Devices, methods, and medium for communication
By switching reception frequencies and performing energy harvesting based on CW signals within specific time constraints, the solution addresses the challenge of efficient power management and communication for ambient IoT devices in 3GPP systems, ensuring uninterrupted R2D transmission reception.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NEC CORP
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing technologies face challenges in efficiently supporting ambient IoT devices with ultra-low power consumption and complexity in 3GPP systems, particularly in managing energy harvesting and communication without missing R2D transmissions.
A first device switches its reception frequency from a first frequency band to a second frequency band after an R2D transmission to perform energy harvesting based on a CW signal, then switches back to the first frequency band no later than a specific time instance determined by the gap between consecutive R2D transmissions.
This approach ensures efficient energy harvesting without missing subsequent R2D transmissions, optimizing power usage and communication efficiency for ambient IoT devices.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025075484_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES, METHODS, AND MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATIONFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices, methods, and a computer readable medium for communication.BACKGROUND
[0002] Recently, a study item on ambient internet of things (ambient-IoT or A-IoT) has been started in third generation partnership project (3GPP) Release 19 (Rel-19 or R19) . The study targets at a new 3GPP IoT technology, suitable for deployment in a 3GPP system, which relies on ultra-low complexity devices with ultra-low power consumption for the very-low end IoT applications. To support ambient IoT devices in the new radio (NR) system, new features should be introduced, e.g., new waveform, new frame structure, new physical layer and high layer procedures, etc.SUMMARY
[0003] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, methods, and a computer storage medium for communication.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the first device at least to: receive, from a second device, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission in a first frequency band; switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission; perform energy harvesting based on a carrier wave (CW) signal received in the second frequency band; and switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band no later than a first time instance, wherein the first time instance is determined based on a specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the first device at least to: receive, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band; switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band to receive a CW signal after an end of the first R2D transmission; and in accordance with a determination that the CW signal is stopped or the CW signal comprises a specific pattern, switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a first device. The method comprises: receiving, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band; switching a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission; performing energy harvesting based on a CW signal received in the second frequency band; and switching the reception frequency back to the first frequency band no later than a first time instance, wherein the first time instance is determined based on a specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a first device. The method comprises: receiving, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band; switching a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band to receive a CW signal after an end of the first R2D transmission; and in accordance with a determination that the CW signal is stopped or the CW signal comprises a specific pattern, switching the reception frequency back to the first frequency band.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any of the third or the fourth aspect above.
[0009] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0011] FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication network in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0012] FIG. 1B illustrates an example schematic of a communication between an A-IoT device and a reader;
[0013] FIG. 1C illustrates an example schematic of deployment scenario 1 with topology 1 for an A-IoT device;
[0014] FIG. 1D illustrates an example schematic of deployment scenario 2 with topology 2 for an A-IoT device;
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates an example schematic for device behaviors in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate example schematics of device behavior in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate example schematics of device behavior in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate example schematics of device behavior in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0023] FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0024] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0026] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0027] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0028] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0029] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0030] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0031] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0032] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also be incorporated one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0033] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a satellite, an unmanned aerial systems (UAS) platform, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0034] In one embodiment, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In one embodiment, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In one embodiment, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device and the second network device. In one embodiment, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In one embodiment, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0035] Communications discussed herein may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, New Radio (NR) Access, Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Evolution, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , cdma2000, and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and the like. Furthermore, the communications may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.85G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , and the sixth (6G) communication protocols. The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0036] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0037] The terminal device or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. FR1 (410 MHz to 7125 MHz) , FR2 (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network device under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0038] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, or channel emulator.
[0039] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or 6G networks.
[0040] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0041] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “includes” and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean “includes, but is not limited to. ” The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on. ” The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0042] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0043] It is to be noted that, in the present disclosure, if not specified otherwise, the term “OFDM symbol” indicates CP-OFDM symbol, or any variant of OFDM symbol, e.g., DFT-s-OFDM, GI-OFDM, zero CP OFDM, unique word OFDM, etc.
[0044] A study item on Ambient IoT has completed in 3GPP Rel-18, which provides a terminological and scoping framework for future discussions of Ambient IoT. This has defined representative use cases, deployment scenarios, connectivity topologies, Ambient IoT devices, design targets, and required functionalities. It also conducted a preliminary feasibility assessment and gave recommendations for down-selection in setting the scope of Rel-19 radio access network (RAN) work group (WG) level study. The study on A-IoT, which has been started in 3GPP RAN1 and RAN2 in Rel-19, targets at a new 3GPP IoT technology, suitable for deployment in a 3GPP system, which relies on ultra-low complexity devices with ultra-low power consumption for the very-low end IoT applications.
[0045] To support ambient IoT devices in the NR system, new features should be introduced, e.g., new waveform, new frame structure, new physical layer and higher layer procedures, etc. An A-IoT device may utilize a radio frequency (RF) signal for energy harvesting, typically the RF signal can be a CW signal or a reader-to-device (R2D) signal which may include a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) . If the CW signal is used for energy harvesting, behaviors of the A-IoT device should be defined, e.g., whether and when to perform energy harvesting based on the CW signal.
[0046] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of communication. In the solution, a first device (such as an A-IoT device) may switch a reception frequency from a first frequency band to a second frequency band after receiving an R2D transmission in the first frequency band, to perform energy harvesting based on a CW signal received in the second frequency band. In addition, the reception frequency may be switched back to the first frequency band no later than a first time instance which is based on a time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions of the first device. As such, behaviors of the device are defined, the energy harvesting is performed without missing a next R2D transmission. Therefore, the R2D transmission can be efficiently received by the A-IoT device. Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0047] FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication network 100 in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. As shown in FIG. 1A, the communication network 100 may include A-IoT devices 110-1 to 110-M (separately or collectively referred to as an A-IoT device 110) , a terminal device 120, a network device 130, a core network (CN) entity 140 and a carrier wave node (CWN) 150.
