Compositions and methods for treatment of macular degeneration and geographic atrophy
A biodegradable polymer-based Avacopan composition for AMD and GA offers a sustained release solution, addressing the need for less frequent injections and enhancing treatment efficacy.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- METAGONE BIOTECH INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and geographic atrophy (GA) are recalcitrant and require frequent intravitreal injections, leading to non-compliance issues, and there is a need for a more effective and less frequent therapeutic intervention.
A pharmaceutical composition comprising C5aR antagonists, such as Avacopan, dispersed in a biodegradable polymer for sustained release in the vitreous, providing prolonged therapeutic effect for at least 40 days with a single intravitreal injection.
The composition achieves sustained release of Avacopan for up to 80 days, reducing the frequency of injections and potentially improving patient compliance and treatment efficacy for AMD and GA.
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Figure CN2025144656_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATMENT OF MACULAR DEGENERATION AND GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHYBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present disclosure in general relates to composition comprising C5aR antagonist and methods of using the same for the treatment of ocular diseases (e.g., Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ) .
[0003] 2. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
[0004] AMD is a progressive retinal disease and the leading cause of central vision loss in the population over age 50 years. AMD is classified into two types, dry or non-neovascular AMD and wet or neovascular AMD. In the dry form, loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in the macula results in atrophy of retinal tissue, with the late stage referred to as geographic atrophy (GA) . In wet AMD, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) develops under the retina and macula. This form can also continue to atrophy in the last stages, resulting in GA. This suggests that in many AMD patients, regardless of whether they have the dry or the wet form, the final anatomic outcome leading to loss of vision is GA. While wet AMD accounts for much of the visional loss due to AMD, it comprises only about 10%of the entire AMD population. The 90%of AMD patients who suffer from dry AMD can also have devastating vision loss when end-stage GA develops.
[0005] Dry AMD in particular has proven to be markedly recalcitrant to development of effective treatments. Further, treatments for AMD typically require intravitreal injections approximately every month or every other month, leading to significant non-compliance. Thus, there is a pressing need to reduce the frequency of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of AMD, particularly for dry AMD and geographic atrophy (GA) .SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding to the reader. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure and it does not identify key / critical elements of the present invention or delineate the scope of the present invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed herein in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising C5aR antagonists, such as Avacopan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof dispersed in a biodegradable polymer that provides for a sustained release of the C5aR antagonist for at least 40 days in human vitreous. In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition provides sustained action for at least 80 days with a single intraocular injection (e.g., IVT injection) .
[0008] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 80% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.
[0009] In other embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 40% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.
[0010] In further embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group; and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.
[0011] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is amorphous, crystalline, or a combination thereof.
[0012] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 50-500 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 190 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0013] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 50 days in human vitreous. In some embodiments, the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 60 days in human vitreous. In other embodiments, sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 70 days in human vitreous. In further embodiments, sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 80 days in human vitreous.
[0014] In the second aspect of the present disclosure, a method of treating age-related macular degeneration or geographic atrophy in a subject is provided. The method includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the present pharmaceutical composition via intravitreal (IVT) injection.
[0015] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the age-related macular degeneration is dry age-related macular degeneration.
[0016] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at least once every 30 days. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered once about every 60 days.
[0017] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 80% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.
[0018] In other embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 40% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.
[0019] In further embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group; and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.
[0020] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is amorphous, crystalline, or a combination thereof.
[0021] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 50-500 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Preferably, pharmaceutical composition comprises about 190 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0022] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 40 days in human vitreous. In other embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 70 days in human vitreous. In further embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 80 days in human vitreous.
[0023] Other aspects and embodiments will be apparent from the following detailed description.
[0024] Many of the attendant features and advantages of the present disclosure will becomes better understood with reference to the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description read in light of the accompanying drawings, where:
[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates the degradation rate of implants prepared from (A) Formulations 1–6 and (B) Formulations 7–12 respectively observed over an 84-day degradation period in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; and
[0027] FIG. 2 illustrates the elution rate profiles of Avacopan from Formulations 7–9 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.DESCRIPTION
[0028] The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the present examples and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present example may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the example and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the example. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples.
