than 0.2 wt% or less than 0.1 wt%.

[0236] In one embodiment, a method of servicing the heating and cooling system of an electric vehicle is provided. The method comprising removing all of a used refrigerant from the system and charging the system with the compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3. The used refrigerant may be any of the foregoing compositions, or the used refrigerant may be a composition that is altered from any of the foregoing compositions due to some degree of fractionation and preferential leakage of the lower boiling components of the refrigerant blend. Due to the fractionation that may occur while operating a refrigerant with temperature glide, leakage of refrigerant may lead to a change in the composition remaining in the heating and cooling system. This change in composition makes it difficult to determine the composition remaining in the system. And therefore, if performance of the system has been deteriorating, it will be necessary to remove all the refrigerant present in the cooling and heating system and recharge the system with fresh refrigerant blend with the optimized refrigerant blend composition.

[0237] In one embodiment is provided a use of any of the foregoing compositions comprising a refrigerant blend comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 orTS0131-WO013 as a heat transfer fluid in a system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle. This use of the present inventive compositions has been described in detail in the foregoing description and will be demonstrated in the forthcoming examples.

[0238] In other embodiments, including compositions intended to replace conventional high GWP refrigerant in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pump applications, it is desirable that the refrigerant composition exhibit a low GWP as well as similar or improved refrigerant properties compared to conventional refrigerants.

[0239] In some embodiments, the compositions as disclosed herein may be used in stationary systems, such as refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems. The present inventive compositions may serve as replacements for conventional refrigerants with much higher GWP, in particular, such as R-404A, R-410A, R-407A, R-407C, or R-407F. The stationary systems may include supermarket refrigerated cases, supermarket freezer cases, chillers that provide air conditioning to large buildings, such as apartment buildings, office buildings, hospitals, and / or school buildings, residential airconditioners, residential heat pumps for heating or cooling air or for heating water or other heat transfer fluids, or residential refrigerators or freezers. The chiller systems mentioned may be centrifugal, screw, or scroll systems as defined by the compressor being used. Additionally, the chiller may operate with direct expansion heat exchangers or with flooded evaporator heat exchangers.

[0240] In one embodiment, disclosed herein is a stationary refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump apparatus containing a refrigerant composition comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0241] In another embodiment, disclosed herein is a method for replacing a first refrigerant selected from R-22, R-404A, R-507A, R-507B, R-410A, R-407A, R-407C, or R-407F comprising removing at least a portion of said first refrigerant and charging a second refrigerant composition comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0242] In another embodiment, disclosed herein is a method for replacing a first refrigerant selected from R-513A, R-448A, R-448B, R-449A, R-452A, R-454A, R-454B, R-454C, R-466A, R-1234yf, or R-1234ze comprising removing at least aTS0131-WO01portion of said first refrigerant and charging a second refrigerant composition comprising a refrigerant blend of any of Blends 1, 2 or 3.

[0243] The following Examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects of the invention and shall not limit the scope of the appended claims.EXAMPLES

[0244] A thermodynamic modeling program was used to model the expected performance of blends according to each of Blends 1, 2 and 3, as compared to HFO-1234yf alone. The conditions of the modelling were specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for characterization of refrigerant performance in an automobile heat pump system. Physical properties for the components were taken from NIST REFPROP Version 10.

[0245] The conditions used are as described herein below in Tables 2 and 3:Table 2: Automobile Heat Pump Heating Mode Conditions T_condenser 65°CT_evaporator -30°CSubcool temp. 5.0KSuperheat temp. 10.0KCompressor Efficiency 0.7Table 3: Automobile Heat Pump Cooling Mode Conditions T_condenser 48°CT evaporator -7°CSubcool temp. 5.0KSuperheat temp. 10.0KCompressor Efficiency 0.7

[0246] In the below Examples:the HFO-1234ze(E) component may contain one or more additional compounds, preferably up to 1 wt% one or more additional compounds, more preferably up to 0.5 wt% one or more additional compounds, or more preferably up to 0.2 wt% one or more additional compounds, or more preferably up to 0.1 wt% one or more additional compounds, selected from HFO-1234yf, HFC- 245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a,TS0131-WO01HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, more preferably selected from HFO- 1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO- 1234ze(Z);the HFO-1252zc component may contain one or more additional compounds, preferably up to 1 wt% one or more additional compounds, more preferably up to 0.5 wt%, or more preferably up to 0.1 wt% one or more additional compounds, one or more additional compounds, or more preferably up to 0.2 wt% one or more additional compounds, selected from methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC- 1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb, 2- butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO- 1260zf, HCFO-1251, HFO-1243zf, more preferably selected from HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf; andthe HFO-1132(E) component may contain one or more additional compounds, preferably up to 1 wt% one or more additional compounds, more preferably up to 0.5 wt% one or more additional compounds, or more preferably up to 0.2 wt% one or more additional compounds, or more preferably up to 0.1 wt% one or more additional compounds, selected from HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131 a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO- 1140, more preferably selected from HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO-1141 and HFC- 143.Example 1:

[0247] Thermodynamic Modeling Comparisons for the Automobile Heat Pump Systems Using Compositions Comprising Refrigerant Blends of Blend 1 Relative to HFO-1234yf (glide less than 8 K, 7.1 K or 7.0 K)

