Devices and methods for communication
The method provides coordinated discovery and selection of sensing receivers by using trigger information and discovery models, addressing the limitations of sidelink methods in complex device environments, ensuring efficient and optimized discovery processes.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NEC CORP
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing technologies lack a comprehensive solution for determining suitable sensing receivers and transmitters in complex use cases involving various devices, including terminal devices and RAN nodes, where sidelink discovery methods are insufficient for coordinating all involved entities.
A method involving network devices providing trigger information to enable coordinated discovery procedures between devices, using Model A or Model B discovery models, and incorporating measurement-based methods when sidelink capabilities are absent, to facilitate proper discovery and selection of sensing receivers.
Ensures effective discovery and selection of sensing receivers across diverse devices, enhancing communication efficiency and reducing unnecessary power consumption by optimizing discovery processes.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025074894_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS FOR COMMUNICATIONFIELDS
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices and methods for sensing receiver determination and selection.BACKGROUND
[0002] The integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) is expected to become a key enabler for a wide range of use cases. Typical use cases include international mobile telecommunications-2030 (IMT-2030) assisted navigation, activity detection and movement tracking (e.g., posture / gesture recognition, fall detection, vehicle / pedestrian detection) , environmental monitoring (e.g. rain / pollution detection) , and provision of sensing data / information on surroundings for artificial intelligence (AI) , eXtended Reality (XR) and digital twin applications. During a sensing procedure, a sensing object, a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter may communicate with each other. Before establishing the sensing communication, it is expected to determine the suitable sensing receiver and sensing transmitter.SUMMARY
[0003] In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods, devices and computer storage medium for sensing receiver determination and selection.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a network device, first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by at least one second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the at least one second device, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model B; and perform the discovery procedure based on the first trigger information.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises: a processor configured to cause the second device to: in accordance with a determination that the second device is capable of sidelink discovery, receive, from a network device, second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover at least one first device during a discovery procedure between the second device and the at least one first device, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B; and perform the discovery procedure based on the second trigger information.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises: a processor configured to cause the network device to: transmit, to a first device, a first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by a second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the second device; and transmit, to a second device, a second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover the first device during the discovery procedure.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first device. The method comprises: receiving, from a network device, first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by at least one second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the at least one second device, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model B; and performing the discovery procedure based on the first trigger information.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a second device. The method comprises: in accordance with a determination that the second device is capable of sidelink discovery, receiving from a network device, second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover at least one first device during a discovery procedure between the second device and the at least one first device, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B; and performing the discovery procedure based on the second trigger information.
[0009] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a network device. The method comprises: transmitting, to a first device, a first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by a second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the second device; and transmitting, to a second device, a second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover the first device during the discovery procedure.
[0010] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to the fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect.
[0011] Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates schematic diagrams of six example sensing modes in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 3A illustrates a signaling flow for a proximity based services (ProSe) direct discovery procedure with Model A;
[0016] FIG. 3B illustrates a signaling flow for a ProSe direct discovery procedure with Model B;
[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates a signaling flow for sensing receiver determination in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow for sensing receiver determination and selection in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first device in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second device in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a network device in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0022] FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0023] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0025] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0026] As used herein, the term ‘terminal device’ refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, devices on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further have ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also incorporate one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0027] The term “radio access network (RAN) device / node refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0028] The term “network device” refers to any of the following, a RAN node / device, a core network (CN) device / entity / function (such as, location management function (LMF) ) , an application server (such as, a sensing server, SF) , or any other third-party application server / entity / function, such as, a proximity based services (ProSe) function or a ProSe application server and so on. In summary, the “network device” used herein may refer to any suitable network apparatus that may serve one or more terminal devices.
[0029] The terminal device, the RAN node / device or the network device may have artificial intelligence (AI) or Machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0030] The terminal device, the RAN node / device or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g., FR1 (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz) , FR2 (e.g., 24.25GHz to 52.6GHz) , frequency band larger than 100 GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network devices under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0031] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator. In some example embodiments, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In some example embodiments, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In some example embodiments, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device or the second network device. In some example embodiments, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In some example embodiments, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0032] As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term ‘includes’ and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean ‘includes, but is not limited to. ’ The term ‘based on’ is to be read as ‘at least in part based on. ’ The term ‘one embodiment’ and ‘an embodiment’ are to be read as ‘at least one embodiment. ’ The term ‘another embodiment’ is to be read as ‘at least one other embodiment. ’ The terms ‘first, ’ ‘second, ’ and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0033] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as ‘best, ’ ‘lowest, ’ ‘highest, ’ ‘minimum, ’ ‘maximum, ’ or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0034] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0035] In the context of the present disclosure, sensing assistance information may refer to information that is provided to 5G system and may be used to derive sensing result. In some cases, the sensing assistance information does not contain 3GPP sensing data. In the context of the present disclosure, sensing contextual information may refer to information that is exposed with the sensing results by 5G system to a trusted third party which provides context to the conditions under which the sensing results were derived. In some cases, the sensing contextual information does not contain 3GPP sensing data.
[0036] In the context of the present disclosure, a sensing group may refer to a set of sensing transmitters and sensing receivers whose location is known and whose sensing data can be collected synchronously, a sensing measurement process may refer to a process of collecting sensing data.
[0037] In the context of the present disclosure, a sensing receiver may refer to a sensing receiver is an entity that receives the sensing signal which the sensing service will use in its operation. A sensing receiver is an RAN node or a UE. A sensing receiver can be located in the same or different entity as the Sensing transmitter. In the context of the present disclosure, a sensing transmitter may refer to a sensing transmitter is the entity that sends out the sensing signal which the sensing service will use in its operation. A sensing transmitter is an RAN node or a UE. A Sensing transmitter can be located in the same or different entity as the Sensing receiver. In the context of the present disclosure, a sensing object may refer to an object that may reflect sensing signal.
[0038] In the context of the present disclosure, a sensing result may refer to processed 3GPP sensing data requested by a service consumer, sensing signals may refer to Transmissions on the 3GPP radio interface that can be used for sensing purposes.
[0039] In the context of the present disclosure, a target sensing service area may refer to a cartesian location area that needs to be sensed by deriving characteristics of the environment and / or objects within the environment with certain sensing service quality from the impacted (e.g. reflected, refracted, diffracted) wireless signals. This includes both indoor and outdoor environments.
[0040] In the context of the present disclosure, a moving target sensing service area may refer to the case where a target sensing service area is moving according to the mobility of a target from sensing transmitter’s perspective.
[0041] In the context of the present disclosure, a transparent sensing may refer to sensing measurements are communicated such that they can be discerned and interpreted by the 5G system, e.g. the data is communicated using a standard protocol to an interface defined by the 5G system.
[0042] In the context of the present disclosure, a ProSe direct discovery (also called as namely sidelink discovery) may be called as discovery for brevity. Further, the ProSe direct discovery is performed based on (sidelink) PC5 interface / sidelink communication. In other word, the ProSe direct discovery discussed herein may be performed among terminal devices which are capable of sidelink function.
[0043] In some embodiments, a reference signal receiving power (RSRP) value is used as an example of measurement result. However, the measurement result in the present disclosure may include any of the following, such as, a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) , a reference signal receiving quality (RSRQ) , a received signal strength indication (RSSI) , a reference signal carrier phase (RSCP) or any other measurement result. In other words, the RSRP used herein may be replaced with any other measurement result discussed above.
[0044] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication environment 100 involves a first device 110-1, an optional first device 110-2, a second device 120-1, a second device 120-2 and a network device 130. For purpose of discussion, the first device 110-1 and the first device 110-2 are collectively or individually referred to as first device 110. In some embodiments, the first device 110, the second device 120-1 and the second device 120-2 are capable of sensing function.
[0045] The second device 120-1 and the second device 120-2 may be collectively or individually referred to as second device 120. The second device 120 may include or be implemented as a terminal device (e.g., UE) , a RAN network device and the like. In some example embodiments, the second device 120 may be a sensing transmitter. In some example embodiments, the second device 120 may be a target device, such as, a UE, an automatic guided vehicle (AGV) , an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the like. In the specific example of FIG. 1, the second device 120-1 is a sensing transmitter, and the second device 120-2 is a target device / sensing object.
