Thermal set polyolefin resin
The development of curable multifunctional olefin resins addresses the limitations of PPO and PTFE by achieving ultra-low Df and mechanical properties, suitable for advanced AI server applications through controlled synthesis and processing, resulting in high-performance electrical laminates.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- BLUE CUBE IP LLC
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing polymer materials like PPO and PTFE face challenges in achieving ultra-low dissipation factor (Df) properties and processability for high-performance electrical laminates required in advanced AI server applications, with radical cure olefin resins presenting additional hurdles in controlling molecular structure and compatibility with multi-layer laminate fabrication.
Development of curable multifunctional olefin resins, specifically compounds of Formula I and Ia, which are synthesized through a sequential reaction process involving olefin monomers and unsaturated resins, and further processed with reducing agents to achieve desired electrical and mechanical properties suitable for high-performance laminates.
The curable multifunctional olefin resins exhibit extremely low Df and low coefficient of thermal expansion, meeting the exacting standards for high-performance PCB systems, enabling the production of advanced electrical laminates for next-generation AI servers.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025075532-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025075532-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025075532-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
THERMAL SET POLYOLEFIN RESINBACKGROUND
[0001] The demand for high-performance electrical laminates in advanced server applications has been steadily increasing, driven in large part by the growing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. A critical requirement for such laminates is achieving increasingly lower dissipation factor (Df) properties to support high-speed, high-frequency signal transmission.
[0002] Traditionally, polymer materials such as polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have been widely used in the manufacture of electrical laminates due to their favorable electrical properties. However, these materials exhibit significant limitations in meeting the stringent demands of modern AI server applications. Specifically, PPO-based laminates are unable to achieve the ultra-low Df properties required for next-generation AI servers. On the other hand, while PTFE offers excellent low-Df performance, its inherent processing challenges make it unsuitable for fabricating complex, multi-layer laminates commonly used in high-performance server applications.
[0003] In response to these limitations, radical cure olefin resins have emerged as a promising material for high-end electrical laminates. These resins offer a potential pathway to achieve the desired balance of low Df properties and processability. However, the development of radical cure olefin resin systems presents its own set of challenges. Controlling the molecular structure of the resin to optimize its electrical and mechanical properties, while simultaneously ensuring compatibility with multi-layer laminate fabrication processes, remains a significant technical hurdle.
[0004] There is a need in the art for innovative materials and methods that address these challenges, enabling the production of advanced electrical laminates with the performance characteristics required for next-generation AI server applications.SUMMARY
[0005] In one aspect, provided herein is a compound of Formula I, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C10 aryl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C8 aryl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkylene, C4–C8 cycloalkenylene, and C6–C10 arylene; R6 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkenyl, and C6–C10 aryl; R4, R5 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1–C4 alkyl; and each of m, n, p, q, s, and x is independently an integer between 0 and 10,000.
[0006] Also provided herein is a compound of Formula Ia, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, and naphthyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, and ethylbenzyl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of methylene, phenylene, cyclohexylene, cyclohexenylene, methylbenzylene, and ethylbenzylene; R6 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, and ethylbenzyl; R4, R5 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; and each of m, n, p, q, s, and x is independently an integer between 0 and 10,000.
[0007] Also provided herein is a curable composition, wherein the composition comprises at least one curable multifunctional olefin resin selected from the group consisting of Formula I and Formula Ia. The curable composition may further comprise one or more of (a) a free radical-curable component, (b) a filler component, and (c) an initiator component.
[0008] Also provided herein is a method of synthesizing a curable multifunctional olefin resin, the method comprising (a) contacting an olefin monomer component comprising at least one olefin monomer with an unsaturated resin component comprising at least one unsaturated ketone or aldehyde to produce an intermediate compound of Formula II, wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, m, n, p, q, s, and x are each selected as described above with respect to Formula I, and (b) contacting the intermediate compound of Formula II with a reducing agent to produce a curable multifunctional resin of Formula I. The contacting step (a) and the contacting step (b) may be performed sequentially in a single reaction vessel without isolating the intermediate compound of Formula II.
[0009] Also provided herein is a printed circuit board comprising a cured resin composition, wherein the cured resin composition is prepared by curing a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula Ia.
