Protecting radio resource control (RRC) communications
By employing a primary trust entity like a root certificate to verify and encrypt RRC messages, the approach addresses security vulnerabilities in initial RRC states, ensuring secure and adaptable communication in 5G and future networks.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NOKIA SOLUTIONS (SHANGHAI) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing telecommunications systems, particularly in 5G and evolving to 6G, face vulnerabilities in RRC states such as IDLE and INACTIVE, where initial access and message transmission lack robust security, exposing sensitive information to eavesdropping and spoofing attacks, and existing solutions like static key encryption are inefficient and resource-intensive.
Implementing a primary trust entity, such as a root certificate or trust anchor, in user equipment (UE) to verify and encrypt RRC messages using dynamically generated gNB certificates, ensuring secure communication during initial RRC connection setup, reducing logistical burdens and enhancing flexibility and scalability.
This approach provides secure, scalable, and flexible communication by protecting RRC messages with bidirectional trust, reducing exposure to attacks, and adapting to diverse network configurations, including roaming scenarios and complex network architectures.
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Figure CN2025074805_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PROTECTING RADIO RESOURCE CONTROL (RRC) COMMUNICATIONSFIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium for protecting Radio Resource Control (RRC) communications.BACKGROUND
[0002] The Access Stratum (AS) procedures play a pivotal role in modern telecommunications systems, enabling communication and control between User Equipment (UE) and the network. These procedures are essential for tasks such as connection setup, reconfiguration, and state management. The behavior and security of AS procedures vary significantly depending on the RRC state of the UE, primarily categorized as IDLE, INACTIVE, or CONNECTED.
[0003] In 6G, the management of RRC states introduces significant advancements over 5G, particularly in the differentiation between IDLE and INACTIVE states. While both states aim to reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency during periods of inactivity, 6G addresses key limitations observed in 5G and optimizes these states for advanced network requirements. In 5G, the IDLE and INACTIVE states are conceptually similar, with the primary difference being that the INACTIVE state retains the AS security context, enabling faster reconnections. However, in 6G, the distinction is more pronounced. The IDLE state in 6G is designed to minimize network awareness of the UE, with no Non-Access Stratum (NAS) or AS security context maintained. This state represents the UE as essentially “non-existent” to the network, apart from its subscription information, enabling maximum power saving. In contrast, the INACTIVE state in 6G retains both NAS and AS contexts, allowing for quick transitions to the CONNECTED state with a focus on minimizing latency. Additionally, 6G avoids making the INACTIVE state optional, addressing the latency and power consumption issues of 5G, where network operators often kept UEs in the CONNECTED state for quicker responses at the cost of higher energy consumption. By default, 6G networks leverage the INACTIVE state for most scenarios requiring temporary disconnections, reserving the IDLE state for rare cases, such as deregistration or power-up. The 6G enhancements also introduce improved control plane latency metrics. The INACTIVE state in 6G achieves latency optimization with a target of less than 10 milliseconds for transitioning back to CONNECTED, compared to significantly higher delays when resuming from the IDLE state. This differentiation enables 6G networks to balance power efficiency and latency, addressing the limitations of 5G and paving the way for advanced use cases requiring ultra-low latency and efficient mobility management.SUMMARY
[0004] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to: transmit, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; receive, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity; and transmit, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.
[0005] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to: receive, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; and transmit, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.
[0006] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: transmitting, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; receiving, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity; and transmitting, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.
[0007] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; and transmitting, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.
[0008] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; means for receiving, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity; and means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.
[0009] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.
[0010] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the third aspect.
[0011] In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the fourth aspect.
[0012] It is to be understood that the Summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates three distinct scenarios in accordance with some embodiments in the disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates an example signaling process 300 in accordance with some embodiments in the disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0023] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0024] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0025] It shall be understood that although the terms “first, ” “second, ” …, etc. in front of noun (s) and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another and they do not limit the order of the noun (s) . For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0026] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0027] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.
[0028] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0029] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:(a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and(b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :(i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and(ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and(c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0030] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0031] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , 5.5G, the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0032] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.
