Preparation method for absorber layer of chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell and preparation method for corresponding chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell
Rapid annealing with flash lamp technology addresses the high cost issue of thin-film photovoltaic modules by forming high-quality chalcopyrite semiconductor phases efficiently and cost-effectively, reducing thermal budget and eliminating hazardous gases.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- CNBM RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED GLASS MATERIALS GROUP CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
The high cost of thin-film photovoltaic modules is attributed to a high thermal budget and chalcogen atmosphere requirements in the formation of the chalcopyrite absorber layer, making them less competitive in the market despite their high performance.
A rapid annealing process using flash lamp technology with an energy density less than 900 J/cm² and duration less than 1 second is employed to form the absorber layer, eliminating the need for a chalcogen atmosphere and reducing thermal budget.
This method significantly reduces production costs by forming high-quality chalcopyrite semiconductor phases in a shorter time, eliminating dangerous gases, and achieving bandgaps of 1.0 eV to 2.4 eV without additional processing steps.
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Figure CN2025074793_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PREPARATION METHOD FOR ABSORBER LAYER OF CHALCOPYRITE THIN-FILM SOLAR CELL AND PREPARATION METHOD FOR CORRESPONDING CHALCOPYRITE THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of thin-film solar cell fabrication, and in particular, to a preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell and a corresponding preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell.BACKGROUND
[0002] At present, there is an increasing demand for cheap and high-efficiency solar cells, which can surpass the state-of-the-art single-junction solar cell technology. Thin-films represent the second generation of photovoltaic technology, providing a wide range of potential applications and opportunities to further reduce the cost of solar cells. Cu (In, Ga) (SSe) 2 (CIGS) is the most promising cost-effective technology for thin-film solar cells so far. A CIGS compound is a thin-film technology based on CuIn (S, Se) 2 (CISSe) and CuGa (S, Se) 2 (CGSSe) , with a bandgap range from about 1.0 eV (CISe) to about 2.4 eV (CGS) .
[0003] Although the CIGS technology is considered as one of the most cost-effective thin-film photovoltaic technologies, compared with photovoltaic modules based on the single-junction application of silicon (Si) technology, the price of CIGS modules in the market is still relatively high.
[0004] There are a variety of industrial processes to form a thin-film CIGS absorber layer, such as co-evaporation of a metal and a chalcogen or sputtering of a metal in a chalcogen atmosphere. The process may be divided into three main steps, which are responsible for the formation of a thin-film CIGS absorber layer. These three steps are as follows:
[0005] 1. Metal deposition: The most common metal deposition processes are evaporation and sputtering.
[0006] 2. Chalcogen atmosphere: A chalcogen atmosphere may be in the form of an elemental material, such as Se or S which may be deposited in various ways, such as evaporation, or in the form of a gas, such as H2Se or H2S introduced during annealing.
[0007] 3. Annealing process: The annealing process is very important for the formation of a chalcogenide phase of the thin-film CIGS absorber. Generally, the annealing process is performed at a relatively high temperature (higher than 400℃) and lasts for a relatively long time (from several minutes to several hours) .
[0008] The formation of a chalcopyrite absorber layer requires such a high thermal budget of the chalcogen atmosphere and plays an important role in increasing the cost of a final product.
[0009] Finding a method to reduce such a high thermal budget and eliminate some necessary conditions required by the fabrication of the absorber layer will make the price of solar modules based on the chalcopyrite absorber layer competitive in the market.
[0010] In a word, the main problem to be solved by the state-of-the-art thin-film photovoltaic technology at present is that the price of thin-film photovoltaic modules is relatively high due to a high thermal budget and a chalcogen atmosphere required. Although the performance of thin-film photovoltaic modules is high, they are not attractive in the market.SUMMARY
[0011] Aiming at the aforementioned provides existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell and a corresponding preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell. The technical solution is as follows:
[0012] In a first aspect, a preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell is provided, where an annealing process adopts the following steps:
[0013] (Step 1) putting a precursor with a chalcogen source into a closed, evacuated, oxygen-free or inert gas environment; and
[0014] (Step 2) annealing the precursor in a closed atmosphere by adopting rapid annealing technology at an energy density less than 900 J / cm2 for a duration less than 1 second.