[0010] Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary chemical reaction scheme for synthesizing a compound of Formula I as described in the present application.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] Provided herein are curable multifunctional olefin resins that can be used to prepare electrical laminates suitable for use in next-generation AI server applications. For example, the curable multifunctional olefin resins provided herein may exhibit the electrical characteristics, including an extremely low Df, and the mechanical properties, including a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) , required to meet the exacting standards required by high-performance PCB systems.
[0013] Also provided herein are processes for making the curable multifunctional olefin resins and related intermediate compounds. Also provided herein are curable compositions comprising a curable multifunctional olefin resin, optionally in combination with one or more other curable molecules or resins and / or one or more fillers or other optional components. Also provided herein are electrical laminates, and products that incorporate such laminates (e.g., printed circuit boards) , that are prepared by curing a curable multifunctional olefin resin as described herein. Each of these aspects of the present disclosure is discussed in further detail below. Definitions
[0014] As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain moiety comprising up to 10 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. The alkyl group may be a straight-chain alkyl group or a branched alkyl group (e.g., isopropyl) . The term “cycloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group that forms a ring, which may be monocyclic or polycyclic.
[0015] As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain moiety comprising up to 10 carbon atoms and comprising at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Non-limiting examples of alkenyl groups include ethylenyl, vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, 2-propyl-2-butenyl, and 4- (2-methyl-3-butene) -pentenyl. The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group that forms a ring, which may be monocyclic or polycyclic.
[0016] As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to an aromatic moiety comprising from 6 to 14 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the aryl group is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, methoxyl, and carboxyl. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, and xylyl.
[0017] As used herein, the term “alkoxyl” refers to a group of the form -OR′, wherein R′ is alkyl as defined herein. For example, the group -OCH3 may be referred to herein as “methoxyl. ” The group -OCH2CH3 may be referred to herein as “ethoxyl. ”
[0018] As used herein, the term “aryloxyl” refers to a group of the form -OR′, wherein R′ is aryl as defined herein. For example, the group -O (C6H6) may be referred to herein as “phenoxyl. ”
[0019] As used herein, the term “carboxyl” refers to a group of the form -C (O) OH.
[0020] As used herein, the term “hydrogen” includes both stable isotopes of hydrogen, namely 1H (also known as protium) and 2H (also known as deuterium) . Curable Multifunctional Olefin Resin
[0021] Provided herein is a compound of Formula I, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C10 aryl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C8 aryl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkylene, C4–C8 cycloalkenylene, and C6–C10 arylene; R6 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkenyl, and C6– C10 aryl; R4, R5 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1–C4 alkyl; and each of m, n, p, q, s, and x is independently an integer falling within a range of from 0 to about 10,000.
[0022] Preferably, the compound of Formula I is a compound of Formula Ia, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, and naphthyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, and ethylbenzyl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of methylene, phenylene, cyclohexylene, cyclohexenylene, methylbenzylene, and ethylbenzylene; R6 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, and ethylbenzyl; R4, R5 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; and each of m, n, p, q, s, and x is independently an integer falling within a range of from 0 to 10,000.
[0023] Preferably, the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia has a molecular weight (MW) of from about 100 to about 100,000 g / mol. The compound of Formula I or Formula Ia may have a molecular weight of, for example, at least about 100 g / mol, at least about 200 g / mol, at least about 250 g / mol, at least about 300 g / mol, at least about 500 g / mol, at least about 1000 g / mol, at least about 2000 g / mol, at least about 3000 g / mol, or at least about 5000 g / mol. The compound of Formula I or Formula Ia may have a molecular weight of, for example, no greater than about 100,000 g / mol, no greater than about 90,000 g / mol, no greater than about 80,000 g / mol, no greater than about 70,000 g / mol, or no greater than about 60,000 g / mol. The compound of Formula I or Formula Ia may have a molecular weight that falls within a range bounded by any two values listed above. As non-limiting examples, the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia may have a molecular weight of from about 250 to 70,000 g / mol, or from about 3000 to about 60,000 g / mol.
[0024] Preferably, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, each of m, n, p, q, and s is independently an integer falling within a range of from 0 to 100. For example, m may be an integer of from 1 to 100. For example, n may be an integer of from 1 to 100. For example, p may be an integer of from 1 to 100. For example, q may be an integer of from 1 to 100.
[0025] Preferably, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, x is an integer falling within a range of from 1 to 1000.
[0026] As a non-limiting example, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, R1 may be hydrogen. As a further example, R1 may be methyl. As a further example, R1 may be phenyl. As a further example, R1 may be cyclohexyl. As a further example, R1 may be methylbenzyl. As a further example, R1 may be ethylbenzyl. As a further example, R1 may be naphthyl.