[0033] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node) . In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0034] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “resource block, ” “physical resource block” (PRB) , “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other combination of the time, frequency, space and / or code domain resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0035] As used herein, the term “Access Stratum (AS) ” refers to the set of protocols and mechanisms within a wireless network responsible for the control and management of the radio access interface between terminal devices and the network. This includes, but is not limited to, tasks related to resource allocation, mobility management, and signaling for establishing, maintaining, and releasing communication connections. These functionalities leverage resources across various domains, including time, frequency, space, and code domains, to enable the efficient and reliable transfer of data. For example, AS may utilize physical resource blocks (PRBs) in the time and frequency domains for scheduling and managing uplink and downlink transmissions. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to AS functionalities and mechanisms are equally applicable to operations involving any combination of these domains. The AS enables optimized coordination between terminal devices and network entities to achieve robust and seamless communication.
[0036] As used herein, the term “Non-Access Stratum (NAS) ” refers to the set of protocols and mechanisms operating above the Access Stratum (AS) in a wireless network, focusing on managing the connection between terminal devices and the network core. NAS handles signaling and control functionalities related to mobility management, session management, authentication, and security. These mechanisms are essential for enabling and maintaining the overall service continuity and quality of communication. For example, NAS may manage the establishment of a secure connection between a terminal device and the core network while coordinating session parameters across multiple access networks. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to NAS functionalities encompass operations enabling secure, reliable, and consistent communication between terminal devices and the network core, independent of the underlying access stratum.
[0037] As used herein, the term “Radio Resource Control (RRC) ” refers to the management and allocation of communication resources within a wireless network, including but not limited to resources utilized for establishing, maintaining, and releasing connections between terminal devices and network devices. These resources, herein referred to as “resources, ” “transmission resources, ” “resource blocks” (RBs) , “physical resource blocks” (PRBs) , “uplink resources, ” or “downlink resources, ” encompass any combination of resources across various domains, including time, frequency, space, and code domains, or any other suitable combination thereof. For example, a resource in the frequency and time domains may be utilized to facilitate communication between terminal devices and network devices. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to “resources” in this context are equally applicable to resources in other domains. RRC enables the efficient management of these resources to enable reliable and optimized communication in wireless networks.
[0038] Example embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0039] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. In the communication environment 100, a plurality of communication devices, including a terminal device 110 and a network device 120, can communicate with each other. In the example of FIG. 1, the terminal device 110 may be a UE and the network device 120 may be a base station serving the UE. The serving area of the network device 120 may be called a cell.
[0040] It is to be understood that the number of devices and their connections shown in FIG. 1 are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of devices configured to implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more additional devices may be located in the cell, and one or more additional cells may be deployed in the communication environment 100. It is noted that although illustrated as a network device, the network device 120 may be another device than a network device. Although illustrated as a terminal device, the terminal device 110 may be another device than a terminal device.
[0041] In the following, for the purpose of illustration, some example embodiments are described with the terminal device 110 operating as a UE and the network device 120 operating as a base station. However, in some example embodiments, operations described in connection with a terminal device may be implemented at a network device or other device, and operations described in connection with a network device may be implemented at a terminal device or other device.
[0042] In some example embodiments, a transmission direction from the network device 120 to the terminal device 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a transmission direction from the terminal device 110 to the network device 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In DL, the network device 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the terminal device 110 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In UL, the terminal device 110 is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the network device 120 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0043] Communications in the communication environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0044] As discussed in the Background, the behavior and security of AS procedures vary significantly depending on the RRC state of the UE, primarily categorized as IDLE, INACTIVE, or CONNECTED. In the IDLE state, the UE or RAN does not maintain an established AS security context. Procedures such as RRC setup configure basic AS parameters but do not secure the transmission of sensitive information. For instance, slice information is transmitted in plaintext, making it susceptible to eavesdropping or spoofing attacks. This lack of security represents a critical vulnerability in the initial access phase. In the INACTIVE state, the UE retains its AS security context, which allows for faster reconnections and reduced signaling overhead.
