Methods to improve aluminum metallization of substrates
The method addresses aluminum diffusion and stress issues in high temperature sputtering by using a diffusion stopping layer and nitrogen-enriched titanium interfacial layer to enhance adhesion and stress relaxation, resulting in reduced defects and improved feature filling.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- APPLIED MATERIALS INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
High temperature aluminum sputtering processes for device fabrication face challenges such as aluminum diffusion into substrate layers, leading to defects like whiskers, hillocks, and thermal grooving, especially in substrates with non-negligible topography.
A method involving a diffusion stopping layer, a nitrogen-enriched titanium interfacial layer, and a bulk aluminum layer is used, where the diffusion stopping layer prevents substrate penetration, the interfacial layer enhances adhesion and stress relaxation, and the bulk aluminum layer is deposited via PVD to mitigate defects.
The method reduces aluminum diffusion and surface stress, minimizing defects like whiskers and hillocks, while promoting effective filling of substrate features.
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Figure CN2025073873_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Methods to Improve Aluminum Metallization of SubstratesFIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to substrate processing, and more specifically, metallization via aluminum sputtering.BACKGROUND
[0002] High temperature aluminum (Al) sputtering processes are commonly adopted for device fabrication in relatively relaxed technology nodes (critical diameter, or CD = hundreds of nm) when non-negligible topography, or features, are present at a surface of a substrate (such as contacts, vias, trenches) . Such features may typically be filled partially or completely with an aluminum film. For example, high temperature Al sputtering processes may be used in frontside contact metallization for silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN) power devices.
[0003] A process temperature for Al sputtering depends on the aspect ratio (AR=depth over width ratio) and shape of the features at the substrate surface to be filled. Process temperature generally refers to the actual temperature at the surface of the substrate. In general, the higher the AR, the higher the process temperature in order to promote the thermal reflow of the aluminum film and achieve the required filling of the topography features at a surface of the substrate. However, the higher the process temperature, the higher the risk of aluminum diffusion into surface layers of the substrate, which could significantly impact the final device performances. Thus, high temperature Al metallization schemes might include a diffusion stopping layer to prevent aluminum diffusion into the existing surface features. Also, at high temperatures, the thermal expansion force within the aluminum layer might induce high surface stress which can lead to an increase in surface defects such as whiskers, hillocks, or thermal grooving.
[0004] Accordingly, the inventors have provided herein embodiments of improved methods of high temperature aluminum metallization on a substrate.SUMMARY
[0005] Embodiments of methods of performing an Al metallization process on a substrate are provided herein. In some embodiments, a method of performing a high temperature Al metallization on a substrate includes: depositing a diffusion stopping layer on the substrate; depositing an interfacial layer comprising a nitrogen-enriched titanium layer, or a titanium alloy, or a nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy on the diffusion stopping layer; and depositing a bulk aluminum layer on the interfacial layer to metallize the substrate.
[0006] In some embodiments, a method of performing an Al metallization process on a substrate includes depositing a titanium-based diffusion stopping layer having an adhesion layer consisting essentially of titanium and a barrier layer consisting essentially of titanium nitride on top of the adhesion layer; depositing an interfacial layer comprising a nitrogen-enriched titanium layer on the barrier layer using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process; and depositing a bulk aluminum layer via a PVD process on the interfacial layer to metallize the substrate.
[0007] Other and further embodiments of the present disclosure are described below.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] Embodiments of the present disclosure, briefly summarized above and discussed in greater detail below, can be understood by reference to the illustrative embodiments of the disclosure depicted in the appended drawings. However, the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of scope, for the disclosure may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
[0009] Figure 1 depicts a flow chart of performing a high temperature Al metallization process on a substrate in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0010] Figure 2 depicts a schematic side view of a trench gate MOSFET structure on a substrate with a source exposed by an opening in an oxide layer in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0011] Figure 3 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with a diffusion stopping layer disposed in a feature in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0012] Figure 4 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with a barrier layer disposed on an adhesion layer in a feature in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0013] Figure 5 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with an interfacial layer disposed on a diffusion stopping layer in a feature in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0014] Figure 6 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with a bulk aluminum layer disposed on an interfacial layer in a feature in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0015] Figure 7 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with an interfacial layer disposed on a substrate in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0016] To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. The figures are not drawn to scale and may be simplified for clarity. Elements and features of one embodiment may be beneficially incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] Embodiments of methods for high temperature Al metallization of a substrate are provided herein. The Al metallization may be formed on an upper surface of the substrate, such as a flat or inclined upper surface, or an upper surface having one or more features. The features can be any suitable topography, or opening, present at a surface of the substrate, such as contacts, vias, trenches, or the like. The substrate may comprise a structure for a power device, such as a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) . The Al metallization may comprise, for example, an aluminum film to be used to fill the feature to form frontside contacts for the substrate.