[0027] As a non-limiting example, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, R2 may be hydrogen. As a further example, R2 may be methyl. As a further example, R2 may be phenyl. As a further example, R2 may be cyclohexyl. As a further example, R2 may be cyclohexenyl. As a further example, R2 may be methylbenzyl. As a further example, R2 may be ethylbenzyl.
[0028] As a non-limiting example, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, R3 may be methylene. As a further example, R3 may be phenylene. As a further example, R3 may be cyclohexylene. As a further example, R3 may be cyclohexenylene. As a further example, R3 may be methylbenzylene. As a further example, R3 may be ethylbenzylene.
[0029] As a non-limiting example, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, R4 may be hydrogen. As a further example, R4 may be methyl. As a further example, R4 may be ethyl.
[0030] As a non-limiting example, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, R5 may be hydrogen. As a further example, R5 may be methyl. As a further example, R5 may be ethyl.
[0031] As a non-limiting example, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, R6 may be methyl. As a further example, R6 may be phenyl. As a further example, R6 may be cyclohexyl. As a further example, R6 may be cyclohexenyl. As a further example, R6 may be methylbenzyl. As a further example, R6 may be ethylbenzyl.
[0032] As a non-limiting example, in the compound of Formula I or Formula Ia, R7 may be hydrogen. As a further example, R7 may be methyl. As a further example, R7 may be ethyl. Curable Compositions
[0033] Also provided herein is a curable composition, wherein the composition comprises at least one curable multifunctional olefin resin selected from the group consisting of Formula I and Formula Ia. The curable composition may further comprise one or more of (a) a free radical-curable component, (b) a filler component, and (c) an initiator component.
[0034] Curable Multifunctional Olefin Resin
[0035] The curable composition comprises at least one curable multifunctional olefin resin selected from the group consisting of Formula I and Formula Ia.
[0036] The curable composition may comprise the at least one curable multifunctional olefin resin in an amount of, for example, at least about 5%by weight, at least about 10%by weight, at least about 15%by weight, at least about 20%by weight, at least about 25%by weight, at least about 30%by weight, at least about 35%by weight, at least about 40%by weight, at least about 45%by weight, or at least about 50%by weight of the composition as a whole. Typically, the curable composition comprises the one curable multifunctional olefin resin in an amount of, for example, no greater than about 99%by weight, no greater than about 95%by weight, no greater than about 90%by weight, no greater than about 80%by weight, no greater than about 70%by weight, or no greater than about 60%by weight of the composition as a whole. The curable composition may comprise the at least one curable multifunctional olefin resin in an amount that falls within a range bounded by any two values listed above. As non-limiting examples, the curable composition may comprise the at least one curable multifunctional olefin resin in an amount of from about 5%by weight to about 70%by weight, from about 20%by weight to about 80%by weight, from about 30%by weight to about 70%by weight, or from about 35%to about 65%by weight of the composition as a whole.
[0037] Free Radical-Curable Component
[0038] The curable composition may additionally comprise a free radical-curable component comprising one or more compounds that will crosslink or cure in the presence of a free radical initiator.
[0039] Non-limiting examples of free radical-curable compounds that may be present in the composition include isocyanates and thioisocyanates (e.g., triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) ) , polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and derivatives thereof, and bismaleimdes and multifunctional maleimides.
[0040] For example, the free radical-curable component may comprise TAIC.
[0041] As a further example, the free radical-curable component may comprise an acrylate capped polyphenyl ether of Formula B wherein Y is an aliphatic backbone comprising 1 or more carbon atoms, and m and n are each independently greater than or equal to 1. In some embodiments, Y is an aliphatic backbone comprising between 1 and 20 carbon atoms, for example, between 1 and 10 carbon atoms, between 1 and 8 carbon atoms, or between 1 and 6 carbon atoms.
[0042] As a further example, the free radical-curable component may comprise a bismaleimide of Formula C wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of: an aliphatic backbone comprising 1 or more carbon atoms, and a cycloaliphatic backbone comprising a ring with 3 or more members; and R2, R3, R4, and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1–C3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R1 is an aliphatic backbone comprising between 1 and 20 carbon atoms, for example, between 1 and 10 carbon atoms, between 1 and 8 carbon atoms, or between 1 and 6 carbon atoms.
