E-beaming crosslinkable EPDM containing polymer blend for artificial leather
A polymer blend of polyolefin elastomer and EPDM rubber with specific ethylene content, crosslinked by irradiation, addresses crosslinking challenges in POE artificial leather, enhancing Bally flex resistance and heat resistance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing polyolefin elastomer (POE) compositions for artificial leather face challenges in achieving effective crosslinking with E-beam irradiation at appropriate dosages, leading to issues like odor and topcoat problems while compromising on properties such as Bally flex resistance and heat resistance.
A polymer blend comprising polyolefin elastomer and at least 3% by weight of EPDM rubber with an ethylene content of 75% or less, crosslinked by irradiation, achieving a gel% of at least 15% by weight, which enhances Bally flex resistance and heat resistance.
The polymer blend provides improved Bally flex resistance and heat resistance in artificial leather, ensuring efficient crosslinking without adverse effects like odor or topcoat issues.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025075444-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025075444-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025075444-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
E-BEAMING CROSSLINKABLE EPDM CONTAINING POLYMER BLEND FOR ARTIFICIAL LEATHERFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a polymer blend for artificial leather, an artificial leather based on crosslinked POE and a method for preparing the same.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Polyolefin elastomer (POE, including olefin block copolymer (OBC) , random POE, and the like) based artificial leather is thought to be an eco-friendly and sustainable artificial leather product. Compared with incumbent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) leather, POE leather is halogen free and also free of phthalate plasticizers. Compared with another incumbent conventional polyurethane (PU) leather, no solvent (e.g. DMF, harmful) is needed during the POE leather manufacturing process. Thus, POE leather production and end of life handling bring less water / air / soil pollution and environment impact. From the view of performance, POE has excellent weatherability and low temperature flexibility, POE is by natural colorless and hydrastable, it is capable to wider color space. POE leather can be applied in applications with lightweight requirement, for example in luggage / bag, shoe and auto applications, because POE density is much lower than PVC (by ~40%) and PU (by ~25%) . POE provides an alternative solution to synthetic leather, in addition to PVC and PU, in both leather performances and sustainability material solution.
[0004] A crosslinking structure of POE layer is favorable for POE artificial leather for solving the tradeoff between hand-feel / processability and leather performances, like Bally flex resistance, which is a characterization of durability / mechanical fatigue during cyclic flexural stress, heat resistance and so on.
[0005] Irradiation, such as E-beaming (EB) , is one of clean crosslinking technologies, which fits the value proposition of POE artificial leather: eco-friendly and sustainable. To utilize EB crosslinking for POE leather, it is required to have a POE composition to enable high efficiency at an appropriate EB dosage. A POE composition with very low melt index favors EB crosslinking. However, it has high molecular weight and hurts POE layer film preparation processability. A high EB dosage could achieve high crosslinking level, but causes other problems, like odor or topcoat issue. Therefore, it is desirable to introduce an EB crosslinking enhancer into POE composition.
[0006] Therefore, there still remains a constant demand for providing a POE composition for artificial leather that can be crosslinked by EB crosslinking at an appropriate EB dosage while providing excellent leather performances, such as improved Bally flex resistance and heat resistance of surface grain after embossing.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides a polymer blend for artificial leather comprising polyolefin elastomer and at least 3%by weight of EPDM rubber with an ethylene content of 75%or less, based on the total weight of the polymer blend, wherein the polymer blend is crosslinked by irradiation and the crosslinked polymer blend has a gel%of at least 15%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method.
[0008] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides an artificial leather comprising a multi-layer structure comprising a top skin layer and a bottom fabric layer, wherein the top skin layer comprises the polymer blend according to the present disclosure.
[0009] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing an artificial leather comprising a multi-layer structure according to the present disclosure, comprising preparing a top skin layer and a bottom fabric layer, wherein the top skin layer comprises a polymer blend comprising polyolefin elastomer and at least 3%by weight of EPDM rubber with an ethylene content of 75%or less, based on the total weight of the polymer blend, laminating the top skin layer and the bottom fabric layer together; and E-beam crosslinking the polymer blend, so that the polymer blend is crosslinked and the crosslinked polymer blend has a gel%of at least 15%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0010] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Also, all publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference.
[0011] The numerical ranges disclosed herein include all values from, and including, the lower and upper value. For ranges containing explicit values (e.g., 1 or 2; or 3 to 5; or 6; or 7) , any subrange between any two explicit values is included (e.g., 1 to 2; 2 to 6; 5 to 7; 3 to 7; 5 to 6; etc. ) . Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percentages are based on weight and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.
[0012] As disclosed herein, the term “composition” , “formulation” , “blend” or “mixture” refers to a physical blend of different components, which is obtained by mixing simply different components by a physical means. The sum of the percentages by weight of each component in a composition is 100 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.
[0013] As disclosed herein, “and / or” means “and, or as an alternative” . All ranges include endpoints unless otherwise indicated.
[0014] The term “polymer” as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer thus, includes the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure) , and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities, such as catalyst residues, can be incorporated into and / or within the polymer. Typically, a polymer is stabilized with very low amounts ( “ppm” amounts) of one or more stabilizers.
[0015] The term “interpolymer” as used herein, refers to polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The term interpolymer thus includes the term copolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers) and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.