[0015] In some embodiments, the duration of the rapid annealing is less than 0.1 seconds.
[0016] In some embodiments, the duration of the rapid annealing is less than 20 milliseconds.
[0017] In some embodiments, the energy density of the rapid annealing is within a range from 50 J / cm2 to 70 J / cm2.
[0018] In some embodiments, a chalcogen included in the precursor with the chalcogen source is present in the form of an element or a gas, in the form of a metal selenide or metal sulfide target or in other potential forms.
[0019] In some embodiments, the rapid annealing adopts a flash lamp or a vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) .
[0020] In some embodiments, the preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell includes:
[0021] providing a substrate layer, where the substrate layer is composed of glass, steel foil, or polymer foil, for example, a glass substrate with an alkali diffusion barrier layer is adopted as the substrate layer;
[0022] providing an adhesive layer, where the adhesive layer consists of two Mo layers, with a selenium (Se) barrier layer located in between;
[0023] providing a precursor metal layer;
[0024] providing a selenium capping layer; and
[0025] executing an annealing process adopting the steps of the annealing process as described above.
[0026] In some embodiments, the preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell includes:
[0027] providing a substrate layer, where the substrate layer is composed of glass, steel foil, or polymer foil, for example, a glass substrate with an alkali diffusion barrier layer is adopted as the substrate layer;
[0028] providing a precursor metal chalcogenide layer; and
[0029] executing an annealing process adopting the steps of the annealing process as described above.
[0030] In a second aspect, a preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell is provided, which is characterized in that the preparation method includes the annealing process in the preparation method as described in the first aspect above.
[0031] In a third aspect, a preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell is provided, which is characterized in that the preparation method, which adopts the aforementioned preparation method for an absorber layer, includes: providing a substrate layer; providing a precursor metal chalcogenide layer; and executing an annealing process adopting the annealing process in the preparation method as described above.
[0032] The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell and the corresponding preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to the present invention have the following beneficial effects: Since the present invention provides the novel methods employing the flash lamp annealing technology, compared with a standard reference process, the methods significantly reduce the thermal budget of "Stack 1" by reputting RTP with the flash lamp annealing (FLA) technology. Compared with "Stack 1" , the cost of "Stack 2" is further reduced by eliminating further process steps. "Stack 1" leads to the formation of a CIGSe absorber layer with a bandgap of 1.0 eV, while "Stack 2" leads to the formation of a CIS absorber layer with a bandgap of 1.5 eV. Compared with the standard RTP process, these novel methods can form a chalcopyrite semiconductor phase with lower thermal budget within a significantly shorter time, and can eliminate preventive measures for processing under the presence of dangerous gases H2S and / or H2Se.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0033] Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of comparison between a process of preparing an absorber layer by employing a standard RTP annealing process, a process of preparing an absorber layer "Stack 1" and a process of preparing an absorber layer "Stack 2" ;
[0034] Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of comparison between the layer structures of the absorber layer prepared by the standard RTP annealing process, the absorber layer "Stack 1" and the absorber layer "Stack 2" ;
[0035] Fig. 3 shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement results of two points on the same absorber layer formed by flash lamp annealing, where a) is the XRD measurement result of "Stack 1" and b) is the XRD measurement result of "Stack 2" ;
[0036] Fig. 4 shows Raman measurement results, where a) is the Raman measurement result of the CIGSe thin-film absorber layer "Stack 1" formed by flash lamp annealing, and b) is the Raman measurement result of the CIS thin-film absorber layer "Stack 2" formed by flash lamp annealing;
[0037] Fig. 5 shows photoluminescence (PL) measurement results of the absorber layers formed by flash lamp annealing;
[0038] Fig. 6 shows absorptance values deduced from reflection / transmission measurements of the absorber layers formed by flash lamp annealing, indicating optical bandgaps;
[0039] Fig. 7 shows a cross-sectional scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the absorber layer "Stack 1" formed by the flash lamp annealing technology, where the arrow indicates an enlarged image of the highlighted area; and
[0040] Fig. 8 shows a cross-sectional scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the absorber layer "Stack 2" formed by the flash lamp annealing technology, where the arrow indicates a continuous layer with a thickness within a range of 175 nm.DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0041] It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention rather than to limit the present invention.