[0045] In the random access procedure, the UE initiates communication with the network by transmitting a preamble and waiting for a response to synchronize and allocate resources. This phase is inherently vulnerable due to the open nature of transmissions. Jamming attacks can disrupt communication by overwhelming the network with interference signals. Sniffing, enabled by the unprotected transmission of random access messages, allows attackers to intercept and analyze data, gaining unauthorized insights into network or UE-specific details. Spoofing attacks exploit this lack of protection by crafting fake messages, impersonating legitimate UEs, and hijacking resources or disrupting service. Addressing these risks is challenging because security contexts are not yet established during random access.
[0046] In the IDLE state, the UE 110 lacks an active AS security context, leaving critical messages unprotected. RRC MSG3 and MSG5, which are integral to establishing connections, are sent in plaintext. MSG3 (Message 3) is the RRC Setup Request message sent by the UE to initiate establishment of an RRC connection. MSG5 (Message 5) is the RRC Setup Complete message sent by the UE to confirm the successful setup of an RRC connection and to include NAS signaling (e.g., Attach Request, Registration Request) . These messages sent in plaintext expose sensitive information, such as NAS slice identifiers, to attackers who can intercept these messages through sniffing, compromising confidentiality. Spoofing attacks are also a significant risk, where attackers inject malicious messages to manipulate or disrupt communication. These vulnerabilities create a critical window of opportunity for exploitation before AS security activation.
[0047] NAS messages, transported via AS procedures, face additional threats. The lack of protection for these messages makes them susceptible to spoofing, where attackers can manipulate responses to execute downgrade attacks. Such attacks disrupt 5G services by barring access or forcing the UE to fallback to older, less secure technologies.
[0048] The user plane headers and Media Access Control (MAC) layer lack encryption or integrity protection, introducing risks of sniffing and spoofing as side-channel attacks. Sniffing allows attackers to extract sensitive metadata, while spoofing can inject false data, disrupting communication. Combined with other vulnerabilities, these risks facilitate chained attacks, such as a downgrade attack where an attacker sequentially exploits multiple weak points to disable security features or degrade service.
[0049] Modem bugs, often discovered through fuzzing techniques, exemplify how vulnerabilities in implementation can be exploited. For instance, fake Radio Link Control (RLC) status Protocol Date Units (PDUs) may trigger unintended modem behavior, such as state switching or even a reboot. While not universally exploitable, such vulnerabilities highlight the potential harm and the necessity for robust testing and security mechanisms. These examples demonstrate the wide range of potential security risks inherent in current systems and emphasize the importance of comprehensive solutions in future network designs.
[0050] Existing approach in prior art proposed a solution to protect the RRC Setup Complete message (RRC MSG5) that includes the NAS Registration Request (NAS REG-REQ) . In this approach, the NAS REG-REQ is encrypted using the network’s public key, derived from a certificate, and the S-NSSAI is included in the RRC portion of the message in its encrypted form. When the base station receives the encrypted RRC message, it decrypts it using the corresponding private key. Subsequently, the base station uses the decrypted Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI) to determine the appropriate Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) and routes the NAS REG-REQ accordingly. This routing mechanism enables that the NAS message reaches the correct AMF without requiring context transfer or sharing between AMFs, achieving AMF isolation.
[0051] While the existing approach provides a basic mechanism to protect MSG5 using a static key, yet it leaves significant gaps unaddressed. The distribution of key pairs to the UE and the gNB is not outlined, creating a potential implementation challenge. The reliance on a static key for message protection introduces a critical security risk, as compromising the private key could lead to the decryption of all transmitted or previously collected messages. Furthermore, the approach does not address how to protect other NAS containers effectively, and relying on asymmetric encryption for larger messages is resource-intensive and inefficient. These issues highlight the limitations of the prior art in enabling comprehensive and efficient message security.