[0016] The term “substantially free of” means the content of a certain substance is less than 1 wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, less than 0.2 wt%, less than 0.1 wt%, less than 100 ppm or 0 wt%based on the total weight of the corresponding composition or layer (such as the top skin layer or the middle foam layer) comprising the stated substance.
[0017] Polymer blend
[0018] The polymer blend comprises a polyolefin elastomer and at least 3%by weight of EPDM rubber with an ethylene content of 75%or less, based on the total weight of the polymer blend, wherein the polymer blend is crosslinked by irradiation, such as E-beaming irradiation and the crosslinked polymer blend has a gel%of at least 15%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method. The polymer blend comprises at least 50 wt%, preferably at least 55 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 65 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 75 wt%, at least 80 wt%, at least 90 wt%, or 100 wt%of a polyolefin elastomer based on the total weight of the polymer blend. It may comprise a polyolefin elastomer at a content of no greater than 97 wt%, no greater than 96 wt%, no greater than 95 wt%, no greater than 90 wt%, no greater than 80 wt%, no greater than 70 wt%, or no greater than 65 wt%. Polyolefin elastomer (POE) includes olefin block copolymer (OBC) , random POE, and the like. In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer comprises an olefin block copolymer and / or an ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer.
[0019] The polymer blend is crosslinked and the crosslinked polymer blend has a gel%of at least 15%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method, preferably at least 20%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method, preferably at least 25%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method, more preferably at least 30%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method, even more preferably at least 40%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method. Preferably, the crosslinked polymer blend has a gel%from about 20%to about 100%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method, preferably from about 30%to about 100%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method, more preferably from about 20%to about 99%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method, even more preferably from about 30%to about 90%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method.
[0020] Ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer
[0021] The term “olefin block copolymer (OBC) ” , also called “ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer” or “ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer” as used herein, refers to an interpolymer that includes ethylene and one or more copolymerizable α-olefin comonomers in polymerized form, characterized by multiple blocks or segments of two or more (preferably three or more) polymerized monomer units, the blocks or segments differing in chemical or physical properties. Specifically, this term refers to a polymer comprising two or more (preferably three or more) chemically distinct regions or segments (referred to as “blocks” ) joined in a linear manner, that is, a polymer comprising chemically differentiated units which are joined (covalently bonded) end-to-end with respect to polymerized functionality, rather than in pendent or grafted fashion. The blocks differ in the amount or type of comonomer incorporated therein, the density, the amount of crystallinity, the type of crystallinity (e.g., polyethylene versus polypropylene) , the crystallite size attributable to a polymer of such composition, the type or degree of tacticity (isotactic or syndiotactic) , region-regularity or region-irregularity, the amount of branching, including long chain branching or hyper-branching, the homogeneity, and / or any other chemical or physical property. The block copolymers are characterized by unique distributions of both polymer polydispersity (PDI or Mw / Mn) and block length distribution, e.g., based on the effect of the use of a shuttling agent (s) in combination with catalyst systems. Non-limiting examples of the olefin block copolymers of the present disclosure, as well as the processes for preparing the same, are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,858,706 B2, 8,198,374 B2, 8,318,864 B2, 8,609,779 B2, 8,710,143 B2, 8,785,551 B2, 9,243,090 B2, and US20230058913 which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0022] Ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymers are characterized by multiple blocks or segments of two or more polymerized monomer units, differing in chemical or physical properties.
[0023] In some embodiments, the multi-block copolymers can be represented by the following formula: (AB) n, where n is at least 1, preferably an integer greater than 1, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or higher. Here, “A” represents a hard block or segment, and “B” represents a soft block or segment. Preferably the A segments and the B segments are linked in a substantially linear fashion, as opposed to a substantially branched or substantially star-shaped fashion. In other embodiments, the A segments and the B segments are randomly distributed along the polymer chain. In other words, for example, the block copolymers usually do not have a structure as follows: AAA-AA-BBB-BB. In still other embodiments, the block copolymers do not usually have a third type of block or segment, which comprises different comonomer (s) . In yet other embodiments, each of block A and block B has monomers or comonomers substantially randomly distributed within the block. In other words, neither block A nor block B comprises two or more sub-segments (or sub-blocks) of distinct composition, such as a tip segment, which has a substantially different composition than the rest of the block.
[0024] The olefin block copolymers, in general, are produced via a chain shuttling process, such as, for example, described in U.S. Patent 7,858,706, which is herein incorporated by reference. Some chain shuttling agents and related information are listed in Col. 16, line 39, through Col. 19, line 44. Some catalysts are described in Col. 19, line 45, through Col. 46, line 19, and some co-catalysts in Col. 46, line 20, through Col. 51 line 28. Some process features are described in Col 51, line 29, through Col. 54, line 56. See also the following: U.S. Patent 7,608,668; U.S. Patent 7,893,166; and U.S. Patent 7,947,793 as well as US Patent Publication 2010 / 0197880. See also U.S. Patent 9,243,173.
