Frequency calibration in a-IOT system
The frequency calibration scheme in A-IoT systems using reader-side CFO estimation addresses the challenge of frequency alignment, enhancing data transmission accuracy and efficiency by employing D2R and R2D signaling.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- LENOVO (BEIJING) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems, particularly in ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) systems, face challenges in frequency calibration across various topologies, which affect the efficiency and accuracy of data transmission.
A frequency calibration scheme is implemented using reader-side CFO estimation, where devices transmit and receive signals with frequency calibration information to enable precise frequency alignment through D2R and R2D transmissions, utilizing control signaling and resource allocation mechanisms.
This approach enhances the accuracy and efficiency of frequency calibration in A-IoT systems, improving data transmission quality and reducing errors in diverse communication scenarios.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025126111_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
FREQUENCY CALIBRATION IN A-IOT SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to frequency calibration in an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , a sixth generation NodeB, or other suitable terminology. Each network communication devices, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)) .
[0003] A wireless communication system may include an A-IoT device, which has a lower capability in terms of complexity and power consumption. In this case, the wireless communication system may also be referred to as an A-IoT system. Multiple topologies, for example, Topologies 1 to 4, are supported for the A-IoT device. In Topology 1, the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS. In Topology 2, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a BS. In Topology 3, the A-IoT device communicates unidirectionally with a BS and communicates unidirectionally with an assisting node. In Topology 4, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE. Some enhancements on transmissions in the A-IoT system, especially enhancements on frequency calibration in an A-IoT system considering one or more of the above topologies, are still needed.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support frequency calibration in an A-IoT system. With the apparatuses and methods, a scheme of frequency calibration based on reader-side CFO estimation is enabled.
[0005] In a first aspect of the solution, a device transmits, to a reader, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) . The information associated with the FCS comprises at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission. The device receives, from the reader, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission carrying at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission.
[0006] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first D2R transmission further carries at least one of the following: information associated with the device; or a resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission.
[0007] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first D2R transmission comprises a preamble. The preamble indicates at least one of the following: the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission; the information associated with the device; or the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission.
[0008] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first D2R transmission comprises first control information. The first control information indicates at least one of the following: the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission; a length of the FCS; the information associated with the device; or the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission. The first control information is transmitted via one of the following: a sequence, a layer 1 (L1) control signaling or a high layer control signaling.
[0009] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the information associated with the device is indicated by one of the following: a sequence, wherein the sequence is determined based on an identity (ID) associated with the device; a random number generated by the device; or an identity (ID) associated with the device. The sequence is determined from a set of candidate sequences based on: the ID associated with the device, and a number of candidate sequences in the set of candidate sequences.
[0010] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission comprises at least one of the following: a request of resources for the subsequent D2R transmission; or a transport block size (TBS) required for the subsequent D2R transmission.
[0011] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the parameter for frequency calibration is indicated by one of the following: a value of the parameter; or an index of a quantized value corresponding to the parameter.
[0012] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first R2D transmission further carries the information associated with the device.
[0013] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first R2D transmission comprises second control information indicating at least one of the parameter for frequency calibration or the information of resource allocation. The second control information is received via one of the following: a L1 control signaling, wherein a length of the second control information is predefined or indicated in the second control information, or wherein a postamble is applied in second control information; or a high layer control signaling, wherein a length of the second control information is determined based on a TBS of the first R2D transmission, or wherein a postamble is applied in second control information.
[0014] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include: performing frequency calibration based on the parameter for frequency calibration.
[0015] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include: receiving, from the reader, a second R2D transmission. The second R2D transmission comprises at least one of the following: a mapping between indices and candidate quantized values corresponding to the parameter for frequency calibration; a chip duration of the first D2R transmission; a length of the FCS; resource information for at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS; or resource information for at least one first R2D transmission associated with at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS.
[0016] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the resource information for the at least one first D2R transmission comprises at least one of the following: a time offset between the second R2D transmission and a first one among the at least one first D2R transmission; a time offset between neighouring first D2R transmissions among the at least one first D2R transmission; or frequency information of the at least one first D2R transmission. The resource information for the at least one first R2D transmission comprises at least one of the following: a time offset between the first D2R transmission and the first R2D transmission associated with the first D2R transmission; or frequency information of the at least one first R2D transmission.
[0017] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, a frequency resource for the at least one first D2R transmission is determined based on a frequency resource of the second R2D transmission.
[0018] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, a frequency resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on a frequency resource of the first D2R transmission associated with the first R2D transmission.
[0019] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the reader comprises one of the following: a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) . The device comprises an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.
[0020] In a second aspect of the solution, a reader receives, from a device, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) . The information associated with an FCS comprises at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission. The reader determines at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission, wherein the parameter for frequency calibration of the device is determined based on the FCS.
[0021] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first D2R transmission further carries at least one of the following: information associated with the device; or a resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission.
[0022] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first D2R transmission comprises a preamble. The preamble indicates at least one of the following: the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission; the information associated with the device; or the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission.
[0023] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first D2R transmission comprises first control information. The first control information indicates at least one of the following: the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission; a length of the FCS; the information associated with the device; or the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission. The first control information is received via one of the following: a sequence, a layer 1 (L1) control signaling or a high layer control signaling.
[0024] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the information associated with the device is indicated by one of the following: a sequence, wherein the sequence is determined based on an identity (ID) associated with the device; a random number generated by the device; or an identity (ID) associated with the device. The sequence is determined from a set of candidate sequences based on: the ID associated with the device, and a number of candidate sequences in the set of candidate sequences.
[0025] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission comprises at least one of the following: a request of resources for the subsequent D2R transmission; or a transport block size (TBS) required for the subsequent D2R transmission.
[0026] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the parameter for frequency calibration is indicated by one of the following: a value of the parameter; or an index of a quantized value corresponding to the parameter.
[0027] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include: transmitting, to the device, a first R2D transmission carrying at least one of the following: the parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or the information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission. In case of presence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission, the information of resource allocation for the subsequent D2R transmission is determined based on the parameter for frequency calibration of the device.
[0028] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first R2D transmission further carries information associated with the device.