[0248] Thermodynamic modeling comparisons for the Heat Pump Systems: HFO-1234ze(E) / HFO-1132(E) relative to HFO-1234yf. GWP calculations and results for temperature glide, volumetric capacity, and COP are shown in Table 4. Capacity and COP are the percent above the corresponding value for the refrigerant blend vs.TS0131-WO01HFO-1234yf alone. All blends are classified as class 1, 2L or 2, preferably class 2L or 2, flammability by ASHRAETable 4Cooling Heating Blend 1 1132E 1234zeE NBP Condenser Condenser Comp. wt% GWPwt% (°C) Glide Glide (K) (K)1 2% 98% 0.98 -21.41 1.232 1.061 2 4% 96% 0.96 -23.53 2.285 1.968 3 6% 94% 0.94 -25.41 3.187 2.747 4 8% 92% 0.92 -27.08 3.962 3.416 5 10% 90% 0.90 -28.59 4.630 3.991 6 12% 88% 0.88 -29.96 5.206 4.485 7 14% 86% 0.86 -31.22 5.703 4.910 8 16% 84% 0.84 -32.39 6.131 5.273 9 18% 82% 0.82 -33.47 6.499 5.582 10 20% 80% 0.80 -34.47 6.814 5.845 11 22% 78% 0.78 -35.42 7.082 6.065 12 24% 76% 0.76 -36.31 7.307 6.247 13 32% 68% 0.68 -39.44 7.862 6.667 14 34% 66% 0.66 -40.12 7.928 6.707% Cooling % Heating% Cooling % Heating Capacity Capacity Blend 1 1132E 1234zeE COP Over COP Over Comp. wt% wt% Over OverR-1234yf R-1234yf R-1234yf R-1234yf1 2% 98% 80.95% 104.81% 76.77% 106.98% 2 4% 96% 84.14% 104.65% 79.73% 107.03% 3 6% 94% 87.34% 104.53% 82.73% 107.03% 4 8% 92% 90.54% 104.45% 85.79% 107.09% 5 10% 90% 93.74% 104.37% 88.89% 107.09% 6 12% 88% 96.95% 104.29% 92.05% 107.09% 7 14% 86% 100.17% 104.21% 95.26% 107.09% 8 16% 84% 103.38% 104.13% 98.52% 107.03% 9 18% 82% 106.60% 104.05% 101.86% 107.03% 10 20% 80% 109.82% 103.97% 105.23% 107.03% 11 22% 78% 113.04% 103.89% 108.68% 106.98% 12 24% 76% 116.26% 103.77% 112.18% 106.98% 13 32% 68% 129.20% 103.34% 126.76% 106.76% 14 34% 66% 132.45% 103.18% 130.56% 106.76%

[0249] The above data demonstrate that refrigerant blends containing HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1132(E) provide performance with volumetric cooling capacityTS0131-WO01considerably higher than for HFO-1234yf (up to about 13% higher, in some cases up to about 32% higher), heating capacity higher than for HFO-1234yf (up to about 9% higher, in some cases up to about 31% higher), low average temperature glide of less than 8 K, 7.1 or 7.0 K, cooing COP that is up to about 4% higher than that for HFO-1234yf alone, and heating COP that is up to about 7% higher than that for HFO-1234yf alone. Additionally, the refrigerant blends have normal boiling point lower than -40.1 °C, in some cases lower than -35.4°C, allowing operation at temperatures even below -30°C without sub-atmospheric pressure in the system. Compositions 9, 10 and 11, in particular, provide performance with volumetric cooling capacity which is about 7%, 10% and 13%, respectively, higher than for HFO-1234yf with a glide of only about 7.0 K or less. The improved performance of the inventive blends shows that the new fluids can easily be used to provide more than adequate cooling and heating to a passenger cabin of an electric or hybrid vehicle.Example 2:

[0250] Thermodynamic Modeling Comparisons for the Automobile Heat Pump Systems Using Compositions Comprising Refrigerant Blends of Blend 2 Relative to HFO-1234yf (glide less than 8 K, 7.1 or 7.0 K)