[0046] In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may include or be implemented as a terminal device (e.g., UE) , a RAN device / node and the like. In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may be a candidate sensing receiver for receiving sensing signal reflected or transmitted from the second device 120-1 or the second device 120-2.
[0047] In some example embodiments, in a sensing receiver discovery and selection procedure, one of the first devices 110 may be selected as a sensing receiver for receiving a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from the second device 120-2.
[0048] In some example embodiments, the network device 130 may include a sensing server or a sensing function (SF) . Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the network device 130 may include a location management function (LMF) . Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the network device 130 may include a ProSe function. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the network device 130 may include a ProSe application server. In some other embodiments, in some embodiments, the network device 130 may include any suitable network apparatus that may serve one or more terminal devices.
[0049] The communications in the communication environments 100 may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Evolution, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , New Radio (NR) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) , Machine Type Communication (MTC) and the like. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0050] It is to be understood that the number of devices and their connections shown in FIG. 1 are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of devices configured to implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more additional devices may be located in the cell, and one or more additional cells may be deployed in the communication environment 100.
[0051] In the example of FIG. 1, six sensing modes may be supported. FIG. 2 illustrates schematic diagrams of six example sensing modes in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0052] As shown, in Sensing Mode (A) 200, a signal for sensing a target 230 is transmitted by a RAN network device 210 and received or measured by the RAN network device 210 itself. In Sensing Mode (B) 201, a signal for sensing the target 230 is transmitted by the RAN network device 210 and received or measured by another RAN network device 212. In Sensing Mode (C) 202, a signal for sensing the target 230 is transmitted by the RAN network device 210 and received or measured by a terminal device 220.
[0053] In Sensing Mode (D) 203, a signal for sensing the target 230 is transmitted by the RAN terminal device 220 and received or measured by the terminal device 220 itself. In Sensing Mode (E) 204, a signal for sensing the target 230 is transmitted by the terminal device 220 and received or measured by the terminal device 220. In Sensing Mode (F) 205, a signal for sensing the target 230 is transmitted by the terminal device 220 and received or measured by another terminal device 222.
[0054] In the example of FIG. 1, a ProSe direct discovery may be supported. principles related to ProSe direct discovery and ProSe direct discovery models are discussed in the following.
[0055] ProSe direct discovery is defined as the process that detects and identifies another UE in proximity using evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) or wireless local area networks (WLAN) direct radio signals.
[0056] There are two types of ProSe direct discovery: open and restricted. Open is the case where there is no explicit permission that is needed from the UE being discovered, whereas restricted discovery only takes place with explicit permission from the UE that is being discovered.
[0057] ProSe direct discovery can be a standalone service enabler that could for example use information from the discovered UE for certain applications in the UE that are permitted to use this information e.g. "find a taxi nearby" , "find me a coffee shop" . Additionally, depending on the information obtained ProSe direct discovery can be used for subsequent actions e.g. to initiate ProSe direct communication.
[0058] ProSe-enabled non-public safety UEs which have obtained authorization to participate in ProSe direct discovery procedures shall not continue in participating in ProSe direct discovery procedures as soon as they detect loss of E-UTRA coverage in the serving public land mobile network (PLMN) .
[0059] With E-UTRA-based ProSe direct discovery the UE can use inter-PLMN discovery transmission based on the indication from the serving eNB or the provisioned radio resource on the UE. How the serving cell authorizes the UE to use inter-PLMN radio resource is specified.
[0060] Model A and Model B are provided for ProSe direct discovery. The following will describe the details with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B.
[0061] Model A defines two roles for the ProSe-enabled UEs that are participating in the ProSe direct discovery procedure. One role is an announcing UE which announces certain information that could be used by UEs in proximity that have permission to discover. The other role is a monitoring UE which monitors certain information of interest in proximity of announcing UEs. Note that this model is equivalent to “I am here” since the announcing UE would broadcast information about itself e.g. its ProSe Application Code in the discovery message.
[0062] With E-UTRA-based ProSe direct discovery the UE can act as "announcing UE" only in the carrier frequency signalled by the serving PLMN but may act as a “monitoring UE” also in the resources of the serving PLMN and Local PLMNs, when using Model A mode. When inter-PLMN discovery transmission is supported, the carrier frequency may be operated by a PLMN other than the serving PLMN. Both open and restricted discovery types are supported by Model A.
[0063] Model B, when restricted discovery type is used, defines two roles for the ProSe-enabled UEs that are participating in the ProSe direct discovery procedure. One role is a discoverer UE which transmits a request containing certain information about what it is interested to discover. The other role is a discoveree UE which receives the request message can respond with some information related to the discoverer’s request.
[0064] Model B is equivalent to “who is there / are you there” since the discoverer UE sends information about other UEs that would like to receive responses from, e.g. the information can be about a ProSe Application Identity corresponding to a group and the members of the group can respond.
[0065] With E-UTRA-based ProSe direct discovery when using Model B discovery, the discoverer UE and the discoveree UE can announce in the carrier frequency signalled by the serving PLMN. When inter-PLMN discovery transmission is supported, the carrier frequency may be operated by a PLMN other than the serving PLMN. The discoverer UE and the discoveree UE are allowed to monitor or announce in the serving PLMN and Local PLMNs when authorized.
[0066] Only restricted discovery type is supported by Model B. The public safety discovery is considered restricted. The monitoring UE or discoverer UE needs to have authorization (such as through pre-provisioned parameters) to perform discovery of the appropriate service (s) .
[0067] The following will describe WLAN-based ProSe direct discovery procedures in reference to the call flows for discovery request and discovery reporting without modifying the call flows themselves. The notion of “Local PLMN” in the sense of “PLMN operating the carrier frequency for inter-PLMN transmission” does not apply. The “Announcing PLMN ID” parameter in the discovery request for open discovery is therefore not used. In the match report, the UE indicates that the report is for WLAN-based ProSe direct discovery for charging purposes.
[0068] FIG. 3A illustrates a signaling flow 300A for a ProSe direct discovery procedure with Model A. In the signaling flow 300A, the UE may include or be implemented as the first device 110 or the second device 120 in FIG. 1. The network device may include or be implemented as the network device 130 in FIG. 1.
[0069] This procedure is only applied for open and restricted ProSe direct discovery when the ProSe enabled UE is served by E-UTRAN. At Step 1, service authorization for ProSe direct services is performed for ProSe direct discovery.
[0070] If the UE is authorized to announce, proceed to Steps 2A and 3A. At Step 2A, when the UE is triggered to announce, then it sends a discovery request for announcing to the ProSe function in HPLMN for open ProSe direct discovery or for restricted ProSe direct discovery. In addition, for restricted ProSe direct discovery, the ProSe function further interacts with the ProSe App server for the authorization of the discovery request.
[0071] At Step 3A, if the request is successful and is provided with ProSe App code or ProSe restricted code then it starts announcing on PC5 interface. For ProSe restricted discovery and the UE requests “on demand” announcing, ProSe restricted code may be provided to the UE after this procedure. In this case, the UE waits for the ProSe restricted code allocation and starts to announce the ProSe restricted code on PC5 after receiving it in an announcing alert procedure.
[0072] If the UE is authorized to monitor, proceed to Steps 2B, 3B and 4B. At Step 2B, when the UE is triggered to monitor, it sends a discovery request for monitoring to the ProSe function for open ProSe direct discovery or for restricted ProSe direct discovery. In addition, for restricted ProSe direct discovery, the ProSe function further interacts with the ProSe App server for the authorization of the discovery request.
[0073] At Step 3B, if the request is successful and the UE is provided with a discovery filter consisting of ProSe App code (s) or ProSe restricted code (s) and / or ProSe App mask (s) , it starts monitoring for these ProSe App codes or ProSe restricted codes on the PC5 interface.
[0074] At Step 4B, when the UE detects that one or more ProSe App code (s) or ProSe restricted code (s) that match the filter, it reports the ProSe App code (s) or ProSe restricted code (s) to the ProSe function.
[0075] Non roaming direct discovery procedures cover the case where both the “announcing UE” and “monitoring UE” are served by their respective HPLMN. Roaming direct discovery procedures cover the other cases.
[0076] FIG. 3B illustrates a signaling flow 300B for a ProSe direct discovery procedure in Model B. In the signaling flow 300B, the UE may include or be implemented as the first device 110 or the second device 120 in FIG. 1. The network device may include or be implemented as the network device 130 in FIG. 1.