[0029] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the first R2D transmission comprises second control information indicating at least one of the parameter for frequency calibration or the information of resource allocation. The second control information is transmitted via one of the following: a L1 control signaling, wherein a length of the second control information is predefined or indicated in the second control information, or wherein a postamble is applied in second control information; or a high layer control signaling, wherein a length of the second control information is determined based on a TBS of the first R2D transmission, or wherein a postamble is applied in second control information.
[0030] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include: transmitting, to the device, a second R2D transmission. The second R2D transmission comprises at least one of the following: a mapping between indices and candidate quantized values corresponding to the parameter for frequency calibration; a chip duration of the first D2R transmission; a length of the FCS; resource information for at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS; or resource information for at least one first R2D transmission associated with at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS.
[0031] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the resource information for the at least one first D2R transmission comprises at least one of the following: a time offset between the second R2D transmission and a first one among the at least one first D2R transmission; a time offset between neighouring first D2R transmissions among the at least one first D2R transmission; or frequency information of the at least one first D2R transmission. The resource information for the at least one first R2D transmission comprises at least one of the following: a time offset between the first D2R transmission and the first R2D transmission associated with the first D2R transmission; or frequency information of the at least one first R2D transmission.
[0032] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, a frequency resource for the at least one first D2R transmission is determined based on a frequency resource of the second R2D transmission.
[0033] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, a frequency resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on a frequency resource of the first D2R transmission associated with the first R2D transmission.
[0034] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the reader comprises one of the following: a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) . The device comprises an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0036] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0038] FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0039] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 1F illustrates an example of a wireless communications system associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 1G illustrates an example of an outdoor scenario associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0042] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0043] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a reader-side frequency calibration procedure for an A-IoT device in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0044] FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate example frequency calibration signals (FCSs) in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] FIG. 5A illustrates example structures of a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying an FCS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0046] FIG. 5B illustrates example structures of a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission in response to a D2R transmission carrying an FCS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0047] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of resource allocation for D2R transmissions carrying an FCS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0048] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0049] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a processor that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and
[0050] FIGS. 9 through 10 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0051] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0052] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0053] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0054] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0055] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0056] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0057] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as, 6GR (6G Radio) , 5G NR, long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-advanced (LTE-A) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1F) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0058] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a 6G NB, a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with the same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0059] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “UE, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0060] As used herein, the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities. For the A-IoT device, energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. The A-IoT device can also be called a zero-power terminal, a near-zero power terminal, a passive IoT device, an ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, a tag, etc. Compared with low-power and wide-coverage services, such as narrow band (NB) IoT, and enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) , A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
[0061] As used herein, the term “device-to-reader (D2R) transmission” refers to a transmission performed by an A-IoT device and transmitted to a reader (such as a BS, an intermediate node, an assisting node, or a UE) . In the present disclosure, the term “aD2R transmission” and the phrase “an uplink transmission from an A-IoT device to a reader” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0062] As used herein, the term “reader-to-device (R2D) transmission” refers to a transmission performed by a reader and transmitted to an A-IoT device. In the present disclosure, the term “an R2D transmission” and the phrase “adownlink transmission from a reader to an A-IoT device” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0063] In the present disclosure, the terms “frequency calibration” and “carrier frequency offset (CFO) calibration” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0064] In the present disclosure, the terms “afrequency calibration signal (FCS) ” , “aCFO calibration signal (CCS) ” , and “afrequency calibration part (FCP) ” , and the phrases “asignal for carrier frequency calibration” and “asignal for carrier frequency synchronization” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0065] In the present disclosure, the terms “start” , “starting” , “starting point” , “starting position” , and “starting location” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0066] In the present disclosure, the terms “end” , “ending” , “ending point” , “ending position” , and “ending location” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0067] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0068] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment (NE)) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0069] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0070] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0071] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0072] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0073] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0074] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0075] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0076] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU)) .
[0077] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0078] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0079] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0080] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , a 5G core (5GC) , or a 6G core (6GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as registration management, mobility management, connection management, access authentication / authorization, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0081] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0082] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0083] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0084] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0085] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol (OFDM) symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0086] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0087] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0088] Reference is made to FIGS. 1B to 1E to give example illustrations of the above Topologies 1 to 4. Reference is first made to FIG. 1B, which illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1B, in Topology 1, an A-IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally. The communication between the BS 122 and the A-IoT device 121 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling. This topology includes a possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the A-IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the A-IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
[0089] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1C, in Topology 2, an A-IoT device 131 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 132 between the A-IoT device 131 and the base station 133. In this topology, the intermediate node 132 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT. The intermediate node 132 transfers A-IoT data and / or signalling between the BS 133 and the A-IoT device 131.
[0090] Topology 3 may comprise two topology types, i.e., Topology 3A and Topology 3B. FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 with a topology type of 3B associated with aspects of the present disclosure. In Topology 3B, an A-IoT device 141 receives data / signalling from a BS 142 and transmits data / signalling to an assisting node 143. In this topology, the assisting node 143 may be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT. For Topology 3A, the example illustration of FIG. 1D also applies, only with the difference that it has the opposite direction of the A-IoT data / signaling. In Topology 3A, an A-IoT device 141 transmits data / signalling to a BS 142, and receives data / signalling from an assisting node 143.
[0091] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1E, in Topology 4, an A-IoT device 151 communicates bidirectionally with a UE 152. The communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 151 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling.
[0092] The above communication devices involved in Topologies 1 to 4 as discussed with reference to FIG. 1B to FIG. 1E may be implemented by devices involved in the wireless communications system 100 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1A. For example, the BS 122, the BS 133, or the BS 142 may be implemented by the base station 102 in FIG. 1A. For example, the BS intermediate node 132 (when implemented by a UE) , the assisting node 143 (when implemented by a UE) , or the UE 152 may be implemented by the UE 104 in FIG. 1A.
[0093] FIG. 1F illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 160 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 160 may be implemented as a part of the communications system 100 shown in FIG. 1A, or other communication systems. As shown in FIG. 1F, the wireless communications system 160 may comprise a device 161 and a reader 162.