[0042] The present invention proposes a flash lamp annealing FLA process, which is applied in the process of preparing an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell, so that a high-cost heating process is avoided and annealing does not need to be performed in a chalcogen atmosphere.
[0043] The annealing process according to the present invention includes the following steps:
[0044] At Step a, a precursor with a chalcogen source is put into a closed, evacuated, oxygen-free or inert gas environment, where chalcogen in the precursor with the chalcogen source is present in the form of an element or a gas, in the form of a metal selenide or metal sulfide target or in other potential forms. Moreover, a deposition process or technique for the precursor is not limited in this step.
[0045] At Step b, the precursor is annealed in a closed atmosphere by adopting rapid annealing technology at an energy density less than 900 J / cm2 for a duration less than 1 second. Preferably, the duration of annealing is less than 0.1 seconds, and most preferably, the duration of annealing is less than 20 milliseconds. Preferably, the energy density is within a range from 50 J / cm2 to 70 J / cm2.
[0046] The annealing process according to the present invention is applicable to all chalcogen structures employing sputtering, evaporation or any other deposition techniques, including Se, S or other chalcogen atmospheres in elemental, gas or other phases, regardless of being used before, within or after the precursor or annealing process, including the use of a target formed by a metal selenide or a metal sulfide or similar targets.
[0047] The present invention is applicable to the formation of CuInSe, CuInS, CuInSeS, CuInGaSe, CuInGaS, CuInGaSeS, CuGaSe, CuGaS, CuGaSeS, InSe, InS and all other combined stack layer structures, regardless of the deposition process.
[0048] The present invention will form a CIGS thin-film absorber layer with a bandgap covering all potential combinations of 1.00 eV (CISe) to 2.40 eV (CGS) .
[0049] Layer stack structures of two types of absorber layers prepared by the aforementioned annealing process are provided below.
[0050] A preparation method for the layer stack structure of the first absorber layer (Stack 1) is as follows:
[0051] At Step 11, a substrate layer is provided, where the substrate layer is composed of glass, steel foil, or polymer foil. Further, a glass substrate with an alkali diffusion barrier layer is adopted as the substrate layer.
[0052] At Step 12, an adhesive layer is provided. The present invention is applicable to any type of adhesive layer, and the type or composition of the adhesive layer is not important for the present invention. The adhesive layer serves as a back electrode or a back contact layer. The adhesive layer may be formed by a metal back electrode (e.g., molybdenum (Mo) or other related metals) , or may be formed by a transparent or reflective or double-sided back electrode, e.g., using an oxide such as indium hydrogen oxide (IOH) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) . For example, the adhesive layer consists of two Mo layers, with a selenium (Se) barrier layer located in between.
[0053] At Step 13, a precursor metal layer is provided. In the precursor metal layer, a sodium (Na) doping layer is deposited on the precursor metal layer formed by metal elements (mainly Cu, In, Ga and alkali doping) and a chalcogen element before a metal stack layer composed of Cu-Ga alloy and indium deposited by sputtering.
[0054] At Step 14, a selenium capping layer is provided. The selenium (Se) capping layer is deposited on the precursor metal layer in step 13 to form CIGSe.
[0055] At Step 15, an annealing process is executed, which adopts the annealing process as described in Step a and Step b above. In the standard process, a rapid thermal annealing process (RTP) in a sulfur atmosphere is employed within a temperature range above 500℃ for a long duration, thus forming a Cu (InGa) (S, Se) 2 semiconductor compound. In the present invention, the annealing process as described in Step a and Step b above is adopted to reduce the cost of the annealing process.
[0056] The layer stack structure of the first absorber layer is based on the Na-doped pure selenide CIGS (CuInGaSe) , and has no S. The preparation method for the layer stack structure of the first absorber layer leads to the formation of a CIGSe absorber layer with a bandgap of 1.0 eV.
[0057] A preparation method for the layer stack structure of the second absorber layer (Stack 2) is as follows:
[0058] At Step 21, a substrate layer is provided, where the substrate layer is composed of glass, steel foil, or polymer foil. Further, a glass substrate with an alkali diffusion barrier layer is adopted as the substrate layer.
