Method for producing p-type charge-selective layers for photovoltaic devices
SAOCSLs deposited via PVD address the challenges of non-homogeneous deposition and high costs in p-type charge-selective layers, achieving higher efficiency and scalability in photovoltaic devices by forming conformal layers on textured substrates.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SOLARLAB AIKO EUROPE GMBH
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for producing p-type charge-selective layers in photovoltaic devices, particularly for hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) junctions, face challenges such as non-homogeneous deposition, high production costs, and poor compatibility with textured substrates, leading to reduced power conversion efficiency and scalability issues.
The use of self-assembled organic charge-selective layers (SAOCSLs) deposited via physical vapor deposition (PVD), comprising anchoring, terminal, and linker groups, to form a conformal and homogeneous layer on textured substrates, overcoming the limitations of wet-chemical methods.
SAOCSLs provide higher power conversion efficiency, improved homogeneity, and reduced parasitic absorption, enhancing the performance and scalability of photovoltaic devices, particularly on textured substrates, with reduced production costs.
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Abstract
Description
Method for Producing p-type Charge-Selective Layers for Photovoltaic DevicesTechnical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of photovoltaics, and in particular to a method for producing p-type charge-selective layers for photovoltaic devices.Background
[0002] The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of photovoltaic (PV) devices is a critical factor in their overall performance and value. Currently, end-customers can purchase commercial PV modules with PCEs above 24%. The key component of a PV module that converts incident light energy into electricity is usually a (single) pn-junction based on crystalline silicon (c-Si) semiconductor, as in most of the PV modules (>90%) produced today. Despite numerous efforts to boost the PCE of the c-Si PV modules further, fundamentally they are limited, as each semiconductor can efficiently utilize only a certain portion of light spectrum, in which its response produces a significant current. Simultaneously, it is extremely challenging to find even cheaper methods of producing c-Si PV modules, than it is today, due to the required high purity of silicon material and PV device constituents. Therefore, a novel type of semiconductor could potentially revolutionize the PV industry via two possible routes: 1) have higher PCE than the c-Si PV modules or 2) have lower fabrication costs than c-Si PV modules. A recently discovered semiconductor called hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) can potentially fill the role of such novel semiconductor to either provide higher PCE or have lower fabrication costs.
[0003] In 2024 Aiko Solar demonstrated commercial sized modules with a record PCE of 24.2%and it remains questionable, how much further can c-Si PV modules still be improved by cost-effective means, which can be realistically applied in mass production. To overcome this limitation, more semiconducting materials can be stacked on top of each other to absorb different portions of light spectrum and thus effectively produce more electricity on the same device area. Therefore, numerous efforts have been focused recently on finding the best way to fabricate multi-junction PV devices, which have several semiconductors with different energy bandgaps placed on top of each other. Such multi-junction structure should be comprised of at least:
[0004] 1. Junction 1
[0005] a. N-type layer
[0006] b. P-type layer
[0007] 2. Junction 2
[0008] a. N-type layer
[0009] b. P-type layer
[0010] 3. Recombination junction between junction 1 and 2
[0011] More junctions (n) can be added to the multi-junction structure to yield an n-junction PV device with an n-1 recombination junctions needed between each junction.
[0012] In a simplest multijunction device containing HOIHPs, HOIHP can be a part of junction 1, which is placed on top of the junction 2, which can be comprised of a silicon pn-junction. Such 2-junction device can already have PCE > 30%. In addition, the fabrication of HOIHP semiconductors for 1-junction PV devices can be done via low-cost fabrication methods, offering possibility for reducing overall PV production cost of single-junction PV devices (and become cheaper than the c-Si modules with similar PCE) . Thus HOIHP PV devices can potentially meet both of the requirements for the next-generation PV technology mentioned above.
[0013] However, currently, HOIHP PV devices with the highest PCE are fabricated by wet-chemical techniques, which have a number of strong disadvantages when it comes to up-scaling to commercially-relevant size (>1 m2 PV modules) . Especially for multi-junction PV devices having a textured silicon solar cell as substrate (which are most common in the PV industry) , it is challenging to achieve good layer deposition by wet-chemical methods due to inhomogeneity in the deposited wet-film thickness (due to Si wafer texture) and solvent removal (i.e., drying) kinetics.
[0014] Instead, fabricating HOIHP junction for multijunction PV devices with solvent-free methods holds more potential due to different layer formation kinetics from the wet-chemical approaches and ability of conformal layer coating on a substrate.