[0048] For ease of description, the A-IoT device 110 may be referred to as a Device in some cases, and the terminal device 120 and the network device 130 may be collectively or separately referred to as a Reader in some cases. It is to be noted that although a base station (BS) and / or user equipment (UE) is illustrated as a reader, the device type of the reader can be in a different type which is not limited for this aspect.
[0049] In some examples, a transmission from the Device (i.e. ambient IoT device) to the Reader (the terminal device 120 or the network device 130) may be referred to as a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission or an uplink (UL) transmission. In some examples, a transmission from the Reader to the Device may be referred to as a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission or a downlink (DL) transmission.
[0050] The CN entity 140 may be a network function (NF) in CN, such as a 5GC or a 6G core network. For example, the CN entity 140 may be implemented as an A-IoT function (AIF) or an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) of a 5GC.
[0051] In some examples, the CWN 150 may transmit carrier wave e.g., for energy harvesting and backscattering, to the A-IoT device 110. It should be noted that although the CWN may be a device that is different from the terminal device 120 or the network device 130 in FIG. 1A, in some other examples, the CWN may be implemented as one of (or part of) the terminal device 120 or the network device 130. For example, the CWN may be a UE, a relay node, a gNB, or a network controlled node. For example, the CWN may be a logical entity implemented in a reader. For example, the CWN may be a unit, e.g., an embedded unit or a remote unit, of a reader. For example, the CWN may be outside topology or inside topology.
[0052] Communications in the environment, between a network device and a terminal device for example, between a network device / aterminal device and an A-IoT device for example, may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) , and the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Divided Multiple Address (CDMA) , Frequency Divided Multiple Address (FDMA) , Time Divided Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Divided Duplexer (FDD) , Time Divided Duplexer (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Divided Multiple Access (OFDMA) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0053] Embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to any suitable scenarios. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented at reduced capability NR devices. Alternatively, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in one of the followings: NR multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) , NR sidelink enhancements, NR systems with frequency above 52.6GHz, an extending NR operation up to 71GHz, narrow band-Internet of Thing (NB-IOT) / enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) over non-terrestrial networks (NTN) , NTN, UE power saving enhancements, NR coverage enhancement, NB-IoT and LTE-MTC, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , NR Multicast and Broadcast Services, or enhancements on Multi-Radio Dual-Connectivity.
[0054] It is to be understood that the numbers of devices and their connection relationships and types shown in FIG. 1A are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The environment may include any suitable numbers of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0055] The Ambient IoT refers to a new class of IoT devices primarily powered by harvesting ambient energy from radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other viable ambient energy source. FIG. 1B illustrates an example schematic of a communication 105 between an A-IoT device 110 and a Reader (which is shown as the terminal device 120, and optional the Reader may be the network device 130) . It is to be noted that although the reader is illustrated as a UE in FIG. 1B, the device type of the reader can be in a different type which is not limited for this aspect.
[0056] The Ambient IoT is an extension of the existing IoT. Ambient IoT devices carry out many of the same functions as IoT devices and target many of the same use cases but require additional design choices to meet solution demands. By relying on energy harvested from ambient sources, the Ambient IoT makes it possible to develop lower-cost, smaller, and maintenance-free devices, allowing the IoT to become more scalable in existing use cases and in use cases still to be developed.
[0057] Harvesting energy from ambient sources generates only minimal amounts of power. This creates the inherent requirement for Ambient IoT devices to be less complex and more power efficient. The A-IoT device does not need to actively generate a signal, but communicates by reflecting electromagnetic waves generated by other devices.
[0058] The following connectivity topologies (topology 1 and topology 2) for Ambient IoT networks and devices are defined for the purposes of the study on ambient IoT in RAN. In all these topologies, the Ambient IoT device may be provided with a carrier wave from other node (s) either inside or outside the topology. The links in each topology may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
[0059] FIG. 1C illustrates an example schematic of deployment scenario 1 with topology 1 for an A-IoT device. In Topology 1, the ambient IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a base station. The BS serves as the Reader for the ambient IoT device and performs operation (e.g., inventory, read, write, etc. ) to the ambient IoT device. The communication between the base station and the ambient IoT device includes Ambient IoT data and / or signalling. This topology includes the possibility that the BS transmitting to the Ambient IoT device is a different from the BS receiving from the Ambient IoT device. In topology 1, the base station and coexistence characteristics may include Micro-cell, co-site, etc.
[0060] FIG. 1D illustrates an example schematic of deployment scenario 2 with topology 2 for an A-IoT device. In Topology 2, the Ambient IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and the base station. The intermediate node serves as the Reader for the ambient IoT device and performs operation (e.g., inventory, read, write, etc. ) to the ambient IoT device. In this topology, the intermediate node can be a relay, IAB node, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of Ambient IoT. The intermediate node transfers Ambient IoT data and / or signalling between the base station and the Ambient IoT device. In topology 2, the base station and coexistence characteristics may include Micro-cell, co-site, etc. In topology 2, the location of intermediate node may be indoor.
[0061] An overall objective of the study on ambient IoT shall be to study a harmonized air interface design with minimized differences (where necessary) for Ambient IoT to enable the following devices: ○ Device 1: ~1 μW peak power consumption, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, neither DL nor UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally. ○ Device 2a: ≤ a few hundred μW peak power consumption, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally. ○ Device 2b: ≤ a few hundred μW peak power consumption, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is generated internally by the device.