[0029] 1. Definition
[0030] For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examples and appended claims are collected here. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of the ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0031] Ranges of values are disclosed herein. The ranges set out a lower limit value and an upper limit value. Unless otherwise stated, the ranges include all values to the magnitude of the smallest values (either lower limit value or upper limit value) and ranges between the values of the stated ranges.
[0032] The singular forms “a” , “and” , and “the” are used herein to include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0033] As used herein, “about” will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent depending upon the context in which it is used. If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art, given the context in which it is used, “about” will mean up to plus or minus 10%of the particular term.
[0034] As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treatment, ” and / or “treating” may refer to the management of a disease, disorder, or pathological condition, or symptom thereof with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, and / or control the disease, disorder, pathological condition, or symptom thereof. Regarding control of the disease, disorder, or pathological condition more specifically, “control” may include the absence or slowing of condition progression, as assessed by the response to the methods recited herein, where such response may be complete (e.g., placing the disease in remission) or partial (e.g., lessening or ameliorating any symptoms associated with the condition) .
[0035] As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages and is not intended to be limited to a particular formulation or administration route. As used herein, the term “treating” includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, ameliorating or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder, and the like, or ameliorating a symptom thereof.
[0036] “Individual, ” “patient, ” or “subject” are used interchangeably and include any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans. The compounds of the disclosure can be administered to a mammal, such as a human, but can also be administered to other mammals such as an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like) , farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like) . “Modulation” includes antagonism (e.g., inhibition) , agonism, partial antagonism and / or partial agonism. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt (s) ” as used herein refers to salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in compounds used in the compositions. Compound containing both basic and acidic moieties, it is capable of forming a wide variety of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. It's structure includes amine groups that confer basic properties, enabling the formation of acid addition salts when reacted with various inorganic and organic acids. These acids can include non-toxic, pharmacologically acceptable anions such as malate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate salts. Conversely, compound also contains acidic functionalities that can interact with various pharmacologically acceptable cations to form base salts, including alkali metals such as sodium, lithium, and potassium, as well as alkaline earth metals like calcium, magnesium, and zinc, including iron salts. Additionally, since compound includes both acidic and basic groups, it may exist in multiple ionic forms such as an acid addition salt, a zwitterion, or a base salt depending on formulation conditions. Moreover, compound can form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids, further broadening its versatility in drug formulation and delivery. This salt formation flexibility is crucial for optimizing it’s solubility, stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy, as well as tailoring its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles for clinical applications.
[0037] The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound or composition of the present disclosure that is effective when administered alone or in combination to treat the desired condition or disorder. “Therapeutically effective amount” includes an amount of the combination of compounds claimed that is effective to treat the desired condition or disorder. The combination of compounds can be additive and is preferably a synergistic combination. In general, a synergistic effect is most clearly demonstrated at suboptimal concentrations of the compounds. Synergy can be in terms of lower incidence of adverse side effects and / or toxicity, increased efficacy, or some other beneficial effect of the combination compared with the individual components.
[0038] “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of human beings and non-human animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other adverse complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0039] The term “biodegrade” or “biodegradable” as used herein generally refers to a biologically assisted degradation process that the polymer making-up the composition undergoes in a biological environment, such as within the body of a subject (e.g., in the vitreous) . It would be appreciated that biodegradation encompasses within its scope the processes of absorption, dissolution, breaking down, degradation, assimilation, or otherwise removal of the composition from the body, a biological environment.
[0040] The term “biodegradable polymer” as used herein refers to a polymer or polymers, which degrade in vivo, under physiological conditions (e.g., in the vitreous) . The release of the therapeutic agent occurs concurrent with, or subsequent to, the degradation of a biodegradable polymer over time.
[0041] As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, or result. For example, a polymer that is “substantially” biodegraded would mean that the object is either completely biodegraded or nearly completely biodegraded.