[0094] To transmit data and / or control information, the reader 162 and the device 161 may perform communications. The communication between the reader 162 and the device 161 may be direct or indirect. The reader 162 and / or the device 161 may communicate with one or more further devices not shown in FIG. 1F.
[0095] In some embodiments for Topology 1 with reference to FIG. 1B, the reader 162 may comprise the BS 122, and the device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 121. In some embodiments for Topology 2 with reference to FIG. 1C, the reader 162 may comprise the intermediate node 132, and the device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 131. In some embodiments for Topology 3A and Topology 3B with reference to FIG. 1D, the reader 162 may comprise the BS 142 or the assisting node 143, and the device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 141. In some embodiments for Topology 4 with reference to FIG. 1E, the reader 162 may comprise the UE 152, and the device 161 may comprise the A-IoT device 151.
[0096] It is to be understood that the particular number of various communication devices and the particular number of various communication links as shown in FIG. 1F is for illustration purposes only without suggesting any limitations. The communications system 160 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be appreciated that there may be various wireless as well as wireline communications (if needed) among all of the communication devices. Further, the communications (for example, between the reader 162 and the device 161) in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future (such as 4G, 5G, 6G, etc. ) .
[0097] There are two sets or levels of grouping, i.e., Grouping A and Grouping B. Grouping A is on the basis of the deployment environment (s) , i.e., Indoor, Outdoor, Indoor / outdoor. Grouping B is on the basis of functionality / application, i.e., Inventory, Sensors, Positioning, Command. These two groupings are then used to form eight representative use cases (rUCs) in RAN, being indoor / outdoor for each of inventory, sensors, positioning, and command, i.e., rUC1 (Indoor inventory) , rUC2 (Indoor sensors) , rUC3 (Indoor positioning) , rUC4 (Indoor command) , rUC5 (Outdoor inventory) , rUC6 (Outdoor sensors) , rUC7 (Outdoor positioning) , rUC8 (Outdoor command) .
[0098] For A-IoT in 3GPP, the D2R transmission of an active device is generated internally by the active device. In third generation partnership project (3GPP) release 20 (Rel-20) A-IoT, an active device may include device type 2b and / or device type C. Device type 2b is targeting an indoor scenario, while device type C is targeting an outdoor scenario. Device type C may consider a higher D2R transmission power than device type 2b.
[0099] For a D2R transmission, a large CFO causes increased frequency offset and hence requires excessive guard band, resulting in inefficient resource utilization. According to 3GPP release 19 (Rel-19) A-IoT study item (SI) , for example, a CFO of approximately 100 ppm at 900 MHz may necessitate 180 kHz guard bands on the two-sides of a D2R transmission, leading to low resource efficiency. For device 2b, it is required to calibrate its radio frequency (RF) frequency and ensure a residual CFO on the order of 10 ppm.
[0100] In 3GPP Rel-20 A-IoT, the support of A-IoT in outdoor scenarios is studied under the following condition: frequency range 1 (FR1) licensed spectrum in frequency division duplex (FDD) in-band to NR and in standalone bands, with an R2D transmission in downlink (DL) spectrum and a D2R transmission in uplink (UL) spectrum, as shown in FIG. 1G. As shown in FIG. 1G, an A-IoT BS reader is deployed on the same site as an existing outdoor NR BS. To ensure coexistence with existing 3GPP technologies, active devices must adhere to stringent spectrum efficiency requirements. For device type C, this requires RF frequency calibration to reduce the frequency offset range and the guard-bandwidth of D2R transmission.
[0101] In 3GPP Release-19 A-IoT, the traffic types of Device-terminated (DT) and Device-originated -device-terminated triggered (DO-DTT) are supported. In DT, the traffic is terminated at the A-IoT device. In DO-DTT, the device originated traffic is triggered by the device terminated traffic or signalling. In this case, to enable CFO calibration at the active device, the signal for device to calibrate CFO can be transmitted in the device terminated traffic or signalling, i.e., R2D.
[0102] In 3GPP Release-20 A-IoT, for Device 2b and Device C, a traffic type of device-originated -autonomous (DO-A) is considered. Since no device terminated traffic or signalling is transmitted before the D2R transmission, the active device must transmit the D2R transmission with an initial CFO. Consequently, the active device transmits a D2R transmission with an initial CFO, and the reader detects the D2R transmission. An excessive guard band is required for the D2R transmission, resulting in lower spectrum efficiency. Therefore, how to support frequency calibration for DO-Atraffics in A-IoT systems needs to be addressed.
[0103] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution to resolve the above issue that occurred in the A-IoT communication system or any other applicable issue that the solution can solve. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, a device (for example, an A-IoT device) transmits, to a reader, a D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS. The information associated with an FCS may include at least one of the following: the FCS, or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission. In some examples, the reader may determine information of resource allocation for one or more subsequent D2R transmissions. Alternatively or additionally, in case of presence of FCS in the D2R transmission, the reader may determine a parameter for frequency calibration of the device based on the FCS in the D2R transmission. In this way, a CFO calibration scheme for A-IoT systems based on reader-side CFO estimation is designed. With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the energy consumption at the A-IoT device caused by CFO estimation may be reduced since CFO estimation at the A-IoT device is not needed. With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the FCS length and the latency for CFO calibration may be reduced owing to the reader’s high estimation capability. With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the initial CFO estimation at the reader side provides valuable information, enabling the reader to allocate frequency resources efficiently with an appropriate guard band for the subsequent D2R transmission (s) .
[0104] It should be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to frequency calibration for DO-Atraffics in A-IoT. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applied to frequency calibration for DO-DTT traffics in A-IoT systems.