[0025] Preferably, ethylene comprises the majority mole fraction of the whole ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer, i.e., ethylene comprises at least 40 wt%of the whole ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer. More preferably, ethylene comprises at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, or at least 80 wt%, with the substantial remainder of the whole ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer comprising the C4-C8 α-olefin comonomer, preferably, the C4-C8 α-olefin comonomer may be selected from butene, pentene, hexene, pentene, heptane, and octene, preferably 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. In an embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer contains from 40 wt%, 50 wt%, or 60 wt%, or 65 wt%to 80 wt%, or 85 wt%, or 90 wt%ethylene. For many ethylene / octene multi-block interpolymers, the composition comprises an ethylene content greater than 80 wt%of the whole ethylene / octene multi-block interpolymer and an octene content of from 10 wt%to 15 wt%, or from 15 wt%to 20 wt%of the whole ethylene / octene multi-block interpolymer.
[0026] The ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer includes various amounts of “hard” segments and “soft” segments. “Hard” segments are blocks of polymerized units in which ethylene is present in an amount greater than 90 wt%, or 95 wt%, or greater than 95 wt%, or greater than 98 wt%, based on the weight of the polymer, up to 100 wt%. In other words, the comonomer content (content of monomers other than ethylene) in the hard segments is less than l 0 wt%, or 5 wt%, or less than 5 wt%, or less than 2 wt%, based on the weight of the polymer, and can be as low as zero. In some embodiments, the hard segments include all, or substantially all, units derived from ethylene. “Soft” segments are blocks of polymerized units in which the comonomer content (content of monomers other than ethylene) is greater than 5 wt%, or greater than 8 wt%, or greater than 10 wt%, or greater than 15 wt%, based on the weight of the polymer. In an embodiment, the comonomer content in the soft segments is greater than 20 wt%, or greater than 25 wt%, or greater than 30 wt%, or greater than 35 wt%, or greater than 40 wt%, or greater than 45 wt%, or greater than 50 wt%, or greater than 60 wt%and can be up to 100 wt%.
[0027] The soft segments can be present in an ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer from 1 wt%, or 5 wt%, or 10 wt%, or 15 wt%, or 20 wt%, or 25 wt%, or 30 wt%, or 35 wt%, or 40 wt%, or 45 wt%to 55 wt%, or 60 wt%, or 65 wt%, or 70 wt%, or 75 wt%, or 80 wt%, or 85 wt%, or 90 wt%, or 95 wt%, or 99 wt%of the total weight of the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer. Conversely, the hard segments can be present in similar ranges. The soft segment weight percentage and the hard segment weight percentage can be calculated based on data obtained from DSC or NMR. Such methods and calculations are disclosed in, for example, USP 7, 608, 668, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In particular, hard and soft segment weight percentages and comonomer content may be determined as described in column 57 to column 63 of USP 7,608,668.
[0028] In an embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer is produced in a continuous process and possesses a polydispersity index (Mw / Mn) from 1.7 to 3.5, or from 1.8 to 3, or from 1.8 to 2.5, or from 1.8 to 2.2. When produced in a batch or semi-batch process, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer possesses Mw / Mn from 1.0 to 3.5, or from 1.3 to 3, or from 1.4 to 2.5, or from 1.4 to 2.
[0029] Nonlimiting examples of suitable ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,608,668, the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein.
[0030] In an embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer consists of only (i) ethylene and (ii) a C4-C8 α-olefin.
[0031] In an embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block copolymer has hard segments and soft segments, is styrene-free, consists of only (i) ethylene and (ii) a C4-C8 α-olefin, and is defined as having a Mw / Mn from 1.7 to 3.5.
[0032] In an embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer has a density of between about 0.850 g / cc and about 0.890 g / cc, preferably between about 0.855 g / cc and 0.880 g / cc, more preferably between about 0.858 g / cc and about 0.870 g / cc, even more preferably between about 0.860 g / cc and about 0.868 g / cc.
[0033] Preferably, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer used in the present disclosure has a MI of not greater than about 20 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, preferably not greater than about 18 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, more preferably not greater than about 17 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, more preferably not greater than about 16 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, even more preferably not greater than about 15 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg or not greater than 12 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, Alternatively, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer used in the present disclosure has a MI from about 0.1 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 20 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, preferably about 0.5 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 18 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, more preferably about 1 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 16 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, even more preferably about 5 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 15 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0034] Preferably, the ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer used in the present disclosure has a melting point of 100-130 ℃, more preferably 100-125 ℃, more preferably 110-122 ℃.
[0035] Suitable ethylene / α-olefin multi-block interpolymer can be INFUSETM from Dow, such as INFUSETM 9107N, INFUSETM 9500N, INFUSETM 9507N, or INTUSETM 9807N.
[0036] Ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer
[0037] An ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer (also called random POE) is an ethylene / propylene random copolymer or an ethylene / C4-C8 α-olefin random copolymer. In an embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin copolymer is an ethylene / C4-C8 α-olefin copolymer. The ethylene / C4-C8 α-olefin copolymer is composed of, or otherwise consists of, ethylene and one copolymerizable C4-C8 α-olefin comonomer in polymerized form. The C4-C8 α-olefin comonomer may be selected from butene, pentene, hexene, heptane, and octene, preferably l-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.
[0038] In an embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer used in the present disclosure has a density of between about 0.850 g / cc and about 0.900 g / cc, preferably between about 0.855 g / cc and 0.890 g / cc, more preferably between about 0.857 g / cc and about 0.885 g / cc, even more preferably between about 0.863 g / cc and about 0.880 g / cc.