[0251] Thermodynamic modeling comparisons for the Heat Pump Systems: HFO-1234ze(E) / HFO-1252zc / HFO-1132(E) relative to HFO-1234yf. GWP calculations and results for temperature glide, volumetric capacity, and COP are shown in Table 5. Capacity and COP are the percent above the corresponding value for the refrigerant blend vs. HFO-1234yf alone. All blends are classified as class 2L flammability by ASHRA All blends are classified as class 1, 2L or 2, preferably class 2L or 2, flammability by ASHRAE.Table 5Cooling Heating Blend 2 1132E 1234zeE 1252zc NBP Condenser Condenser Comp wt% wt% wt% GWP (oC) Glide Glide (K) (K)1 8% 84% 8% 0.85 -28.87 4.140 1.347 2 8% 82% 10% 0.83 -29.26 4.156 1.411 3 8% 80% 12% 0.81 -29.64 4.160 1.4704 10% 89% 1% 0.89 -28.75 4.623 1.336TS0131-WO01Cooling Heating Blend 2 1132E 1234zeE 1252zc NBP Condenser Condenser Comp wt% wt% wt% GWP (oC) Glide Glide (K) (K) 5 10% 88% 2% 0.88 -29.04 4.675 1.388 6 10% 86% 4% 0.86 -29.48 4.708 1.463 7 10% 84% 6% 0.85 -29.89 4.730 1.534 8 10% 82% 8% 0.83 -30.28 4.742 1.601 9 10% 80% 10% 0.81 -30.65 4.742 1.662 10 12% 87% 1% 0.87 -30.1 5.190 1.592 11 12% 86% 2% 0.86 -30.39 5.235 1.645 12 12% 84% 4% 0.84 -30.8 5.253 1.718 13 12% 82% 6% 0.83 -31.19 5.260 1.787 14 12% 80% 8% 0.81 -31.56 5.257 1.850 15 12% 78% 10% 0.79 -31.91 5.244 1.909 16 14% 85% 1% 0.85 -31.34 5.679 1.843 17 14% 84% 2% 0.84 -31.63 5.717 1.897 18 14% 82% 4% 0.82 -32.02 5.721 1.968 19 14% 80% 6% 0.81 -32.38 5.715 2.033 20 14% 78% 8% 0.79 -32.73 5.699 2.094 21 16% 83% 1% 0.83 -32.49 6.101 2.089 22 16% 82% 2% 0.82 -32.77 6.131 2.144 23 16% 80% 4% 0.80 -33.14 6.122 2.211 24 16% 78% 6% 0.79 -33.49 6.104 2.274 25 16% 76% 8% 0.77 -33.82 6.076 2.331 26 18% 81% 1% 0.81 -33.56 6.464 2.329 27 18% 80% 2% 0.80 -33.83 6.487 2.384 28 18% 78% 4% 0.78 -34.18 6.465 2.448 29 18% 76% 6% 0.77 -34.52 6.435 2.507 30 20% 79% 1% 0.79 -34.55 6.774 2.561 31 20% 78% 2% 0.78 -34.83 6.790 2.616 32 20% 76% 4% 0.76 -35.16 6.757 2.677 33 20% 74% 6% 0.75 -35.48 6.716 2.731 34 22% 77% 1% 0.77 -35.49 7.038 2.785 35 22% 76% 2% 0.76 -35.76 7.046 2.840 36 22% 74% 4% 0.74 -36.08 7.003 2.896 37 24% 75% 1% 0.75 -36.37 7.261 3.001 38 24% 74% 2% 0.74 -36.63 7.261 3.055 39 24% 72% 4% 0.73 -36.94 7.208 3.107 40 26% 73% 1% 0.74 -37.2 7.446 3.208 41 26% 72% 2% 0.72 -37.46 7.439 3.260 42 26% 70% 4% 0.71 -37.76 7.376 3.307 43 28% 71% 1% 0.72 -37.99 7.597 3.404 44 28% 70% 2% 0.70 -38.25 7.582 3.454 45 30% 69% 1% 0.70 -38.74 7.717 3.590 46 30% 68% 2% 0.68 -38.99 7.695 3.63847 32% 67% 1% 0.68 -39.46 7.809 3.765TS0131-WO01%Blend 2 1132E 1234zeE 1252zc ool ng % %C i Coo Heating % C Capacity ling Capacity Heating omp wt% wt% wt% Over COP over COP over R-1234yf OverR-1234 R-1234yfyf R-1234yf1 8% 84% 8% 95.19% 104.33% 91.22% 107.09% 2 8% 82% 10% 96.32% 104.33% 92.59% 107.09% 3 8% 80% 12% 97.44% 104.29% 93.95% 107.09% 4 10% 89% 1% 94.18% 104.37% 89.43% 107.09% 5 10% 88% 2% 94.93% 104.33% 90.28% 107.09% 6 10% 86% 4% 96.11% 104.29% 91.66% 107.03% 7 10% 84% 6% 97.28% 104.29% 93.05% 107.03% 8 10% 82% 8% 98.44% 104.25% 94.44% 107.03% 9 10% 80% 10% 99.58% 104.21% 95.84% 107.03% 10 12% 87% 1% 97.36% 104.29% 92.56% 107.09% 11 12% 86% 2% 98.15% 104.25% 93.46% 107.09% 12 12% 84% 4% 99.34% 104.21% 94.88% 107.03% 13 12% 82% 6% 100.51% 104.17% 96.30% 107.03% 14 12% 80% 8% 101.67% 104.17% 97.73% 107.03% 15 12% 78% 10% 102.82% 104.13% 99.15% 107.03% 16 14% 85% 1% 100.54% 104.21% 95.75% 107.09% 17 14% 84% 2% 101.37% 104.17% 96.70% 107.03% 18 14% 82% 4% 102.57% 104.13% 98.15% 107.03% 19 14% 80% 6% 103.75% 104.09% 99.60% 107.03% 20 14% 78% 8% 104.92% 104.05% 101.05% 107.03% 21 16% 83% 1% 103.73% 104.13% 99.00% 107.03% 22 16% 82% 2% 104.60% 104.09% 100.00% 107.03% 23 16% 80% 4% 105.80% 104.05% 101.49% 107.03% 24 16% 78% 6% 106.99% 104.01% 102.96% 106.98% 25 16% 76% 8% 108.16% 103.97% 104.45% 106.98% 26 18% 81% 1% 106.92% 104.05% 102.31% 107.03% 27 18% 80% 2% 107.82% 104.01% 103.36% 107.03% 28 18% 78% 4% 109.03% 103.97% 104.87% 106.98% 29 18% 76% 6% 110.23% 103.93% 106.38% 106.98% 30 20% 79% 1% 110.12% 103.97% 105.67% 106.98% 31 20% 78% 2% 111.05% 103.93% 106.77% 106.98% 32 20% 76% 4% 112.27% 103.85% 108.32% 106.98% 33 20% 74% 6% 113.47% 103.81% 109.86% 106.92% 34 22% 77% 1% 113.30% 103.85% 109.08% 106.98% 35 22% 76% 2% 114.28% 103.81% 110.25% 106.98% 36 22% 74% 4% 115.50% 103.77% 111.82% 106.92% 37 24% 75% 1% 116.50% 103.77% 112.56% 106.92% 38 24% 74% 2% 117.51% 103.73% 113.78% 106.92% 39 24% 72% 4% 118.74% 103.65% 115.38% 106.87% 40 26% 73% 1% 119.70% 103.65% 116.09% 106.92% 41 26% 72% 2% 120.75% 103.61% 117.38% 106.87% 42 26% 70% 4% 121.98% 103.53% 119.00% 106.82% 43 28% 71% 1% 122.90% 103.53% 119.68% 106.87% 44 28% 70% 2% 123.98% 103.50% 121.03% 106.82%TS0131-WO01%ool ng % %C i Heating % Blend 2 1132E 1234zeE 1252zc Cooling Heating Comp wt% wt% wt% Capacity COP CapacityOver overR 1 3 y Over COP over R-1234yf - 2 4 f R-1234yf R-1234yf 45 30% 69% 1% 126.11% 103.42% 123.33% 106.82% 46 30% 68% 2% 127.22% 103.38% 124.73% 106.76%47 32% 67% 1% 129.32% 103.30% 127.03% 106.76%