[0062] As specified in 3GPP specification, a half-duplex UE (HD-UE) in paired spectrum is not capable of simultaneous transmissions and receptions on a serving cell with paired spectrum. A HD-UE does not expect to detect a DCI format scheduling a reception in a set of symbols and detect a DCI format scheduling a transmission in any symbol from the set of symbols.
[0063] Similarly, the A-IoT device may be a half-duplex device (HD-Device) , the behavior for transmitting PDRCH and receiving PRDCH is similar as HD-UE. However, energy harvesting for HD-Device should be considered.
[0064] Regarding device availability or unavailability, the following directions, not for down-selection, are studied regarding the potential impact of device unavailability due to energy harvesting: Direction 1: Reader does not provide information to a device regarding when the device may become available / unavailable; Direction 2: Reader can provide information to a device based on which the device may become available / unavailable; where the applicability of Direction 1 and / or 2 to different device types 1 / 2a / 2b may be further discussed.
[0065] Energy harvesting for HD-Device may introduce some new issues. Typically, a HD-Device may not be able to receive / monitor PRDCH and receive CW (for energy harvesting) simultaneously. For a device utilize RF signal for energy harvesting, it may utilize CW or R2D transmission for energy harvesting. In order to generate a D2R transmission with higher TX power, CWN may be placed much closer to A-IoT devices than a gNB does, therefore, at the device side, the received signal strength of CW may be higher than the received signal strength of the R2D transmission. Typically, there is a threshold for UE energy harvesting (e.g., -20dBm) , only when the received signal strength is higher than the threshold, the device can be charged efficiently. Therefore, at least for some devices, utilizing CW for energy harvesting should be considered. In other words, it should be considered that, in some cases, the R2D transmission cannot be used for energy harvesting due to low received signal power.
[0066] In the present disclosure, a full-duplex device may support simultaneous transmissions and receptions, and a half-duplex device, in paired spectrum, is not capable of simultaneous transmissions and receptions with paired spectrum.
[0067] FIG. 2 illustrates an example schematic for device behaviors 200 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. A device, e.g., a half-duplex Device (HD-Device) , in paired spectrum is not capable of simultaneous transmissions and receptions with paired spectrum. In some implementations, the device may receive R2D transmission 211, 212, 213 in a first frequency band, which may be an R2D band, e.g., a downlink (DL) band. As illustrated, F1 may be a central frequency (or a boundary) of the first frequency band.
[0068] In some implementations, the device may receive CW signals 221, 222 in a second frequency band and / or transmit D2R transmissions 231, 232, 233 in a second frequency band. In some examples, the second frequency band may be an uplink (UL) band. In some examples, the second frequency band may also be referred to as a CW / D2R band. As illustrated, F2 may be a central frequency for receiving CW signals, and F3 may be a central frequency for transmitting D2R transmissions. Both F2 and F3 are within the UL band, and F2 may or may not equal to F3. In some examples, the CW signals may be received in a first sub-band of the second frequency band and the D2R transmissions may be transmitted in a second sub-band of the second frequency band. In some examples, the first sub-band and the second sub-band may or may not be overlapped.
[0069] In some embodiments, the device may be not capable of simultaneous receiving a R2D transmission in a R2D band (e.g., a DL band) and receiving a CW in a CW / D2R band (e.g., a UL band) . In some embodiments, the device may report capability information to Reader, for example, the capability information indicates whether the HD-Device supports simultaneous receiving a R2D transmission in a first frequency band and receiving a CW in a second frequency band.
[0070] In some implementations, if a device has received an R2D transmission (e.g., a PRDCH) in an R2D band, and the R2D transmission does not indicate / trigger the device to transmit a D2R transmission (e.g., a PDRCH) in a CW / D2R band, then the device may continue to monitor R2D transmissions in the R2D band. In some examples, the device may switch its reception frequency to the CW / D2R band and switch back to R2D band before it starts receiving a new R2D transmission, details of which may refer to embodiments with reference to FIGS. 3-7C below.
[0071] In some implementations, if a device has received an R2D transmission (e.g., a PRDCH) in an R2D band, and the R2D transmission indicates / triggers the device to transmit a D2R transmission (e.g., a PDRCH) in a CW / D2R band, the device is not required to monitor R2D transmissions in the R2D band after the reception of the R2D transmission and before it starts or finishes the D2R transmission.
[0072] It should be noted that the device behaviors 200 described with reference to FIG. 2 may be only applicable for the HD-Device, or for the device which is not capable of simultaneous receiving an R2D transmission in a first frequency band and receiving a CW in a second frequency band.
[0073] Accordingly, behaviors of HD-Device are defined, and the reception of R2D and potential energy harvesting based on CW can be performed based on the behaviors.
[0074] In some example embodiments, for a device which supports simultaneous transmissions and receptions with a paired spectrum, it may continuously monitor the R2D transmission in the R2D band, and perform energy harvesting based on CW simultaneously.
[0075] FIG. 3 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 300 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 300 may involve a first device 301, a second device 302, and a CW node 150. The first device 301 may be a Device such as an A-IoT device 110 as discussed with reference to FIG. 1A. The second device 302 may be a Reader such as a terminal device 120 or a network device 130 as discussed with reference to FIG. 1A. As discussed with reference to FIG. 1A, the CW node 150 may be a separate node or may be implemented as part of the second device 302. It would be appreciated that the process 300 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0076] In the process 300, the second device 302 transmits, and the first device 301 receives, a first R2D transmission at 310. Specifically, the first device 301 may receive the first R2D transmission in a first frequency band. In some implementations, the first R2D transmission comprises a PRDCH. In some examples, the first frequency band may also be referred to as an R2D band, which is a DL band.