[0105] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1F. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200 may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0106] As shown in FIG. 2, the device 161 transmits (201) , to the reader 162, a first D2R transmission 202 carrying information associated with an FCS. The information associated with an FCS may include at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission 202. For example, the information associated with an FCS may include an indication of absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission 202. In another example, the information associated with an FCS may include an indication of presence an FCS in the first D2R transmission 202 and the FCS. The indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission may be implemented as an explicit indication or an implicit indication in various manners. In a more specific example, the presence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission may be implicitly indicated by a request for performing CFO estimation on the FCS carried by the first D2R transmission. In another example, the information associated with an FCS may include the FCS. In some examples, the structure of the first D2R transmission 202 carrying the information associated with an FCS may be fixed and the first D2R transmission 202 at least includes an FCS. In some alternative examples, the structure of the first D2R transmission 202 carrying the information associated with an FCS may be variable / configurable and the first D2R transmission 202 at least includes an indication of presence or absence of an FCS. The reader 162 receives (203) the first D2R transmission 202 carrying the information associated with an FCS. As used herein, the first D2R transmission carrying the information associated with an FCS may also be referred to a request D2R (or Req-D2R transmission) transmission. Other terminologies are also possible.
[0107] Based on the received first D2R transmission 202, the device 161 determines (204) at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device 161 or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission. In some embodiments, the parameter for frequency calibration of the device 161 may be determined based on the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202. Alternatively or additionally, the resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission may be determined based on the first D2R transmission 202. For example, in case of absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202, the resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission may be determined without considering CFO calibration for the device 161. In another example, in case of presence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202, the information of resource allocation for the subsequent D2R transmission may be determined based on the parameter for frequency calibration of the device 161. In some examples, the information of resource allocation may indicate allocated resources for one or more subsequent D2R transmissions.
[0108] In some embodiments, the reader 162 may transmit (205) , to the device 161, a first R2D transmission 206 associated with the first D2R transmission 202. Accordingly, the device 161 receives (207) the first R2D transmission 206 from the reader 162. The first R2D transmission 206 may carry at least one of the following: the parameter for frequency calibration of the device 161, or the information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission. As used herein, the first R2D transmission as a response to the first D2R transmission carrying the information associated with an FCS may also be referred to a response R2D (Resp-R2D transmission) transmission. Other terminologies are also possible.
[0109] In some examples, the reader 162 may determine the resource allocation for the subsequent D2R transmission based on the first D2R transmission 202, and transmit information of the resource allocation to the device 161. The device 161 may transmit the subsequent D2R transmission to the reader 162 based on the information of the resource allocation.
[0110] In some examples, the reader 162 may determine the parameter for frequency calibration of the device 161 based on the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202, and transmit the parameter for frequency calibration of the device 161 to the device 161. The device 161 may perform frequency calibration based on the parameter for frequency calibration, and transmit the subsequent D2R transmission to the reader 162. Alternatively, the reader 162 may determine the parameter for frequency calibration of the device 161 based on the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202, and perform frequency calibration for the device 161.
[0111] In some embodiments, the first D2R transmission 202 may comprise a preamble and the FCS. In some examples, a length of the FCS may be predefined or may be indicated in a second R2D transmission prior to the first D2R transmission 202. In some alternative embodiments, the first D2R transmission 202 may comprise a preamble, control information and the FCS. In some examples, a length of the FCS may be predefined or may be indicated in the control information of the first D2R transmission 202 or indicated in a second R2D transmission prior to the first D2R transmission 202.
[0112] In some embodiments, the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202 may be indicated by a preamble in the first D2R transmission 202. For example, the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202 may be indicated by the sequence of the preamble in the first D2R transmission 202. Alternatively, the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202 may be indicated by the control information in the first D2R transmission 202. In some examples, the control information in the first D2R transmission 202 may include a sequence, and the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202 may be indicated by the sequence of the control information in the first D2R transmission 202. In some examples, the control information in the first D2R transmission 202 may be carried in a L1 signaling or a high layer signaling (e.g., a L2 signaling or a L3 signaling) , which includes the indication (e.g., a 1-bit indicator) of the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202.
[0113] In some embodiments, the first D2R transmission 202 may further carry information associated with the device 161. In some examples, the information associated with the device 161 may be indicated by a sequence. The sequence may be determined based on an identity (ID) associated with the device 161. In a more specific example, an index of the sequence may be determined based on the ID associated with the device mod the number of candidate sequences in the set of candidate sequences. For example, the information associated with the device 161 may be indicated by the sequence of the preamble in the first D2R transmission 202. Alternatively, the control information in the first D2R transmission 202 may include a sequence, and the information associated with the device 161 may be indicated by the sequence of the control information in the first D2R transmission 202. In some alternative examples, the information associated with the device 161 may be indicated by a random number generated by the device 161 or an ID associated with the device 161. For example, the control information in the first D2R transmission 202 may be carried in a L1 signaling or a high layer signaling (e.g., a L2 signaling or a L3 signaling) , which includes the random number generated by the device 161 or the ID associated with the device 161.
[0114] Alternatively or additionally, the first D2R transmission 202 may further carry a resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission. In some examples, the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission may include a request of resources for the subsequent D2R transmission. In a more specific example, the request of resources for the subsequent D2R transmission may be indicated by a sequence (e.g., in the preamble or control information of the first D2R transmission 202) or by a 1-bit indicator carried in a L1 signaling or a high layer signaling (e.g., a L2 signaling or a L3 signaling) in the control information in the first D2R transmission 202. In some alternative or additional examples, the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission may include a transport block size (TBS) required for the subsequent D2R transmission. For example, the TBS required for the subsequent D2R transmission may be carried in a L1 signaling or a high layer signaling (e.g., a L2 signaling or a L3 signaling) in the control information in the first D2R transmission 202.
[0115] In some embodiments, a chip duration of the first D2R transmission 202 may be predefined. In some alternative embodiments, a chip duration of the first D2R transmission 202 may be indicated in a second R2D transmission prior to the first D2R transmission 202.
[0116] In some embodiments, the first R2D transmission 206 may carry the parameter for frequency calibration. In some examples, the parameter for frequency calibration may be indicated by a value of the parameter. Alternatively, the parameter for frequency calibration may be indicated by an index of a quantized value corresponding to the parameter. In some examples, a mapping between the index and the quantized value may be predefined. In some alternative examples, a mapping between the index and the quantized value may be indicated in a second R2D transmission prior to the first D2R transmission 202.
[0117] In some embodiments, the first R2D transmission 206 may further carry the information associated with the device 161. For example, the first R2D transmission 206 may carry the information associated with the device 161 carried in the first D2R transmission 202.