[0252] The above data demonstrate that refrigerant blends containing HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1252zc and HFO-1132(E) provide performance with volumetric cooling capacity considerably higher than for HFO-1234yf (up to about 15.5% higher, in some cases up to about 29% higher), heating capacity considerably higher than for HFO-1234yf (up to about 12% higher, in some cases up to about 27% higher), low average temperature glide of less than 8.0 K, or less than 7.1 K or less than 7.0 K, cooling COP that is up to about 4% higher than that for HFO-1234yf alone, and heating COP that is up to about 7% higher than that for HFO-1234yf alone.Additionally, the refrigerant blends have normal boiling point lower than -39.5°C, in some cases lower than -36.1°C, allowing operation at temperatures even below -30°C without sub-atmospheric pressure in the system. Compositions 23 through 36, in particular, provide performance with volumetric cooling capacity which is from about 6% up to about 15.5% higher than for HFO-1234yf with a glide of only about 7.0 K or less. The improved performance of the inventive blends shows that the new fluids can easily be used to provide more than adequate cooling and heating to a passenger cabin of an electric or hybrid vehicle.Example 3:

[0253] Thermodynamic Modeling Comparisons for the Automobile Heat Pump Systems Using Compositions Comprising Refrigerant Blends of Blend 3 Relative to HFO-1234yf (glide less than 1 K)

[0254] Thermodynamic modeling comparisons for the Heat Pump Systems: HFO-1234ze(E) / HFO-1252zc relative to HFO-1234yf. GWP calculations and results for temperature glide, volumetric capacity, and COP are shown in Table 6. Capacity and COP are the percent above the corresponding value for the refrigerant blend vs. HFO-1234yf alone. All blends are classified as class 1, 2L or 2, preferably class 2L or 2, flammability by ASHRAETS0131-WO01Table 6Cooling Heating Blend 3 1234zeE 1252ZC NBP Condenser Condenser Comp. wt% wt% GWP(°C) Glide Glide (K) (K) 1 98% 2% 0.982 -19.62 0.158 0.128 2 96% 4% 0.964 -20.24 0.302 0.245 3 94% 6% 0.945 -20.83 0.431 0.350 4 92% 8% 0.927 -21.39 0.546 0.443 5 90% 10% 0.909 -21.92 0.645 0.523 6 88% 12% 0.891 -22.42 0.730 0.591 7 86% 14% 0.873 -22.89 0.801 0.647 8 84% 16% 0.854 -23.34 0.857 0.692 9 82% 18% 0.836 -23.76 0.901 0.726 10 80% 20% 0.818 -24.16 0.931 0.750 11 78% 22% 0.800 -24.53 0.951 0.764 12 76% 24% 0.782 -24.89 0.959 0.769 13 74% 26% 0.763 -25.22 0.957 0.766 14 72% 28% 0.745 -25.53 0.947 0.756 15 70% 30% 0.727 -25.82 0.928 0.739 16 68% 32% 0.709 -26.09 0.902 0.716 17 66% 34% 0.691 -26.35 0.870 0.689 18 64% 36% 0.672 -26.59 0.833 0.658 19 62% 38% 0.654 -26.81 0.792 0.623 20 60% 40% 0.636 -27.03 0.747 0.585 21 58% 42% 0.618 -27.23 0.699 0.546 22 56% 44% 0.600 -27.42 0.649 0.505 23 54% 46% 0.581 -27.59 0.599 0.46424 52% 48% 0.563 -27.76 0.548 0.423% Cooling % Heating% Cooling % Heating Blend 3 1234zeE 1252ZC Capacity Capacity Comp. wt% wt% COP Over COP Over Over OverR-1234yf R-1234yf R-1234yf R-1234yf1 98% 2% 78.90% 104.93% 75.07% 106.92% 2 96% 4% 80.03% 104.93% 76.32% 106.92% 3 94% 6% 81.15% 104.89% 77.56% 106.98% 4 92% 8% 82.25% 104.89% 78.82% 106.98% 5 90% 10% 83.35% 104.85% 80.07% 107.03% 6 88% 12% 84.44% 104.85% 81.33% 107.03% 7 86% 14% 85.51% 104.85% 82.58% 107.09% 8 84% 16% 86.57% 104.81% 83.84% 107.09% 9 82% 18% 87.62% 104.81% 85.10% 107.14% 10 80% 20% 88.65% 104.81% 86.35% 107.19%11 78% 22% 89.65% 104.81% 87.60% 107.19%TS0131-WO01% Cooling % Heating% Cooling % Heating Blend 3 1234zeE 1252ZC Capacity CapacityComp. wt% wt% COP Over COP Over Over OverR-1234yf R-1234yf R-1234yf R-1234yf12 76% 24% 90.64% 104.81% 88.85% 107.25% 13 74% 26% 91.61% 104.81% 90.09% 107.30% 14 72% 28% 92.56% 104.81% 91.33% 107.35% 15 70% 30% 93.50% 104.81% 92.54% 107.41% 16 68% 32% 94.41% 104.81% 93.75% 107.46% 17 66% 34% 95.29% 104.85% 94.95% 107.52% 18 64% 36% 96.16% 104.85% 96.14% 107.57% 19 62% 38% 97.01% 104.89% 97.30% 107.68% 20 60% 40% 97.83% 104.89% 98.45% 107.73% 21 58% 42% 98.64% 104.93% 99.59% 107.79% 22 56% 44% 99.42% 104.93% 100.70% 107.89% 23 54% 46% 100.17% 104.97% 101.79% 107.95%24 52% 48% 100.90% 105.01% 102.85% 108.05%