[0015] One of the layers needed for the HOIHP junction is a p-type layer. Among different p-type materials that can be deposited by the solvent-free methods nickel oxide (NiOx) stands out and is often considered promising due to suitable energy band alignment and possibility to have high hole mobility (depending on the stoichiometry) . Since it can be deposited by PVD methods such as sputtering, this process can be easily up-scaled to a mass-production process.
[0016] However, numerous research findings show that NiOx layers cause excessive non-radiative recombination process at the interface between NiOx and HOIHP layer, which is detrimental to device PCE.
[0017] Self-assembling monolayers (SAMs) present a potential alternative to conventional p-and n-type layers used in HOIHP junctions. However, SAM deposition for fabrication of the HOIHP devices currently has several significant problems:
[0018] 1) Most of the methods for SAM deposition shown in literature today utilize wet-chemical approaches, such as spin-coating or slot-die coating. However, as mentioned above using such processes for coating textured surfaces of a c-Si cell to manufacture a multi-junction PV device with HOIHP junction is challenging due to poor control over the wet-film thickness.
[0019] 2) SAMs deposited by wet-chemical methods often require an additional step of solvent washing to remove residues of the SAM molecules, on top of the strongly bonded SAM layer. Since only the SAM molecules closest to the substrate will have a strong bond with the substrate by the anchoring groups, the rest of the SAM molecules on top of the well-bonded monolayer at the interface with the substrate will be bonded with each other by very weak interactions. Since these molecules will only provide additional barrier for charge extraction and transport as well as cause stability issues, the excess of SAM molecules has to be washed away by a separate step. This is a proven method in academia but in mass production it is challenging to achieve and it will add a significant production cost.
[0020] 3) When considering SAM deposition by wet-chemical methods even on the planar substrates, an issue of spatial inhomogeneity poses a significant threat to the performance of a device. Since this p-type layer is ultra-thin (monolayer) and it is challenging to enable absolutely homogeneous precipitation of SAMs from the solution during the drying process, it’s common to have so-called “pin-holes” in the SAM layers, where HOIHP has a direct contact to the electrode underneath (without SAM in between) . Such contacts have a strong negative impact on the device performance.
[0021] Due to the problems outlined above, it is still hard to deposit SAM layers on a large-area substrates (M6-G12 wafer size) with required homogeneity along the PV device thickness and spatial homogeneity (on the area of the PV device, on which the light is normally illuminated) . Therefore, NiOx despite its numerous disadvantages is still considered a more up-scalable and mass-production ready option, than the SAMs.
[0022] There accordingly remains a need in the art for a method for producing p-type charge-selective layers for photovoltaic devices that overcomes the disadvantages described above regarding methods for SAM deposition and leads to improved power conversion efficiency, applicability to mass production, compatibility to substrates having non-flat micrometer-sized texture, homogeneity of deposition and precisely controlled deposition process.Summary
[0023] The object of the present invention is resolving the issues of SAMs above by using a PVD-based technique to deposit a p-type layer constituted of multiple self-assembled organic charge-selective layers (SAOCSLs) as a part of the HOIHP junction in a single-junction or multi-junction PV device configurations.
[0024] In order to achieve the object above, an aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a p-type charge selective layer for a photovoltaic device, wherein the p-type charge selective layer comprises multiple self-assembled organic charge-selective layers (SAOCSLs) , and the method comprises depositing the SAOCSLs using physical vapor deposition.
[0025] In a further aspect, the SAOCSLs comprise compounds comprising the following:
[0026] 1) anchoring groups for binding to a substrate;
[0027] 2) terminal groups for binding to a functional layer;
[0028] 3) linker groups for linking the anchoring groups with the terminal groups.
[0029] In a further aspect,
[0030] 1) the anchoring groups include phosphonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, cyanoacrylic acid groups, and boronic acid groups;
[0031] 2) the terminal groups include nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups;
[0032] 3) the linker groups include alkyl groups.
[0033] In a further aspect, the photovoltaic device comprises a hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) layer.
[0034] In a further aspect, the SAOCSLs are deposited on a textured substrate having features >300 nm in height.
[0035] In a further aspect, the physical vapor deposition is evaporation or sublimation.
[0036] In a further aspect, the evaporation is performed under a temperature of above 200℃.
[0037] In a further aspect, the SAOCSLs have a thickness of 1-10 nm.
[0038] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing a photovoltaic device, comprising the following steps:
[0039] 1) providing a substrate and depositing a transparent conductive oxide layer on the substrate;
[0040] 2) depositing a p-type charge selective layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer using the method according to any of preceding aspects;
[0041] 3) depositing a HOIHP layer on the p-type charge selective layer and one or more n-type charge selective layer on the HOIHP layer;
[0042] 4) depositing an electrode layer on the n-type charge selective layer; and
[0043] 5) optionally, depositing further transparent conductive oxide layers, p-type charge selective layers, HOIHP layers, n-type charge selective layers and electrode layers.