[0043] The resin composition may comprise the free radical-curable component in an amount of, for example, from about 0%by weight to about 80%by weight of the composition as a whole. For example, the resin composition may comprise the free radical-curable component in an amount of at least about 5%by weight, at least about 10%by weight, at least about 15%by weight, at least about 20%by weight, at least about 25%by weight, at least about 30%by weight, at least about 35%by weight, at least about 40%by weight, at least about 45%by weight, or at least about 50%by weight of the composition as a whole. Typically, the curable composition comprises the free radical-curable component in an amount of, for example, no greater than about 80%by weight, no greater than about 70%by weight, no greater than about 60%by weight, no greater than about 50%by weight, no greater than about 40%by weight, no greater than about 35%by weight, no greater than about 30%by weight, no greater than about 25%by weight, or no greater than about 20%by weight of the composition as a whole. The curable composition may comprise the free radical-curable component in an amount that falls within a range bounded by any two values listed above. As non-limiting examples, the curable composition may comprise the free radical-curable component in an amount of from about 10%by weight to about 80%by weight, from about 10%to about 50%by weight, or from about 10%to about 40%by weight of the composition as a whole.
[0044] Filler Component
[0045] The curable composition may additionally comprise a filler component comprising one or more filler materials. Without being bound to a particular theory, the presence of a filler component can improve the dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and / or thermal conductivity of the composition after curing.
[0046] Non-limiting examples of suitable filler materials include spherical silica, fused silica, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, boron nitride, mica, talc, and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments, the filler component comprises an inorganic filler. For example, the filler component may comprise silica.
[0047] The curable composition may comprise the filler component, for example, in an amount of at least about 5%by weight, at least about 10%by weight, at least about 15%by weight, at least about 20%by weight, at least about 25%by weight, at least about 30%by weight, at least about 35%by weight, at least about 40%by weight, at least about 45%by weight, or at least about 50%by weight of the composition as a whole. Typically, the curable composition comprises the filler component in an amount of, for example, no greater than about 80%by weight, no greater than about 70%by weight, no greater than about 60%by weight, no greater than about 50%by weight, no greater than about 40%by weight, no greater than about 35%by weight, no greater than about 30%by weight, no greater than about 25%by weight, or no greater than about 20%by weight of the composition as a whole. The curable composition may comprise the filler component in an amount that falls within a range bounded by any two values listed above. As non-limiting examples, the curable composition may comprise the filler component in an amount of from about 5%to about 70%by weight, from about 10%to about 60%by weight, or from about 10%to about 50%by weight of the composition as a whole.
[0048] Free Radical Initiator
[0049] The curable composition may additionally comprise an initiator component comprising one or more free radical initiators. Without being bound to a particular theory, the free radical initiator may act to release free radicals at elevated temperature, and thereby trigger the cross linking of all the components in the composition.
[0050] Non-limiting examples of free radical initiators include 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane, 2, 2'-azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) , dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, and benzoyl peroxide. For example, the free radical initiator may comprise a peroxide compound. As a further example, the free radical initiator may comprise 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane.
[0051] The curable composition may comprise the initiator component in an amount of, for example, at least about 0.5%by weight, at least about 1%by weight, at least about 1.5%by weight, or at least about 2%by weight of the composition as a whole. Typically, the curable composition comprises the initiator component in an amount of no greater than about 10%by weight, no greater than about 7.5%by weight, no greater than about 5%by weight, no greater than about 2.5%by weight, or no greater than about 2%by weight of the composition as a whole. The curable composition may comprise the initiator component in an amount that falls within a range bounded by any two values listed above. As non-limiting examples, the curable composition may comprise the initiator component in an amount of from about 0.5%by weight to about 7.5%by weight, from about 0.5%by weight to about 5%by weight, from about 0.5%by weight to about 2.5%by weight, from about 1%by weight to about 2.5%by weight, or from about 1.5%by weight to about 2.5%by weight of the composition as a whole. Methods of Preparing the Curable Multifunctional Olefin Resin
[0052] Also provided herein is a method of synthesizing a curable multifunctional olefin resin. For example, the methods provided herein may be used to synthesize compounds of Formula I and Formula Ia as described above.
[0053] Polymerization Step
[0054] In a first step of the method, an olefin monomer component comprising at least one olefin monomer is contacted with an unsaturated resin component comprising at least one unsaturated ketone or aldehyde.