[0118] In some embodiments, the first R2D transmission 206 may comprise control information indicating at least one of the parameter for frequency calibration or the information of resource allocation. In some example embodiments, the control information in the first R2D transmission 206 may be received via a L1 control signaling. In some examples, a length of the control information in the first R2D transmission 206 may be predefined or indicated in the control information in the first R2D transmission 206. In some alternative examples, a postamble may be applied in control information in the first R2D transmission 206. In some alternative example embodiments, the control information in the first R2D transmission 206 may be received via a high layer control signaling. In some examples, a length of the control information in the first R2D transmission 206 is determined based on a TBS of the first R2D transmission 206. In some alternative examples, a postamble may be applied in control information in the first R2D transmission 206.
[0119] In some embodiments, the device 161 may receive, from the reader 162, a second R2D transmission prior to the first D2R transmission 202. The first D2R transmission 202 may be transmitted based on the second R2D transmission.
[0120] In some example embodiments, the second R2D transmission may comprise resource information for at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS. The first D2R transmission 202 may be one of the at least one first D2R transmission. In some examples, the resource information for the at least one first D2R transmission may comprise a time offset between the second R2D transmission and a first one among the at least one first D2R transmission. In some alternative or additional examples, the resource information for the at least one first D2R transmission may comprise a time offset between neighouring first D2R transmissions among the at least one first D2R transmission. In some alternative or additional examples, the resource information for the at least one first D2R transmission may comprise frequency information of the at least one first D2R transmission. In some alternative examples, a frequency resource for the at least one first D2R transmission may be determined based on a frequency resource of the second R2D transmission.
[0121] Alternatively or additionally, the second R2D transmission may comprise resource information for at least one first R2D transmission associated with at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS. The first D2R transmission 202 may be one of the at least one first D2R transmission, and the first R2D transmission 206 may be one of the at least one first R2D transmission and is associated with the first D2R transmission 202. In some examples, the resource information for the at least one first R2D transmission may comprise a time offset between the first D2R transmission 202 and the first R2D transmission 206 associated with the first D2R transmission 202. In some alternative or additional examples, the resource information for the at least one first R2D transmission may comprise frequency information of the at least one first R2D transmission. In some alternative examples a frequency resource for the first R2D transmission 206 may be determined based on a frequency resource of the first D2R transmission 202 associated with the first R2D transmission 206.
[0122] Alternatively or additionally, the second R2D transmission may comprise a mapping between indices and candidate quantized values corresponding to the parameter for frequency calibration. Alternatively or additionally, the second R2D transmission may comprise a chip duration of the first D2R transmission 202. Alternatively or additionally, the second R2D transmission may comprise a length of the FCS in the first D2R transmission 202.
[0123] As used herein, the second R2D transmission prior to the first D2R transmission carrying the information associated with an FCS may also be referred to a resource allocation R2D (RA-R2D transmission) transmission. Other terminologies are also possible.
[0124] Hereinbefore, some embodiments of the CFO calibration based on reader-side CFO estimation in an A-IoT system are described in general terms. Hereinafter, some implementations of the CFO calibration based on reader-side CFO estimation in an A-IoT system will be further detailed in regard to various specific aspects.
[0125] The first aspect relates to the procedure and signalings involved in the reader-side CFO calibration. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a reader-side frequency calibration procedure for an A-IoT device in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0126] In the example shown in FIG. 3, if an active device intends to transmit a D2R, at step 301, the device may send a Req-D2R transmission to reader. The Req-D2R transmission may carry at least one of the following: an FCS, an FCS indicator, information associated with the device, or a resource request.
[0127] The FCS in the Req-D2R transmission may be used by the reader to perform CFO estimation and determine CFO calibration parameter for the device. The FCS may be implemented as a single-tone RF signal or an On-Off Keying (OOK) based signal.
[0128] In some embodiments, a single-tone RF signal may be used as the FCS. Rel-20 A-IoT technology is expected to provide lower complexity and lower power consumption. FIG. 4A illustrates an example of an FCS using a single-tone RF signal. As shown in FIG. 4A, the single-tone RF signal may consist of a single sinusoidal waveform at a specific frequency. Such FCS may be particularly suitable for CFO calibration in A-IoT for the reasons including requiring minimal processing complexity, being robust against noise and interference, and being compatible with low-cost, low-power device.
[0129] When a single-tone signal is transmitted by an A-IoT device, the transmitted signal may be expressed as x (t) =Acos (2πfct+φ0) , where fc is the carrier frequency, A is amplitude, and φ0 is the initial phase. The received signal with CFO at a reader may be expressed as y (t) =Acos (2π (fc+Δf) t+φ0+φn) , where Δf is the CFO to be estimated, and φn is the phase noise (if any) .
[0130] In some examples, the CFO estimation at the reader side may be based on a time-domain method (e.g., phase rotation detection) . First, the reader may down-convert the signal may be down-converted to baseband using the device’s local oscillator (LO) frequency fLO. Then, the reader may sample the signal at a sampling rate fs to obtain discreate samples, based on which compute phase difference of Δφ between consecutive samples. Finally, the reader may estimate CFO as Δf=Δφ / 2πTs , where Ts=1 / fs.
[0131] In some alternative examples, the CFO estimation at the reader side may be based on a frequency-domain method (e.g., peak detection) . First, the reader may take FFT of the receive signal. Then, the reader may identify the peak bin shift from the expected tone frequency. If the tone was supposed to be at bin k0, but appears at k0+Δk, then the reader may obtain the estimated CFO as Δf=Δk·fs / N, where N is FFT size.
[0132] In some embodiments, an OOK-based signal may be used as the FCS. OOK serves as the physical layer modulation scheme for R2D in 3GPP R19 A-IoT. OOK signal may also be considered as CFO calibration signal for active device in R20 A-IoT. Multiple CFO estimation methods using OOK-based signal are available. For example, pulse width distortion analysis may be used for A-IoT device due to its simplicity. With this method, the OOK signal with a known pattern may be transmitted as the FCS. FIG. 4B illustrates an example of an FCS using an OOK-based signal. As shown in FIG. 4A, a pattern of the FCS may be described as a sequence of alternating 1s and 0s, e.g., 101010. In other words, the sequence may comprise alternating ONs and OFFs. The terms “1” and “ON” may be interchangeable, and the terms “0” and “OFF” may be interchangeable. The durations of all 1s may be the same. The durations of all 0s may be the same. The duration of a 1 may be equal to the duration of a 0. The duration of 1 may also be called a pulse width (PW) .