[0077] This procedure is applied for restricted ProSe direct discovery when the ProSe enabled UE is served by E-UTRAN. At Step 1, service authorization for ProSe direct services is performed for ProSe direct discovery.
[0078] If the UE is authorized to perform restricted ProSe direct discovery, Model B, as a Discoveree UE, Steps 2A, 3A and 4A take place. At Step 2A, when the UE is triggered to perform restricted ProSe direct discovery, Model B, it sends a discovery request to the ProSe Function in the HPLMN to obtain a ProSe response code. The ProSe Function further interacts with ProSe App Server for the authorization of the discovery request.
[0079] At Step 3A, if the request is successful and the UE is provided with a ProSe response code and an associated discovery query filter (s) , then the UE starts monitoring for the ProSe query code on PC5 interface. At Step 4A, if a received ProSe query code matches any of the discovery query filter (s) , the UE announces the associated ProSe response code on the PC5 interface.
[0080] If the UE is authorized to perform restricted ProSe direct discovery, Model B, as a Discoverer UE, Steps 2A, 3A, 4A and 5A take place. At Step 2A, when the UE is triggered to perform restricted ProSe direct discovery, Model B, it sends a discovery request to the ProSe function in the HPLMN for a ProSe query code. The ProSe function further interacts with ProSe App server for the authorization of the discovery request.
[0081] At Step 3A, if the request is successful and the UE is provided with a ProSe query code and the discovery response filter (s) consisting of ProSe response code (s) and ProSe App mask (s) , the UE announces the ProSe query code on the PC5 interface. At Step 4A, the UE starts to monitor on PC5 interface for any ProSe response code (s) that might match the discovery response filter (s) . At Step 5A, when the UE detects a match for one or more ProSe response code (s) , it reports the ProSe response code to the ProSe function.
[0082] Currently, target use case of ISAC may be integrated sensing and positioning in factory hall (where a sensing receiver (Rx) needs perform valid sensing measurement for the UE, e.g., Automated Guided Vehicle, AGV, Autonomous Mobile Robot, AMR and so on) , UAV flight trajectory tracing (where a RAN node may act as a sensing transmitter, a UAV may travel across multiple cells) , and so on.
[0083] As discussed above, for establishing the sensing communication, it is expected to determine the suitable sensing receiver and sensing transmitter. By far, there is no complete solution which may coordinate all of the related devices (including a sensing transmitter, a target UE / sensing object, and one or more candidate sensing receivers) to find (i.e., discover / be discovered) each other.
[0084] Furthermore, the actual target use cases are complicated, where the any of the sensing transmitter, the target UE / sensing object, or the candidate sensing receiver (s) may be either terminal device or a RAN node. Therefore, the sidelink discovery based-only method may not be enough to determine the sensing receiver, that is because the RAN network node cannot be participated in the sidelink discovery procedure.
[0085] According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, a solution for sensing receiver determination is proposed. Example embodiments will be discussed with reference to FIG. 4, which illustrates a signaling flow 400 for sensing receiver determination in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 400 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1, for example, by using, the first device 110-1, the second device 120 (which may be either the second device 120-1 or the second device 120-2) and the network device 130.
[0086] In some example embodiments, the first device 110-1 may be candidate sensing receiver. It should be noted that in the actual scenario, there may be other first devices 110 (i.e., other candidate receivers / candidate sensing receivers) , such as, the first device 110-2. Based on similar processes as discussed with reference to FIG. 4, the other first devices 110 also may be discovered by the second device 120. Merely for brevity, the same or the similar contents are omitted herein. Further, it also should be noted that the second the second device 120 may be either a sensing target or a sensing transmitter. According to below processes, the candidate sensing receiver (i.e., the first device 110) may be discovered by the sensing target / sensing transmitter (i.e., the second device) . Further, in the following example embodiments, in some cases, the first / second device may be not capable of sidelink, let alone the ProSe direct discovery procedure based on sidelink. In this event, a measurement-based manner may be used for the candidate sensing receiver determination and selection. In some other cases, the first / second device may be capable of sidelink. In this event, both of a sidelink discovery-based manner and a measurement-based manner may be used for the candidate sensing receiver determination and selection.
[0087] Example embodiments will be discussed in the following. In operation, in order to ensure the first device 110-1 may be discovered by the second device 120, the network device 130 may provide related trigger information to both the first device 110-1 and the second device 120.
[0088] As illustrated in FIG. 4, the network device 130 transmits (402) first trigger information to the first device 110-1, and the first device 110-1 receives (404) the first trigger information accordingly. The first trigger information is to be used by the first device 110-1 to enable respective first devices 110 to be discovered by the second device 120 during a discovery procedure between the first device 110-1 and the second device 120. Accordingly, the network device 130 transmits (406) second trigger information to the second device 120, and the second device 120 receives (408) the second trigger information accordingly. The second trigger information is to be used by the second device 120 to discover the first device 110-1 during a discovery procedure between the second device 120 and the first device 110-1.
[0089] By providing trigger information to both of the first device 110-1 and second device 120, the first device 110-1 and second device 120 may behave coordinately, such that the discovery procedure between the first device 110-1 and the second device 120 may be performed properly.
[0090] In the following, details about the first and second trigger information will be discussed. In some embodiments, the first trigger information indicates at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device 110-1, and the second trigger information indicates at least one sensing-related requirement for the second device 120, where the at least one sensing-related requirement may be, sensing capability requirements, required quantity and so on.
[0091] Alternatively, or in addition, the first and / or the second trigger information may include information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed. By indicating the validity duration, unnecessary power consumption outside the validity duration is avoided.
[0092] Alternatively, or in addition, the network device 130 also may indicate a discovery model to the first device 110-1 and the second device 120. Specifically, in some embodiment, the first trigger information may include an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure (such as, indicating whether the discovery model is Model A or Model B) . Accordingly, the second trigger information also may include an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure (such as, indicating whether the discovery model is Model A or Model B) .
[0093] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the network device 130 also may indicate one or more parameters to be used during the discovery procedure. Specifically, in case of Model A, the first trigger information may indicate at least one first parameter to be used during the discovery procedure with the Model A. In some example embodiments, the at least one first parameter may include information for determining a ProSe application code or a ProSe restricted code associated with the first discovery procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one first parameter may include information which authorizes the first device 110 to announce the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code during the first discovery procedure.
[0094] Accordingly, in case of Model A, the second trigger information may indicate at least one third parameter to be used during the discovery procedure with Model A. In some example embodiments, the at least one third parameter may include information for determining a discovery filter associated with the second discovery procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one third parameter may include information which authorizes the second device 120 to monitor a ProSe application code or a ProSe restricted code during the second discovery procedure.
[0095] Alternatively, in case of Molde B, the first trigger information may indicate at least one second parameter to be used during the discovery procedure with the Model B.In some example embodiments, the at least one second parameter may include information for determining a discovery query filter associated with the first discovery procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one second parameter may include information which authorizes the second device 120 to monitor a ProSe query code during the first discovery procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one second parameter may include information for determining a ProSe response code. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one second parameter may include information which authorizes the second device 120 to announce the ProSe response code during the first discovery procedure.
[0096] Accordingly, in case of Model B, the second trigger information may indicate at least one fourth parameter to be used during the discovery procedure with Model B. In some example embodiments, the at least one fourth parameter may include information for determining a ProSe query code. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one fourth parameter may include information which authorizes the second device 120 to announce the ProSe query code during the second discovery procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one fourth parameter may include information for determining a discovery response filter associated with the second discovery procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one fourth parameter may include information which authorizes the second device 120 to monitor a ProSe response code during the second discovery procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one fourth parameter may include information about a validity duration during which the second discovery procedure is performed.
[0097] With the above first and second trigger information, the discovery procedure between the first device 110-1 and the second device 120 may be performed properly. In the following, some example operations of the first device 110-1 and the second device 120 during the discovery procedure will be discussed.
[0098] In case of Model A, as for the first device 110-1, if it is determined that the discovery model of the discovery procedure is the Model A, the first device 110-1 may transmit a request for announcing to the network device 130. In response to receiving the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code from the network device 130, the first device110-1 may start announcing the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code on a PC5 interface. Accordingly, as for the second device 120, if it is determined that a discovery model of the second discovery procedure is Model A, the second device 120 may transmit a request for monitoring to the network device 130. In response to receiving the discovery filter from the network device 130, the second device 120 may start monitoring the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code on a PC5 interface by using the discovery filter.