[0055] Preferably, the olefin monomer component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of styrene, p-methylstyrene, 4-bromostyrene, α-methylstyrene, limonene, p-ethylvinylbenzene, vinylnaphthalene, dicyclopentadiene, and diisobutylene, and substituted derivatives thereof.
[0056] Preferably, the unsaturated resin component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of p-vinylbenzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, 2-propenophenone, and chalcone, and substituted derivatives thereof.
[0057] The olefin monomer component and the unsaturated resin component are preferably contacted in a molar ratio of from about 0: 100 to about 80: 20. For example, the olefin monomer component and the unsaturated resin component may be contacted in a molar ratio of from about 0: 100 to about 60: 40, or from about 36: 64 to about 52: 48.
[0058] The olefin monomer component and the unsaturated resin component may be contacted in the presence of a polymerization catalyst. The polymerization catalyst may comprise, for example, a Lewis acid. For example, the polymerization catalyst may comprise a boron trifluoride complex, such as boron fluoride ethyl ether complex, boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuran complex, boron trifluoride methanol complex, boron trifluoride acetonitrile complex, boron trifluoride ethyl acetate complex, or a combination thereof. As further examples, the polymerization catalyst may comprise a Lewis Acid such as tin tetrachloride, aluminum chloride, titanium tetrachloride, or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization catalyst comprises boron fluoride ethyl ether.
[0059] As shown in the schematic diagram presented in FIG. 1, contacting the olefin monomer component and the unsaturated resin component may, for example, produce an intermediate compound of Formula II: wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, m, n, p, q, s, and x are each selected as described above with respect to Formula I. More preferably, R1, R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, m, n, p, q, s, and x are each selected as described above with respect to Formula Ia.
[0060] The degree of polymerization, and correspondingly the molecular weight of the compound of Formula II, may be controlled by stopping the polymerization reaction at an appropriate time. The polymerization reaction may be stopped, for example, by raising the pH of the reaction mixture. For example, the method may comprise stopping the polymerization reaction by adding a reaction inhibitor, such as a strong base, to the reaction mixture once the desired degree of polymerization has been achieved. Non-limiting examples of suitable reaction inhibitors include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium bicarbonate. For example, the reaction inhibitor may comprise sodium hydroxide.
[0061] Reducing Step
[0062] In a second step of the method, an intermediate compound of Formula II is contacted with a reducing agent, thereby producing a curable multifunctional resin of Formula I.
[0063] The reducing agent is preferably selected from the group consisting of KBH4 and the Nysted Reagent, wherein the Nysted Reagent has the following structure:
[0064] The molar ratio between the intermediate compound of Formula II and the reducing agent may range, for example, from about 1: 1000 to about 100: 1. More preferably, the molar ratio between the intermediate compound of Formula II and the reducing agent may range from about 1: 1 to about 1: 100.
[0065] Preferably, a polymerization step and a reducing step as described above are performed sequentially in a single reaction vessel without isolating the intermediate compound of Formula II. Electrical Laminates
[0066] Also provided herein are electrical laminates, and products that incorporate such laminates (e.g., printed circuit boards) , that are prepared by curing a curable multifunctional olefin resin as described herein. EXAMPLES
[0067] The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present disclosure.
[0068] Example 1
[0069] A 250 mL, four-necked flask was charged with 0.378 mol of styrene and 0.378 mol of cinnamaldehyde. The mixture was stirred thoroughly at 25 ℃ to ensure homogeneity. The flask was then purged with nitrogen to create an inert atmosphere. Subsequently, 6.30 mmol of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was heated to 60 ℃ and maintained at this temperature for 4 hours.
[0070] After the reaction period, 22.65 g of toluene and 0.9 g of a 10%aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was poured into 200 g of ethanol and subjected to high-shear mixing. The mixture was then filtered to isolate the solid product. The solid product was dried, yielding 83 g of a material designated as Intermediate 1.
[0071] Example 2
[0072] A 250 mL four-neck flask was charged with 0.378 mol of α-methylstyrene and 0.378 mol of p-vinylbenzaldehyde. The resulting mixture was stirred thoroughly at 25℃ to ensure uniform mixing. The flask was purged with nitrogen, and 6.30 mmol of boron trifluoride ethyl etherate was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was then heated to 70℃ and maintained at this temperature for 4 hours.