[0255] The above data demonstrate that refrigerant blends containing HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc provide cooling COP that is up to about 5% higher than that for HFO-1234yf alone, and heating COP that is up to about 8% higher than that for HFO-1234yf alone, and low average temperature glide of less than 1.0 K. Such blends may also provide performance with volumetric cooling and heating capacities similar to HFO-1234yf. Additionally, the refrigerant blends have normal boiling point lower than -20°C, allowing operation at temperatures even below -20°C without sub-atmospheric pressure in the system. Compositions 5 through 15, in particular, provide performance with volumetric cooling capacity which is about 5% higher than for HFO-1234yf with a glide of less than 1.0 K. Further, the refrigerant blends of Blend 3 have a class 2L flammability. In particular, as shown in Fig. 11, the refrigerant blend comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of about 80 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 20 wt% HFO-1252zc (e.g., Compositions 9, 10 or 11) has a burning velocity of less than 10 cm / s (when tested at 73.4°F (23.0°C) and 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa)), and thus would be classified as class 2L flammability by ASHRAE. Fig. 12 depicts refrigerant blends comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of about 80 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 20 wt% HFO-1252zc (e.g., Compositions 9, 10 or 11), or about 77 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 23 wt% HFO-1252zc (e.g., similar to Compositions 11 and 12), or about 75 wt% HFO-1234ze(E) and about 25 wt% HFO-1252zc (e.g., similar to Compositions 12 and 13), each hasTS0131-WO01a burning velocity of less than 10 cm / s (when tested at 73.4°F (23.0°C) and 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa)), and thus would be classified as class 2L flammability by ASHRAE. The improved performance of the inventive blends shows that the new fluids can easily be used to provide more than adequate cooling and heating to a passenger cabin of an electric or hybrid vehicle.Other Embodiments

[0256] Embodiment 1: A composition comprising a refrigerant blend comprising at least one hydrofluoroolefin selected from the group consisting of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc.

[0257] Embodiment 2: The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 8.0 K.

[0258] Embodiment 3: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 2, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0259] Embodiment 4: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 2, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0260] Embodiment 5: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0261] Embodiment 6: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0262] Embodiment 7: The composition of any of Embodiments 5 to 6, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 7.1 K, preferably from about 6.8 K to less than about 7.1 K.

[0263] Embodiment 8: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).TS0131-WO01

[0264] Embodiment 9: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0265] Embodiment 10: The composition of any of Embodiments 8 to 9, wherein said refrigerant provides average temperature glide of less than 7.0 K, preferably about 6.8 K.

[0266] Embodiment 11: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 10, wherein said refrigerant has a GWP of equal to or less than about 5, preferably from about 1.2 to about 5.

[0267] Embodiment 12: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 11, further comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of:a) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO- 1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO- 1234ze(Z); and / orb) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO- 1141 and HFC-143; and / orc) any combination or combinations thereof,wherein the total amount of additional compound comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferablyTS0131-WO01greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0268] Embodiment 13: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC- 143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC--227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC- 134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orwherein the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E- 1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC- 123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO- 1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143, andwherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0269] Embodiment 14. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

[0270] Embodiment 15. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO-1252zc.TS0131-WO01

[0271] Embodiment 16. The composition of any of Embodiments 14 to 15, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 8.0 K.

[0272] Embodiment 17: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

[0273] Embodiment 18: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

[0274] Embodiment 19: The composition of any of Embodiments 17 to 18, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 7.1 K, preferably from about 6.4 K to less than about 7.1 K.

[0275] Embodiment 20: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), about 74 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and about 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

[0276] Embodiment 21: The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), about 74 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and about 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

[0277] Embodiment 22: The composition of any of Embodiments 20 to 21, wherein said refrigerant provides average temperature glide of about 7 K.

[0278] Embodiment 23: The composition of any of Embodiments 13 to 22, wherein said refrigerant has a GWP of equal to or less than about 5, preferably about 1.2.

[0279] Embodiment 24: The composition of any of Embodiments 13 to 13, further comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of:a) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223TS0131-WO01(trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO- 1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO- 1234ze(Z); and / orb) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO- 1141 and HFC-143; and / orc) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261, HFC-263b, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2- methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf; and / ord) any combination or combinations thereof,wherein the total amount of additional compound comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0280] Embodiment 25: The composition of any of Embodiments 13 to 23, wherein HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC- 143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC- 227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC- 134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orTS0131-WO01wherein the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E- 1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC- 123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO- 1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143; and / orwherein the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb, 2- butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO- 1260zf, HCFO-1251, HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf, and wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0281] Embodiment 26. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0282] Embodiment 27. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0283] Embodiment 28. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0284] Embodiment 29. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).TS0131-WO01

[0285] Embodiment 30. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 20 to about 26 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0286] Embodiment 31. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 20 to about 26 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0287] Embodiment 32. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend comprising about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 23 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 77 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 25 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 75 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0288] Embodiment 33. The composition of Embodiment 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 23 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 77 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 25 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 75 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

[0289] Embodiment 34. The composition of any of Embodiments 26 to 33, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 1.0 K.

[0290] Embodiment 35. The composition of any of Embodiments 26 to 34, wherein said refrigerant blend has a GWP of equal to or less than about 5, preferably about 1.2.

[0291] Embodiment 36. The composition of any of Embodiments 26 to 35, wherein said refrigerant blend has a flammability classification of class 2L.

[0292] Embodiment 37. The composition of any of Embodiments 26 to 36, further comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of:a) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a,TS0131-WO01HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO- 1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO- 1234ze(Z); and / orb) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261, HFC-263b, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2- methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf; and / orc) any combination or combinations thereof,wherein the total amount of additional compound comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0293] Embodiment 38. The composition of any of Embodiments 26 to 36, wherein HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC- 143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC- 227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC- 134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orwherein the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb, 2- butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO- 1260zf, HCFO-1251, HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf, andTS0131-WO01wherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0294] Embodiment 39: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 38, wherein the refrigerant blend as a burning velocity of 10 cm / s or less, when measured in accordance with ISO 817 vertical tube method.

[0295] Embodiment 40: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 39, wherein the refrigerant blend is classified as 1, 2L or 2 for flammability as defined in ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 34.

[0296] Embodiment 41: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the refrigerant blend has an LFL of less than 10 volume percent when measured in accordance with ASTM-E681.

[0297] Embodiment 42: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 41, further comprising a lubricant.