[0018] The feature may generally include an adhesion layer disposed in the feature (i.e., bottom surface and sidewalls of the feature) to promote adhesion of the subsequent aluminum fill in the feature. A barrier layer may be deposited in the feature atop the adhesion layer to reduce or prevent diffusion of the subsequent aluminum fill into the adhesion layer or any layer of the substrate covered by the adhesion layer. An interfacial layer may be deposited in the feature atop the barrier layer to advantageously provide good adhesion of the subsequent aluminum film as well as provide a buffer layer for aluminum film stress relaxation. The interfacial layer may advantageously comprise nitrogen-enriched titanium, or a titanium alloy, or a nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy. Aluminum film stress relaxation advantageously yields reduced defects and promotes aluminum film reflow. A bulk aluminum layer may be deposited on the interfacial layer to fill the feature.
[0019] Figure 1 depicts a flow chart of a method 100 of performing a high temperature Al metallization process on a substrate in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The substrate may be any suitable substrate requiring an Al metallization process for gap fill, reflectivity, defectivity, resistivity, stress control, or the like. For example, figure 2 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate 200 having a trench gate MOSFET structure 201 with a source exposed by an opening, or feature, in an oxide layer in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0020] In some embodiments, the substrate 200 generally includes a drain region 202 at a backside 220 of the substrate 200 and a bulk region 204 coupled to the drain region 202. The bulk region 204 of the substrate 200 may comprise single crystal silicon (Si) , silicon carbide (SiC) , gallium nitride (GaN) on silicon, sapphire, glass, diamond, or the like. The bulk region 204 may be an N-type region. The substrate 200 may include a source-gate region 206 disposed at a frontside 230 of the substrate 200 and coupled to the bulk region 204. In some embodiments, the source-gate region 206 may include a lightly doped P-type layer 226 disposed on the bulk region 204. In some embodiments, the source-gate region 206 includes a heavily doped P-type layer 236 disposed on the lightly doped P-type layer 226. Lightly doped may generally refer to a small amount of impurity atoms added to a semiconductor material, while heavily doped generally refers to a large amount of impurity atoms added to a semiconductor material, which increases the conductivity of the material. As such, the lightly doped P-type layer 226 has more impurity atoms than the heavily doped P-type layer 236.
[0021] The source-gate region 206 may generally include one or more of a gate 216 extending through the heavily doped P-type layer 236 and into the lightly doped P-type layer 226. In some embodiments, the source-gate region 206 includes one or more sources 208 extending through the heavily doped P-type layer 236 and disposed on opposite sides of the gate 216. An oxide layer 210 is disposed between the one or more sources 208 and the gate 216. In some embodiments, the oxide layer 210 extends between the one or more sources 208 and the gate 216 to atop the one or more sources 208.
[0022] In some embodiments, the substrate 200 includes a feature 212 disposed at the frontside 230, or upper surface of the substrate 200. In some embodiments, the feature 212 is a trench, contact, or via. In some embodiments, the feature 212 is a trench disposed in the oxide layer 210. In some embodiments, the feature 212 may have an aspect ratio, or height to width ratio, of less than 5. In some embodiments, the trench gate MOSFET structure 201 includes a silicide layer 218 on the one or more sources 208. The silicide layer 218 may cover an entire bottom of the feature 212. The silicide layer 218 may advantageously provide reduced contact resistance which can improve current flow for increased conductivity. In some embodiments, the feature 212 exposes the one or more sources 208 of the substrate 200, for example, when the silicide layer 218 is not present (e.g., omitted or not yet formed) .