[0044] Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a photovoltaic device produced by the preceding method.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0045] The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities of the embodiments shown in the drawings.
[0046] Figure 1 shows structure of a PV device in an embodiment of the present invention which has 1 pn-junction (PV device 1) .
[0047] Figure 2 shows structure of a PV device in another embodiment of the present invention which has 2 pn-junctions (PV device 2) .
[0048] Figure 3 shows structure of a PV device in another embodiment of the present invention which has 3 pn-junctions (PV device 3) .
[0049] Figure 4 shows comparison of PCE between the conventional PVD-deposited p-type semiconductor NiOx and one example of PVD-deposited p-type semiconductor SAOCSL described in the invention.
[0050] Figure 5 is a heatmap showing the difference in SAOCSL thickness in nm on 25 different substrates placed in an evaporation mask (total mask size is 21x21 cm2) . Average thickness = 83.7 nm, uniformity of deposition = 95.5%.
[0051] Figure 6 is a micrograph of cross-section view of SAOCSL with 80nm nominal thickness deposited on polished silicon (Si) wafer.
[0052] Figure 7 is micrographs of (a) top view of HOIHP layer on SAOCSL deposited on textured Si substrate, (b) top view of HOIHP layer on SAOCSL deposited on textured Si substrate with higher magnification than (a) highlighting micrometer-sized HOIHP grains, and (c) cross-section view of HOIHP layer on SAOCSL deposited on textured Si substrate highlighting conformal coverage of pyramidal texture of substrate.
[0053] Figure 8 is micrographs of (a) top view of HOIHP layer on NiOx layer deposited on textured Si substrate, (b) top view of HOIHP layer on NiOx deposited on textured Si substrate with higher magnification than (a) highlighting small HOIHP grain, and (c) cross-section view image of HOIHP layer on NiOx deposited on textured Si substrate highlighting non-conformal coverage of pyramidal texture of substrate.
[0054] Figure 9 is micrographs of (a) top view of HOIHP layer on NiOx layer covered with SAOCSL deposited on textured Si substrate, (b) top view of HOIHP layer on NiOx covered with SAOCSL deposited on textured Si substrate with higher magnification than (a) highlighting small HOIHP grains, and (c) cross-section view image of HOIHP layer on NiOx covered with SAOCSL deposited on textured Si substrate highlighting non-conformal coverage of pyramidal texture of substrate.
[0055] Figure 10 is a process figure of an example of fabrication of single-junction solar cells with SAOCSL step-by-step.
[0056] Figure 11 is a plot of an example of current density -voltage curves obtain from the current-voltage (IV) measurement of three different fabricated single-junction solar cells with SAOCSL with thickness between 1-10 nm demonstrating reproducibility of this fabrication method.
[0057] Figure 12: shows a PVD process of SAOCSLs on a substrate
[0058] Detailed Description of the Embodiments
[0059] As described in the Background, methods for producing p-type charge-selective layers for photovoltaic devices in the prior art have problems such as low power conversion efficiency, applicability to mass production, compatibility to substrates having non-flat micrometer-sized texture, and homogeneity of deposition.
[0060] In order to overcome the problems above, the present invention provides a method for preparing a p-type charge selective layer for a photovoltaic device, wherein the p-type charge selective layer comprises multiple self-assembled organic charge-selective layers (SAOCSLs) , and the method comprises depositing the SAOCSLs using physical vapor deposition.
[0061] The present invention demonstrates for the first time that SAOCSL material can be deposited by physical vapor deposition (completely different from wet-chemical) method. The inventors have found that the power conversion efficiency of PV devices with SAOCSLs is higher than that with the conventional inorganic p-type semiconductors, such as NiOx due to superior passivation properties of SAOCSL material. In addition, SAOCSL layer have a reduced parasitic absorption in comparison to conventional p-type semiconductors, such as NiOx. This has a pronounced effect on higher short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage and fill-factor. For example, Fig. 4 shows the PCE of different PV devices having conventional PVD-deposited NiOx vs PVD-deposited SAOCSL. Interestingly, the combination of NiOx with SAOCSL does not result in the improved PCE, due to significant parasitic light absorption by NiOx.