[0077] In some examples, the first device 301 may monitor R2D transmission in the first frequency band, and further detects the first R2D transmission at 310.
[0078] In some implementations, the first R2D transmission may indicate to the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission in a second frequency band. In some examples, the first R2D transmission may trigger the first device 301 to perform a D2R transmission.
[0079] In some examples, the first R2D transmission may include information for paging or random access channel (RACH) response which comprises an identifier (ID) associated with the first device 301. In some examples, the first R2D transmission may include control information or scheduling information which indicates to the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission (e.g., after a duration from the end of the first R2D transmission) .
[0080] In some examples, if the first R2D transmission indicates to (or trigger) the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission, the first device 301 may be not required to monitor R2D transmissions in the first frequency band after the end of the first R2D transmission. In some examples, the first device 301 may receive a CW signal after the end of the first R2D transmission and before a start of the D2R transmission. For example, during a time period from the end of the first R2D transmission to a start of the D2R transmission, the first device 301 may receive a CW signal and perform energy harvesting based on the received CW signal. For example, if a gap between the end of the first R2D transmission and a start of the D2R transmission is smaller than (or not larger than) a threshold, the first device 301 may receive a CW signal and perform energy harvesting based on the received CW signal during time period from the end of the first R2D transmission to the start of the D2R transmission.
[0081] In some examples, if a gap between the end of the first R2D transmission and a start of the D2R transmission is larger than (or not smaller than) a threshold, the first device 301 may keep monitoring R2D transmission until a third time instance that is a further time offset prior to the start of the D2R transmission. For example, if a gap between the end of the first R2D transmission and a start of the D2R transmission is larger than a threshold, the first device 301 may receive a CW signal and perform energy harvesting based on the received CW signal during a time period from the end of the first R2D transmission to a third time instance, where the third time instance is before the start of the D2R transmission with a further time offset.
[0082] In some implementations, the first R2D transmission does not indicate to (or not trigger) the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission in the second frequency band. In some examples, the first R2D transmission may include information for paging or RACH response which does not comprise an identifier associated with the first device 301. In some examples, the first R2D transmission may include control information or scheduling information which does not indicate to the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission. For example, the control information or scheduling information in the first R2D transmission may be used for indicating a D2R transmission of a different device or configuring R2D transmission.
[0083] In the process 300, the first device 301 switches a reception frequency of the first device 301 to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission at 320. In some implementations, if the first R2D transmission does not indicate to (or not trigger) the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission, then the first device 301 may switch its reception frequency from the first frequency band to a second frequency band.
[0084] In addition, the first device 301 performs energy harvesting at 330 based on a CW signal that is received in the second frequency band. In some examples, the CW node 150 may transmit, and the first device 301 may receive, the CW signal in a second frequency band at 325, accordingly the energy harvesting may be performed. In some examples, the second frequency band may also be referred to as a CW / D2R band, which may be a UL band.
[0085] In the process 300, the first device 301 switches the reception frequency back to the first frequency band at 340 no later than a first time instance. In some implementations, the first time instance is determined based on a specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions.
[0086] In some examples, the specific time gap may also be referred to as an expected time gap of two consecutive R2D transmissions from the second device 302 to the first device 301. In some examples, the two consecutive R2D transmissions may mean two consecutive R2D transmissions that the first device 301 would monitor / receive (i.e., they are consecutive from device perspective) , it is not precluded there are other R2D transmissions in-between the two consecutive R2D transmissions for other devices.
[0087] In some implementations, if the first R2D transmission does not indicate to (or not trigger) the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission, the first device 301 is not required to monitor R2D transmissions after the end of the R2D transmission and before the first time instance determined based on the specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions. In some examples, the first device 301 stops monitoring R2D transmission after the end of the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance.
[0088] In some examples, the first device 301 may switch its reception frequency from the second frequency band back to the first frequency band at a second time instance with a time offset prior to the first time instance. For example, a time duration from the end of the first R2D transmission to the first time instance may equal to the specific time gap. For example, the first time instance may be an expected start time of a next R2D transmission (e.g., a second R2D transmission) . For example, the second time instance is before the first time instance, and a duration from the second time instance to the first time instance may equal to (or be larger than) the time offset. For example, the first device 301 may determine the time offset based on a capability of frequency band switching. For instance, the time offset may be the device capability of frequency band switching time.
[0089] In some example embodiments, the specific time gap is a minimum gap between two different R2D transmissions from the second device 302 to the first device 301. In some examples, TR2D_R2D_min may refer to a minimum time between two different consecutive R2D transmissions to the same A-IoT device. In some examples, the specific time gap may be same as TR2D_R2D_min. For example, the first device 301 may assume that the specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions is the minimum time duration between the end of a R2D transmission and an expected start time of a new R2D transmission. In some example embodiments, the specific time gap may be different from TR2D_R2D_min, for example, it may multiple times of the TR2D_R2D_min, or a sum of TR2D_R2D_min and another time length.
[0090] In some example embodiments, the specific time gap may be predefined. In some examples, the specific time gap (the expected time gap) is predefined in specification. For example, the predefined time gap is associated with one or more of the following parameters: the first frequency band (e.g., for R2D transmissions) , a type of the second device 302 (i.e., a reader type, which may be gNB or UE) , a traffic type of the first device 301, coverage of R2D transmissions, or a density of a plurality of devices comprising the first device 301; and the first device 301 and / or the second device 302 may determine the specific time gap based on the associated parameters. For instance, the traffic type may be a command and / or inventory. For instance, the traffic type may be a latency sensitive traffic, or not a latency sensitive traffic. For instance, the traffic type may be associated with the content in the R2D transmission. For instance, the density may be a device density within the coverage of the second device 302.