[0042] 2. The present pharmaceutical composition
[0043] The complement system is part of the innate immune system and consists of more than 30 proteins that circulate in the blood. Complement is activated by one of three pathways, the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, to bring about a series of proteolytic cleaves to either enhance the immune response or form the membrane-attack complex (MAC) . C5 convertase is the last enzyme in the pathway that cleaves C5, a large 190 kDa glycosylated protein composed of two disulfide-linked chains, to release the C5a anaphylatoxin and C5b. C5b assembles with four additional complement proteins (C6, C7, C8, and C9) to form the MAC, which is a transmembrane channel that includes cell lysis. Studies have implicated complement activation as a key component in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) , particularly dry AMD, and geographic atrophy (GA) .
[0044] Within dry AMD, GA is an advanced form, severely affecting vision and often threatening complete vision loss. Progression to GA is irreversible, and there are currently few approved treatments. Several prognostic factors influence GA risk, including age, genetics, and various external factors such as smoking. Age is the most common predictor of GA, with multiple studies confirming that GA severity increases with age. GA is generally not common in individuals under age 50 years and, compared to individuals between ages 65 and 74, the risk of GA development increases more than threefold for those over age 75 years.
[0045] One aspect of the present disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising C5aR antagonists suitable for the treatment of AMD and / or GA.
[0046] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the C5aR antagonist is Avacopan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Avacopan an orally administrated complement C5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist with an IC50 of 0.2 nM, is approved for the treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) -associated vasculitis (AAV) , and is described in U. S. Patent No. 8, 445, 515, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The chemical name of Avacopan is (2R, 3S) -2- (4- (cyclopentylamino) phenyl) -1- (2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl) -N- (4-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) piperidine-3-carboxamide, and which has the following chemical structure:
[0047] Other C5aR antagonists are known in the art. Alternative C5aR antagonists (e.g., C5aR1 inhibitors) are described in U. S. Patent 8, 445, 515, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In other embodiments, the C5aR antagonist is any one of W-57011, NDT9513727, or DF2593A independently having a chemical structure listed below:
[0048] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising Avacopan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof dispersed in a biodegradable polymer that provides for a sustained release of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for at least 40 days in human vitreous.
[0049] In some embodiments the composition comprises a free base form of Avacopan or comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Avacopan comprises one or more counterions selected from acetate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, bromide, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, decanoate, edetate, edisylate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycolate, hexanoate, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napadisylate, napsylate, nitrate, octanoate, oleate, pamoate, pantothenate, phosphate, polygalacturonate, propionate, salicylate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, teoclate, and tosylate.
[0050] In some embodiments, the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is amorphous, crystalline, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is amorphous or substantially (i.e., greater than about 75%) amorphous. In some embodiments, the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is crystalline or substantially (i.e., greater than about 75%) crystalline. In some embodiments, the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a combination of amorphous and crystalline. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a free base crystalline form of Avacopan.
[0051] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition described herein comprises at least about 10% (w / w) , or at least 20% (w / w) , or at least about 25% (w / w) , or at least about 30% (w / w) , or at least about 40% (w / w) of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%about 55%, or about 60% (w / w) of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 45% (w / w) of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 60% (w / w) of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for example, from about 10%to about 50%, about 10%to about 40%, about 10%to about 30%, about 10%to about 20%, about 20%to about 60%, about 20%to about 50%, about 20%to about 40%, about 20%to about 30%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 50%, about 30%to about 40%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 50%, or about 50%to about 60% (w / w) of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 30% (w / w) to about 60% (w / w) of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 40% (w / w) to about 50% (w / w) of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other C5aR antagonists can be used at amounts as described herein.
[0052] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition described herein comprises a dosage of at least about 10 μg, or at least about 25 μg, or at least about 50 μg, or at least about 100 μg, or at least about 200 μg, or at least about 300 μg, or at least about 400 μg of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose, for example, about 50 μg, or about 100 μg, or about 150 μg, or about 200 μg, or about 250 μg, or about 300 μg, or about 350 μg, or about 400 μg, or about 450 μg, or about 500 μg of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a dosage of from about 50 μg to about 500 μg of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose, for example, from about 75 μg to about 500 μg, about 100 μg to about 500 μg, about 150 μg to about 500 μg, about 200 μg to about 500 μg, about 250 μg to about 500 μg, about 300 μg to about 500 μg, about 50 μg to about 400 μg, about 50 μg to about 350 μg, about 50 μg to about 300 μg, about 100 μg to about 400 μg, about 100 μg to about 350 μg, about 200 μg to about 500 μg, or about 200 μg to about 400 μg, of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose. In one preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a dosage of about 190 μg of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose.