[0039] Preferably, the ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer used in the present disclosure has a MI of not greater than about 30 g / 10 min (at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg) , preferably not greater than about 25 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, more preferably not greater than about 20 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, more preferably not greater than about 18 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, even more preferably not greater than about 16 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg or not greater than 15 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, Alternatively, the ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer used in the present disclosure has a MI from about 1 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 30 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, preferably about 2 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 20 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, more preferably about 3 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 18 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg, even more preferably about 5 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg to about 15 g / 10 min at 190 ℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0040] Preferably, the ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer used in the present disclosure has a melting point of25-100 ℃, more preferably 30-80 ℃, more preferably 35-70 ℃, even more preferably 40-60 ℃
[0041] Suitable ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer can be ENGAGETM from Dow, such as ENGAGETM 8003, ENGAGETM 8842, ENGAGETM7447, ENGAGETM 8150, ENGAGETM 7467 or ENGAGETM 8137.
[0042] EPDM rubber
[0043] Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber is a terpolymer elastomer derived from ethylene and propylene, along with small amounts of a non-conjugated diene as a third monomer. The non-conjugated diene as a third monomer is selected from the group consisting ofethylidene norbomene (ENB) , dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) , vinyl norbomene (VNB) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD) . Preferably, the EPDM rubber comprises a terpolymer elastomer derived from ethylene, propylene and ethylidene norbornene (ENB) .
[0044] In some embodiments, the EPDM rubber has a content of the non-conjugated diene of 0.1%or more, based on the weight of the EPDM rubber, preferably equal to or more than 0.2%, preferably equal to or more than 0.3%, preferably equal to or more than 0.5%, preferably equal to or more than 0.6%, preferably equal to or more than 0.8%, or preferably equal to or more than 1.0%. In some embodiments, the EPDM rubber has a content of the non-conjugated diene of 20%or less, based on the weight of the EPDM rubber, preferably equal to or less than 15%, preferably equal to or less than 12%, preferably equal to or less than 10%, preferably equal to or less than 9%, preferably equal to or less than 8.5%, preferably equal to or less than 8%, or preferably equal to or less than 5%.
[0045] Preferably, the EPDM rubber has a content of the non-conjugated diene of 0.3-15%, preferably 0.5-15%, more preferably 1.0-10%.
[0046] In some embodiments, the EPDM may be present in an amount of 3-45, or 5-40 weight percent, preferably 10-30 or 10-20 weight percent based on the total weight of the polymer blend.
[0047] The polymer blend may be crosslinked by irradiation crosslinking technology known in the art. The crosslinking reaction can also be performed by irradiation, for example, E-beam treatment, at a dose of, such as 30-200 KGy, preferably 40-150 KGy, more preferably 50-120 KGy. In one embodiment, the polymer blend is crosslinked by E-beaming at a dose of 80 KGy. It is unexpectedly found that the ethylene content in EPDM plays a key role in facilitating E-beam crosslinking of POE composition. Only EPDM with an ethylene content lower than a certain level works.
[0048] In some embodiments, the EPDM rubber has an ethylene content of 75%or less based on the weight of the EPDM rubber, preferably equal to or less than 70%, preferably less than equal to or 60%, preferably equal to or less than 55%, preferably equal to or less than 50%, preferably equal to or less than 45%. In some embodiments, the EPDM rubber has an ethylene content of 10%or more, preferably equal to or more than 15%, preferably equal to or more than 25%, preferably equal to or more than 30%, preferably equal to or more than 40%. Preferably, the EPDM rubber has an ethylene content of 10-75%, preferably 30-70%.
[0049] Top skin layer
[0050] The top skin layer comprises the polymer blend according to the present disclosure. The top skin layer can also comprise one or more optional additives such as processing aids (e.g., zinc stearate) , extenders, blocking agents, pigments and / or dyes, antioxidants, UV-stabilizers and / or absorbers, oils, flame retardants, fillers (such as talc, calcium carbonate) , tackifiers, color masterbatch and the like.
[0051] Preferably, the top skin layer is substantially free of propylene / alpha-olefin copolymer.
[0052] Foam Layer
[0053] The foam layer (also called a middle foam layer) comprises at least one of (i) an olefin block copolymer, and (ii) an ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer. The optional foam layer may comprise ethylene-polar monomer copolymer or MAH-g-PE copolymer or a tie resin (e.g., BYNEL) .
[0054] The foam layer can also comprise the gas from the decomposed blowing agent or the gas originally from the decomposed blowing agent and has already been partially or totally replaced by air and any unreacted, residual blowing agent. The middle foam layer can also comprise one or more optional additives such as processing aids (e.g., zinc stearate) , extenders, blocking agents, pigments and / or dyes, antioxidants, UV-stabilizers and / or absorbers, oils, flame retardants, fillers (such as talc, calcium carbonate) , and the like.
[0055] The middle foam layer can be compositionally the same as the top skin layer except for the gas and by-products attributable to the foaming process.