[0023] At 102, the method 100 includes depositing a diffusion stopping layer (e.g., diffusion stopping layer 310) on the substrate (e.g., substrate 200) . The diffusion stopping layer 310 generally protects the substrate 200 from penetration from subsequently deposited layers. The diffusion stopping layer 310 may also promote adhesion between the substrate 200 and subsequently deposited layers. In some embodiments, the diffusion stopping layer 310 comprises a titanium-based diffusion stopping layer, a tantalum-based diffusion stopping layer, or any other suitable single or multilayer material. In some embodiments, the titanium-based diffusion stopping layer consists essentially of titanium. In some embodiments, consisting essentially of, as used herein, comprises 95 percent or greater, such as greater than 99 percent.
[0024] Figure 3 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with a diffusion stopping layer 310 disposed in a feature 212 in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. Although shown in Figures 3-6 as being formed in a feature in general, the methods and structures formed as described herein may also be used to fill features having other configurations including but not limited to the feature 212 disclosed in Figure 2. The diffusion stopping layer 310 generally covers a bottom surface and sidewalls of the feature 212. In some embodiments, the diffusion stopping layer 310 has a thickness of about 500 angstroms to about 5000 angstroms. In some embodiments, the diffusion stopping layer 310 has a thickness of about 1500 angstroms to about 5000 angstroms. In some embodiments, depositing the diffusion stopping layer 310 is performed at a temperature from about room temperature to about 550℃. In some embodiments, room temperature is about 23 to about 27 degrees Celsius.
[0025] In some embodiments, the diffusion stopping layer 310 comprises an adhesion layer (e.g., adhesion layer 405) and a barrier layer (e.g., barrier layer 410) disposed on the adhesion layer. For example, Figure 4 depicts a schematic side view of a structure having a barrier layer 410 disposed on an adhesion layer 405 in a feature in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The adhesion layer 405 may consist essentially of titanium and advantageously provide enhanced bonding between the substrate and subsequently deposited layers. In some embodiments, the adhesion layer 405 is deposited via a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. In some embodiments, depositing the adhesion layer 405 is performed at a temperature of about room temperature to about 500℃. In some embodiments, the adhesion layer 405 has a thickness of about 100-2000 angstroms. In some embodiments, the adhesion layer 405 has a thickness of about 500-2000 angstroms.
[0026] In some embodiments, the barrier layer 410 consists essentially of titanium nitride (TiN) . In some embodiments, the TiN is deposited while flowing nitrogen gas and argon gas. In some embodiments, a ratio of the flow rate of nitrogen gas to argon gas is about 6: 1 to 3: 1. In some embodiments, the barrier layer 410 is deposited using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. In some embodiments, the barrier layer 410 has a thickness of about 100-3000 angstroms. In some embodiments, the barrier layer 410 has a thickness of about 500-3000 angstroms. In some embodiments, depositing the barrier layer 410 is performed at a temperature from about room temperature to about 500℃.
[0027] At 104, the method 100 includes depositing an interfacial layer (e.g., interfacial layer 510) comprising a nitrogen-enriched titanium layer, or a titanium alloy, or a nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy on the diffusion stopping layer. Figure 5 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with an interfacial layer 510 disposed on the diffusion stopping layer 310 in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The interfacial layer 510 may advantageously ensure good adhesion of a subsequent aluminum fill with the diffusion stopping layer 310. The interfacial layer 510 also advantageously provides a buffer layer for stress relaxation of the aluminum fill which is important for defect control and for promoting aluminum reflow, and therefore important for optimal gap fill. Stress in the aluminum film may be mitigated by a thermally driven formation of a titanium aluminide alloy (TiAl3) , which consumes partially or totally the interfacial layer 510. The TiAl3 alloy has a metallic grain structure, whose grain size increases with process temperature.
[0028] However, with larger grain sizes, the TiAl3 causes more stress in the diffusion stopping layer 310. In case of full reaction of the interfacial layer 510 into TiAl3, large grains can extend up to the diffusion stopping layer 310 or barrier layer 410, inducing mechanical stress on such layers and cause local failure (mainly at the points of abrupt topography change such as sidewalls / bottom transition areas) and generate undesired aluminum spikes into, for example, the adhesion layer 405 or the substrate 200, such as the oxide layer 210 of the substrate 200. In addition, the large grain size of the TiAl3 layer might degrade the ability to promote the aluminum reflow.