[0091] In some example embodiments, the specific time gap may be configured by a network entity or by the second device 302. In some examples, the first device 301 may receive a paging message or system information from the second device 302, and the paging message or system information includes an indication of the specific time gap. In addition, the first device 301 may determine the specific time gap based on the indication. In some examples, the specific time gap may be determined based on a paging message or system information that is latest received, and the first device 301 may assume that the value for the specific time gap will not change unless it receives another value.
[0092] In some instances, the paging message or system information may include a value for the specific time gap. In some instances, multiple candidate values for the specific time gap may be predefined, and the paging message or system information may include an index of the specific time gap among the multiple candidate values.
[0093] In some examples, the first R2D transmission at 310 may include an indication of the specific time gap, and accordingly the first device 301 may determine the specific time gap based on the indication. For example, the first R2D transmission may include a dedicated control field which carries the indication of the specific time gap. In some examples, the first R2D transmission may include scheduling information, and the first device 301 may determine the specific time gap based on the scheduling information which indicates at least one time domain resource for at least one R2D transmission or at least one D2R transmission. In some instances, the first R2D transmission may include a value for the specific time gap. In some instances, multiple candidate values for the specific time gap may be predefined, and the first R2D transmission may include an index of the specific time gap among the multiple candidate values.
[0094] In some examples, the first R2D transmission may include an energy harvesting indication, which may indicate whether energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is applicable. For example, the energy harvesting indication may indicate whether the first device 301 can perform energy harvesting after this R2D transmission and before the next R2D transmission.
[0095] In some examples, the first R2D transmission may include a specific value for the specific time gap, for example, the specific value may be a first value or a second value. For example, the specific time gap may be indicated with a first value (such as 0 or another value) , which indicates that the energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is inapplicable. For instance, if the specific time gap is indicated to equal to the first value, then the first device 301 may determine not to perform energy harvesting after this R2D transmission and before the next R2D transmission. For example, the specific time gap may be indicated with a second value (such as 1 or another value) , which indicates that the energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is applicable. For instance, the second value may be a value from one or multiple candidate values larger than 0. For instance, the second value indicates a value of the specific time gap. For instance, if the specific time gap is indicated to equal to the second value, then the first device 301 may determine to perform energy harvesting after this R2D transmission and before the next R2D transmission.
[0096] In some example embodiments, the first device 301 may determine the specific time gap based on a device capability of time for energy harvesting. In some examples, the first device 301 may further transmit a second message to the second device 302, where the second message may indicate the specific time gap. In some examples, the second message may be a message during a random access procedure.
[0097] In some examples, the specific time gap is associated with the device capability of required time for energy harvesting, and the first device 301 may report this capability in the random access procedure, e.g., via a msg 1, msg 3, msg 5, or msg A. In some examples, the first device 301 may assume that the specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions will not be smaller than this capability.
[0098] In addition, the first device 301 may further receive a second R2D transmission from the second device 302 at 350. For example, the first and second R2D transmissions may be two consecutive R2D transmissions for the first device 301 from the second device 302.
[0099] FIG. 4A illustrates an example schematic of device behavior 410 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the A-IoT device may receive R2D transmission 411 in a R2D band (F1) , where the R2D transmission 411 does not indicate (or trigger) a D2R transmission. The A-IoT device may switch to a CW / D2R band (F2) to receive CW signal 413 for energy harvesting. In addition, the A-IoT device may switch back to R2D band (F1) to receive R2D transmission 412, where the switch is made before a time instance 415 that is determined based on an expected time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions.
[0100] FIG. 4B illustrates an example schematic of device behavior 420 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the A-IoT device may receive R2D transmission 421 in a R2D band (F1) , where the R2D transmission 421 does not indicate (or trigger) a D2R transmission. The A-IoT device may switch to a CW / D2R band (F2) to receive CW signal 423 for energy harvesting. In addition, the A-IoT device may switch back to R2D band (F1) to receive R2D transmission 422, where the switch is made before a time instance that is determined based on an expected time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions. The two R2D transmissions 421 and 422 are consecutive for the A-IoT device, and it is not precluded there may be other R2D transmissions in-between for other devices. As illustrated, there is another R2D transmission 425 for another A-IoT device, between the R2D transmission 421 and the R2D transmission 422.
[0101] FIG. 5A illustrates an example schematic of device behavior 510 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the A-IoT device may receive R2D transmission 511 in a R2D band (F1) , where the R2D transmission 511 may indicate (or trigger) a D2R transmission. The A-IoT device may switch to a CW / D2R band (F3) to transmit D2R transmission 512. In addition, the A-IoT device may switch back to R2D band (F1) to receive R2D transmission 513. In some examples, the time duration 518 from the end of R2D transmission 511 to a start of D2R transmission 512 may be smaller than a threshold. In some examples, the R2D transmission 515 may be missed by the A-IoT device, since the A-IoT device is a HD-Device which is not capable of receiving R2D transmission 515 and transmitting D2R transmission 512 simultaneously.
[0102] FIG. 5B illustrates an example schematic of device behavior 520 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the A-IoT device may receive R2D transmission 521 in a R2D band (F1) , where the R2D transmission 521 may indicate (or trigger) a D2R transmission. In case the time duration 528 from the end of R2D transmission 521 to a start of triggered D2R transmission 523 is larger than a threshold, the A-IoT device continues monitoring R2D transmission to receive the R2D transmission 522, and then switch to a CW / D2R band (F3) to transmit D2R transmission 523. For example, the R2D monitoring may be stopped at a time that is before a time offset 529 from the start of the D2R transmission 523. In addition, the A-IoT device may switch back to R2D band (F1) to receive R2D transmission 524.