[0059] At Step 22, a precursor metal chalcogenide layer is provided. In the precursor metal layer, a sodium (Na) doping layer is deposited on the precursor metal layer formed by metal elements (mainly Cu, In, Ga and alkali doping) and a chalcogen element before a metal stack layer composed of Cu-Ga alloy and indium deposited by sputtering.
[0060] At Step 23, an annealing process is executed, which adopts the annealing process as described in Step a and Step b above.
[0061] The layer stack structure of the second absorber layer is based on a pure sulfide CIGS (CuInS) , and has no Ga or Se. The layer stack structure of the second absorber layer has no adhesive layer. In the layer stack structure of the second absorber layer, no selenium (Se) layer is deposited on the precursor metal layer, so no selenium capping layer is deposited, thus further reducing the cost by omitting a process step. The preparation method for the layer stack structure of the first absorber layer leads to the formation of a CIS absorber layer with a bandgap of 1.5 eV.
[0062] Compared with the standard RTP process, the novel methods according to the present invention can form a chalcopyrite semiconductor phase with lower thermal budget within a significantly shorter time, without any additional pre-requisite annealing steps and can eliminate preventive measures for processing under the presence of dangerous gases H2S and / or H2Se.
[0063] The experimental effect of the present invention will be described below.
[0064] 1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) :
[0065] XRD measurement was performed on the absorber layers formed by flash lamp annealing, as shown in "Stack 1" in Fig. 3a and "Stack 2" in Fig. 3b. The XRD measurement clearly indicates that a CuInSe2 chalcopyrite semiconductor phase has been formed in "Stack 1" and a CuInS2 chalcopyrite semiconductor phase has been formed in "Stack 2" , and there is no sign that other secondary phases or ternary phases are formed, which indicates that the quality of the absorber layers is high. In addition, the XRD measurement indicates that there is an adhesive layer represented by a Mo signal in "Stack 1" , as shown in Fig. 3a, while this signal does not appear in "Stack 2" (Fig. 3b) .
[0066] 2. Raman:
[0067] Raman measurement performed on the absorber layers formed by flash lamp annealing indicates that for "Stack 1" , a CuInSe2 peak is generated at 173 cm-1, as shown in Fig. 4a, and for "Stack 2" , a CuInS2 peak is generated at 290 cm-1, as shown in Fig. 4b.
[0068] 3. Photoluminescence (PL) :
[0069] The PL measurement in Fig. 5 also verifies the formation of the chalcogenide semiconductor phases: for "Stack 1" , the CuInSe2 semiconductor phase has a bandgap of 1.0 eV, as shown in Fig. 5a, while for "Stack 2" , the CuInS2 semiconductor phase has a bandgap of about 1.5 eV, as shown in Fig. 5b.
[0070] 4. Reflection:
[0071] Through reflection measurement, the optical bandgaps of the absorber layers formed by the flash lamp annealing technology can be deduced. The optical bandgaps are obtained by absorption calculation. Fig. 6 shows absorptance values of "Stack 1" and "Stack 2" . For "Stack 1" , the absorptance is directly calculated from reflection measurement, and since the adhesive layer is present, it is assumed that there is no transmission. The adhesive layer contains a Mo metal back layer, which is expected to serve as a light reflector on the surface of the back absorber layer. For "Stack 2" , since there is no adhesive layer, the absorptance is deduced from reflection and transmission measurement. "Stack 1" shows an optical bandgap close to 1.0 eV, while "Stack 2" shows an optical bandgap close to 1.5 eV.
[0072] 5. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (cross-sectional SEM) :
[0073] Cross-sectional SEM measurement indicates that the CuInSe2 semiconductor layer formed by "Stack 1" is characterized by high crystal quality, large grains, flat surface and few voids. As shown in Fig. 7, large grains with relatively flat surface can be seen.
[0074] For "Stack 2" , a cross-sectional SEM measurement result shows that as shown in Fig. 8, the continuous layer of the CuInS2 semiconductor phase has a relatively small grain size, because the thickness of the precursor is small and there is no adhesive layer. The estimated thickness of the CuInS2 absorber layer is within a range of 175 nm.
[0075] The aforementioned Raman and reflection measurements were performed inside the AVANCIS facility, while the XRD, PL and SEM measurements were performed outside.
[0076] The aforementioned Raman, reflection, XRD, PL and SEM measurement techniques will be briefly described below.