[0133] OOK signal with known pattern (e.g., 101010…) is transmitted by an A-IoT device. Upon receiving the signal, the reader measures rising / falling edge intervals (denoted by Testimated) and calculates the CFO where fc is carrier frequency for OOK signal transmission, is pulse width (PW) of a 1 or 0, and Rbis bit rate.
[0134] The FCS indicator may be used to indicate the presence of FCS in the Req-D2R transmission, which may be indicated by one of the following: a sequence-based preamble of the Req-D2R transmission, a sequence-based control information carried by Req-D2R transmission, or a 1-bit indicator carried by L1 or High-layer signaling in Req-D2R transmission. With the FCS indicator, a configurable / variable structure of Req-D2R transmission may be supported.
[0135] The information associated with the device may be used by the reader to identify the device, which may be indicated by one of the following: a sequence-based preamble of the Req-D2R transmission, a sequence-based control information carried by Req-D2R transmission, a random number generated by the device, or an ID associated with the device. In some examples, the sequence-based information associated with the device may be determined based on the ID associated with the device. For example, a set of sequence is indicated to the device, each sequence being associated with an index. The device may determine an index based on the ID associated with the device and the number of sequences in the set, e.g., index = ID mod number of sequences in the set. The device may determine the sequence associated with the determined index. In some examples, the random number or ID may be carried by a L1 or High-layer signaling in Req-D2R transmission. With the information associated with the device, the contention-free resource allocation for subsequent D2R transmission may be supported.
[0136] The resource request may be used to request resource allocation for the desired D2R transmission. The desired D2R may be DO-Atraffics or DO-DTT traffics. In some examples, the resource request may be used to indicate that resource allocation for the desired D2R transmission is needed, and may be implemented by one of the following: a sequence-based preamble of the Req-D2R transmission or a one-bit indicator carried by L1 or High-layer signaling in Req-D2R transmission. Alternatively or additionally, the resource request may include a TBS required for the desired D2R transmission. With the TBS required for the desired D2R transmission, a desired D2R transmission with variable TBS may be supported.
[0137] The chip duration for generating the sequence of the Req-D2R may be pre-defined or may be provided by an RA-R2D transmission.
[0138] At step 302, upon receiving Req-D2R transmission from the device, the reader performs CFO estimation on the FCS carried by the Req-D2R transmission and determines CFO calibration parameter for the device. At step 303, the reader transmits a Resp-R2D transmission to the device; accordingly, the device receives a Resp-R2D transmission from reader. The Resp-R2D transmission is associated with the Req-D2R transmission. The Resp-R2D transmission may carry at least one of the following: CFO calibration parameter; information associated with the device; or resource allocated to the subsequent D2R for the device.
[0139] The CFO calibration parameter may be used by the device to perform CFO calibration. The CFO calibration parameter may be determined by the reader based on the reader’s CFO estimation on FCS carried in the associated Req-D2R transmission. In some examples, the CFO calibration parameter may be the exact value of the CFO Δf. Alternatively, the CFO calibration parameter may be a quantized Δf for device to determine the target Δf for CFO calculation.
[0140] For example, all possible values of Δf may be divided into multiple ranges, wherein each range is indicated by an index. Therefore, once obtaining the estimated value, the reader may determine the associated index. Each index is associated with a target Δf, which may be e.g., middle value of the range, minimal value of the range, or maximal value of the range. Therefore, once obtaining the index, the device may determine target Δf. The mapping between the index and the target Δf may be aligned between the reader and the device. For example, the mapping between the index and the target Δf may be pre-defined. In another example, the mapping between the index and the target Δf may be indicated by an RA-R2D transmission. In this way, the resource overhead for providing the CFO calibration parameter estimated by the reader to the device may be reduced
[0141] The information associated with the device carried in Resp-R2D transmission may be the same as the information associated with the device carried in Req-D2R transmission. The information associated with the device may be used by the device to confirm that the Resp-R2D transmission targets this device. With the information associated with the device, the contention-free resource allocation for subsequent D2R transmission may be supported.
[0142] The resource allocated to the subsequent D2R for the device may include at least one of a frequency-domain resource or a time-domain resource. The frequency-domain resource may be determined by reader according to the CFO estimation results. The determination of the frequency-domain resource may be based on reader implementations.
[0143] At step 304, the device performs CFO calibration based on the received CFO calibration parameter and transmits the desired D2R on the allocated resources. Based on the CFO calibration, the residual CFO maintained in the D2R may meet the CFO calibration targets required on the frequency resource. In some examples, the CFO calibration may be performed at the device by adjusting LO frequency by minus Δf, if the LO of device is tunable. Alternatively, the CFO calibration may be performed at the device by applying a digital correction, e.g., multiplying by The CFO calibration may be based on device implementation according to the capability of the device.
[0144] At step 305, the reader monitors the allocated resource to the device and receive the D2R from the device.
[0145] The second aspect relates to the structures of Req-D2R transmission and Resp-R2D transmission. FIG. 5A illustrates example structures of a D2R transmission carrying an FCS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 5B illustrates example structures of a R2D transmission in response to a D2R transmission carrying an FCS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0146] As shown in FIG. 5A, in a candidate structure of Req-D2R transmission, the Req-D2R transmission comprises a preamble and an FCS. In some examples, the preamble (i.e., a sequence) may be used to indicate at least one of the following: the starting of Req-D2R transmission, the FCS indicator, information associated with the device, or a resource request. The FCS locates after the preamble, and the length of FCS may be a fixed length or may be provided by an RA-R2D transmission.