[0056] The middle foam layer typically comprises at least 10 wt%, or at least 20 wt%, more typically at least 40 wt%, more typically at least 50 wt%and even more typically at least 60 wt%of an olefin block copolymer. The maximum amount of olefin block copolymer in the middle foam layer typically does not exceed 90 wt%, more typically does not exceed 80 wt%and even more typically does not exceed 70 wt%, based on the total weight of the foam layer.
[0057] Preferably, the middle foam layer is substantially free of propylene / alpha-olefin copolymer.
[0058] Generally, the blowing agent is incorporated into the copolymer composition which is to be foamed in amounts ranging from 0.1 to 30 phr, preferably 1 to 20 phr and more preferably 2 to 10 phr. The blowing agent typically is incorporated into the melt stream under a pressure which is sufficient to inhibit its activation, that is, to inhibit foaming of the melt stream during the incorporation of the blowing agent and subsequent processing of the composition until the stream is ready to be foamed.
[0059] If present at all, the total amount of optional additives present in the foam layer typically is greater than zero, more typically at least 1 and even more typically at least 2, phr. Ifpresent at all, the total amount of optional additives in the foam layer typically does not exceed 10 phr, more typically does not exceed 7 phr and even more typically does not exceed 5 phr.
[0060] If present at all, the total amount of optional filler present in the foam layer typically is greater than zero, more typically at least 5 wt%and even more typically at least 10 wt%. If present at all, the total amount of optional fillers in the foam layer typically does not exceed 60 wt%, more typically does not exceed 40 wt%and even more typically does not exceed 20 wt%.
[0061] The foam layer is typically prepared by blending or compounding the individual components with one another in any conventional mixing apparatus, e.g., BrabenderTM internal mixer, HaakeTM internal mixer, BanburyTM kneader or any suitable extruder, under conditions and for a time that produces an at least substantially homogeneous mixture, calendaring the mixture using conventional equipment and conditions to form a sheet, and then heat laminating the sheet to the top skin layer and / or bottom fabric layers using conventional lamination equipment and conditions. The foam layer is typically not subjected to foaming conditions until after it is laminated to at least one of the top skin layer and bottom fabric layers, preferably not until it is laminated to both layers (if a three-or more layer structure) . The foaming conditions are such that very fine and regular cells are formed throughout the layer. Typical foaming conditions include an oven temperature of 220 ℃. or more and an oven residence time of 60-180 seconds. The foam expansion ratio is based on the ratio of expanded thickness to original (non-expanded) thickness (herein referred to as the thickness ratio) , and it is typically 1.5 to 4, more typically 2 to 3.
[0062] Bottom Fabric Layer
[0063] The bottom fabric layer comprises a flexible, polymeric material which can be woven, nonwoven, knitted, plained, spunbond, etc., and it can comprise natural and / or synthetic fiber. In one embodiment, the fabric layer is a nonwoven, polymeric, spunbond material of a weight of 100-500 g / m2, more typically of 150-400 g / m2 and even more typically of 200-350 g / m2. Fabrics that can be used in the practice of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, cotton, silk and various synthetics based on polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. ) , nylon, polyester, polyurethane (e.g., a spandex material) , and the like. In one embodiment, the preferred fabric is prepared from polyester, polyethylene or polypropylene. The fabric can be subjected to a pre-lamination treatment, e.g., corona surface treatment, impregnation, etc., or not, and the foam or top skin layer is ultimately heat laminated to it.
[0064] Blowing Agent
[0065] Most any of the known blowing agents (also known as foaming or expansion agents) can be employed, including gaseous materials, volatile liquids and chemical agents which decompose into a gas and other byproducts. Representative blowing agents include, without limitation, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, air, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, pentane, isopentane, perfluoromethane, chlorotrifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, perfluoroethane, 1-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethane, chloropentafluoroethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, perfluoropropane, chloroheptafluoropropane, dichlorohexafluoropropane, perfluorobutane, chlorononafluorobutane, perfluorocyclobutane, azodicarbonamide (AC) , 4, 4′-oxydibenzenesulfonyl hydrazide (OBSH) , azodiisobutyronitrile, benzenesulfonhydrazide, 4, 4-oxybenzene sulfonyl-semicarbazide, p-toluene sulfonyl semicarbazide, barium azodicarboxylate, N, N’-dimethyl-N, N’-dinitrosoterephthalamide, and trihydrazino triazine. Currently, AC and OBSH are preferable.
[0066] Additives
[0067] The top skin and middle foam layers may contain additives including but not limited to inorganic fillers, antioxidants, curing agents, cross linking co-agents, boosters and retardants, color masterbatch, processing aids (e.g., zinc stearate) , ultraviolet absorbers or stabilizers, antistatic agents, nucleating agents, slip agents, plasticizers, lubricants, viscosity control agents, tackifiers, anti-blocking agents, surfactants, extender oils, acid scavengers, and metal deactivators. Additives can be used in amounts ranging from 0.01 wt %or less to 10 wt %or more based on the weight of the layer.
[0068] Fillers
[0069] Examples of fillers include but are not limited to talc, clays, precipitated silica and silicates, fumed silica, calcium carbonate, ground minerals, carbon blacks with arithmetic mean particle sizes larger than 10 nanometers, and the various known flame retardants, particularly halogen-free flame retardants. Fillers can be used in amounts ranging from greater than 0 to 10 wt %or more based on the weight of the layer or total composition.