[0029] The interfacial layer 510 advantageously includes a species, or impurities, added to the titanium in the interfacial layer 510 which can disrupt the TiAl3 grain size formation mechanism, mitigating the natural grain size growth with temperature and reduce grain size of the TiAl3 layer. In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 510 comprises a nitrogen-enriched titanium layer or a nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy layer. In some embodiments, the nitrogen-enriched titanium layer or the nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy layer includes a nitrogen content of up to 50 atomic percentage. The inventors have observed that the nitrogen-enriched titanium layer or the nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy layer advantageously improves flatness of a subsequently deposited bulk Al layer as compared to an interfacial layer consisting essentially of titanium.
[0030] In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 510 comprises a titanium alloy. In some embodiments, the titanium alloy consists essentially of titanium tungsten (TiW) , titanium silicon (TiSi) , titanium niobium (TiNb) , titanium nickel (TiNi) , titanium molybdenum (TiMo) , titanium vanadium (TiV) , binary titanium-aluminum based alloys, or ternary titanium-aluminum based alloys. In some embodiments, the titanium alloy comprises greater than 50%titanium by weight. In some embodiments, the titanium alloy may be enriched with nitrogen to form the nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy layer.
[0031] In some embodiments, depositing the interfacial layer 510 is performed using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. In some embodiments, depositing the interfacial layer 510 includes flowing nitrogen gas and argon gas at a ratio of 1: 10 to 1: 0.3. In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 510 has a thickness of about 500-2000 angstroms. In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 510 has a thickness of about 100-2000 angstroms. In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 510 is deposited at a temperature from about room temperature to about 500 degrees Celsius.
[0032] In some embodiments, the nitrogen content in the nitrogen-enriched titanium layer or nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy layer varies throughout the interfacial layer 510. In some embodiments, the nitrogen content in the interfacial layer 510 is greater proximate the diffusion stopping layer 310. For example, the nitrogen content in the interfacial layer 510 may decrease from a lower surface of the interfacial layer 510 (proximate the diffusion stopping layer 310) towards an upper surface of the interfacial layer 510 to advantageously control the crystallographic orientation of a subsequent aluminum layer disposed thereon. Also, a higher nitrogen content proximate the upper surface of the interfacial layer 510 may advantageously lead to a nucleation of smaller TiAl3 grains, which can advantageously provide a smoother interface and higher interface reflectivity. As such, the nitrogen content varied throughout the interfacial layer can tune interface reflectivity.
[0033] In some embodiments, a varying nitrogen profile may be used as a tuning parameter for the stress in the interfacial layer 510. For example, as discussed herein, a higher nitrogen content proximate the upper surface 530 of the interfacial layer 510 may reduce stress in a subsequently deposited bulk aluminum film. In some embodiments, the nitrogen content in the interfacial layer 510 may be varied to tune a resistivity along the TiAl3 layer. A higher nitrogen content proximate the upper surface 530 of the interfacial layer 510 may reduce stress in a subsequently deposited bulk aluminum film, which promotes aluminum fill and aluminum reflow and reduces or prevents voids or other defects in the bulk aluminum film, which can lower resistivity.
[0034] At 106, the method 100 includes depositing a bulk aluminum layer (e.g., bulk aluminum layer 610) on the interfacial layer to metallize the substrate. Figure 6 depicts a schematic side view of a substrate with a bulk aluminum layer 610 disposed on an interfacial layer 510 in a feature 212 in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the bulk aluminum layer 610 is deposited via a PVD process. The interfacial layer 510 described herein advantageously reduces surface stress of the bulk aluminum layer 610, which can lead to a decrease in surface defects such as whiskers, hillocks, or thermal grooving.
[0035] In some embodiments, the bulk aluminum layer 610 comprises pure aluminum (e.g., greater than 99%by weight) or aluminum-copper or aluminum-silicon or aluminum-silicon-copper. The bulk aluminum layer 610 may be deposited via magnetron sputtering. In some embodiments, the bulk aluminum layer 610 has a thickness of about 2 to about 6 micrometers. In some embodiments, the method 100 includes reflowing the bulk aluminum layer after depositing the bulk aluminum layer 610 by heating the bulk aluminum layer 610, for example, to temperatures above 350 degrees Celsius. As discussed above, the interfacial layer 510 advantageously promotes reflow of the bulk aluminum layer 610 by relaxing the stress in the bulk aluminum layer 610. Enhanced reflow characteristics of the bulk aluminum layer 610 may advantageously, in turn, reduce voids or other defects in the bulk aluminum layer 610.