[0103] It is to be understood that due to the relatively low receiving power, the R2D transmission may be not capable for energy harvesting. If the reader has triggered the A-IoT device for a D2R transmission in a CW / D2R band, then the A-IoT device may have an opportunity for energy harvesting based on CW signal. However, if the reader does not trigger the A-IoT device for a D2R transmission, the energy harvesting may not be performed (or efficiently performed) , thus the A-IoT device may have to switch to a CW / B2R band for energy harvesting if the reader does not trigger it for D2R transmission for a long time.
[0104] According to embodiments with reference to FIGS. 3-5B, the A-IoT device may utilize the CW signal between two consecutive R2D transmissions for energy harvesting, and switch back to the R2D band before a first time instance that the Reader may transmit a new R2D transmission, in this way, the reception occasion of next R2D transmission will not be missed by the A-IoT device, thereby ensuring the communication efficiency.
[0105] Reference is further made to FIG. 6, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 600 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 600 may involve a first device 301, a second device 302, and a CW node 150. The first device 301 may be a Device such as an A-IoT device 110 as discussed with reference to FIG. 1A. The second device 302 may be a Reader such as a terminal device 120 or a network device 130 as discussed with reference to FIG. 1A. As discussed with reference to FIG. 1A, the CW node 150 may be a separate node or may be implemented as part of the second device 302. It would be appreciated that the process 600 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0106] In the process 600, the second device 302 transmits, and the first device 301 receives, a first R2D transmission at 610. Specifically, the first device 301 may receive the first R2D transmission in a first frequency band.
[0107] In the process 600, the first device 301 switches a reception frequency of the first device 301 to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission at 620. In some implementations, if the first R2D transmission does not indicate to (or not trigger) the first device 301 to transmit a D2R transmission, then the first device 301 may switch its reception frequency from the first frequency band to a second frequency band. In addition, the first device 301 performs energy harvesting at 630 based on a CW signal that is received in the second frequency band. In some examples, the CW node 150 may transmit, and the first device 301 may receive, the CW signal in a second frequency band at 625, accordingly the energy harvesting may be performed.
[0108] It should be appreciated that the operations 610-630 may refer to discussions about operations 310-330 with reference to FIG. 3, thus will not be repeated for brevity.
[0109] In the process 600, the first device 301 switches the reception frequency back to the first frequency band at 640 based on a determination that the CW signal is stopped or the CW signal includes a specific pattern.
[0110] In some implementations, the second device 302 may not transmit an R2D transmission in a first frequency band and receive a D2R transmission in a second frequency band.
[0111] In some implementations, the CWN 150 may not transmit the CW signal in the second frequency band when the second device 302 is transmitting an R2D transmission in the first frequency band. In some examples, as illustrated, the second device 302 may transmit an indication to the CWN 150 at 622, where the indication may indicate when (astart time and / or an end time) the second device 302 is transmitting an R2D transmission, or the indication may indicate a time duration for the CWN 150 to transmit the CW signal.
[0112] In some implementations, the CW signal is started after a first time that is a first offset after the end of the first R2D transmission. In some implementations, the CW signal is ended before a second time that is a second offset before a start of a second R2D transmission. In some examples, the first offset may be represented as T11 and the second offset may be represented as T12. For example, T11 may equal to not equal to T12.
[0113] FIG. 7A illustrates an example schematic of device behavior 710 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the CW signal 712 is started after T11 718 from the end of the R2D transmission 711, and is ended before T12 719 from the start of the R2D transmission 713.
[0114] In some example embodiments, if the CW signal is stopped, the first device 301 may start monitoring R2D transmissions no later than a third time that is a third offset after an end of the CW signal. In some examples, if the first device 301 has detected that the CW signal transmission is stopped (e.g., the received power of CW is lower than a threshold) , then the first device 301 may switch back to the first frequency band and start monitoring R2D transmissions no later than the third time. For example, a time when the CW signal is stopped may be represented as T0, and the third offset may be represented as T1, then the third time may be represented as T0+T1.
[0115] FIG. 7B illustrates an example schematic of device behavior 720 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the A-IoT device may receive R2D transmission 721 in a R2D band (F1) , where the R2D transmission 721 does not indicate (or trigger) a D2R transmission. The reception frequency of the A-IoT device may be switched to the CW / D2R band (F2) to receive a CW signal 723 for energy harvesting. If the CW signal is stopped at time 725, the reception frequency of the A-IoT device may be switched back to the R2D band to receive the R2D transmission 722. For example, the switching time may be after the time 725 with a third offset (T1) .
[0116] In some example embodiments, if the CW signal includes a specific pattern, the first device 301 may start monitoring R2D transmissions no later than a fourth time that is a fourth offset after an end of the specific pattern. In some examples, the specific pattern comprises at least one high voltage signal and at least one low voltage signal.
[0117] In some examples, if the first device 301 has detected a specific pattern of CW signal, where the specific pattern comprises at least one low voltage signal and at least one high voltage signal, the first device 301 may switch back to the first frequency band and start monitoring R2D transmissions no later than the fourth time. For example, an end time of the specific pattern may be represented as T0’, and the fourth offset may be represented as T2, then the fourth time may be represented as T0’+T2.
[0118] FIG. 7C illustrates an example schematic of device behavior 730 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the A-IoT device may receive R2D transmission 731 in a R2D band (F1) , where the R2D transmission 731 does not indicate (or trigger) a D2R transmission. The reception frequency of the A-IoT device may be switched to the CW / D2R band (F2) to receive a CW signal 732 for energy harvesting. In case a specific CW pattern 7322 is detected, the reception frequency of the A-IoT device may be switched back to the R2D band to receive the R2D transmission 733.