[0052] Referring now to FIG 2, which illustrates the scenario in accordance with some embodiments in the disclosure. The scenario is referred to as AS+NAS IDLE, occurs when the UE 110 establishes an RRC connection for the very first time. In this case, there is no existing UE context (and no security context as well) in the Radio Access Network (RAN) 121 or the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 122. The UE 110 and the network lack any pre-existing security context, meaning that no cryptographic keys or prior security associations are available. This scenario represents the most vulnerable phase, as both AS and NAS are unsecured. The initial access requires the establishment of a completely new security framework, which begins with the exchange of key materials between the UE 110 and network, enabling secure communication to be established from scratch.
[0053] Embodiments in the disclosure propose a more flexible approach to secure communication between the UE 110 and the gNB during the initial Access Stratum (AS) security procedure, which may be achieved by provisioning a primary trust entity, e.g., in the form of a root certificate or a trust anchor in the UE 110 instead of directly provisioning the public key or certificate of the gNB. The primary trust entity, which also can be referred to as a trust foundation, functions as the primary and authoritative entity in the trust model. In the following, the primary trust entity will be described with 'root certificate' or 'trust anchor' as examples, however, any other entity that serves as a foundational component in establishing, validating, or maintaining trust in a system may also be used. In this approach, the gNB may generate and use its own short-term or long-term certificate, which is signed by a primary trust entity, e.g., a trust anchor or root certificate authority. During the initial AS security procedure, the gNB may transmit its certificate to the UE 110. The UE 100, already provisioned with the trust anchor or root certificate, may verify the authenticity of the certificate sent by the gNB. Once the certificate is validated, the UE 110 may extract the public key of the gNB and use it to encrypt subsequent messages, such as MSG3 and MSG5. Similarly, the gNB may use its private key to integrity protect messages, such as MSG4, ensuring bidirectional trust and security. MSG4 (Message 4) is the RRC Setup message sent by the gNB to the UE 110. It is used to resolve contention between multiple UEs that may have transmitted the same random access preamble and to confirm the success of the Random Access Procedure. MSG4 enables that the UE is uniquely identified and authorized to proceed with establishing an RRC connection.
[0054] This approach provides advantages in scenarios where scalability and flexibility are key considerations. By provisioning a primary trust entity in the UE, the network eliminates the need to provision individual gNB certificates or public keys directly to each UE. This reduces the logistical and operational burden, as the number of root certificates is significantly smaller than the potentially vast number of gNB certificates. Trust anchors can also be updated or managed more easily than distributing individual gNB public keys, making the system more maintainable over time.
[0055] The gNB certificate, being signed by a trusted root authority, provides a means to dynamically establish trust between the UE and gNB. Short-term certificates, which are periodically regenerated, can enhance security by limiting the impact of a compromised certificate, as its validity period is short. Long-term certificates can also be used where operational efficiency or stability is prioritized. The flexibility to use either type of certificate allows operators to tailor their security practices to the specific needs of their networks and services.
[0056] This solution also supports more complex network configurations, such as those involving Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN) and Radio Access Network (RAN) sharing. In such cases, if the root certificate is issued by a well-known or common certificate authority (CA) , it can serve as a shared trust anchor across different operators or network configurations. This enables seamless trust establishment even when UEs roam between networks or share resources with other operators. If the network architecture or regulatory policies prevent the use of a common CA, existing mechanisms like the Statement of Roaming (SoR) or Update Procedure for UEs (UPU) can be leveraged to distribute the trust anchor or root certificate to the UE, ensuring compatibility and security.
[0057] the proposed approach is a robust, flexible, and scalable solution for secure communication in 5G networks. It simplifies the provisioning process, enhances operational efficiency, and provides a framework that can adapt to diverse and evolving network requirements. The ability to dynamically verify and establish trust through root certificates enables a future-proof approach to network security, enabling that both current and future challenges can be addressed effectively.
[0058] Referring now to FIG. 3, which illustrates an example signaling process 300 in accordance with some embodiments in the disclosure. To establish a secure and trusted communication channel between the UE 110 and the gNB 120 during the initial RRC connection setup, the signaling process 300 is outlined that incorporates the use of primary trust entities, e.g., root certificates or trust anchors, dynamically generated gNB certificates, and cryptographic operations to enable integrity and confidentiality.