[0070] PREPARATION METHOD
[0071] Shaping and lamination
[0072] The present disclosure can be manufactured using the same conventional compression molding (or calendaring) and lamination processes or extrusion and lamination used for PVC-based leathers.
[0073] The multi-layer structure may comprise a bottom fabric layer and a top skin layer, the latter optionally coated with a top coating. The top skin layer is made by a compression molding, and then laminated to the bottom fabric layer. The optional PU top coating layer is then applied to the top skin layer of the multi-layer structure.
[0074] The multi-layer structure may comprise a bottom fabric layer, an optional foam layer, and a top skin layer, the latter optionally coated with a primer and the primer with a top coating. The top skin layer and the optional foam layer of the artificial leather are made by a compression molding, and then laminated to one another and the bottom fabric layer in any convenient order. Foaming is typically conducted after lamination in an oven typically maintained at 220 ℃. or higher for 60-180 seconds. The optional primer and PU top coating layers are then applied to the top skin layer of the laminated, three-layer structure. The foaming can be also conducted after applying the primer and PU top coating layers to the skin layer of the laminated three-layer structure.
[0075] EXAMPLES
[0076] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in the following Examples, wherein all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
[0077] The information of the raw materials used in the examples is listed in the following Table 1:
[0078] Table 1 Materials / ingredients for blending *E: ethylene; **MU: Mooney viscosity
[0079] Production of Example A and B
[0080] All raw materials (ethylene and comonomer propylene) and the process solvent (a narrow boiling range high-purity isoparaffinic solvent, Isopar E) were purified with molecular sieves before introduction into the reaction environment. High purity hydrogen was supplied, mechanically pressurized to above reaction pressure prior to delivery to the reactors; and it was purified to remove residual moisture (using molecular sieve) . The reactor monomer feed (ethylene) streams were pressurized via mechanical compressor to above reaction pressure. The solvent feeds were mechanically pressurized to above reaction pressure. The comonomer feed streams were fed to the reactors by a pump. All catalyst components were individually flow controlled.
[0081] A two-reactor system was used in a series configuration. The first continuous solution polymerization reactor was a liquid full, adiabatic, continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under a solution phase polymerization condition. The second continuous solution polymerization reactor consisted of a liquid full, non-adiabatic, isothermal, circulating, loop reactor similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,300, which mimicked a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with heat removal. Independent control of all fresh solvent, monomer, comonomer, hydrogen, and catalyst component fed to each reactor is possible. The total fresh feed stream to each reactor (solvent, monomer, comonomer and hydrogen) was temperature controlled to maintain a single solution phase by passing the feed stream through a heat exchanger. The total feed to each polymerization reactor was injected into the reactor at two locations with approximately equal reactor volumes between each location and with each injection zone receiving approximately half of the total reactor ethylene feed. The catalyst components were injected into the polymerization reactor independently and separate from the fresh feed. The primary catalyst component feed was computer controlled to maintain each reactor monomer conversion at the specified targets. The cocatalyst component (s) was / were fed based on calculated specified molar ratios to the primary catalyst component, although they could also be controlled to target a specified concentration relative to the fresh feed to the reactor. In the first reactor, the solvent, monomers, and catalyst components were mixed into the bulk by mechanically driven rotating impellers. In the second reactor, immediately following each reactor feed injection location (including the effluent from the first reactor) , the feed streams were mixed with the circulating polymerization reactor contents with static mixing elements. The contents of the second reactor were continuously circulated through heat exchangers responsible for removing much of the heat of reaction and with the temperature of the coolant side responsible for maintaining an isothermal reaction environment at the specified temperature. Circulation around the second reactor loop was provided by a pump. Shortly after exiting the second reactor, the reaction was stopped by addition of an agent to deactivate the catalyst and quench the reaction in a mixing zone and additives were added for polymer stabilization (e.g. water and octadecyl 3- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) .
[0082] Following catalyst deactivation and additive addition, the reactor effluent entered a devolatization system where the polymer was removed from the non-polymer stream. Once the polymer melt was isolated, additional additive might be introduced prior to the polymer melt being pelletized and collected. The non-polymer stream passed through various pieces of equipment which separated most of the ethylene and propylene which was recycled back to the reactor. Most of the solvent was recycled back to the reactor after passing through a purification system. A small amount of these solvent and monomer streams were purged from the process.
[0083] The reactor stream feed data flows that correspond to the values in Table X used to produce the example. The data are presented such that the complexity of the solvent recycle system is accounted for and the reaction system can be treated more simply as a once through flow diagram.
[0084] Control of polymer properties: Mooney (ML1+4 @125℃) , (or molecular weight) of the polymer produced in each reactor was controlled by adjusting the hydrogen feed to the reaction environment (hydrogen / ethylene ratio) with an increase in the hydrogen / ethylene ratio decreasing the Mooney (decreasing the molecular weight) . Comonomer content of the polymer produced in each reactor was controlled by adjusting the comonomer feed to the reaction environment (comonomer / ethylene ratio) with an increase in the ratio increasing the comonomer content.