[0147] As shown in FIG. 5A, in another candidate structure of Req-D2R transmission, the Req-D2R transmission comprises a preamble, CI (control information) , and an FCS. The preamble is used to identify the starting of the Req-D2R transmission. The CI is used to indicate at least one of: the FCS indicator, the length of FCS, information associated with the device or a resource request. The CI may be implemented by one of the following: a sequence-based CI, a L1 control signalling, or a high-layer control signaling carried by PDRCH. The FCS locates after the CI. The length of FCS may be a fixed length or may be carried by CI, or provided by an RA-R2D transmission.
[0148] As shown in FIG. 5B, in a candidate structures of Resp-R2D transmission, the Resp-R2D transmission may reuse the R19 R2D structure. The R2D time acquisition signal (R-TAS) may be used to indicate the starting of the R2D and for the device to acquire timing of the R2D. The control information may be carried by the high-layer signaling in physical resource downlink channel (PRDCH) . The ending of Resp-R2D transmission may be based on a postamble or TBS.
[0149] As shown in FIG. 5B, in another candidate structures of Resp-R2D transmission, the Resp-R2D transmission may comprise a R-TAS and a control information. The R-TAS is used to indicate the starting of the R2D and for device to acquire timing of the R2D. The control information is carried by L1 signaling. The ending of Resp-R2D transmission may be identified by one of the following: applying a fixed length of L1-CI, indicated by a length field in L1-CI, or applying a postamble after L1-CI.
[0150] The third aspect relates to the transmission of Req-D2R transmission and Resp-R2D transmission, in particular, the resources allocation for Req-D2R transmission and / or Resp-R2D transmission. In some examples, the required information for transmission of Req-D2R transmission may be pre-defined. Alternatively, the required information for transmission of Req-D2R transmission may be indicated via a dedicated R2D (e.g., denoted as RA-R2D transmission) . In this way, the resource utilization efficiency may be improved.
[0151] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of resource allocation for D2R transmissions carrying an FCS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, the reader may transmit a RA-R2D transmission to the device. The device may transmit the Req-D2R transmission based on the RA-R2D transmission. The RA-R2D transmission may indicate information associated with the transmission of Req-D2R transmission and / or associated Resp-R2D transmission. The RA-R2D transmission may include at least one of the following: the mapping between index and target Δf, the chip duration for Req-D2R transmission, the length of FCS, the set of sequences of information associated with device, the resources for Req-D2R transmission, and the resource for Resp-R2D transmission.
[0152] In some examples, the resources for Req-D2R transmission comprises at least one of the following: a time offset (Toffset, 1) between the RA-R2D transmission and the first Req-D2R transmission, a time interval (Tinterval) between adjacent two Req-D2R transmission, or frequency domain information for Req-D2R transmission. In some examples, the frequency domain information for Req-D2R transmission is not indicated, and the Req-D2R transmission may be transmitted using the frequency for RA-R2D transmission. It is to be understood that although the time offset Toffset, 1 shown in FIG. 6 is from the ending position of the RA-R2D transmission to the starting position of the first Req-D2R transmission, the scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard. For example, the time offset between the RA-R2D transmission and the first Req-D2R transmission may start from either the starting position or the ending position of the RA-R2D transmission, and may end at either the starting position or the ending position of the first Req-D2R transmission. It is to be understood that although the time interval Tinterval shown in FIG. 6 is from the starting position of the previous Req-D2R transmission to the starting position of the next Req-D2R transmission, the scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard. For example, the time interval between adjacent two Req-D2R transmission may start from either the starting position or the ending position of the previous Req-D2R transmission, and may end at either the starting position or the ending position of the next Req-D2R transmission.
[0153] Considering the Req-D2R transmission is transmitted with an initial CFO, the guard-band required for the Req-D2R transmission may be large. This may be considered in the resource allocation for the Req-D2R transmission.
[0154] In some examples, the resource for Resp-R2D transmission comprises at least one of the following: a time offset (Toffset, 2) between Req-D2R transmission and associated Resp-R2D transmission, or frequency domain information for Resp-R2D transmission. In some examples, if the time offset Toffset, 2 is not indicated, the time offset between the Req-D2R transmission and associated Resp-R2D transmission may follow the time offset between D2R and associated R2D as defined in R20 A-IoT. In some examples, if the frequency domain information for Resp-R2D transmission is not indicated, the Resp-R2D transmission may be transmitted using the frequency for Req-D2R transmission. It is to be understood that although the time offset Toffset, 2 shown in FIG. 6 is from the starting position of the Req-D2R transmission to the starting position of the associated Resp-R2D transmission, the scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard. For example, the time offset between the Req-D2R transmission and the associated Resp-R2D transmission may start from either the starting position or the ending position of the Req-D2R transmission, and may end at either the starting position or the ending position of the associated Resp-R2D transmission.
[0155] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device 700 that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 700 may be an example of a reader 162 or a device 161 as described herein. The device 700 may support wireless communication with one or more other devices in the A-IoT system. The device 700 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 702, a memory 704, a transceiver 706, and, optionally, an I / O controller 708. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0156] The processor 702, the memory 704, the transceiver 706, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 702, the memory 704, the transceiver 706, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0157] In some implementations, the processor 702, the memory 704, the transceiver 706, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 702 and the memory 704 coupled with the processor 702 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 702, instructions stored in the memory 704) .
[0158] For example, the processor 702 may support wireless communication at the device 700 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 702 may be configured to operable to support a means for transmitting, to a reader, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; and a means for receiving, from the reader, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission carrying at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission.
[0159] In another example, the processor 702 may support wireless communication at the device 700 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 702 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving, from a device, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; and a means for determining at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission, wherein the parameter for frequency calibration of the device is determined based on the FCS.
[0160] The processor 702 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 702 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 702. The processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 704) to cause the device 700 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0161] The memory 704 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 702 cause the device 700 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 702 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 704 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0162] The I / O controller 708 may manage input and output signals for the device 700. The I / O controller 708 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 708 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 708 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 708 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 702. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 700 via the I / O controller 708 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 708.
[0163] In some implementations, the device 700 may include a single antenna 710. However, in some other implementations, the device 700 may have more than one antenna 710 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 706 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 710, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 706 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 706 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 710 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 710. The transceiver 706 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0164] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 710 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0165] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 710 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0166] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a processor 800 that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 800 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may include a controller 802 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may optionally include at least one memory 804, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 800 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 806. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0167] The processor 800 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0168] The controller 802 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 802 may operate as a control unit of the processor 800, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 800. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0169] The controller 802 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 804 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 802 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 804. The controller 802 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 802 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 802 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 800. The controller 802 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 800.