[0099] In case of Model B, as for the first device 110-1, if it is determined that a discovery model of the first discovery procedure is the Model B, the first device 110-1 may transmit a discovery request to the network device 130. In response to receiving the discovery query filter and the ProSe response code from the network device 130, the first device 110-1 may start monitoring at least one ProSe query code on a PC5 interface. If it is determined that a ProSe query code of the at least one ProSe query code matches the discovery query filter, the first device 110-1 may announce the ProSe response code on the PC5 interface. Accordingly, as for the second device 120, if it is determined that a discovery model of the second discovery procedure is Model B, the second device 120 may transmit a discovery request to the network device 130. In response to receiving the ProSe query code and the discovery response filter from the network device 130, the second device 120 may start announcing the ProSe query code on a PC5 interface. The second device 120 may monitor at least one ProSe response code on the PC5 interface. Then, the second device 120 may determine whether a ProSe response code of the at least one ProSe response code matches the discovery response filter.
[0100] As discussed above, the first device 110-1 and / or the second device 120 may be not capably of sidelink-based discovery procedure. In view of this, more discovery manners need to be introduced, such that the first device 110-1 may be discovered by the second device 120. Such example embodiments will be discussed in the following.
[0101] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 may receive a first indication from the network device 130, where the first indication may indicate the second device 120 to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on a sidelink discovery-based manner, for example, both the first device 110-1 and the second device 120 may be capable of the sidelink-based discovery.
[0102] Alternatively, the second device 120 may receive a second indication from the network device 130, where the second indication may indicate the second device 120 to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on measurement-based manner. Based on the on the second indication, even if the sidelink-based discovery is not supported by the first device 110-1 / the second device 120, the second device 120 still may discover the first device 110-1.
[0103] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, during the measurement-based manner, the second device 120 may discover the first device 110-1 based on the connection quality. Specifically, in some example embodiments, the second device 120 may receive configuration information from the network device 130, where the configuration information may indicate the second device 120 to determine at least one candidate sensing receiver based on a measurement-based manner. In some embodiment, the configuration information may include a second indication indicating the second device 120 to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on measurement-based manner, and / or the quality threshold, related measurement resources and so on.
[0104] The second device 120 may determine whether a signal quality between the second device 120 and the first device 110-1 meets a quality criterion (such as, larger than a RSRP threshold) . If it is determined that the signal quality meets the quality criterion, the second device 120 may determine the first device 110 as a candidate sensing receiver.
[0105] In some example embodiments, the quality criterion may be related to a reference signal receiving power (RSRP) threshold, and the signal quality may be associated with at least one of the following: sensing signals, synchronization signals (SSs) , or communication reference signals.
[0106] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a plurality of factors may be used for determining whether a candidate receiver (either a terminal device or a RAN node) may be capable of being a candidate sensing receiver, as discussed below.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 may determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on a performing result of a sidelink discovery procedure between the second device 120 and the candidate device. Alternatively, or in addition, the second device 120 may determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on a measurement result of the candidate device. Alternatively, or in addition, the second device 120 may determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on whether the second device 120 and the candidate device are in the same cell. Alternatively, or in addition, the second device 120 may determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on a received signal strength of a discovery message transmitted by the candidate device. Alternatively, or in addition, the second device 120 may determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on a distance between the second device 120 and the candidate device. Alternatively, or in addition, the second device 120 may determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on line of sight (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) information between the second device 120 and the candidate device. Alternatively, or in addition, the second device 120 may determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on radar cross section (RCS) of the second device 120 observed at the candidate device. In this way, the second device 120 may determine a candidate sensing more flexible.
[0108] As discussed above, there may be a plurality of first device 110, and similar processes also may be applicable to the other first device 110. As a result, the second device 120 (which may include the sensing transmitter and the target UE / sending object) may determine a set of candidate sensing receivers.
[0109] Optionally, one second device 120 (such as, the second device 120-1 in FIG. 1, which may be a sensing transmitter) may transmit a first set of sensing receivers to the network device 130. Alternatively, or in addition, another second device 120 (such as, the second device 120-2 in FIG. 1, which may be a sensing object) may transmit a second set of sensing receivers to the network device 130. Based on the first and / or the second set of receivers, the network device 130 may determine a proper sensing receiver, such as, the first device 110-1.
[0110] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first device 110-1 may determine whether to function as a candidate sensing receiver by itself. In this way, if the first device 110-1 is not suitable of being a candidate sensing receiver (such as, being in a low power state) , the first device 110-1 may refuse to function as a candidate sensing receiver. Specifically, in some example embodiments, the first device 110 may receive a message from either the second device 120 or the network device 130, where the message is used to query the first device 110-1 to confirm whether the first device 110-1 supports to be operated as a sensing receiver. The first device 110-1 may respond accordingly.
[0111] Merely for a better understanding about the above example embodiments, example embodiments will be discussed with reference to FIG. 5, which illustrates a signaling flow 500 for sensing receiver determination in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be noted that the signaling flow 500 should not be considered as any limitation for the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 400 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1, for example, by using, the first device (s) 110, the second device 120-1 (which may be a sensing transmitter) , the second device 120-2 (which may be a sensing object) , and the network device 130. In the example of FIG. 5, the network device 130 may include a server 550 (such as, SF, LMF and so on) and / or Prose function / Prose application server 560.
[0112] Further, it should be noted that in the signaling flow 500, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. For one example, the action 502 (or 506) , action 510 (or 514) , and action 524 (or 528) may be performed in any suitable order or be performed simultaneously. For another example, actions 508, 516 and 530 also may be performed in any suitable order or be performed simultaneously. It should be noted that other actions in FIG. 5 also may be adjusted.
[0113] In some cases, a sidelink discovery procedure with Model A and / or other discovery manners may be performed. Such processes will be discussed in the following.
[0114] As illustrated in FIG. 5, in operation, the server 550 may trigger (502) the second device 120-2 (i.e., a sensing object, also call as a target UE sometimes) to discover one or more candidate sensing receivers (i.e., the first device (s) 110) around it, such as, by providing the second trigger information as discussed above. In some embodiments, the second trigger information may indicate the requirements for the sensing receiver UE, such as sensing capability requirements, required quantity, and so on.
[0115] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain a discovery model indication of Model A , i.e., an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure.
[0116] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may additionally contain the authorization information which authorize the second device 120-2 to monitor, and / or the information to determine a discovery filter (s) associated with the sensing procedure / function / service. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain a duration of validity timer to discovery the sensing receiver UEs.
[0117] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may be delivered (502) from the server 550 to the second device 120-2 directly. Alternatively, the second trigger information may be interacted (504) between the server 550 and / or the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App server 560. Then, the server 550 and / or the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App 560 which serves the second device 120-2 may authorize (506) the second device 120-2 to monitor.
[0118] The second device 120-2 may discover (508) the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver UE) that meets the requirements through the sidelink discovery procedure, and collect the necessary information.
[0119] In some embodiments, the second device 120-2 is authorised to monitor. If so, when the second device 120-2 is triggered to monitor, the second device 120-2 sends a discovery request for monitoring to the ProSe Function for open ProSe Direct Discovery or for restricted ProSe Direct Discovery. In addition, for restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, the ProSe Function further interacts with the ProSe Application server for the authorization of the discovery request. If the request is successful and the second device 120-2 is provided with a Discovery Filter consisting of ProSe Application Code (s) / ProSe Restricted Code (s) and / or ProSe Application Mask (s) , the second device 120-2 starts monitoring for these ProSe Application Codes / ProSe Restricted Codes on the PC5 interface.
[0120] When the second device 120-2 detects that one or more ProSe Application Code (s) / ProSe Restricted Code (s) that match the filter, second device 120-2 reports the ProSe Application Code (s) / ProSe Restricted Code (s) to the ProSe Function.
[0121] In the example of FIG. 5, the server 550 also triggers (510) the first device 110-1 (i.e., the sensing enabled / capable UEs) to be discovered as (candidate) sensing receiver, such as, by providing the first trigger information as discussed above.