[0077] a. XRD: X-ray diffraction measurement was performed in a θ-2θ Bragg-Brentano geometric structure by using a diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation at a scanning angle between 100 and 600 and a step / time of 0.020 / 0.5s under static conditions. X-ray voltage / current = 40 kV / 40 mA.
[0078] b. Raman: An HeNe laser with a wavelength of 633 nm was used as an excitation source. The same acquisition parameters were used for all measurements, i.e., neutral filter, grating, slit width, objective and monochromator. For each absorber layer, 9 different points were measured at a relative distance of about 50 μm, two acquisitions for each point.
[0079] c. Photoluminescence (PL) : PL measurement was performed at room temperature by using a CW diode laser with an emission wavelength of 660 nm. The power of the laser had been adjusted, so that the exciting photon flux density matched the solar flux density of the absorber layer with a bandgap EG = 1.0 eV. Spectral correction had been applied to all measured spectra, so as to correct the quantum efficiency of the detection system.
[0080] d. Reflection: Reflection measurement was performed by using a spectrophotometer Lambda950 from PerkinElmer. The pectrophotometer is equipped with a 150 mm integrating sphere and a calibrated reflecting surface, with two reflecting ports for measuring the samples. Reference data were acquired within a wavelength range of interest, and a beam was completely turned on and then completely shielded, so as to map reflected signals of 100%and 0%reflected light at each wavelength. Then, the corresponding thin films were analyzed by employing a beam splitting technique, which allowed the comparison between a reference 100%beam hitting a 100%reflecting surface and the actual beams reflected from the analyzed samples. This helps to compensate for any real-time optical instability caused by the background noise of the light source or detector. Then, for the sample with the opaque metal back reflector, the absorptance was calculated as (100%-reflection) , where it was assumed that the transmittance was ignored, or the absorptance was calculated as (100%-reflection -transmission) in the absence of such a back reflector layer.
[0081] e. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) : Cross-sectional SEM measurement was performed by using SEMHitachi (field emission gun) at 7 kV and different magnifications.
[0082] The present invention is not limited to the aforementioned specific embodiments, and various changes which are made by those of ordinary skill in the art from the above idea without creative labor shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1.A preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell, wherein an annealing process adopts the following steps:(Step 1) putting a precursor with a chalcogen source into a closed, evacuated, oxygen-free or inert gas environment; and(Step 2) annealing the precursor in a closed atmosphere by adopting rapid annealing technology at an energy density less than 900 J / cm2 for a duration less than 1 second.2.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the rapid annealing is less than 0.1 seconds.3.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the rapid annealing is less than 20 milliseconds.4.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the energy density of the rapid annealing is within a range from 50 J / cm2 to 70 J / cm2.5.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a chalcogen included in the precursor with the chalcogen source is present in the form of an element or a gas, in the form of a metal selenide or metal sulfide target or in other potential forms.6.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the rapid annealing adopts a flash lamp or a vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) .7.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 1, comprising:providing a substrate layer;providing an adhesive layer;providing a precursor metal layer;providing a selenium capping layer; andexecuting an annealing process, which adopts the annealing process in the preparation method according to any of claims 1 to 6.8.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 7, wherein the substrate layer is composed of glass, steel foil, or polymer foil.9.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 7, wherein a glass substrate with an alkali diffusion barrier layer is adopted as the substrate layer.10.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 7, wherein the adhesive layer consists of two Mo layers, with a selenium (Se) barrier layer located in between.11.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 1, comprising:providing a substrate layer;providing a precursor metal chalcogenide layer; andexecuting an annealing process, which adopts the annealing process in the preparation method according to any of claims 1 to 6.12.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 11, wherein the substrate layer is composed of glass, steel foil, or polymer foil.13.The preparation method for an absorber layer of a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell according to claim 11, wherein a glass substrate with an alkali diffusion barrier layer is adopted as the substrate layer.14.A preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell, comprising the annealing process in the preparation method according to any of claims 1 to 6.15.A preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell, adopting the preparation method for an absorber layer according to any of claims 11 to 13.16.A preparation method for a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell, adopting the preparation method for an absorber layer according to any of claims 7 to 10.17.A preparation method for forming a chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell, comprising the annealing process in the preparation method according to any of claims 1 to 6 without any additional pre-requisite annealing or heating steps.