[0298] Embodiment 43: The composition of Embodiment 42, wherein said lubricant is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene glycol, polyol ester, poly-α-olefin, and polyvinyl ether.

[0299] Embodiment 44: The composition of Embodiment 43, wherein the polyol ester lubricant is obtained by reacting a carboxylic acid with a polyol comprising a neopentyl backbone selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and mixtures thereof.

[0300] Embodiment 45: The composition of Embodiment 44, wherein the carboxylic acid has 2 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0301] Embodiment 46: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 45, wherein said lubricant has volume resistivity of greater than 1010 Ω-m at 20°C.

[0302] Embodiment 47: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 46, wherein said lubricant has surface tension of from about 0.02 N / m to 0.04 N / m at 20°C.TS0131-WO01

[0303] Embodiment 48: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 47, wherein said lubricant has a kinematic viscosity of from about 20 cSt to about 500 cSt at 40°C.

[0304] Embodiment 49: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 48, wherein said lubricant has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV.

[0305] Embodiment 50: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 49, wherein said lubricant has a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mg KOH / g.

[0306] Embodiment 51: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 50, further comprising from 0.1 to 200 ppm by weight of water.

[0307] Embodiment 52: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 51, further comprising from about 10 ppm by volume to about 0.35 volume percent oxygen.

[0308] Embodiment 53: The composition of any of Embodiments 42 to 52, further comprising from about 100 ppm by volume to about 1.5 volume percent air.

[0309] Embodiment 54: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 53, further comprising a stabilizer.

[0310] Embodiment 55: The composition of Embodiment 54, wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles, phenolic compounds, cyclic monoterpenes, terpenes, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates, thiols, and lactones.

[0311] Embodiment 56: The composition of any of Embodiments 54 or 55, wherein the stabilizer is selected from tolutriazole, benzotriazole, tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,6-di-terbutyl-4-methylphenol, fluorinated epoxides, n-butyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butylphenylglycidyl ether, d-limonene, α-terpinene, α-terpinene, α-pinene, α-pinene, or butylated hydroxytoluene.

[0312] Embodiment 57: The composition of any of Embodiments 54 to 56, wherein the stabilizer is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 1.0 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant.

[0313] Embodiment 58: The composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 57, further comprising at least one tracer.TS0131-WO01

[0314] Embodiment 59: The composition of Embodiment 58, wherein said at least one tracer is present in an amount from about 1.0 ppm by weight to about 1000 ppm by weight.

[0315] Embodiment 60: The composition of any of Embodiments 58 or 59, wherein said at least one tracer is selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons, perfluorocarbons, perfluoroolefins, and combinations thereof.

[0316] Embodiment 61: The composition of any of Embodiments 58 to 60, wherein said at least one tracer is selected from the group consisting of HFC-23, HCFC-31, HFC-41, HFC-161, HFC-143a, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-236fa, HFC-236ea, HFC-245cb, HFC-245fa, HFC-254eb, HFC-263fb, HFC-272ca, HFC-281ea, HFC-281fa, HFC-329p, HFC-329mmz, HFC338mf, HFC-338pcc, CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-114, CFC-114a, HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-124a, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCFC-151a, HCFC-244bb, HCC-40, HFO-1141, HCFO-1130, HCFO-1130a, HCFO-1131, HCFO-1122, HFO-1123, HFO-1234ye, HFO-1243zf, HFO-1225ye, HFO-1225zc, PFC-116, PFC-C216, PFC-218, PFC-C318, PFC-1216, PFC-31-10mc, PFC-31-10my, and combinations thereof.

[0317] Embodiment 62: A refrigerant storage container containing the composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 61, wherein the refrigerant blend comprises gaseous and liquid phases.

[0318] Embodiment 63: A system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle, comprising an evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device, each operably connected to perform a vapor compression cycle, wherein the system contains the composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 61.

[0319] Embodiment 64: The system of Embodiment 63, wherein the average temperature glide is less than 8.0 K, preferably less than 7.1 K, more preferably about 7.0 K or less.TS0131-WO01

[0320] Embodiment 65: The system of any of Embodiments 63 or 64, wherein the system does not include a PTC heater.

[0321] Embodiment 66: The system of any of Embodiments 63 to 65, wherein the system further comprises a reheater operably connected between the compressor and the condenser.

[0322] Embodiment 67: A method for replacing HFO-1234yf in a heating and cooling system contained within an electric vehicle, comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 61 as a heat transfer fluid.

[0323] Embodiment 68: The method of Embodiment 67, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric cooling capacity up to about 32% higher, preferably from about 9% to about 13% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0324] Embodiment 69: The method of any of Embodiments 67 or 68, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric heating capacity of up to 31% higher, preferably from about 5% to about 9% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0325] Embodiment 70: The method of any of Embodiments 67 to 69, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces cooling COP of up to 4% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0326] Embodiment 71: The method of any of Embodiments 67 to 70, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0327] Embodiment 72: The method of Embodiment 67, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 14 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric cooling capacity up to about 29%TS0131-WO01higher, preferably from about 9% to about 15.5% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0328] Embodiment 73: The method of any of Embodiments 67 or 72, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 24 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric heating capacity of up to 27% higher, preferably from about 5% to about 12% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0329] Embodiment 74: The method of any of Embodiments 67 or 72 to 73, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 14 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces cooling COP of up to 4% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0330] Embodiment 75: The method of any of Embodiments 67 or 72 to 74, the method comprising providing the composition of any of Embodiments 14 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0331] Embodiment 76. The method of Embodiment 67, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 26 to 38 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces cooling COP of up to 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0332] Embodiment 77. The method of any of Embodiments 67 or 76, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 26 to 38 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces heating COP of up to 8% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

[0333] Embodiment 78: A method of servicing the heating and cooling system of an electric vehicle comprising removing all of a used refrigerant from the system and charging the system with the composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 61.