[0073] After the reaction period, 22.65 g of toluene and 0.9 g of a 10%aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was poured into 200 g of ethanol and subjected to high-shear mixing. The mixture was then filtered to isolate the solid product. The solid product, weighing 87 g, was obtained and designated as Intermediate 2.
[0074] Example 3
[0075] A 250 mL four-necked flask was charged with 3.6 g of Intermediate 1 (prepared as described in Example 1) and 10.4 g of tetrahydrofuran (THF) . The mixture was stirred at approximately 25 ℃ to ensure uniform mixing. The flask was purged with nitrogen gas to create an inert atmosphere, and the temperature of the mixture was then lowered to 0 ℃. The flask was sealed tightly, and 38.51 g of a Nysted Reagent solution (16.9 mmol in tetrahydrofuran, 20%concentration) was injected into the flask. Subsequently, titanium tetrachloride was added slowly to the flask.
[0076] The reaction mixture was allowed to proceed for 30 minutes at 0 ℃, after which the system was heated to 25 ℃. The reaction was continued for an additional 2 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, 100 mL of 0.5 mol / L sulfuric acid and 25 g of toluene were added to the flask. The resulting mixture was subjected to phase separation, and the upper organic phase was collected.
[0077] The organic phase was then combined with 50 g of 0.5 mol / L sodium carbonate solution. After phase separation, the organic phase was filtered and dried, yielding 2.23 g of a polyolefin product. The polyolefin product was analyzed by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) , which indicated that the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the product was approximately 7300 g / mol.
[0078] Approximately 0.5–0.6 g of the polyolefin product was compressed into a powder using a high-pressure cylindrical mold. The compressed powder was formed into a round disk with a thickness of 0.7–0.8 mm and a diameter of 25 mm. The dielectric properties of the disk were measured using an vector network analyzer. The polyolefin product exhibited a dielectric loss of approximately 0.0004–0.0006 at 10 GHz.
[0079] Example 4
[0080] A 250 mL four-neck flask was charged with 3.6 g of Intermediate 2 (prepared as described in Example 2) and 10.4 g of tetrahydrofuran (THF) . The mixture was stirred thoroughly at approximately 25 ℃ to ensure uniform mixing. The flask was purged with nitrogen gas, and the temperature of the mixture was reduced to 0 ℃. The flask was then sealed tightly, and 38.51 g of a Nysted Reagent solution (16.9 mmol in tetrahydrofuran, 20%concentration) was injected into the flask. Subsequently, titanium tetrachloride was slowly added to the flask.
[0081] The reaction mixture was allowed to proceed for 30 minutes at 0 ℃, after which the system was heated to 25 ℃. The reaction was continued for an additional 2 hours at 25 ℃. Upon completion of the reaction, 100 mL of 0.5 mol / L sulfuric acid and 25 g of toluene were added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was subjected to phase separation, and the upper organic phase was collected.
[0082] The organic phase was then combined with 50 g of 0.5 mol / L sodium carbonate solution. Following another phase separation, the organic phase was filtered and dried to yield 2.5 g of a polyolefin product. The polyolefin product was subsequently analyzed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) , which determined its weight-average molecular weight (Mw) to be approximately 5100 g / mol.
[0083] Approximately 0.5–0.6 g of the polyolefin product was compressed in a high-pressure cylinder mold to form a round disk with a diameter of 25 mm and a thickness of 0.7–0.8 mm. The disk was analyzed for dielectric properties using an ZVL vector network analyzer. The dielectric loss of the polyolefin product was determined to be approximately 0.0004–0.0006 at 10 GHz.
[0084] Example 5: Laminate Application
[0085] A varnish was prepared by charging 60 g of polyolefin product from Example 3, 40 g toluene, 20 g methyl ethyl ketone, and 0.06 g dicumyl peroxide into flask.
[0086] Into a tray was poured about 200 g of varnish. One piece of 2116 low Dk glass cloth (about 30 cm × 30 cm) was dipped into the varnish and then hand pulled through a gapped pair of rollers to control the thickness. One edge of the prepared glass cloth was fixed by clamps and then hung in a fume hood to allow the varnish to evenly spread and promote solvent evaporation. The glass cloth was then baked in a mini-treater (with good ventilation capability) at elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to remove the solvent and generate a reasonable prepreg gel time, so the temperature and the time could be adjusted according to specific cases. Following the baking, the desired prepregs were obtained.