[0053] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is dispersed in a biodegradable polymer that provides for a sustained release of Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for at least 40 days in human vitreous. In some embodiments, suitable polymeric materials for use in the compositions described herein include those materials which are compatible, that is biocompatible, with the eye (e.g., the vitreous) so as to cause no substantial interference with the functioning or physiology of the eye. Such polymeric materials may be biodegradable, bioerodible, or both biodegradable and bioerodible.
[0054] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer disclosed herein provides for a sustained release of the C5aR antagonist, (e.g., Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) for at least about 40 days in human vitreous, for example, at least about 60 days, at least about 70 days, or at least about 80 days in human vitreous.
[0055] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises one or more polymeric material selected from the group consisting of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) , poly (lactic acid) (PLA) , poly (glycolic acid) (PGA) , poly (caprolactone) , poly (sebacic acid) , poly (adipic acid) , poly (terephthalic acid) , poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) , poly (γ-glutamic acid) , hyaluronic acid, dextran, chitosan, and cyclodextrins. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises and / or consists of PLGA. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises and / or consists of PLA. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises and / or consists of PLGA and PLA.
[0056] PGA, PLA, and PLGA are synthetic polymers (e.g., hydrophobic polyesters) that provide tunable in vivo biodegradation based on the monomer ratio incorporated in the polymer and have been explored as drug carriers for small molecules, proteins, and genes. PLA and PGA are composed of lactic acid and glycolic acid monomers, respectively. Due to its susceptibility to hydrolysis, PGA has a faster degradation rate compared to PLA, which has an in vivo biodegradation rate of up to 2 years, but biodegradation of both polymers produces non-toxic byproducts, i.e., lactic and glycolic acids, which are non-toxic and considered natural metabolic compounds, and are eliminated safely via the Krebs cycle by conversion to carbon dioxide and water.
[0057] PGA and PLA are often co-polymerized to produce PLGA, which offers tunable monomer ratios and end groups that alter biodegradation profiles. Implementation of PLGA for ocular drug delivery vehicles is aimed at controlling the release of therapeutic through tunable polymer properties and improving biocompatibility and bioavailability. Altering the ratios of PGA and PLA also allows for optimization of degradation time, degrees of crystallinity, and hydrophobicity. Incorporation of a hydrophobic polymer can allow for selective permeation across mucus membranes if applied topically, or, if administered intravitreally, can work to minimize diffusion of therapeutic away from the target region and slow release. Other variables of polymers that affect degradation include the enantiomeric composition of the polymer, polymer molecular weight, the percent free carboxylic acid end groups, and the presence of catalysts. By altering and customizing the biodegradable polymer matrix, the drug delivery profile can be changed.
[0058] Exemplary biodegradable polymers include biodegradable polymers manufactured by Evonik Industries AG, for example, L, R, and RG biodegradable polymers. L biodegradable polymers (e.g., L206S) comprise semi-crystalline poly (L-lactide) with an approximate degradation time of >48 months and an inherent viscosity of from 0.8 to 4.3 dL / g. R biodegradable polymers (e.g., R202S) comprise amorphous poly (D, L-lactide) with an inherent viscosity of from 0.15 to 0.75 dL / g and a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 28,000 Da which degrade over a period as little as a few weeks or less to nine months or more. RG biodegradable polymers (e.g., RG502H) comprise amorphous poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) with an inherent viscosity of from 0.09 to 1.7 dL / g and a molecular weight of from 7,000 to 240,000 Da which degrade over a period of up to 18 months or more. The biodegradable polymers may be ester or acid terminated.