[0062] The present fabrication method of PV devices with SAOCSL is more applicable to mass production than the conventional method with organic p-type semiconductors, such as SAMs or SAOCSLs via wet-chemical-based techniques. The deposition rate can be controlled more precisely, the spatial homogeneity of the deposited layer is higher, and the production yield of PV devices is higher. Fig. 5 shows the difference between the set (nominal) layer thickness of 80nm during the deposition and the final measured thickness of the deposited SAOCSL in different locations of a 21x21cm2 area. With the mean measured thickness of 83.7 nm (Fig. 6 shows an example of a layer cross-section, exhibiting excellent ultra-flat morphology) , the uniformity of deposition is above 95%. This high spatially uniformity positively effects on the production yield and reproducibility of the final solar cell performance.
[0063] Note that the thickness of the deposited SAOCSL for Fig. 5 and 6 is not the thickness used for SAOCSL in practice (as described above, the SAOCSLs have a thickness of 1-10 nm) . The thickness for Fig. 5 and 6 here is for the purpose of easier observation of morphology and homogeneity.
[0064] In a preferred embodiment, the SAOCSLs comprise compounds comprising the following:
[0065] 1) anchoring groups for binding to a substrate;
[0066] 2) terminal groups for binding to a functional layer;
[0067] 3) linker groups for linking the anchoring groups with the terminal groups.
[0068] In a preferred embodiment, 1) the anchoring groups include phosphonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, cyanoacrylic acid groups, and boronic acid groups;
[0069] 2) the terminal groups include nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups;
[0070] 3) the linker groups include alkyl groups.
[0071] Self-assembling organic charge selective layer (SAOCSL) is a material known in the art for p-type charge-selective layers for photovoltaic devices. SAOCSL has a molecular structure containing carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms. To create anchoring and terminal groups of the SAOCSL, more elements need to be used. In the present invention the SAOCSL has a general structure consisting of 3 components:
[0072] 1) Anchoring group, which is a functional group that binds to the substrate, and include phosphonic acid group (R-H2PO3) , carboxylic acid group (R-HCO2) , cyanoacrylic acid group (R-HCO2N) , boronic acid (R-H2BO2) ;
[0073] 2) Linker group, which is a group / chain of hydrocarbons that links anchoring group with the terminal group, and include aliphatic hydrocarbons, for example, alkyl chains, such as ethane (R-C2H4-R) , propane (R-C3H6-R) , butane (R-C4H8-R) , pentane (R-C5H10-R) hexane (R-C6H12-R) , etc. ;
[0074] 3) Terminal group, which is a functional group that binds to the functional layer, and must contain a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, such as carbazole (C12H8N-R) . However, further terminal groups attached to the phenyl rings of the carbazole, such as methyl (-CH3) , methoxy (-OCH3) , bromide (-Br) , iodide (-I) , chloride (-Cl) , fluoride (-F) are known to further boost the performance of solar cells with SAOCSLs and can also be used to functionalize the carbazole. These 3 parts can be adjusted and fine-tuned to produce different SAOCSLs with different opto-electronic and chemical properties.
[0075] The present invention includes the use of any SAOCSL material having any combination of the anchoring, linker and terminal groups that satisfy the conditions above. The deposition method of the present invention can be applicable to any solid-phase compound constituted by any combinations of anchoring, linker and terminal groups, which satisfy the conditions above. One example of SAOCSL used in the present invention is [4- (3, 6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl) butyl] phosphonic acid, which has a phosphonic acid anchoring group, butane linker group and carbazole terminal group functionalized with 2 methyl groups. Some more examples of the SAOCSL that can be deposited by the present method include (but not limited to) : [2- (9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethyl] phosphonic acid, [2- (3, 6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethyl] phosphonic acid, and 4- (7H-dibenzo [c, g] carbazol-7-yl) butyl] phosphonic acid.
[0076] A person skilled in the art would understand that SAOCSL is not a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) , as there are multiple self-assembling organic layers, stabilized by the van der Waals forces acting between the aliphatic alkyl chains and the pi-pi orbital stacking, while SAM only contains a single layer. SAOCSL is also not a stack of multiple layers of SAM. Multiple SAM layers stacked on top of each other assume a certain structure with a certain symmetry, which is not the case in the SAOCSL. A SAM has a repetitive structure, because the self-assembly is controlled / driven by the (1) anchoring group binding to the substrate and (2) alkyl or aromatic rings balancing each other via van der Waals forces. As soon as one wants to place same type of molecule of top of the bonded monolayer, the anchoring group will not bind well, because it’s doesn’ t have a substrate (with needed elements) underneath (as the SAM does) . Hence, it will have a much more disordered structure than the real SAM, which also affects opto-electronic qualities. Further, as mentioned in the Background, SAMs deposited by wet-chemical methods have disadvantages such as requirement of an additional step of solvent washing, spatial inhomogeneity, etc. On the other hand, SAOCSLs deposited by PVD do not need to be washed with a solvent afterwards to remove non-bonded molecules, and the washing step entails additional capital expenditure costs for the washing equipment and operational expenditure costs for solvents and other materials needed.