[0119] For example, the specific CW pattern 7322 may be regarded as [0 1] , that is the specific CW pattern 7322 ends with a high voltage signal. For another example, the specific CW pattern 7322 may be regarded as [0 1 0] , that is the specific CW pattern 7322 ends with a low voltage signal. For example, if the specific pattern ends at T0’, then the switching time may be T0’+T2.
[0120] It is to be understood that the R2D transmissions may be not periodical, and the gaps between any two consecutive R2D transmissions may not be same or even close to each other. In this case, the A-IoT device may determine to switch back to the R2D band based on the CW transmission itself, e.g., when the CW transmission is stopped, or when a specific CW pattern is received / detected. In some examples, from reader perspective, although it may have the full-duplex FDD capability, it may be not necessary to transmit R2D and CW signal simultaneously, therefore it may stop CW transmission before it starts R2D transmission. Accordingly, the A-IoT device may utilize this feature for the determination of band switching.
[0121] According to embodiments with reference to FIG. 6-7C, the A-IoT device may utilize the CW signal between two consecutive R2D transmissions for energy harvesting, and switch back to the R2D band based on a feature of the CW signal, e.g., an end time of the CW signal or a detection of a specific CW pattern, in this way, the reception occasion of next R2D transmission will not be missed by the A-IoT device, thereby ensuring the communication efficiency.
[0122] In should be noted that some example embodiments above may be combined into some other embodiments. In some examples, the first device may switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band if the CW signal is stopped (or the CW signal includes a specific pattern) and the first time instance is not arrived yet. In some examples, there may be a second R2D transmission in FIG. 6.
[0123] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 800 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the first device which may perform the method 800 can be the first device 301, such as the A-IoT device 110 discussed above in FIG. 1A.
[0124] At block 810, the first device receives, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band. At block 820, the first device switches a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission. At block 830, the first device performs energy harvesting based on a CW signal received in the second frequency band. At block 840, the first device switches the reception frequency back to the first frequency band no later than a first time instance, wherein the first time instance is determined based on a specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions.
[0125] It should be noted that the method 800 may include various other operations which may be performed by the first device 301 as described above with reference to FIGS. 3-5B.
[0126] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 900 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the first device which may perform the method 900 can be the first device 301, such as the A-IoT device 110 discussed above in FIG. 1A.
[0127] At block 910, the first device receives, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band. At block 920, the first device switches a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band to receive a CW signal after an end of the first R2D transmission. At block 930, in accordance with a determination that the CW signal is stopped or the CW signal comprises a specific pattern, the first device switches the reception frequency back to the first frequency band.
[0128] It should be noted that the method 900 may include various other operations which may be performed by the first device 301 as described above with reference to FIGS. 6-7C.
[0129] Details of some embodiments according to the present disclosure have been described with reference to FIGS. 2-9. Now an example implementation of the first device will be discussed below.
[0130] In some example embodiments, a first device (such as an A-IoT device) comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band; switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission; perform energy harvesting based on a CW signal received in the second frequency band; and switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band no later than a first time instance, wherein the first time instance is determined based on a specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions. It should be noted that the first device comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 3-5B.
[0131] In some example embodiments, a first device (such as an A-IoT device) comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band; switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band to receive a CW signal after an end of the first R2D transmission; and in accordance with a determination that the CW signal is stopped or the CW signal comprises a specific pattern, switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band. It should be noted that the first device comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 6-7C.
[0132] FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 1000 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1000 can be considered as a further example implementation of the first device (such as an A-IoT device) discussed above. Accordingly, the device 1000 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the first device discussed above.
[0133] As shown, the device 1000 includes a processor 1010, a memory 1020 coupled to the processor 1010, a suitable transceiver 1040 coupled to the processor 1010, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1040. The memory 1020 stores at least a part of a program 1030. The transceiver 1040 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1040 may include at least one of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and the receiver may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver1040 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0134] The program 1030 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1010, enable the device 1000 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 2-9. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1010 of the device 1000, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1010 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1010 and memory 1020 may form processing means 1050 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0135] The memory 1020 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1020 is shown in the device 1000, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1000. The processor 1010 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1000 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0136] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide the following solutions.
[0137] The present disclosure provides a first device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the first device at least to: receive, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band; switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission; perform energy harvesting based on a CW signal received in the second frequency band; and switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band no later than a first time instance, wherein the first time instance is determined based on a specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions.
[0138] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission does not indicate to the first device to transmit a D2R transmission in the second frequency band.
[0139] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission comprises information for paging or RACH response which does not comprise an identifier associated with the first device.
[0140] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission comprises control information or scheduling information which does not indicate to the first device to transmit a D2R transmission.
[0141] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the control information or scheduling information is used for indicating a D2R transmission of a different device or configuring R2D transmission.
[0142] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: stop monitoring R2D transmission after the end of the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance.
[0143] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band by: switching the reception frequency from the second frequency band to the first frequency band at a second time instance with a time offset prior to the first time instance.
[0144] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: determine the time offset based on a capability of frequency band switching.
[0145] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the specific time gap is a minimum gap between two different R2D transmissions from the second device to the first device.
[0146] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the specific time gap is: predefined, or configured by a network device or the second device.
[0147] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the specific time gap is associated with at least one of: the first frequency band, a type of the second device, a traffic type of the first device, coverage of R2D transmissions, or a density of a plurality of devices comprising the first device.
[0148] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: receive, from the second device, a paging message or system information comprising an indication of the specific time gap; and determine the specific time gap based on the indication.