[0170] The memory 804 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 800 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 804 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 800) . In some other implementations, the memory 804 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 800) .
[0171] The memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 800, cause the processor 800 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 802 and / or the processor 800 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 804 to cause the processor 800 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 800 and / or the controller 802 may be coupled with or to the memory 804, and the processor 800, the controller 802, and the memory 804 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 800 may include multiple processors and the memory 804 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0172] The one or more ALUs 806 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) . One or more ALUs 806 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 806 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 806 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 806 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 806 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0173] For example, the processor 800 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 800 may be configured to or operable to support a means for transmitting, to a reader, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; and a means for receiving, from the reader, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission carrying at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission.
[0174] In another example, the processor 800 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 800 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a device, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; and a means for determining at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission, wherein the parameter for frequency calibration of the device is determined based on the FCS.
[0175] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method 900 that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 900 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 900 may be performed by a device 161 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0176] At 905, the method may include transmitting, to a reader, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission. The operations of 905 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 905 may be performed by a device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0177] At 910, the method may include receiving, from the reader, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission carrying at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission. The operations of 910 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 910 may be performed by a device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0178] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1000 that supports frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1000 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1000 may be performed by a reader 162 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0179] At 1005, the method may include receiving, from a device, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission. The operations of 1005 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1005 may be performed by a reader 162 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0180] At 1010, the method may include determining at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission, wherein the parameter for frequency calibration of the device is determined based on the FCS. The operations of 1010 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1010 may be performed by a reader 162 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0181] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0182] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0183] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0184] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0185] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0186] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A device, comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:transmit, to a reader via the transceiver, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; andreceive, from the reader via the transceiver, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission carrying at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission.2.The device of claim 1, wherein the first D2R transmission further carries at least one of the following:information associated with the device; ora resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission.3.The device of claim 2, wherein the first D2R transmission comprises a preamble, wherein the preamble indicates at least one of the following:the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission;the information associated with the device; orthe resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission.4.The device of claim 2, wherein the first D2R transmission comprises first control information, wherein the first control information indicates at least one of the following:the presence or absence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission;a length of the FCS;the information associated with the device; orthe resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission,wherein the first control information is transmitted via one of the following: a sequence, a layer 1 (L1) control signaling or a high layer control signaling.5.The device of claim 2, wherein the information associated with the device is indicated by one of the following:a sequence, wherein the sequence is determined based on an identity (ID) associated with the device;a random number generated by the device; oran identity (ID) associated with the device,wherein the sequence is determined from a set of candidate sequences based on:the ID associated with the device, anda number of candidate sequences in the set of candidate sequences.6.The device of claim 2, wherein the resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission comprises at least one of the following:a request of resources for the subsequent D2R transmission; ora transport block size (TBS) required for the subsequent D2R transmission.7.The device of claim 1, wherein the parameter for frequency calibration is indicated by one of the following:a value of the parameter; oran index of a quantized value corresponding to the parameter.8.The device of claim 2, wherein the first R2D transmission further carries the information associated with the device.9.The device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission comprises second control information indicating at least one of the parameter for frequency calibration or the information of resource allocation,wherein the second control information is received via one of the following:a L1 control signaling, wherein a length of the second control information is predefined or indicated in the second control information, or wherein a postamble is applied in second control information; ora high layer control signaling, wherein a length of the second control information is determined based on a TBS of the first R2D transmission, or wherein a postamble is applied in second control information.10.The device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:perform frequency calibration based on the parameter for frequency calibration.11.The device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive, from the reader via the transceiver, a second R2D transmission, wherein the second R2D transmission comprises at least one of the following:a mapping between indices and candidate quantized values corresponding to the parameter for frequency calibration;a chip duration of the first D2R transmission;a length of the FCS;resource information for at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS; orresource information for at least one first R2D transmission associated with at least one first D2R transmission carrying information associated with an FCS.12.The device of claim 11, wherein the resource information for the at least one first D2R transmission comprises at least one of the following:a time offset between the second R2D transmission and a first one among the at least one first D2R transmission;a time offset between neighouring first D2R transmissions among the at least one first D2R transmission; orfrequency information of the at least one first D2R transmission,wherein the resource information for the at least one first R2D transmission comprises at least one of the following:a time offset between the first D2R transmission and the first R2D transmission associated with the first D2R transmission; orfrequency information of the at least one first R2D transmission.13.The device of claim 11, wherein a frequency resource for the at least one first D2R transmission is determined based on a frequency resource of the second R2D transmission.14.The device of claim 1, wherein a frequency resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on a frequency resource of the first D2R transmission associated with the first R2D transmission.15.The device of claim 1, wherein the reader comprises one of the following: a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) , andwherein the device comprises an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.16.A reader, comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:receive, from a device via the transceiver, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; anddetermine at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission, wherein the parameter for frequency calibration of the device is determined based on the FCS.17.The reader of claim 16, wherein the first D2R transmission further carries at least one of the following:information associated with the device; ora resource request for the subsequent D2R transmission.18.The reader of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit, to the device via the transceiver, a first R2D transmission carrying at least one of the following: the parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or the information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission,wherein in case of presence of the FCS in the first D2R transmission, the information of resource allocation for the subsequent D2R transmission is determined based on the parameter for frequency calibration of the device.19.Amethod performed by a device, the method comprising:transmitting, to a reader, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; andreceiving, from the reader, a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission carrying at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device, or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission.20.Amethod performed by a reader, the method comprising:receiving, from a device, a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission carrying information associated with a frequency calibration signal (FCS) comprising at least one of the following: the FCS or an indication of presence or absence of an FCS in the first D2R transmission; anddetermining at least one of the following: a parameter for frequency calibration of the device or information of resource allocation for a subsequent D2R transmission, wherein the parameter for frequency calibration of the device is determined based on the FCS.