[0334] Embodiment 79: Use of the composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 61 as a heat transfer fluid in a system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle.TS0131-WO01

[0335] While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. TS0131-WO01CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A composition comprising a refrigerant blend comprising at least one hydrofluoroolefin selected from the group consisting of HFO-1132(E), HFO- 1234ze(E) and HFO-1252zc.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 8.0 K.

3. The composition of any of claims 1 to 2, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

4. The composition of any of claims 1 to 2, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 14 to about 34 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 66 to about 86 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

5. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

6. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 20 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), and from about 78 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

7. The composition of any of claims 5 to 6, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 7.1 K, preferably from about 6.8 K to less than about 7.1 K.

8. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

9. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of about 20 weight percent HFO-1132(E) and about 80 weight percent HFO- 1234ze(E).

10. The composition of any of claims 8 to 9, wherein said refrigerant provides average temperature glide of less than 7.0 K, preferably about 6.8 K.TS0131-WO0111. The composition of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein said refrigerant has a GWP of equal to or less than about 5, preferably from about 1.2 to about 5.

12. The composition of any of claims 1 to 11, further comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of:a) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO- 1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC- 124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC- 227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orb) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC- 143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO- 1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO- 1140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143; and / orc) any combination or combinations thereof,wherein the total amount of additional compound comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

13. The composition of any of claims 1 to 11,wherein the HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected fromTS0131-WO01the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO- 1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orwherein the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO- E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143, andwherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

14. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO- 1252zc.

15. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 10 to about 32 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 67 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

16. The composition of any of claims 14 to 15, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 8.0 K.

17. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO- 1252zc.

18. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 18 to about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), from about 74 to about 80TS0131-WO01weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and from about 0.5 to about 6 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

19. The composition of any of claims 17 to 18, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 7.1 K, preferably from about 6.4 K to less than about 7.1 K.

20. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), about 74 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), and about 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

21. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of about 22 weight percent HFO-1132(E), about 74 weight percent HFO- 1234ze(E), and about 4 weight percent HFO-1252zc.

22. The composition of any of claims 20 to 21, wherein said refrigerant provides average temperature glide of about 7 K.

23. The composition of any of claims 13 to 22, wherein said refrigerant has a GWP of equal to or less than about 5, preferably about 1.2.

24. The composition of any of claims 13 to 23, further comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of:a) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO- 1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC- 124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC- 227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orb) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO-E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC- 143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO- 1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-TS0131-WO011140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO- 1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143; and / orc) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261, HFC-263b, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2- methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251 and HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC- 1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf; and / or d) any combination or combinations thereof,wherein the total amount of additional compound comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

25. The composition of any of claims 13 to 23,wherein HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO- 1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orwherein the HFO-1132(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HCFO- E-1122a, HCFO-Z-1122a, HFO-1123, HFO-1141, HCFC-133, HCFC-133b, HCFC-123, HFC-152, HFC-143, HFC-41, HCFC-22, ethylene, HCFC-142a, HFO-1132a, HCFO-1131a, HCFO-E-1131, HCFO-Z-1131, HCFO-1122, acetylene and HCO-1140, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFC-125, HFO-1123, HFO-1141 and HFC-143; and / orwherein the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC-TS0131-WO0130, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC- 263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251, HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf, andwherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

26. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

27. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

28. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

29. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 10 to about 30 weight percent HFO-1252zc, and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

30. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 20 to about 26 weight percent HFO- 1252zc and from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

31. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of from about 19 to about 21 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 76 to about 84 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or from about 20 to about 26 weight percent HFO-1252zc and from about 74 to about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).TS0131-WO0132. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend comprising about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 23 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 77 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 25 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 75 weight percent HFO- 1234ze(E).

33. The composition of claim 1, said refrigerant blend consisting essentially of about 20 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 80 weight percent HFO- 1234ze(E), or about 23 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 77 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E), or about 25 weight percent HFO-1252zc and about 75 weight percent HFO-1234ze(E).

34. The composition of any of claims 26 to 33, wherein said refrigerant blend provides average temperature glide of less than 1.0 K.

35. The composition of any of claims 26 to 34, wherein said refrigerant blend has a GWP of equal to or less than about 5, preferably about 1.2.

36. The composition of any of claims 26 to 35, wherein said refrigerant blend has a flammability classification of class 2L.

37. The composition of any of claims 26 to 36, further comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of:a) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO- 1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC- 124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC-245fa, HFC- 227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orb) comprising at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC-30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261, HFC-263b, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2- methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251TS0131-WO01and HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC- 1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf; and / or c) any combination or combinations thereof,wherein the total amount of additional compound comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

38. The composition of any of claims 26 to 36,wherein HFO-1234ze(E) component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(E), HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO-1225zc, HFC-236fa, HFC-152a, HFC-143a, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234zc, HFO-1233xf, HFO-1233zd, CFC-114, HCFC-124, HFC-2223 (trifluoropropyne), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, HFO-1243zf and HFC-263fb, preferably selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245cb, HFO-1225ye(Z), HFO- 1225zc, HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(Z); and / orwherein the HFO-1252zc component comprises one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of methane, ethylene, HCC- 30, HFC-1141, HC-290, HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, allene, HFO-1261ze, HFC- 263fb, 2-butene, cyclobutene, 2-methyl-1-propene, HFC-272fb, HCFO-1233xf, HCO-1260zf, HCFO-1251, HFO-1243zf, preferably selected from the group consisting of HC-1270, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1261ze, HFC-263fb and HFO-1243zf, andwherein the total amount of additional compounds comprises greater than 0 and less than 1 weight percent, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.5 weight percent, more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2 weight percent, or more preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

39. The composition of any of claims 1 to 38, wherein the refrigerant blend as a burning velocity of 10 cm / s or less, when measured in accordance with ISO 817 vertical tube method.TS0131-WO0140. The composition of any of claims 1 to 39, wherein the refrigerant blend is classified as 1, 2L or 2 for flammability as defined in ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 34.