[0087] Six pieces of the resulting prepreg were stacked together, and half of the top and bottom surface was covered with a sheet of 35 μm standard copper foil. The stack was then laminated in a press at 200 ℃ for 1.0 hours. The resulting laminate composition was measured to have a dielectric loss of 0.0012 at 10GHz.
[0088] When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the preferred embodiment (s) thereof, the articles “a” , “an” , “the” , and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising” , “including” , and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
[0089] In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the disclosure are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
[0090] As various changes could be made in the above products and methods without departing from the scope of the disclosure, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
Claims
1.A compound of Formula I, whereinR1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C10 aryl;R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C8 aryl;R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkylene, C4–C8 cycloalkenylene, and C6–C10 arylene;R6 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkenyl, and C6–C10 aryl;R4, R5 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1–C4 alkyl; andeach of m, n, p, q, s, and x is independently an integer falling within a range of from 0 to about 10,000.2.A compound of Formula Ia, whereinR1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, and naphthyl;R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, and ethylbenzyl;R3 is selected from the group consisting of methylene, phenylene, cyclohexylene, cyclohexenylene, methylbenzylene, and ethylbenzylene;R6 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, and ethylbenzyl;R4, R5 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; andeach of m, n, p, q, s, and x is independently an integer falling within a range of from 0 to 10,000.3.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, or naphthyl.4.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R2 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, or ethylbenzyl.5.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R3 is methylene, phenylene, cyclohexylene, cyclohexenylene, methylbenzylene, or ethylbenzylene.6.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R4 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.7.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R5 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.8.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R6 is methyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, methylbenzyl, or ethylbenzyl.9.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R7 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.10.The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the compound has a molecular weight of from about 100 g / ol to about 100,000 g / mol.11.A curable composition comprising:(a) a compound of any one of claims 1 to 10; and(b) a filler component comprising at least one filler material.12.The curable composition of claim 11 wherein the filler component comprises at least one filler material selected from the group consisting of spherical silica, fused silica, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, boron nitride, mica, talc, and mixtures thereof.13.The curable composition of claim 11 or 12 further comprising a free radical-curable component comprising one or more compounds that crosslink or cure in the presence of a free radical initiator.14.The curable composition of claim 13 wherein the free radical-curable component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of isocyanates and thioisocyanates, polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and derivatives thereof, and bismaleimdes and multifunctional maleimides.15.The curable composition of any one of claims 11 to 14 further comprising an initiator component comprising at least one free radical initiator16.The curable composition of claim 15 wherein the initiator component comprises at least one free radical initiator selected from the group consisting of 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane, 2, 2'-azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) , dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, and benzoyl peroxide.17.A method of synthesizing a curable multifunctional olefin resin, the method comprising:(a) contacting an olefin monomer component comprising at least one olefin monomer with an unsaturated resin component comprising at least one unsaturated ketone or aldehyde to produce an intermediate compound of Formula II;and(b) contacting the intermediate compound of Formula II with a reducing agent to produce a curable multifunctional resin of Formula I,whereinR1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C10 aryl;R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkyl, and C6–C8 aryl;R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkylene, C4–C8 cycloalkenylene, and C6–C10 arylene;R6 is selected from the group consisting of C1–C4 alkyl, C4–C8 cycloalkenyl, and C6–C10 aryl;R4, R5 and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1–C4 alkyl; andeach of m, n, p, q, s, and x is independently an integer between 0 and 10,000.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the olefin monomer component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of styrene, p-methylstyrene, 4-bromostyrene, α-methylstyrene, limonene, p-ethylvinylbenzene, vinylnaphthalene, dicyclopentadiene, and diisobutylene.19.The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the unsaturated resin component comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of p-vinylbenzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, 2-propenophenone, and chalcone.20.The method of any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the olefin monomer component and the unsaturated resin component are contacted in a molar ratio ranging from about 0: 100 to about 80: 20.21.The method of any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of KBH4 and the Nysted Reagent.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio between the intermediate compound of Formula II and the reducing agent ranges from about 1: 1000 to about 100: 1.23.The method of any one of claims 17 to 22, wherein the contacting step (a) and the contacting step (b) are performed sequentially in a single reaction vessel without isolating the intermediate compound of Formula II.24.The method of any one of claims 17 to 22, wherein the contacting step (a) is carried out in the presence of a polymerization catalyst.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the polymerization catalyst comprises a Lewis acid.26.The method of claim 24, wherein the polymerization catalyst comprises boron fluoride ethyl ether.