[0085] Table X
[0086] Example I
[0087] Brabender mixing
[0088] The base resin pellets and additives of Inventive Examples 1-30 and Comparative Samples 1-20 according to Table 2-1 to Table 2-3 were loaded in the chamber of Brabender mixer at 130 ℃ and 30 rpm. The chamber set temperature was 130 ℃. After all ingredients were added, the mixing was further carried out at 130 ℃ and 50 rpm for 8 min. The compound was collected and used for the following leather preparation.
[0089] Compression molding, lamination and crosslinking
[0090] The compound from the Brabender internal mixer was compression molded into a film in a “19 cm x 10 cm x 0.5 mm” mold. PTFE films were used to sandwich the polymer film to avoid the stickiness of the polymer film to the mold. The compound was preheated at 140-150℃ for 3 minutes, and then degassed (repeated compression at 10 MPa and release, for six times) , followed by another 2 minutes at a pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of 140-150℃. The obtained film was directly used for e-beam irradiation for crosslinking and then for gel measurements.
[0091] For further leather preparation: After cooling, the upper PTFE film was removed and a fabric (awoven fabric, 0.90 mm thick and 300 g / m2) was covered onto the POE film surface. After reheating for 4 min, a pressing was conducted by a roller to increase the adhesion between the molten POE film and fabric. After complete cooling, the lower PTFE film was removed as well and the original leather samples (with fabric and POE layer) were collected for following steps.
[0092] Application of PU top coating
[0093] The POE layer surface was firstly treated by corona (Equipment details: Nanjing Suman Electronics Co., Ltd; PLASMA GENERATOR (High performance computerized plasma and corona discharge experiment generators) to increase surface energy. Set voltage at 180V, current at 1.8A. The corona brush was moved quickly above the POE layer four times to make sure that a high surface energy (~42 dyn / cm) can be achieved.
[0094] After corona treatment, the PU topcoat (95%PUD coating (Permute WF-77-307-A from Stahl) + 5%curing agent (aliphatic polyisocynate, XR-48-920 from Stahl, 5 min stirring for mixing the two) was spread on the POE layer using a wire rod. The coated samples were quickly transferred into the oven at 130 ℃ for drying and curing for two minutes. The thickness of the resulting top coating is about 10 μm.
[0095] Embossing
[0096] The leather samples with a size of 19 cm *10 cm were firstly heated at 150 ℃ for 1 min. The heated samples were quickly placed onto the embossing mold with POE layer touching the mold surface with litchi-type grain. A vacuum was applied to emboss the grain on the mold to the leather surface. After embossing for 11s, the leather was quickly peeled off from the mold and placed onto experiment bench surface for cooing. After cooling to room temperature, the grain was fixed.
[0097] E-beam irradiation for crosslinking
[0098] The electron beam irradiation was performed on the virgin POE films or POE leather samples with PU top coating and embossed surface using an industrial scale E-Beam apparatus. The irradiation dosage is 80 kGy.
[0099] Test and measurement
[0100] Gel content test: The gel fraction by a hot xylene extraction method can be measured in the following manner. The crosslinked POE film was cut into small pieces, 3mm*3mm. Then around 0.5g sample (Ws) was sealed in a metal mesh (mesh number is 120) and weighed (Wt1) . Then packed sample was transferred into 500ml flask equipped with condenser and containing 350ml xylene. After reflux for 5 h, the packed samples were removed from xylene, put into vacuum oven and heated at 120 ℃ for 2h under vacuum condition. The sample was taken out and weighed (Wt2) . The gel%is calculated by the equation, Gel%=1- (Wt1-Wt2) / Ws*100%.
[0101] Bally flex test: The Bally Flex test determines the durability of artificial leather by repeatedly flexing the test specimen. Here, each leather sample of inventive and comparative examples was subjected to repeated flexing. The test conformed to ASTM D6182-00. The Bally Flexometer conformed to DIN 53351, and operated at a rate of 100 cycles / min. The end of the test was determined by the number of cycles, at which crack of POE layer was observed and was reported as the Bally flex result. Two specimens were tested for each composition, and the average value was reported. If no crack / damage was observed after 100,000 cycles for the two specimens, the result was reported as "greater than 100,000 or > 100k. "
[0102] Heat resistance test: the samples were placed in a 120 ℃ or 130 ℃ oven. One edge of 10*10cm specimen was clamped and hanged. The surface grain of the specimen was observed by naked eye once each day. If the surface grain was maintained well, no obvious change compared with the original, a longer time of aging was further carried out. The test was ended after 7 days aging. If no obvious surface grain change was found, the result is marked as >7 days. The time when the surface grain disappeared was recorded as the failure days.
[0103] Examples and Discussion
[0104] The following Table 2-1 to 2-3 showed the constitution and performance parameters of the inventive examples of the present disclosure and comparative samples.
[0105] Table 2-3
[0106] As can be seen from CE1 to CE3, the addition of EPDM rubber comprising an ethylene content of 85% (NordelTM 4820) did not enhance the gel content of the matrix resin. Therefore, the heat resistance and Bally flex resistance were not improved. As shown in CE4-CE6, the high ethylene content EPDM NordelTM 4820 could not boost gel content as well in the presence of a coagent TMPTMA in different EPDM loading levels.
[0107] However, as can be seen from IE 1 to IE 3, the addition ofEPDM rubber comprising an ethylene content of 50%significantly increased the gel content level and enhanced heat resistance and Bally flex resistance very significantly. The results demonstrated the importance of ethylene content level for the response to e-beam irradiation crosslinking.