[0122] In some embodiments, the first trigger information may indicate the requirements for the sensing receiver UE, such as sensing capability requirements, and so on.
[0123] In some embodiments, the first trigger information may additionally contain Discovery Model indication Model A, i.e., an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure.
[0124] In some embodiments, the first trigger information may contain authorization information which authorize the first devices 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver UEs) to announce.
[0125] In some embodiments, the first trigger information may contain the information to determine a ProSe Application Code / ProSe Restricted Code associated with the sensing procedure / function / service. In some embodiments, the first trigger information may contain duration of validity timer to be discovered as candidate sensing receiver UEs.
[0126] In some embodiments, the first trigger information may be delivered (510) from the server 550 to the first device 110 directly. Alternatively, the first trigger information may be interacted (512) between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App server 560. Then, the server 550 and / or the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App 560 which serves the first device 110 may authorize (514) the first device 110 to announce.
[0127] In some embodiments, the first device 110 is authorised to announce. If so, when the first device 110 is triggered to announce, the first device 110 sends a discovery request for announcing to the ProSe Function in HPLMN for open ProSe Direct Discovery, or for restricted ProSe Direct Discovery. In addition, for restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, the ProSe Function further interacts with the ProSe Application server for the authorization of the discovery request. If the request is successful and is provided with ProSe Application Code / ProSe Restricted Code, the first device 110 starts announcing on PC5 interface.
[0128] For ProSe restricted discovery and UE requests "on demand" announcing, ProSe Restricted Code may be provided to the first device 110 after this procedure. In this case, the first device 110 waits for the ProSe Restricted Code allocation and starts to announce the ProSe Restricted Code on PC5 after receiving it in Announcing Alert procedure. The first device 110 may perform (516) the sidelink discovery.
[0129] In some embodiments, the second device 120-2 may report (518) the collected information of the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver) that meets the requirements to the server 550. The reported information may include the ID, sensing capability, and other information of the candidate sensing receiver UEs. Alternatively, the candidate sensing receiver UE information may be firstly reported (520) from the second device 120-2 to ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560, then the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560 deliveries (522) it to the server 550. For example, interacts between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560.
[0130] To ensure that the first devices 110 (i.e., the sensing receiver UE) may receive the reference signa. The server 550 may request (524) the sensing transmitter device (i.e., the second device 120-1) to discover the candidate sensing receiver UEs, such as, by providing the second trigger information. The second trigger information may indicate the requirements for the sensing receiver UE, such as sensing capability requirements, link quality requirements, and so on. It is also possible to include a list of candidate sensing receiver UEs provided by the target UE in the request information, in order to facilitate targeted search by the transmitter device.
[0131] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may additionally contain a discovery model indication of Model A, i.e., an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure.
[0132] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may additionally contain the authorization information which authorize the target UE to monitor, and / or the information to determine a discovery filter (s) associated with the sensing procedure / function / service. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain a duration of validity timer to discovery the sensing receiver UEs.
[0133] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may be delivered (524) from the server 550 to the second device 120-1 directly. Alternatively, the second trigger information may be interacted (526) between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App server 560. Then, the server 550 and / or the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App 560 which serves the second device 120-1 may authorize (528) the second device 120-1 to monitor.
[0134] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 is authorised to monitor. If so, when the second device 120-1 is triggered to monitor, the second device 120-1 sends a discovery request for monitoring to the ProSe Function for open ProSe Direct Discovery or for restricted ProSe Direct Discovery. In addition, for restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, the ProSe Function further interacts with the ProSe Application server for the authorization of the discovery request. If the request is successful and the second device 120-1 is provided with a Discovery Filter consisting of ProSe Application Code (s) / ProSe Restricted Code (s) and / or ProSe Application Mask (s) , the second device 120-2 starts monitoring for these ProSe Application Codes / ProSe Restricted Codes on the PC5 interface.
[0135] When the second device 120-1 detects (530) that one or more ProSe Application Code (s) / ProSe Restricted Code (s) that match the filter, it reports the ProSe Application Code (s) / ProSe Restricted Code (s) to the ProSe Function.
[0136] In some embodiments, if the second device 120-1 is a RAN node, the sidelink-based discovery is not appliable and not reliable to ensure a good link quality between the second device 120-1 and the first devices 110. In this event, the discovery procedure between the second device 120-1 and the first device 110 may be replaced by link quality measurement, for example, a RSRP measurement for the link between the second device 120-1 and candidate sensing receiver UEs. The RSRP measurement may be based on dedicated sensing reference signals, synchronization signals, and any other proper reference signals. In some embodiment, the network device 130 may provide information related to the discovery method to determine the candidate sensing receiver UE, for example, a sidelink discovery based or link quality measurement based.
[0137] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 determines the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver UE) that meets the requirements and collects (530) the necessary information.
[0138] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 may report (532) the collected information of the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver) that meets the requirements to the server 550. The reported information may include the ID, sensing capability, and other information of the candidate sensing receiver UEs. Alternatively, the candidate sensing receiver UE information may be firstly reported (534) from the second device 120-2 to ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560, then the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560 deliveries (536) it to the server 550. For example, interacts between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560.
[0139] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 reports (532) the candidate sensing receiver UE information that meets the requirements to the server 550. If the request information in step 524 includes a list of candidate sensing receiver UEs provided by the target UE, the reported information may indicate whether the candidate sensing receiver UEs can be identified / detected by the second device 120-1.
[0140] Alternatively, in some embodiments, the candidate sensing receiver UE information may be firstly reported (534) from the second device 120-2device to ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560, then the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560 deliveries (536) it to the server 550.
[0141] Finally, the server 550 selects (538) the final sensing receiver UE based on the information provided by the second device 120-1 and the second device 120-2, to ensure that the selected sensing receiver UE is around the second device 120-2 and can receive the reference signal of the second device 120-1.
[0142] In some cases, a sidelink discovery procedure with Model B and / or other discovery manner may be performed. Such processes will be discussed in the following.
[0143] As illustrated in FIG. 5, in operation, server 550 may trigger (502) the second device 120-2 (i.e., a sensing object, also call as a target UE sometimes) to discover candidate sensing receivers (the first devices 110) around it. In some embodiments, the second trigger information may indicate the requirements for the sensing receiver UE, such as sensing capability requirements, required quantity, and so on.
[0144] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may additionally contain a discovery model indication of Model B , i.e., an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure. In some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain authorization information which authorize the second device 120-2 (i.e., the target UE) to monitor / as a Discoverer UE. In some embodiments, the second trigger information may additionally contain the information to determine a ProSe Query Code and / or Discovery response coede Filter (s) associated with the sensing procedure / function / service. In some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain duration of validity timer to discovery sensing receiver UEs.
[0145] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may be delivered (502) from the server 550 to the second device 120-2 directly. Alternatively, the second trigger information may be interacted (504) between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App server 560. Then, the SF and / or the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App 560 which serves the second device 120-2 may authorize (506) the second device 120-2.
[0146] The second device 120-2 discovers (508) the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver) that meets the requirements through the sidelink discovery procedure, and collect the necessary information by following procedures.
[0147] In some embodiments, if the second device 120-2is authorised to perform restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, Model B, as a Discoverer UE, the following steps take place. When the second device 120-2 is triggered to perform restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, Model B, it sends a discovery request to the ProSe Function in the HPLMN for a ProSe Query Code. The ProSe Function further interacts with ProSe Application server for the authorization of the discovery request. If the request is successful and the second device 120-2 is provided with a ProSe Query Code and the Discovery Response Filter (s) consisting of ProSe Response Code (s) and ProSe Application Mask (s) , the second device 120-2announces the ProSe Query Code on the PC5 interface. Then, second device 120-2 starts to monitor on PC5 interface for any ProSe Response Code (s) that might match the Discovery Response Filter (s) . When the UE detects a match for one or more ProSe Response Code (s) , it reports the ProSe Response Code to the ProSe Function.
[0148] In the example of FIG. 5, the server 550 also triggers (510) the first device 110 (i.e., the sensing enabled / capable UEs) to be discovered as (candidate) sensing receiver. The first trigger information may indicate the requirements for the sensing receiver UE, such as sensing capability requirements, and so on.