[0059] The process 300 begins with the UE 110 being pre-configured 301 with a root certificate or trust anchor, which serves as the foundation of trust for verifying the identity and certificate of the gNB 120. This pre-configuration may be achieved through one of several mechanisms. The root certificate or trust anchor may be provisioned by the Mobile Equipment (ME) vendor and signed by a well-known CA or other trusted organizational authority. This leverages globally recognized trust frameworks to ensure broad compatibility and reliability. Alternatively, the UE 110 may fetch the root certificate or trust anchor from the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) , which is provisioned by the operator using a personalized procedure, such as Over-the-Air (OTA) updates. This facilitates the trust anchor to be aligned with specific security policies of the operator. The root certificate or trust anchor may be provisioned to the UE 110 via the Statement of Roaming (SoR) or Update Procedure for UEs (UPU) . This approach requires that the UE 110 has previously connected to and authenticated with the network at least once, as the trust anchor must be provisioned during an established and secure session.
[0060] Parallelly, the gNB 110 may be pre-configured with the same root certificate or trust anchor by the Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) system or during the Next Generation Application Protocol (NGAP) setup procedure with the AMF. This enables that both the UE 110 and gNB 120 share a common basis for trust, enabling secure communication during subsequent steps.
[0061] With the root certificate or trust anchor in place, the gNB 120 may obtain 302, e.g., by generating based on the root certificate or trust anchor, or requesting from the certificate authority (CA) , one or more certificates based on its local policy. These certificates can be tailored to specific operational requirements, such as being unique per tracking area, per cell, per network slice, or per base station (e.g., gNB) . The certificates may be signed using the preconfigured root certificate or trust anchor of the gNB 120, ensuring that they can be validated by the UE 110 during the RRC connection setup process.
[0062] The RRC procedure begins with the UE 110 in IDLE mode 303. Following the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission 304 and Random Access Response (RAR) 305 procedure, the UE 110 may transmit 306 an RRC Setup Request (MSG3) to the gNB 120. This message may include the identity of the UE 110, the establishment cause (indicating the purpose of the request, such as mobile-terminated call setup or network-triggered paging response) , and an indicator signaling support for temporary Access Stratum (AS) security mechanisms. This indicator allows the gNB 120 to initiate enhanced security procedures for the connection.
[0063] Upon receiving MSG3, the gNB 120 may process its content and select 307 an appropriate certificate based on the cell, trust anchor, or slice that the UE 110 is accessing. Using the private key associated with the selected certificate, the gNB 120 may further digitally sign 307 the RRC Setup message (MSG4) . The signature ensures that the integrity of MSG4 can be validated by the UE 110, providing assurance that the message originates from a trusted gNB 120 and has not been tampered with.
[0064] The gNB 120 may transmit MSG4 308 to the UE 110, which may contain the RRC Setup message, the certificate of the gNB 120 with its public key, and the digital signature of MSG4. The inclusion of the certificate enables the UE 110 to verify the authenticity of the gNB 120 and the signature provides integrity protection for the message content.
[0065] Upon receiving MSG4, the UE 110 may verify 309 the certificate of the gNB 120 against the pre-configured root certificate or trust anchor of the UE 110. This verification ensures that the certificate is valid and was issued by a trusted authority. If the certificate verification is successful, the UE 110 may proceed to validate 309 the digital signature of MSG4 using the public key from the certificate of the gNB 120. This confirms that the message was signed by the corresponding private key and has not been altered. Once both verifications are completed successfully, the UE 110 may encrypt 309 the RRC Setup Complete message (MSG5) using the public key of the gNB from its certificate.
[0066] The UE 110 may then transmit MSG5 310 to the gNB 120. This protected message may contain the RRC Setup Complete message along with a NAS container. The encryption ensures that the contents of MSG5 remain confidential during transmission, preventing unauthorized access to sensitive information.
[0067] The gNB 120 may decrypt 311 MSG5 using the private key associated with the certificate and retrieves the information contained in the message. This includes the NAS container, which is forwarded to the Mobility Management Network Function (MM NF) for further processing. The successful decryption of MSG5 confirms the integrity and authenticity of the UE’s response, completing the secure establishment of the RRC connection.