[0077] In addition, the SAOCSL has a significant electron-localizing (in other words, hole-selective) properties, having oxygen-containing anchoring groups, which bind well to the metal oxide surfaces. Preferably, the highest occupied molecular orbital level (HOMO) of the SAOCSL is less than 0.4eV higher than the valence band maximum of the HOIHP layer.
[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the photovoltaic device comprises a hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) layer.
[0079] As mentioned above, HOIHP PV devices can potentially meet the PCE requirements for the next-generation PV technology, but HOIHP PV devices fabricated by wet-chemical techniques have strong disadvantages when it comes to up-scaling to commercially-relevant size. The present invention provides a method for fabricating HOIHP PV devices with high PCE using physical vapor deposition. In addition, SAOCSLs of the present invention can be excellent p-type layers with hole-selective functions in HOIHP PV devices. They form excellent interface with the HOIHP layer, which suppresses interfacial non-radiative recombination and allows efficient extraction of holes, while simultaneously having extremely low parasitic light absorption.
[0080] In a preferred embodiment, the SAOCSLs are deposited on a textured substrate having features >300 nm in height.
[0081] As mentioned in the Background, using wet-chemical processes for coating textured surfaces of a c-Si cell to manufacture a multi-junction PV device with HOIHP junction is challenging due to poor control over the wet-film thickness. On the other hand, the present fabrication method of PV devices with SAOCSL is more compatible with textured substrates having non-flat micrometer-sized (300 nm-100 μm) texture, which is common in the PV industry. Due to ability of PVD-based technique to coat the substrate conformally, homogeneous deposition of SAOCSL on virtually any texture mentioned above is possible, providing strong benefit for manufacturing PV devices by the process presented in this invention.
[0082] SAOCSL in PV devices on a textured substrate also provides strong benefits in comparison to the conventional PVD-deposited p-type semiconductors such as NiOx, in terms of performance and stability. SAOCSL forms a strong bond between the S2 and S4 layers, prohibiting the formation of halide vacancies and undercoordinated lead atoms which are known to trigger the degradation of HOIHP. In addition, defect-free interface between substrate and HOIHP layer via SAOCSL (acting as p-type charge selective layer) is beneficial for homogeneous perovskite nucleation and growth of large perovskite crystals. Fig. 7a and 7b clearly shows homogeneous coverage of the substrate pyramidal texture with large micrometer-sized grains. Fig. 7c shows the flawless interface between the substrate covered with SAOCSL and HOIHP layer along the entire cross-section. In contrast, depositing HOIHP layer on top of NiOx (Fig. 8) results in formation of rough HOIHP layer with smaller grains (Fig. 8a and 8b) . In addition, Fig. 8c shows that the interface between the HOIHP and substrate covered with NiOx suffers from occasional voids and local crystal defects, which negatively affect performance (prohibiting extraction of holes) and stability (provides additional pathway for air and moisture molecules) . As evidenced from Fig. 9 placing SAOCSL on top of NiOx (Fig. 9) apparently does not solve the issues above as evidenced by the top-view images in Fig. 9a and 9b, as well as cross-sectional images in Fig 9c, which show similar features to the ones found in Fig. 8. We suppose that since SAOCSL is not crystalline, it mainly follows the roughness and nanoscale morphology of the layer underneath, which results in ultra-flat morphology when it is deposited on S2, but not when it is deposited on NiOx.
[0083] In a preferred embodiment, the physical vapor deposition is evaporation or sublimation.
[0084] In a preferred embodiment, the deposition is performed under a temperature of above 200℃.
[0085] Evaporation of SAOCSL according to the present invention is different than evaporation of SAMs as reported in the prior art, as the present process requires temperature of above 200℃, whereas SAMs in the prior art were evaporated at temperatures of about 140-170℃. Thus, the evaporation process temperature according to the present invention is significantly higher than the one reported in the prior art. Therefore, in comparison to the SAM evaporation, SAOCSL evaporation is significantly more cost-effective allowing higher evaporation rates, which translates into reduced process time (and higher throughput) .
[0086] In a preferred embodiment, the SAOCSLs have a thickness of 1-10 nm.
[0087] The inventor have tried to deposit different thicknesses of SAOCSL and found out that it is beneficial to deposit SAOCSL with thickness of 1-10 nm, therefore it is different from conventional SAM with smaller thickness. For example, the current density-voltage curves of three perovskite solar cells with SAOCSL in Fig. 11 show that perovskite solar cells with SAOCSLs having thickness 1-10 nm are reproducible and have excellent opto-electronic properties: high short-circuit current density (22-24 mA / cm2) , high open circuit voltage (1.1V) and high fill factor (>60%) .