[0149] In some embodiments, the first trigger information may additionally contain Discovery Model indication "Model B" , i.e., an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure. In some embodiments, the first trigger information may contain authorization information which authorize the candidate sensing receiver UE to announce / as a Discoveree UE. In some embodiments, the first trigger information may contain the information to determine a ProSe Response Code and / or Discovery Query Filter (s) associated with the sensing procedure / function / service. In some embodiments, the first trigger information may contain duration of validity timer to be discovered as candidate sensing receiver UEs.
[0150] In some embodiments, the first trigger information may be delivered (510) from the server 550 to the first device 110 directly. Alternatively, the second trigger information may be interacted (512) between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App server 560. Then, the server 550 and / or the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App 560 which serves the target UE may authorize (514) the first device 110.
[0151] In some embodiments, if the first device 110 is authorised to perform restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, Model B, as a Discoveree UE, the following steps take place. When the first device 110is triggered to perform restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, Model B, it sends a discovery request to the ProSe Function in the HPLMN to obtain a ProSe Response Code. The ProSe Function further interacts with ProSe Application server for the authorization of the discovery request. If the request is successful and the first device 110is provided with a ProSe Response Code and an associated Discovery Query Filter (s) , then the first device 110starts monitoring for the ProSe Query Code on PC5 interface. If a received ProSe Query Code matches any of the Discovery Query Filter (s) , the first device 110announces the associated ProSe Response Code on the PC5 interface.
[0152] In some embodiments, the second device 120-2 may report (518) the collected information of the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver) that meets the requirements to the server 550. The reported information may include the ID, sensing capability, and other information of the candidate sensing receiver UEs. Alternatively, the candidate sensing receiver UE information may be firstly reported (520) from the second device 120-2 to ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560, then the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560 deliveries (522) it to the server 550. For example, interacts between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560.
[0153] To ensure that the first devices 110 (i.e., the sensing receiver UE) may receive the reference signal. The server 550 may request (524) the second device 120-1 (i.e., the sensing transmitter device) to discover the candidate sensing receiver UEs, such as, by providing the second trigger information. The second trigger information may indicate the requirements for the sensing receiver UE, such as sensing capability requirements, link quality requirements, and so on. It is also possible to include a list of candidate sensing receiver UEs provided by the target UE in the request information, in order to facilitate targeted search by the transmitter device.
[0154] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may additionally contain a discovery model indication of Model B, i.e., an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure.
[0155] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain authorization information which authorize the second device 120-2 to monitor / as a Discoverer UE. In some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain the information to determine a ProSe Response Code and / or Discovery Query Filter (s) associated with the sensing procedure / function / service. In some embodiments, the second trigger information may contain duration of validity timer to discovery sensing receiver UEs.
[0156] In some embodiments, the second trigger information may be delivered (524) from the server 550 to the second device 120-1 directly. Alternatively, the second trigger information may be interacted (526) between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App server 560. Then, the server 550 and / or the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App 560 which serves the second device 120-1 may authorize (528) the second device 120-1.
[0157] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 authorised to perform restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, Model B, as a Discoverer UE, the following steps take place. When the UE is triggered to perform restricted ProSe Direct Discovery, Model B, the second device 120-1 sends a discovery request to the ProSe Function in the HPLMN for a ProSe Query Code. The ProSe Function further interacts with ProSe Application server for the authorization of the discovery request. If the request is successful and the UE is provided with a ProSe Query Code and the Discovery Response Filter (s) consisting of ProSe Response Code (s) and ProSe Application Mask (s) , the second device 120-1 announces the ProSe Query Code on the PC5 interface. The second device 120-1 starts to monitor on PC5 interface for any ProSe Response Code (s) that might match the Discovery Response Filter (s) . When the second device 120-1 detects a match for one or more ProSe Response Code (s) , it reports the ProSe Response Code to the ProSe Function.
[0158] In some embodiments, if the second device 120-1 is a RAN node, the sidelink-based discovery is not appliable and not reliable to ensure a good link quality between the second device 120-1 and the first devices 110. In this event, the discovery procedure between the second device 120-1 and the first device 110 may be replaced by link quality measurement, for example, a RSRP measurement for the link between the second device 120-1 and candidate sensing receiver UEs. The RSRP measurement may be based on dedicated sensing reference signals, synchronization signals, and any other proper reference signals. In some embodiment, the network device 130 may provide information related to the discovery method to determine the candidate sensing receiver UE, for example, a sidelink discovery based or link quality measurement based.
[0159] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 determines the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver) that meets the requirements and collects (530) the necessary information by following procedures.
[0160] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 may report (532) the collected information of the first device 110 (i.e., the candidate sensing receiver) that meets the requirements to the server 550. The reported information may include the ID, sensing capability, and other information of the candidate sensing receiver UEs. Alternatively, the candidate sensing receiver UE information may be firstly reported (534) from the second device 120-2 to ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560, then the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560 deliveries (536) it to the server 550. For example, interacts between the server 550 and / or ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560.
[0161] In some embodiments, the second device 120-1 reports (532) the candidate sensing receiver UE information that meets the requirements to the server 550. If the request information in step 524 includes a list of candidate sensing receiver UEs provided by the target UE, the reported information may indicate whether the candidate sensing receiver UEs can be identified / detected by the second device 120-1.
[0162] Alternatively, in some embodiments, the candidate sensing receiver UE information may be firstly reported (534) from the second device 120-2device to ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server 560, then the ProSe Function and / or ProSe App Server deliveries (536) it to the server 550.
[0163] Finally, the server 550 selects (538) the final sensing receiver UE based on the information provided by the second device 120-1 and the second device 120-2, to ensure that the selected sensing receiver UE is around the second device 120-1 and can receive the reference signal of the second device 120-1.
[0164] Based on sidelink discovery, UE A can discovery UE B based on the reception of discovery message. However, considering the discovery message transmission is conducted in limited time and frequency domain resource, as well as the different designs of discovery message and sensing signal, it can be concluded that a successful discovery procedure in UE A is not equal to a successful reflected sensing signal reception in UE A.
[0165] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a plurality of factors may be used for determining or selecting the candidate sensing receiver. Example embodiments will be discussed as below.
[0166] In some embodiments, more conditions may be added to the sidelink discovery procedure, not only the candidate sensing receiver is discovered, but also the received discovery message has higher enough RSRP.
[0167] In some embodiments, after the sidelink discovery procedure or in additional to the discovery procedure to determine a set of candidate sensing receiver UE, following procedures can be also further considered.
[0168] One procedure is positioning procedure which is used to check whether the distance between the target UE and sensing receiver is shorter enough. The positioning procedure could be RAN depended on or RAN in-depended on positioning or sidelink positioning.
[0169] Another procedure is positioning procedure which is used to check whether the LOS / NLOS information shows that the link between the target UE and sensing receiver has high enough possibility of LOS.
[0170] A further procedure is sensing or sensing attempt procedure to check whether the radar cross section (RCS) of the target UE observed at sensing receiver is larger enough. Further, more conditions also may be checked, e.g., RSRP of the sensing signal received is larger enough.
[0171] As discussed above, the target use case are complicated, where the any of the sensing transmitter, the target UE / sensing object, or the candidate sensing receiver (s) may be either terminal device or an RAN node. Therefore, the sidelink discovery based-only method may not be enough to determine sensing receiver, that is because the RAN network node cannot be participated in the sidelink discovery procedure. According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, a new flow for sensing receiver determination may be implemented.
[0172] In operation, a sensing transmitter (such as, the second device 120-1 in FIG. 1, which may be either a RAN node or a terminal device) determines candidate sensing receiver set A based on link quality measurement, where the candidate sensing receiver may comprise RAN node and / or UE.
[0173] In some embodiments, the sensing transmitter may directly request the RAN node and / or UE within sensing receiver set A to confirm whether can act as sensing receiver.
[0174] Alternatively, in some embodiments, the sensing transmitter request a network device 130 (such as, SF or LMF) to confirm whether the candidate sensing receiver set A may act as a sensing receiver. In some embodiments, the sensing transmitter may transmit the sensing receiver set A to the network device and the network device may determine a second set of candidate sensing receiver set B. For a RAN node belongs to the set B, the network device may request the RAN node to confirm whether can act as a sensing receiver of the target UE, such as, based on location information and / or LOS / NLOS information derived from positioning procedure, whether belong to same cell and so on. For a UE belongs to the set B, SF request the UE and target UE to trigger a sidelink discovery procedure (as discussed above) .