[0149] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission comprises an indication of the specific time gap which is carried in a dedicated control field.
[0150] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission comprises scheduling information, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: determine the specific time gap based on the scheduling information which indicates at least one time domain resource for at least one R2D transmission or at least one D2R transmission.
[0151] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission comprises an energy harvesting indication for indicating whether energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is applicable.
[0152] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the indication of the specific time gap comprises one of: a specific value of the specific time gap, multiple candidate values for the specific time gap, a first value indicating that energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is inapplicable, or a second value indicating that energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is applicable.
[0153] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: determine the specific time gap based on a device capability of time for energy harvesting; and transmit, to the second device, a second message indicating the specific time gap.
[0154] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the second message is a message during a RACH procedure.
[0155] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission indicates to the first device to transmit a D2R transmission in the second frequency band.
[0156] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission comprises information for paging or RACH response which comprises an identifier associated with the first device.
[0157] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first R2D transmission comprises control information or scheduling information which indicates to the first device to transmit a D2R transmission.
[0158] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: receive a CW signal after the end of the first R2D transmission and before a start of the D2R transmission.
[0159] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: in accordance with a determination that a gap between the end of the first R2D transmission and a start of the D2R transmission is larger than a threshold, keep monitoring R2D transmission until a third time instance that is a further time offset prior to the start of the D2R transmission.
[0160] The present disclosure provides a first device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the first device at least to: receive, from a second device, a first R2D transmission in a first frequency band; switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band to receive a CW signal after an end of the first R2D transmission; and in accordance with a determination that the CW signal is stopped or the CW signal comprises a specific pattern, switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band.
[0161] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the CW signal is started after a first time that is a first offset after the end of the first R2D transmission.
[0162] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the CW signal is ended before a second time that is a second offset before a start of a second R2D transmission.
[0163] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: in accordance with a determination that the CW signal is stopped, start monitoring R2D transmissions no later than a third time that is a third offset after an end of the CW signal.
[0164] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to: in accordance with a determination that the CW signal comprises the specific pattern, start monitoring R2D transmissions no later than a fourth time that is a fourth offset after an end of the specific pattern.
[0165] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the specific pattern comprises at least one high voltage signal and at least one low voltage signal.
[0166] The present disclosure provides a method of communication, comprising the operations implemented at the first device discussed above.
[0167] The present disclosure provides a device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing computer program codes; the memory and the computer program codes configured to, with the processor, cause the device to perform the method implemented at the first device discussed above.
[0168] The present disclosure provides a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method implemented at the first device discussed above.
[0169] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0170] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0171] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0172] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0173] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0174] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the first device to:receive, from a second device, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission in a first frequency band;switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band after an end of the first R2D transmission;perform energy harvesting based on a carrier wave (CW) signal received in the second frequency band; andswitch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band no later than a first time instance, wherein the first time instance is determined based on a specific time gap between two consecutive R2D transmissions.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission does not indicate to the first device to transmit a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission in the second frequency band.3.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:stop monitoring R2D transmission after the end of the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance.4.The firs device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band by:switching the reception frequency from the second frequency band to the first frequency band at a second time instance with a time offset prior to the first time instance.5.The firs device of claim 4, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:determine the time offset based on a capability of frequency band switching.6.The firs device of claim 1, wherein the specific time gap is a minimum gap between two different R2D transmissions from the second device to the first device.7.The first device of claim 1, wherein the specific time gap is:predefined, orconfigured by a network device or the second device.8.The first device of claim 1, wherein the specific time gap is associated with at least one of:the first frequency band,a type of the second device,a traffic type of the first device,coverage of R2D transmissions, ora density of a plurality of devices comprising the first device.9.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:receive, from the second device, a paging message or system information comprising an indication of the specific time gap; anddetermine the specific time gap based on the indication.10.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission comprises an indication of the specific time gap which is carried in a dedicated control field.11.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission comprises scheduling information, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:determine the specific time gap based on the scheduling information which indicates at least one time domain resource for at least one R2D transmission or at least one D2R transmission.12.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission comprises an energy harvesting indication for indicating whether energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is applicable.13.The first device of claim 9 or 10, wherein the indication of the specific time gap comprises one of:a specific value of the specific time gap,multiple candidate values for the specific time gap,a first value indicating that energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is inapplicable, ora second value indicating that energy harvesting after the first R2D transmission and before the first time instance is applicable.14.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:determine the specific time gap based on a device capability of time for energy harvesting; andtransmit, to the second device, a second message indicating the specific time gap.15.The first device of claim 14, wherein the second message is a message during a RACH procedure.16.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission indicates to the first device to transmit a D2R transmission in the second frequency band, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:receive a CW signal after the end of the first R2D transmission and before a start of the D2R transmission.17.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission indicates to the first device to transmit a D2R transmission in the second frequency band, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:in accordance with a determination that a gap between the end of the first R2D transmission and a start of the D2R transmission is larger than a threshold, keep monitoring R2D transmission until a third time instance that is a further time offset prior to the start of the D2R transmission.18.A first device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the first device to:receive, from a second device, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission in a first frequency band;switch a reception frequency of the first device to a second frequency band to receive a carrier wave (CW) signal after an end of the first R2D transmission; andin accordance with a determination that the CW signal is stopped or the CW signal comprises a specific pattern, switch the reception frequency back to the first frequency band.19.The first device of claim 18, wherein the CW signal is started after a first time that is a first offset after the end of the first R2D transmission.20.The first device of claim 18, wherein the CW signal is ended before a second time that is a second offset before a start of a second R2D transmission.