[0088] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing a photovoltaic device, comprising the following steps:
[0089] 1) providing a substrate and depositing a transparent conductive oxide layer on the substrate;
[0090] 2) depositing a p-type charge selective layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer using the method according to any of preceding aspects;
[0091] 3) depositing a HOIHP layer on the p-type charge selective layer and one or more n-type charge selective layer on the HOIHP layer;
[0092] 4) depositing an electrode layer on the n-type charge selective layer; and
[0093] 5) optionally, depositing further transparent conductive oxide layers, p-type charge selective layers, HOIHP layers, n-type charge selective layers and electrode layers.
[0094] Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a photovoltaic device produced by the preceding method.
[0095] Fig. 1-3 show structure of PV devices in exemplary embodiments of the present invention which has 1, 2 and 3 pn-junction respectively.
[0096] Fig. 1 shows structure of PV device 1 with 1 pn-junction. In Fig. 1, S1.1 is a glass-based substrate, S2 is a conductive oxide layer with high transparency in the visible wavelength region, S3 is a p-type charge selective layer, S4 is a hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) layer, S5 is a n-type organic charge selective layer, S6 is a n-type inorganic charge selective layer, S7 is a metal-based electrode, and S8 is an anti-reflective coating.
[0097] Fig. 2 shows structure of PV device 2 with 2 pn-junctions. In Fig. 2, S1.2 is a Si-based substrate, comprised of at least one pn-junction, S2 is a thin conductive oxide layer with high transparency in the visible wavelength region, S3 is a p-type charge selective layer, S4 is a hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) layer, S5 is a n-type organic charge selective layer, S6 is a n-type inorganic charge selective layer, S7 is a metal-based electrode, S8 is an anti-reflective coating, and S9 is a thick conductive oxide layer with high transparency in the visible wavelength region.
[0098] Fig. 3 shows structure of PV device 3 with 3 pn-junctions. In Fig. 3, S1.2 is a Si-based substrate, comprised of at least one pn-junction, S2 is a thin conductive oxide layer with high transparency in the visible wavelength region, S3 is a p-type charge selective layer, S4 is a hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) layer with low bandgap, S5 is a n-type organic charge selective layer, S6 is a n-type inorganic charge selective layer, S7 is a metal-based electrode, S8 is an anti-reflective coating, S9 is a thick conductive oxide layer with high transparency in the UV-visible wavelength region, S10 is a thin conductive oxide layer with high transparency in the visible wavelength region, S11 is a p-type charge-selective layer, S12 is a hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) layer with high bandgap, S13 is a n-type organic charge selective layer, and S14 is a n-type inorganic charge selective layer.
[0099] In PV devices 1, 2 and 3 above, the p-type charge-selective layer can be SAOCSL described in the present invention.
[0100] Exemplary materials of the PV devices are described below.
[0101] S1.1 is an insulating and transparent glass-based substrate which has been cleaned and is extremely planar with a roughness average (R_a) below 50 nm.
[0102] S1.2 is a Si-based substrate with a pyramidal texture comprised of at least one pn-junction. Effectively it is an incomplete Si-based solar cell, that can at least absorb photons, generate excess of free charge carriers (in comparison to the intrinsic number of free charge carriers) and separate them via charge-selective layers, namely n-type (for extracting electrons and blocking holes) and p-type (for extracting holes and blocking electrons) . However, it is an incomplete solar cell as it has no terminal contacts for feeding the extracted electrons to the external circuit.
[0103] S2 is a 1-200nm layer with high transmittance of 70-95%, refractive index (n) of 1.3-2.4, extinction coefficient (k) of 0.05-0.2 in the wavelength region between 400-1000 nm based on metal oxide. It must have a sheet resistance between 1-200 Ohm-sq.
[0104] S3 is a p-type SAOCSL with thickness of 1-10 nm.
[0105] S4 a conformally deposited HOIHP layer containing organic cations, inorganic cations and inorganic anions, which forms together calcium-titanate (CaTiO3) -like crystal structure crystal structure with an energy bandgap between 1-2 eV. It can be deposited by wet-chemical, physical vapor deposition methods or by a combination thereof.
[0106] S5 is an n-type organic charge-selective layer with a thickness of 1-50 nm. Its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) has to be less than 0.4eV lower than the conduction band minimum of the S4 (HOIHP) layer. It is deposited by physical vapor deposition technique, namely, thermal evaporation or sublimation.