[0068] At this point, the RRC is in a connected state 312. Both the UE 110 and the RAN utilize temporary security procedures to protect subsequent AS signaling, including the NAS container, until the AS Security Mode Command (AS SMC) procedure is executed. These temporary measures ensure that the connection remains secure during the transition to a fully authenticated and encrypted session. By leveraging root certificates, dynamically generated gNB certificates, and robust cryptographic mechanisms, this procedure establishes a secure, scalable, and flexible framework for initial RRC connection setup in 5G networks.
[0069] Alternatively, the gNB certificate may be transmitted to the UE 110 triggered by additional signaling mechanisms, such as messages designated MSG3a, MSG3b, or other pre-defined signaling messages. By transmitting the gNB certificate in advance through these intermediate signaling steps, the UE 110 may have the necessary cryptographic information to authenticate the gNB and establish a secure communication channel before proceeding with the subsequent steps, which enables the protection of MSG 3 by the UE 110 which uses the public key from the gNB certificate to encrypt its contents or applying other security measures.
[0070] The MSG3a may be, for example, defined as RRC Security Request, which may be used to request to activate the AS temporary security and may include the indicator of supporting for the temporary AS security mechanisms. In response to the MSG3a, the gNB 110 may transmit the MSG4a RRC Security Response, digitally signed with a private key of an appropriate certificate selected by the gNB 120 based on the cell, trust anchor, or slice that the UE 110 is accessing.
[0071] The MSG3b may be, for example, defined as RRC Setup Request, which may include the identity of the UE 110 and the establishment cause, encrypted with a corresponding public key of the certificated in response to a successful verification of the authenticity of the certificate and the digital signature, similar to the description in the above.
[0072] Such additional signaling mechanism enables that MSG3, which contains critical information such as the UE’s identity or other connection-related data, is not exposed during transmission. Instead, it would benefit from confidentiality and integrity protection facilitated by the cryptographic capabilities provided by the gNB certificate. This additional step improves the overall security of the connection setup procedure, reducing the risk of eavesdropping or tampering during the early stages of communication establishment. Furthermore, this mechanism supports more flexible security configurations, allowing the network to dynamically provide the gNB certificate, when necessary, rather than relying on its transmission during later stages. This results in enhanced security and adaptability in various network scenarios.
[0073] While the description and examples provided in the above primarily pertain to the implementation within the context of 5G networks, it is to be understood that the disclosed approach is not limited to 5G systems alone. The methodologies, mechanisms, and architectures described are equally applicable to future-generation networks, including but not limited to 6G or any other next-generation communication systems.
[0074] The principles underlying the disclosed invention, such as the use of trust anchors, certificate-based authentication, and secure key management, remain relevant and adaptable as network technologies evolve. Accordingly, any reference to 5G herein should be interpreted as exemplary and not restrictive, with the scope of the invention encompassing applications in 6G and other advanced networks where similar challenges and requirements are addressed.
[0075] [Rectified under Rule 91, 27.02.2025]FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of an example method 400 implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 400 will be described from the perspective of the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0076] At block 410, transmitting, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization.
[0077] At block 420, receiving, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.
[0078] At block 430, transmitting, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.
[0079] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus is pre-configured with the primary trust entity.
[0080] In some example embodiments, the method 400 further comprises: verifying, using the primary trust entity, the authenticity of the certificate.
[0081] In some example embodiments, the method 400 further comprises: verifying, based on a corresponding public key associated with the certificate, the integrity of the response in response to a successful verification of the authenticity of the certificate.
[0082] In some example embodiments, the RRC connection message is transmitted in response to a successful verification of the integrity of the response.
[0083] In some example embodiments, the RRC connection message is encrypted with a public key associated with the certificate.
[0084] In some example embodiments, the encrypted RRC connection message comprises one of: an RRC Setup Complete message with a Non-Access Stratum, NAS, container, or an RRC initialization request comprising connection establishment information.
[0085] In some example embodiments, the certificate is generated by the second apparatus based on at least one of: a tracking area, a cell, a network slice, or a base station.