[0175] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 600 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 (the first device 110-1 or the first device 110-2) in FIG. 1.
[0176] At block 610, the first device 110 receives, from a network device, first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by at least one second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the at least one second device, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model B.
[0177] At block 620, the first device 110 performs the discovery procedure based on the first trigger information.
[0178] In some example embodiments, the at least one first parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the first device to announce the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0179] In some example embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is the Model A, the first device 110 transmits a request for announcing to the network device; and in response to receiving the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code from the network device, start announcing the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code on a PC5 interface.
[0180] In some example embodiments, the at least one second parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery query filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a ProSe response code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0181] In some example embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is the Model B, the first device 110 transmits a discovery request to the network device; in response to receiving the discovery query filter and the ProSe response code from the network device, starts monitoring at least one ProSe query code on the PC5 interface; and in accordance with a determination that a ProSe query code of the at least one ProSe query code matches the discovery query filter, announces the ProSe response code on the PC5 interface.
[0182] In some example embodiments, the first device 110 receives, from the network device, a message to query the first device to confirm whether the first device supports to be operated as a sensing receiver, wherein the message comprises the first trigger information.
[0183] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a ProSe function or a ProSe application server.
[0184] In some example embodiments, the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from at least one second device, the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.
[0185] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 700 implemented at a second device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the second device 120 (the second device 120-1 or the second device 120-2) in FIG. 1.
[0186] At block 710, the second device 120 in accordance with a determination that the second device is capable of sidelink discovery, receives, from a network device, second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover at least one first device during a discovery procedure between the second device and the at least one first device, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B.
[0187] At block 720, the second device 120 performs the discovery procedure based on the second trigger information.
[0188] In some example embodiments, the at least one third parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0189] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is Model A, transmits a request for monitoring to the network device; and in response to receiving the discovery filter from the network device, starts monitoring the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code on a PC5 interface by using the discovery filter.
[0190] In some example embodiments, the at least one fourth parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe query code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a discovery response filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0191] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is Model B, transmits a discovery request to the network device; in response to receiving the ProSe query code and the discovery response filter from the network device, starts announcing the ProSe query code on a PC5 interface; monitor at least one ProSe response code on the PC5 interface; and determines whether a ProSe response code of the at least one ProSe response code matches the discovery response filter.
[0192] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 receives from the network device at least one of the following: a first indication indicating the second device to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on a sidelink discovery-based manner, or a second indication indicating the second device to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on measurement-based manner.
[0193] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 receives, from the network device, configuration information indicating the second device to determine at least one candidate sensing receiver based on a measurement-based manner; determines whether a signal quality between the second device and a first device of at least one first device meets a quality criterion; and in accordance with a determination that the signal quality meets the quality criterion, determines the first device as a candidate sensing receiver.
[0194] In some example embodiments, the quality criterion is related to a reference signal receiving power (RSRP) threshed, and the signal quality is associated with at least one of the following: sensing signals, synchronization signals (SSs) , or communication reference signals.
[0195] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 determines whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on at least one of the following: a performing result of a sidelink discovery procedure between the second device and the candidate device, a measurement result of the candidate device, whether the second device and the candidate device are in a same cell, a received signal strength of a discovery message transmitted by the candidate device, a distance between the second device and the candidate device, line of sight (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) information between the second device and the candidate device, or radar cross section (RCS) of the second device observed at the candidate device.
[0196] In some example embodiments, the second device 120 in accordance with a determination that the candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver, transmits, to the candidate receiver or the network device, a message to confirm whether the candidate receiver supports to be operated as a candidate sensing receiver for the second device.
[0197] In some example embodiments, the candidate device is a terminal device or a radio access network (RAN) node.
[0198] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a ProSe function or a ProSe application server.
[0199] In some example embodiments, the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from at least one second device, and the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.
[0200] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 800 implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800 will be described from the perspective of the network device 130 in FIG. 1.
[0201] At block 810, the network device 130 transmits, to a first device, a first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by a second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the second device.
[0202] At block 820, the network device 130 transmits, to a second device, a second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover the first device during the discovery procedure.
[0203] In some example embodiments, the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B.
[0204] In some example embodiments, the at least one first parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the first device to announce the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0205] In some example embodiments, the at least one second parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery query filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a ProSe response code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0206] In some example embodiments, the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B.
[0207] In some example embodiments, the at least one third parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0208] In some example embodiments, the at least one fourth parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe query code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a discovery response filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0209] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a ProSe function or a ProSe application server.
[0210] In some example embodiments, 30. The network device of claim 22, wherein the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from the second device, and the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.
[0211] FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a device 900 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 900 can be considered as a further example implementation of any of the devices as shown in FIGS. 1 to 8. Accordingly, the device 900 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the first device 110, the second device 120 or the network device 130.
[0212] As shown, the device 900 includes a processor 910, a memory 920 coupled to the processor 910, a suitable transceiver 940 coupled to the processor 910, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 940. The memory 920 stores at least a part of a program 930. The transceiver 940 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 940 may include at least one of a transmitter 942 and a receiver 944. The transmitter 942 and the receiver 944 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 940 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0213] The program 930 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 910, enable the device 900 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 910 of the device 900, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 910 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 910 and memory 920 may form processing means 950 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0214] The memory 920 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 920 is shown in the device 900, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 900. The processor 910 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 900 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0215] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive, from a network device, first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by at least one second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the at least one second device, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model B; and perform the discovery procedure based on the first trigger information. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device as discussed above.
[0216] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: in accordance with a determination that the second device is capable of sidelink discovery, receive, from a network device, second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover at least one first device during a discovery procedure between the second device and the at least one first device, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B; and perform the discovery procedure based on the second trigger information. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the second device as discussed above.
[0217] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a network device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: transmit, to a first device, a first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by a second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the second device; and transmit, to a second device, a second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover the first device during the discovery procedure. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the network device as discussed above.
[0218] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0219] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a network device, first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by at least one second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the at least one second device, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model B; and means for performing the discovery procedure based on the first trigger information. In some embodiments, the first apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 600. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0220] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus comprises means for in accordance with a determination that the second device is capable of sidelink discovery, receiving from a network device, second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover at least one first device during a discovery procedure between the second device and the at least one first device, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B; and means for performing the discovery procedure based on the second trigger information. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 700. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 700. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0221] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a network apparatus is provided. The network apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a first device, a first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by a second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the second device; and means for transmitting, to a second device, a second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover the first device during the discovery procedure. In some embodiments, the network apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 800. In some example embodiments, the network apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 800. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0222] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure provide the following aspects.
[0223] In an aspect, it is proposed a first device comprising: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a network device, first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by at least one second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the at least one second device, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model B; and perform the discovery procedure based on the first trigger information.
[0224] In some embodiments, the at least one first parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the first device to announce the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0225] In some embodiments, the first device is further caused to: in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is the Model A, transmit a request for announcing to the network device; and in response to receiving the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code from the network device, start announcing the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code on a PC5 interface.
[0226] In some embodiments, the at least one second parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery query filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a ProSe response code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0227] In some embodiments, the first device is further caused to: in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is the Model B, transmit a discovery request to the network device; in response to receiving the discovery query filter and the ProSe response code from the network device, start monitoring at least one ProSe query code on the PC5 interface; and in accordance with a determination that a ProSe query code of the at least one ProSe query code matches the discovery query filter, announce the ProSe response code on the PC5 interface.
[0228] In some embodiments, the first device is further caused to: receive, from the network device, a message to query the first device to confirm whether the first device supports to be operated as a sensing receiver, wherein the message comprises the first trigger information.
[0229] In some embodiments, the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a ProSe function or a ProSe application server.
[0230] In some embodiments, the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from at least one second device, and the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.
[0231] In an aspect, it is proposed a second device comprising: a processor configured to cause the second device to: in accordance with a determination that the second device is capable of sidelink discovery, receive, from a network device, second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover at least one first device during a discovery procedure between the second device and the at least one first device, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B; and perform the discovery procedure based on the second trigger information.
[0232] In some embodiments, the at least one third parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0233] In some embodiments, the second device is further caused to: in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is Model A, transmit a request for monitoring to the network device; and in response to receiving the discovery filter from the network device, start monitoring the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code on a PC5 interface by using the discovery filter.