[0036] Figure 7 depicts a side view of a substrate having an interfacial layer 510 disposed on a substrate in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the substrate 200 may include a flat or inclined upper surface, or other negligible topography, and the interfacial layer 510 may be deposited directly onto the upper surface of the substrate. The bulk aluminum layer 610 may then be deposited under a high temperature process (greater than 350 degrees Celsius) on the interfacial layer 510 to metallize the substrate 200. In some embodiments, the diffusion stopping layer 310 (not shown in Figure 7) may optionally be disposed between substrate 200 and the interfacial layer 510. The structure depicted in Figure 7 may be suitable for non-gap fill processes such as for reflectivity, defectivity, resistivity, stress control at an interface between the bulk aluminum layer 610 and the substrate 200.
[0037] While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof.
Claims
1.A method of performing an Al metallization process on a substrate, comprising:depositing a diffusion stopping layer on the substrate;depositing an interfacial layer comprising a nitrogen-enriched titanium layer, or a titanium alloy, or a nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy on the diffusion stopping layer; anddepositing a bulk aluminum layer on the interfacial layer to metallize the substrate.2.The method of claim 1 wherein the diffusion stopping layer is titanium-based or tantalum-based.3.The method of claim 1, wherein a nitrogen content in the nitrogen-enriched titanium layer or nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy layer varies throughout the interfacial layer, to at least one of:tune a resistivity along the interfacial layer, ortune stress in the interfacial layer, ortune interface reflectivity.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer has a thickness of about 100-2000 angstroms.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the diffusion stopping layer includes an adhesion layer comprising titanium and having a thickness of about 100-2000 angstroms, and a barrier layer comprising titanium nitride and having a thickness of about 100-3000 angstroms.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises single crystal silicon (Si) , silicon carbide (SiC) , gallium nitride (GaN) on silicon, sapphire, glass, or diamond.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer comprises a titanium alloy consisting essentially of titanium tungsten (TiW) , titanium silicon (TiSi) , titanium niobium (TiNb) , titanium nickel (TiNi) , titanium molybdenum (TiMo) , titanium vanadium (TiV) , a binary titanium-aluminum based alloy, or a ternary titanium-aluminum based alloy.8.The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the diffusion stopping layer is performed at a temperature of about room temperature to about 500℃.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes a feature comprising a trench, contact, or via, and wherein the diffusion stopping layer and the interfacial layer are deposited in the feature.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the interfacial layer comprises a nitrogen-enriched titanium layer having a nitrogen content of up to 50 atomic percentage or a nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy having a nitrogen content of up to 50 atomic percentage.11.A method of performing an Al metallization process on a substrate, comprising:depositing a titanium-based diffusion stopping layer having an adhesion layer consisting essentially of titanium and a barrier layer consisting essentially of titanium nitride on top of the adhesion layer;depositing an interfacial layer comprising a nitrogen-enriched titanium layer, or a titanium alloy, or a nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy on the barrier layer using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process; anddepositing a bulk aluminum layer via a PVD process on the interfacial layer to metallize the substrate.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the interfacial layer comprises the titanium alloy.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the titanium alloy comprises greater than 50%titanium by weight.14.The method of claim 11, wherein the bulk aluminum layer comprises pure aluminum or aluminum-copper or aluminum-silicon or aluminum-silicon-copper.15.The method of claim 11, wherein the interfacial layer has a thickness of about 100-2000 angstroms, wherein the adhesion layer has a thickness of about 100-2000 angstroms, and wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of about 100-3000 angstroms.16.The method of claim 11, wherein a nitrogen content in the nitrogen-enriched titanium layer or nitrogen-enriched titanium alloy layer varies throughout the interfacial layer.17.The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a MOSFET structure.18.The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate includes a feature, and wherein the feature is a trench disposed in an oxide layer.19.The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate includes a feature that exposes one or more sources of the substrate.20.The method of claim 11, further comprising reflowing the bulk aluminum layer after depositing the bulk aluminum layer.