[0107] S6 is a buffer layer, needed to protect the sensitive S5 layer from damage during the S7 and S9 layer deposition. The buffer layer is a conformal metal oxide layer deposited by chemical vapor deposition technique, namely atomic-layer deposition (ALD) . It has a thickness of 1-50 nm and is deposited for 10-500 circles.
[0108] S7 is a metallic layer with low bulk resistivity (< 100 μOhm-cm) , usually consisting mainly of silver, copper, aluminum or other earth-abundant metals. It is deposited by screen-printing technique and annealed at 70-150℃.
[0109] S8 is a thin anti-reflective coating, having a refractive index between the refractive indices of air and layer attached to S8 (either S1.1 or S9) . It has a thickness of 100 nm and is deposited by physical vapor deposition techniques. Its purpose is to reduce the reflection losses and thus enhance (mainly) the photogeneration current.
[0110] S9 is a 1-200nm transparent conductive oxide similar to the S2, but having higher transmittance, especially in the low-wavelength region (300-400nm) than S2. It is deposited by physical vapor deposition technique, namely sputtering.
[0111] S10 is a 1-200nm transparent conductive oxide similar to the S9, but can be less transparent than S9, particularly in the low-wavelength region (300-400nm) . It is deposited by physical vapor deposition technique, namely sputtering.
[0112] S11 is a p-type SAOCSL which can be same or very similar to S3. Ideally the highest occupied molecular orbital level (HOMO) of the S11 should be less than 0.4eV higher than the valence band maximum of the S12 (HOIHP) layer. It is deposited by physical vapor deposition technique, namely, thermal evaporation or sublimation. It is deposited at the rate of 0.01 nm / s-1 nm / s.
[0113] S12 is a conformally deposited HOIHP layer containing organic cations, inorganic cations and inorganic anions, which form together calcium-titanate (CaTiO3) -like crystal structure crystal structure with an energy bandgap between 1-2 eV. It has a similar structure to S4 but a significantly larger (at least 0.2eV) bandgap than S4. It can be deposited by wet-chemical, physical vapor deposition methods or by a combination thereof.
[0114] S13 is an n-type organic charge-selective layer with a thickness of 1-50 nm. Its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) has to be less than 0.4eV lower than the conduction band minimum of the S12 (HOIHP) layer. It is deposited by physical vapor deposition technique, namely, thermal evaporation or sublimation.
[0115] S14 is a buffer layer, needed to protect the sensitive S13 layer from damage during the S7 and S9 layer deposition. The buffer layer is a conformal metal oxide layer deposited by chemical vapor deposition technique, namely atomic-layer deposition (ALD) . It has a thickness of 1-50 nm and is deposited for 10-500 circles.
[0116] Fig. 10 shows an exemplary process of fabrication of the PV devices step-by-step.
[0117] The SAOCSL is deposited at the rate of 0.01 nm / s-1 nm / s. First, it need to be put the substrate on the loading mask, and then it will be taken to the loading mask into the loading chamber, and then the loading chamber will be vacuumed and the loading mask will be transferred to the coating chamber, the coating chamber was also vacuumed. Then the deposition process can be done as the deposition parameter set.
[0118] In the manufacturing process of PV device 1, the structure of the solar cell comprises several layers deposited on top of each other, where the first deposited layer is grown on a substrate S1.1. First, the transparent conductive oxide S2 is deposited by a PVD-based technique. Next, SAOCSL is deposited on S2 according to method of present invention to prepare a layer S3 for selectively extracting holes and block electrons form HOIHP layer denoted as S4. The HOIHP layer S4 is absorbing photons with energy higher than the bandgap energy of the HOIHP material, creating electron-hole pairs, which are separated by the charge selective layers S3 and S5. S5 deposited on top of S4 is an organic n-type semiconducting material for selectively extracting electrons and block holes from HOIHP layer S4. S6 is an inorganic n-type semiconducting material for shielding the sensitive S4 and S5 layers from damage during the deposition of S7 layer, which is an electrode for collecting the electrons and feeding them into the external circuit. Finally, the device is completed by depositing an anti-reflective S8 layer to minimize the reflection losses of the solar cell.
[0119] In the manufacturing process of PV device 2, where one of the junctions is based on c-Si material and another on HOIHP material, the structure of the solar cell comprises several layers deposited on top of each other, where the first deposited layer is grown on a substrate S1.2, represented by an incomplete c-Si solar cell without front electrode. Similarly to the process of manufacturing PV device 1, PV device 2 is fabricated by having S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7 and S8 layers in it, which have same functions as in PV device 1, except for the S2, which is not only transparent conductive layer, but also a recombination layer to enable recombination of electron from c-Si pn-unction with a hole form HOIHP junction. However, process of manufacturing PV device 2 also includes deposition of layer S9 to enable lateral conduction of electrons through a spatially uniform S9 towards spatially non-uniform S7. The shielding layer S6 is also able to protect the sensitive layers S4 and S5 from damage during the deposition of S9.