41. The composition of any of claims 1 to 40, wherein the refrigerant blend has an LFL of less than 10 volume percent when measured in accordance with ASTM- E681.

42. The composition of any of claims 1 to 41, further comprising a lubricant.

43. The composition of claim 42, wherein said lubricant is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene glycol, polyol ester, poly-α-olefin, and polyvinyl ether.

44. The composition of claim 43, wherein the polyol ester lubricant is obtained by reacting a carboxylic acid with a polyol comprising a neopentyl backbone selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and mixtures thereof.

45. The composition of claim 44, wherein the carboxylic acid has 2 to 18 carbon atoms.

46. The composition of any of claims 42 to 45, wherein said lubricant has volume resistivity of greater than 1010 Ω-m at20°C.

47. The composition of any of claims 42 to 46, wherein said lubricant has surface tension of from about 0.02 N / m to 0.04 N / m at 20°C.

48. The composition of any of claims 42 to 47, wherein said lubricant has a kinematic viscosity of from about 20 cSt to about 500 cSt at 40°C.

49. The composition of any of claims 42 to 48, wherein said lubricant has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV.

50. The composition of any of claims 42 to 49, wherein said lubricant has a hydroxy value of at most 0.1 mg KOH / g.

51. The composition of any of claims 1 to 50, further comprising from 0.1 to 200 ppm by weight of water.TS0131-WO0152. The composition of any of claims 1 to 51, further comprising from about 10 ppm by volume to about 0.35 volume percent oxygen.

53. The composition of any of claims 1 to 52, further comprising from about 100 ppm by volume to about 1.5 volume percent air.

54. The composition of any of claims 1 to 53, further comprising a stabilizer.

55. The composition of claim 54, wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles, phenolic compounds, cyclic monoterpenes, terpenes, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates, thiols, and lactones.

56. The composition of any of claims 54 or 55, wherein the stabilizer is selected from tolutriazole, benzotriazole, tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,6-di-terbutyl-4-methylphenol, fluorinated epoxides, n-butyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butylphenylglycidyl ether, d- limonene, a-terpinene, b-terpinene, a-pinene, b-pinene, or butylated hydroxytoluene.

57. The composition of any of claims 54 to 56, wherein the stabilizer is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 1.0 weight percent based on the weight of the refrigerant.

58. The composition of any of claims 1 to 57, further comprising at least one tracer.

59. The composition of claim 58, wherein said at least one tracer is present in an amount from about 1.0 ppm by weight to about 1000 ppm by weight.

60. The composition of any of claims 58 or 59, wherein said at least one tracer is selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluoroolefins, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochloroolefins, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons, perfluorocarbons, perfluoroolefins, and combinations thereof.

61. The composition of any of claims 58 to 60, wherein said at least one tracer is selected from the group consisting of HFC-23, HCFC-31, HFC-41, HFC-161, HFC-143a, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-236fa, HFC-236ea, HFC-245cb, HFC-TS0131-WO01245fa, HFC-254eb, HFC-263fb, HFC-272ca, HFC-281ea, HFC-281fa, HFC- 329p, HFC-329mmz, HFC338mf, HFC-338pcc, CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-114, CFC-114a, HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-124a, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCFC-151a, HCFC-244bb, HCC-40, HFO-1141, HCFO-1130, HCFO-1130a, HCFO-1131, HCFO-1122, HFO-1123, HFO-1234ye, HFO- 1243zf, HFO-1225ye, HFO-1225zc, PFC-116, PFC-C216, PFC-218, PFC- C318, PFC-1216, PFC-31-10mc, PFC-31-10my, and combinations thereof.

62. A refrigerant storage container containing the composition of any of claims 1 to 61, wherein the refrigerant blend comprises gaseous and liquid phases.

63. A system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle, comprising an evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device, each operably connected to perform a vapor compression cycle, wherein the system contains the composition of any of claims 1 to 61.

64. The system of claim 63, wherein the average temperature glide is less than 8.0 K, preferably less than 7.1 K, more preferably about 7.0 K or less.

65. The system of any of claims 63 or 64, wherein the system does not include a PTC heater.

66. The system of any of claims 63 to 65, wherein the system further comprises a reheater operably connected between the compressor and the condenser.

67. A method for replacing HFO-1234yf in a heating and cooling system contained within an electric vehicle, comprising providing the composition of any of claims 1 to 61 as a heat transfer fluid.

68. The method of claim 67, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric cooling capacity up to about 32% higher, preferably from about 9% to about 13% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

69. The method of any of claims 67 or 68, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric heating capacity of up to 31% higher,TS0131-WO01preferably from about 5% to about 9% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

70. The method of any of claims 67 to 69, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces cooling COP of up to 4% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

71. The method of any of claims 67 to 70, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 3 to 13 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

72. The method of claim 67, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 14 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric cooling capacity up to about 29% higher, preferably from about 9% to about 15.5% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

73. The method of any of claims 67 or 72, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 24 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces volumetric heating capacity of up to 27% higher, preferably from about 5% to about 12% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

74. The method of any of claims 67 or 72 to 73, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 14 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces cooling COP of up to 5% higher, preferably about 4% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

75. The method of any of claims 67 or 72 to 74, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 14 to 25 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces heating COP of up to 7% higher, preferably about 7% higher, than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

76. The method of claim 67, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 26 to 38 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blendTS0131-WO01produces cooling COP of up to 5% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

77. The method of any of claims 67 or 76, the method comprising providing the composition of any of claims 26 to 38 as the heat transfer fluid, wherein the refrigerant blend produces heating COP of up to 8% higher than HFO-1234yf alone when operating under the same conditions.

78. A method of servicing the heating and cooling system of an electric vehicle comprising removing all of a used refrigerant from the system and charging the system with the composition of any of claims 1 to 61.

79. Use of the composition of any of claims 1 to 61 as a heat transfer fluid in a system for heating and cooling the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle.

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