[0086] In some example embodiments, the primary trust entity is one of: a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned by a trusted organizational authority, a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM, a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via Statement of Roaming, SoR, or a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via Update Procedure for UEs, UPU.
[0087] FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of an example method 500 implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0088] At block 510, receiving, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization.
[0089] At block 520, transmitting, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.
[0090] In some example embodiments, the response is digitally signed with a private key associated with the certificate.
[0091] In some example embodiments, the method 500 further comprises: receiving, from the first apparatus, an RRC connection message encrypted with a corresponding public key associated with the certificate.
[0092] In some example embodiments, the encrypted RRC connection message comprises one of: an RRC Setup Complete message with a Non-Access Stratum, NAS, container, or an RRC initialization request comprising connection establishment information.
[0093] In some example embodiments, the method 500 further comprises: decrypting, using the private key associated with the certificate, the encrypted RRC connection message.
[0094] In some example embodiments, the certificate is generated based on at least one of:a tracking area, a cell, a network slice, or a base station.
[0095] In some example embodiments, the primary trust entity is one of: a root certificate or trust anchor provisioned by an Operations, Administration, and Maintenance, OAM, system; or a root certificate or trust anchor provisioned during a Next Generation Application Protocol, NGAP, setup procedure.
[0096] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus is or is comprised in a terminal device, and wherein the second apparatus is or is comprised in a network device.
[0097] In some example embodiments, a first apparatus capable of performing any of the method 400 (for example, the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 400. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The first apparatus may be implemented as or included in the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1, or the UE 110 in FIG. 3.
[0098] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; means for receiving, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity; and means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.
[0099] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus is pre-configured with the primary trust entity.
[0100] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for verifying, using the primary trust entity, the authenticity of the certificate.
[0101] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for verifying, based on a corresponding public key associated with the certificate, the integrity of the response in response to a successful verification of the authenticity of the certificate.
[0102] In some example embodiments, the RRC connection message is transmitted in response to a successful verification of the integrity of the response.
[0103] In some example embodiments, the RRC connection message is encrypted with a public key associated with the certificate.
[0104] In some example embodiments, the encrypted RRC connection message comprises one of: an RRC Setup Complete message with a Non-Access Stratum, NAS, container, or an RRC initialization request comprising connection establishment information.
[0105] In some example embodiments, the certificate is generated by the second apparatus based on at least one of: a tracking area, a cell, a network slice, or a base station.
[0106] In some example embodiments, the primary trust entity is one of: a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned by a trusted organizational authority, a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM, a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via Statement of Roaming, SoR, or a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via Update Procedure for UEs, UPU.
[0107] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus capable of performing any of the method 500 (for example, the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 500. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The second apparatus may be implemented as or included in the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1, or the gNB 120 in FIG. 3.
[0108] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.
[0109] In some example embodiments, the response is digitally signed with a private key associated with the certificate.
[0110] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the first apparatus, an RRC connection message encrypted with a corresponding public key associated with the certificate.
[0111] In some example embodiments, the encrypted RRC connection message comprises one of: an RRC Setup Complete message with a Non-Access Stratum, NAS, container, or an RRC initialization request comprising connection establishment information.
[0112] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for decrypting, using on the private key associated with the certificate, the encrypted RRC connection message.
[0113] In some example embodiments, the certificate is generated based on at least one of: a tracking area, a cell, a network slice, or a base station.
[0114] In some example embodiments, the primary trust entity is one of: a root certificate or trust anchor provisioned by an Operations, Administration, and Maintenance, OAM, system; or a root certificate or trust anchor provisioned during a Next Generation Application Protocol, NGAP, setup procedure.
[0115] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus is or is comprised in a terminal device, and wherein the second apparatus is or is comprised in a network device.
[0116] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a device 600 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 600 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 600 includes one or more processors 610, one or more memories 620 coupled to the processor 610, and one or more communication modules 640 coupled to the processor 610.
[0117] The communication module 640 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 640 has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. The communication interfaces may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements. In some example embodiments, the communication module 640 may include at least one antenna.