[0120] In the manufacturing process of PV device 3, where one of the junctions is based on c-Si material and other two on HOIHP material, the structure of the solar cell comprises several layers deposited on top of each other, where the first deposited layer is grown on a substrate S1.2, represented by an incomplete c-Si solar cell without front electrode. Similarly to the process of manufacturing PV device 2, PV device 3 is fabricated by having S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8 and S9 layers in it, which have same functions as in PV device 2, except for S6, which is shielding the sensitive layers S4 and S5 from damage during the deposition of S10. In addition, process of manufacturing PV device 3 also includes deposition of layers S10, S11, S12, S13 and S4 for adding a third junction to the structure of a PV device 2. S 10 is a transparent conductive layer deposited to enable recombination of electrons from HOIHP junction 1 with holes from HOIHP junction 2. S11 is SAOCSL deposited on S10 for selectively extracting holes and block electrons from HOIHP layer 2 denoted as S12. HOIHP layer 1 and HOIHP layer 2 have significantly different thickness (> 100nm) and energy bandgaps (> 0.3eV) . S13 is an organic n-type semiconducting material for selectively extracting electrons from S12. S14 is an inorganic n-type semiconducting material for shielding the sensitive layers S4 and S5 from damage during the deposition of S9.
[0121] The compositions, methods, and articles can alternatively comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, any appropriate materials, steps, or components herein disclosed. The compositions, methods, and articles can additionally, or alternatively, be formulated so as to be devoid, or substantially free, of any materials (or species) , steps, or components, that are otherwise not necessary to the achievement of the function or objectives of the compositions, methods, and articles.
[0122] All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independently combinable with each other. “Combinations” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like, do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms “a” and “an” and “the” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. “Or” means “and / or” unless clearly stated otherwise. Reference throughout the specification to “an aspect” means that a particular element described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect described herein, and may or may not be present in other aspects. The term “combination thereof” as used herein includes one or more of the listed elements, and is open, allowing the presence of one or more like elements not named. In addition, it is to be understood that the described elements may be combined in any suitable manner in the various aspects.
[0123] Unless specified to the contrary herein, all test standards are the most recent standard in effect as of the filing date of this application, or, if priority is claimed, the filing date of the earliest priority application in which the test standard appears.
[0124] Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this application belongs. All cited patents, patent applications, and other references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. However, if a term in the present application contradicts or conflicts with a term in the incorporated reference, the term from the present application takes precedence over the conflicting term from the incorporated reference.
[0125] While particular embodiments have been described, alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents that are or may be presently unforeseen may arise to applicants or others skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims as filed and as they may be amended are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents.
Claims
1.A method for preparing a p-type charge selective layer for a photovoltaic device, wherein the p-type charge selective layer comprises multiple self-assembled organic charge-selective layers (SAOCSLs) , and the method comprises depositing the SAOCSLs using physical vapor deposition.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the SAOCSLs comprises compounds comprising the following:1) anchoring groups for binding to a substrate;2) terminal groups for binding to a functional layer;3) linker groups for linking the anchoring groups with the terminal groups.3.The method according to claim 2, wherein:1) the anchoring groups include phosphonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, cyanoacrylic acid groups, and boronic acid groups;2) the terminal groups include nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups;3) the linker groups include alkyl groups.4.The method according to claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a hybrid organic inorganic halide perovskite (HOIHP) layer.5.The method according to claim 1, wherein the SAOCSLs are deposited on a textured substrate having features >300 nm in height.6.The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical vapor deposition is evaporation or sublimation.7.The method according to claim 6, wherein the evaporation is performed under a temperature of above 200℃.8.The method according to claim 1, wherein the SAOCSLs have a thickness of 1-10 nm.9.A method for producing a photovoltaic device, comprising the following steps:1) providing a substrate and depositing a transparent conductive oxide layer on the substrate;2) depositing a p-type charge selective layer on the transparent conductive oxide layer using the method according to any of claims 1-8;3) depositing a HOIHP layer on the p-type charge selective layer and one or more n-type charge selective layer on the HOIHP layer;4) depositing an electrode layer on the n-type charge selective layer; and5) optionally, depositing further transparent conductive oxide layers, p-type charge selective layers, HOIHP layers, n-type charge selective layers and electrode layers.10.A photovoltaic device produced by the method according to claim 9.