[0108] NordelTM 4725 used in IE-4 to IE-6 has the same ENB level and very similar Mooney viscosity as NordelTM 4820 used in CE2 and CE3, but lower ethylene content 70% (vs. 85%for NordelTM 4820) . Again, the incorporation of NordelTM 4725 performed much better than NordelTM 4820, which confirmed that ethylene content of EPDM played a key role in boosting e-beam crosslinking efficiency. Significant improvement in heat resistance and Bally flex resistance was achieved via the NordelTM 4725 addition.
[0109] In IE7-9, NordelTM 4770 and NordelTM 4570 (with the same high ENB, the same ethylene content 70%and 50%as 4725 and 4520 respectively, but higher Mooney viscosity) was proven to be effective for e-beaming crosslinking and thus heat resistance and Bally flex resistance enhancement. In IE10-IE15 and IE16, the EPDM rubber with different ENB levels (higher or lower than 4.9%) was demonstrated to be effective for increasing gel content level. The loading level of EPDM could be as low as 5% (IE15) .
[0110] In CE7 vs. IE17 and IE18, another high Tm resin with a lower MI was used as the matrix. It was also demonstrated that NordelTM 4725 addition could very significantly boost e-beam crosslinking. In CE8-CE10 vs. IE19 &IE20, a low Tm resin was used as the matrix. Again, NordelTM 4820 with a high ethylene content could not work for e-beam crosslinking enhancement and resulted in poor heat resistance and lower failure cycles of Bally flexing. It was found in IE 19 and IE20 that 70%ethylene content EPDM could enhance crosslinking and surface grain heating retention capability and Bally flex resistance. In IE29, lower ethylene content (42%) was demonstrated to be still effective for e-beam crosslinking. In IE21-28, lower ENB levels (0.5%and 0.6%for IE23 and IE24) were proven to be workable as long as ethylene content level is not too high. Higher loading level (40%) of NordelTM 4725 was demonstrated to be effective in IE25 and IE26. Other EPDM with ethylene content equal to or lower than 70%with different Mooney viscosity were also proven to be workable for gel content increase for the matrix ENGAGETM 8137. In CE11 and CE12, EPDM having an ethylene content of 85%was again proven to be ineffective seen from the lower gel content. As can be seen from CE 13 vs.IE30, EPDM is also effective for a blend of OBC and random POE.
[0111] As can be seen from Table 2-3, the importance of ENB for e-beam crosslinking was demonstrated in CE14-CE17. As compared CE18 to CE19-20, the addition of EP copolymer into INFUSETM 9107N increased propylene content (i.e., decreasing ethylene content) and reduced the crosslinking level, which is different from the finding in the present disclosure that decreasing ethylene content of EPDM could improve e-beam crosslinking. In other words, this further demonstrates the finding that lower ethylene content in EPDM benefits e-beam crosslinking is unexpected.
Claims
1.A polymer blend for artificial leather comprising polyolefin elastomer and at least 3%by weight of EPDM rubber with an ethylene content of 75%or less, based on the total weight of the polymer blend, wherein the polymer blend is crosslinked by irradiation and the crosslinked polymer blend has a gel%of at least 15%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method.2.The polymer blend of claim 1, wherein the polymer blend comprises 50-97%by weight ofpolyolefin elastomer and 3-50%by weight of EPDM rubber based on the total weight of the polymer blend.3.The polymer blend of claim 1, wherein the polyolefin elastomer comprises an olefin block copolymer and / or an ethylene / ɑ-olefin random copolymer.4.The polymer blend of claim 1, wherein the EPDM rubber comprises a terpolymer elastomer derived from ethylene, propylene and a diene, wherein the diene is selected from the group consisting of ethylidene norbornene (ENB) , dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) , 1, 4-hexadiene (HD) and vinyl norbornene (VNB) .5.The polymer blend of claim 4, wherein the EPDM rubber has an ethylene content of 30-75%based on the weight of the EPDM rubber and a diene content of 0.3-15%based on the weight of the EPDM rubber.6.The polymer blend of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the EPDM rubber comprises a terpolymer elastomer derived from ethylene, propylene and ethylidene norbornene (ENB) .7.An artificial leather comprising a multi-layer structure comprising a top skin layer and a bottom fabric layer, wherein the top skin layer comprises the polymer blend according to any one of claims 1-6.8.The artificial leather of claim 7, wherein the multi-layer structure further comprises a foam layer between the top skin layer and the bottom fabric layer.9.The artificial leather of claim 6, wherein the bottom fabric layer comprises a flexible, polymeric material.10.A method for preparing an artificial leather comprising a multi-layer structure of claims 7-9, comprisingpreparing a top skin layer and a bottom fabric layer, wherein the top skin layer comprises a polymer blend comprising polyolefin elastomer and at least 3%by weight of EPDM rubber with an ethylene content of 75%or less, based on the total weight of the polymer blend,laminating the top skin layer and the bottom fabric layer together; andE-beam crosslinking the polymer blend, so that the polymer blend is crosslinked and the crosslinked polymer blend has a gel%of at least 15%by weight by a hot xylene extraction method.