[0118] The processor 610 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 600 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0119] The memory 620 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 624, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , an optical disk, a laser disk, and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random-access memory (RAM) 622 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0120] A computer program 630 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 610. The instructions of the program 630 may include instructions for performing operations / acts of some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The program 630 may be stored in the memory, e.g., the ROM 624. The processor 610 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 630 into the RAM 622.
[0121] The example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 630 so that the device 600 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 2 to FIG. 5. The example embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0122] In some example embodiments, the program 630 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 600 (such as in the memory 620) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 600. The device 600 may load the program 630 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 622 for execution. In some example embodiments, the computer readable medium may include any types of non-transitory storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0123] FIG. 7 shows an example of the computer readable medium 700 which may be in form of CD, DVD or other optical storage disk. The computer readable medium 700 has the program 630 stored thereon.
[0124] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, and other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. Although various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0125] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer readable medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target physical or virtual processor, to carry out any of the methods as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0126] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0127] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0128] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0129] Further, although operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, although several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Unless explicitly stated, certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, unless explicitly stated, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in a plurality of embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0130] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to:transmit, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization;receive, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity; andtransmit, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.2.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is pre-configured with the primary trust entity.3.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 2, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:verify, using the primary trust entity, the authenticity of the certificate.4.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the response is digitally signed with a private key associated with the certificate, and the first apparatus is caused to:verify, based on a corresponding public key associated with the certificate, integrity of the response in response to a successful verification of the authenticity of the certificate.5.The first apparatus of claim 4, wherein the RRC connection message is transmitted in response to a successful verification of the integrity of the response.6.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the RRC connection message is encrypted with a public key associated with the certificate.7.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the encrypted RRC connection message comprises one of:an RRC Setup Complete message with a Non-Access Stratum, NAS, container, oran RRC initialization request comprising connection establishment information.8.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the certificate is generated by the second apparatus based on at least one of:a tracking area,a cell,a network slice, ora base station.9.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the primary trust entity is one of:a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned by a trusted organizational authority,a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM,a root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via Statement of Roaming, SoR, ora root certificate or a trust anchor provisioned via Update Procedure for UEs, UPU.10.A second apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to:receive, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; andtransmit, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.11.The second apparatus of claim 10, wherein the response is digitally signed with a private key associated with the certificate.12.The second apparatus of any of claims 10 to 11, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:receive, from the first apparatus, a RRC connection message encrypted with a corresponding public key associated with the certificate.13.The second apparatus of claim 12, wherein the encrypted RRC connection message comprises one of:an RRC Setup Complete message with a Non-Access Stratum, NAS, container, oran RRC initialization request comprising connection establishment information.14.The second apparatus of any of claims 12 to 13, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:decrypt, using the private key associated with the certificate, the encrypted RRC connection message.15.The second apparatus of any of claims 10 to 14, wherein the certificate is generated based on at least one of:a tracking area,a cell,a network slice, ora base station.16.The second apparatus of any of claims 10 to 15, wherein the primary trust entity is one of:a root certificate or trust anchor provisioned by an Operations, Administration, and Maintenance, OAM, system; ora root certificate or trust anchor provisioned during a Next Generation Application Protocol, NGAP, setup procedure.17.The second apparatus of any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the first apparatus is or is comprised in a terminal device, and wherein the second apparatus is or is comprised in a network device.18.A method comprising:transmitting, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization;receiving, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity; andtransmitting, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.19.A method comprising:receiving, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; andtransmitting, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.20.A first apparatus comprising:means for transmitting, to a second apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization;means for receiving, from the second apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity; andmeans for transmitting, to the second apparatus, an encrypted RRC connection message in response to a successful verification of authenticity of the certificate.21.A second apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first apparatus, a Radio Resource Control, RRC, initialization request, the request comprising an indication of supporting Access Stratum, AS, security during a RRC connection initialization; andmeans for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a response to the request, the response comprising at least a certificate that is obtained based on a primary trust entity.22.A computer readable medium comprising instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus at least to perform the method of claim 18 or the method of claim 19.