[0234] In some embodiments, the at least one fourth parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe query code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a discovery response filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0235] In some embodiments, the second device is further caused to: in accordance with a determination that a discovery model of the discovery procedure is Model B, transmit a discovery request to the network device; in response to receiving the ProSe query code and the discovery response filter from the network device, start announcing the ProSe query code on a PC5 interface; monitor at least one ProSe response code on the PC5 interface; and determine whether a ProSe response code of the at least one ProSe response code matches the discovery response filter.
[0236] In some embodiments, the second device is further caused to: receive from the network device at least one of the following: a first indication indicating the second device to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on a sidelink discovery-based manner, or a second indication indicating the second device to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on measurement-based manner.
[0237] In some embodiments, the second device is further caused to: receive, from the network device, configuration information indicating the second device to determine at least one candidate sensing receiver based on a measurement-based manner; determine whether a signal quality between the second device and a first device of at least one first device meets a quality criterion; and in accordance with a determination that the signal quality meets the quality criterion, determine the first device as a candidate sensing receiver.
[0238] In some embodiments, the quality criterion is related to a reference signal receiving power (RSRP) threshed, and the signal quality is associated with at least one of the following: sensing signals, synchronization signals (SSs) , or communication reference signals.
[0239] In some embodiments, the second device is further caused to: determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on at least one of the following: a performing result of a sidelink discovery procedure between the second device and the candidate device, a measurement result of the candidate device, whether the second device and the candidate device are in a same cell, a received signal strength of a discovery message transmitted by the candidate device, a distance between the second device and the candidate device, line of sight (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) information between the second device and the candidate device, or radar cross section (RCS) of the second device observed at the candidate device.
[0240] In some embodiments, the second device is further caused to: in accordance with a determination that the candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver, transmit, to the candidate receiver or the network device, a message to confirm whether the candidate receiver supports to be operated as a candidate sensing receiver for the second device.
[0241] In some embodiments, the candidate device is a terminal device or a radio access network (RAN) node.
[0242] In some embodiments, the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a ProSe function or a ProSe application server.
[0243] In some embodiments, the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from at least one second device, and the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.
[0244] In an aspect, it is proposed a network device comprising: a processor configured to cause the network device to: transmit, to a first device, a first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by a second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the second device; and transmit, to a second device, a second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover the first device during the discovery procedure.
[0245] In some embodiments, the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following: at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device, an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B.
[0246] In some embodiments, the at least one first parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the first device to announce the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0247] In some embodiments, the at least one second parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery query filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a ProSe response code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0248] In some embodiments, the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following: an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B, at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, or at least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B.
[0249] In some embodiments, the at least one third parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a discovery filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe application code or ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0250] In some embodiments, the at least one fourth parameter comprises at least one of the following: information for determining a ProSe query code, information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe query code during the discovery procedure, information for determining a discovery response filter associated with the discovery procedure, information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, or information about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.
[0251] In some embodiments, the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a ProSe function or a ProSe application server.
[0252] In some embodiments, the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from the second device, and the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.
[0253] In an aspect, a first device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0254] In an aspect, a second device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0255] In an aspect, a network device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the network device discussed above.
[0256] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0257] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0258] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the network device discussed above.
[0259] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0260] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0261] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the network device discussed above.
[0262] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0263] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0264] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0265] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0266] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0267] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device comprising:a processor configured to cause the first device to:receive, from a network device, first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by at least one second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the at least one second device, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following:at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device,an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B,at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model A, orat least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with the Model B; andperform the discovery procedure based on the first trigger information.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one first parameter comprises at least one of the following:information for determining a proximity based services (ProSe) application code or a ProSe restricted code associated with the discovery procedure,information which authorizes the first device to announce the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, orinformation about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.3.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one second parameter comprises at least one of the following:information for determining a discovery query filter associated with the discovery procedure,information which authorizes the second device to monitor a proximity based services (ProSe) query code during the discovery procedure,information for determining a ProSe response code,information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, orinformation about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.4.The first device of claim 1, wherein the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a proximity based services (ProSe) function or a ProSe application server.5.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from at least one second device, and the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.6.A second device comprising:a processor configured to cause the second device to:in accordance with a determination that the second device is capable of sidelink discovery, receive, from a network device, second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover at least one first device during a discovery procedure between the second device and the at least one first device, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following:an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B,at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, orat least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B; andperform the discovery procedure based on the second trigger information.7.The second device of claim 6, wherein the at least one third parameter comprises at least one of the following:information for determining a discovery filter associated with the discovery procedure,information which authorizes the second device to monitor a proximity based services (ProSe) application code or a ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, orinformation about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.8.The second device of claim 6, wherein the at least one fourth parameter comprises at least one of the following:information for determining a proximity based services (ProSe) query code,information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe query code during the discovery procedure,information for determining a discovery response filter associated with the discovery procedure,information which authorizes the second device to monitor a ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, orinformation about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.9.The second device of claim 6, wherein the second device is further caused to: receive from the network device at least one of the following:a first indication indicating the second device to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on a sidelink discovery-based manner, ora second indication indicating the second device to determine a candidate sensing receiver based on measurement-based manner.10.The second device of claim 6, wherein the second device is further caused to:receive, from the network device, configuration information indicating the second device to determine at least one candidate sensing receiver based on a measurement-based manner;determine whether a signal quality between the second device and a first device of at least one first device meets a quality criterion; andin accordance with a determination that the signal quality meets the quality criterion, determine the first device as a candidate sensing receiver.11.The second device of claim 10, wherein the quality criterion is related to a reference signal receiving power (RSRP) threshed, and the signal quality is associated with at least one of the following:sensing signals,synchronization signals (SSs) , orcommunication reference signals.12.The second device of claim 6, wherein the second device is further caused to:determine whether a candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver based on at least one of the following:a performing result of a sidelink discovery procedure between the second device and the candidate device,a measurement result of the candidate device,whether the second device and the candidate device are in a same cell,a received signal strength of a discovery message transmitted by the candidate device,a distance between the second device and the candidate device,line of sight (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) information between the second device and the candidate device, orradar cross section (RCS) of the second device observed at the candidate device.13.The second device of claim 12, wherein the second device is further caused to:in accordance with a determination that the candidate device is capable of being a candidate sensing receiver, transmit, to the candidate receiver or the network device, a message to confirm whether the candidate receiver supports to be operated as a candidate sensing receiver for the second device.14.The second device of claim 12, wherein the candidate device is a terminal device or a radio access network (RAN) node.15.The second device of claim 6, wherein the network device comprises at least one of the following: a sensing server, a location management function (LMF) , a proximity based services (ProSe) function or a ProSe application server.16.The second device of claim 6, wherein the first device is a candidate sensing receiver of a sensing signal reflected or transmitted from at least one second device, and the second device is a sensing target or a sensing transmitter.17.A network device comprising:a processor configured to cause the network device to:transmit, to a first device, a first trigger information to be used by the first device to enable the first device to be discovered by a second device during a discovery procedure between the first device and the second device; andtransmit, to a second device, a second trigger information to be used by the second device to discover the first device during the discovery procedure.18.The network device of claim 17, wherein the first trigger information indicates at least one of the following:at least one sensing-related requirement for the first device,an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B,at least one first parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, orat least one second parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B.19.The network device of claim 18, wherein the at least one first parameter comprises at least one of the following:information for determining a proximity based services (ProSe) application code or a ProSe restricted code associated with the discovery procedure,information which authorizes the first device to announce the ProSe application code or the ProSe restricted code during the discovery procedure, orinformation about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.20.The network device of claim 18, wherein the at least one second parameter comprises at least one of the following:information for determining a discovery query filter associated with the discovery procedure,information which authorizes the second device to monitor a proximity based services (ProSe) query code during the discovery procedure,information for determining a ProSe response code,information which authorizes the second device to announce the ProSe response code during the discovery procedure, orinformation about a validity duration during which the discovery procedure is performed.21.The network device of claim 17, wherein the second trigger information indicates at least one of the following:an indication indicating a discovery model of the discovery procedure, wherein the discovery model is Model A or Model B,at least one third parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model A, orat least one fourth parameter to be used during a discovery procedure with Model B.