[0059] Exemplary biodegradable polymers include ViatelTM biodegradable polymers manufactured by Ashland Global Holdings Inc., for example, ViatelTM DLG biodegradable polymers. ViatelTM DLG biodegradable polymers (e.g., DLG5002A) comprise amorphous poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) with an inherent viscosity of from 0.1 to 1.4 dL / g which degrades over a period of up to 12 months or more. The ViatelTM biodegradable polymers may be ester or acid terminated.
[0060] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises PLGA selected from one or more of RG50X (lactide: glycolide 50: 50, ester or acid end group, ex: RG502, RG502H, RG503, RG503H, RG504, RG504H, RG505) , RG653H (lactide: glycolide 65: 35, acid end group) , RG75X (lactide: glycolide 75: 25, ester or acid end group, ex: RG750S, RG752H, RG752S, RG753H, RG753S, RG755S, RG756S, RG757S) , RG858S (lactide: glycolide 85: 15, ester end group) , DLG50XXA / E (lactide: glycolide 50: 50, ester or acid end group, ex: DLG5002A, DLG5002E) and DLG7502E (lactide: glycolide 75: 25, ester and group) . In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG502. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG502H. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG503. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG503H. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG504. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG504H. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG505. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG653H. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG750S. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG752H. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG752S. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG753H. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG753S. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG755S. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG756S. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG757S. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises RG858S. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises DLG5002A. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises DLG5002E. In some the biodegradable polymer comprises DLG7502E.
[0061] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises RG502H and RG502. In other embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises RG502H and RG502, and optionally RG753S. In further embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises DLG5002A and DLG5002E. In still further embodiments, the biodegradable polymer further comprises one or more of DLG5002A, DLG5002E, and DLG7502E.
[0062] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises RG502H. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises RG502H and RG502. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises RG502H, RG502 and RG753S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises at least about 10% (w / w) , or at least about 50% (w / w) , or at least about 100% (w / w) of RG502H with respect to the total amount of the polymer in the composition. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or about 100% (w / w) of RG502H. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of RG502H, for example, from about 10%to about 90%, about 10%to about 80%, about 10%to about 70%, about 10%to about 60%, about 10%to about 50%, about 20%to about 100%, about 20%to about 90%, about 20%to about 80%, about 20%to about70%, about 20%to about 60%, about 20%to about 50%, about 30%to about 100%, about 30%to about 90%, about 30%to about 80%, about 30%to about 70%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 50%, about 40%to about 100%, about 40%to about 90%, about 40%to about 80%, about 40%to about 70%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 50%, about 50%to about 100%, about 50%to about 90%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 60%, about 60%to about 100%, about 60%to about 90%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 70%, about 70%to about 100%, about 70%to about 90%, about 70%to about 80%, about 80%to about 100%, about 80%to about 90%, or about 90%to about 100%, (w / w) of RG502H. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of RG502H.
[0063] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises RG502. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprising RG502H described herein further comprises RG502. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprising RG502H described herein further comprises RG502 and RG753S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises at least about 10% (w / w) , or at least about 50% (w / w) , or at least about 100% (w / w) of RG502 with respect to the total amount of polymer in the composition. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or about 100% (w / w) of RG502. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10%(w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of RG502, for example, from about 10%to about 90%, about 10%to about 80%, about 10%to about 70%, about 10%to about 60%, about 10%to about 50%, about 20%to about 100%, about 20%to about 90%, about 20%to about 80%, about 20%to about 70%, about 20%to about 60%, about 20%to about 50%, , about 30%to about 100%, about 30%to about 90%, about 30%to about 80%, about 30%to about 70%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 50%, about 40%to about 100%, about 40%to about 90%, about 40%to about 80%, about 40%to about 70%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 50%, about 50%to about 100%, or about 50%to about 90%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 60%, about 60%to about 100%, about 60%to about 90%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 70%, about 70%to about 100%, about 70%to about 90%, about 70%to about 80%, about 80%to about 100%, about 80%to about 90%, or about 90%to about 100% (w / w) of RG502. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10%(w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of RG502.
[0064] In certain embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein is a mixture of 80% (w / w) RG502H and 20% (w / w) RG502. In other embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein is a mixture of 60% (w / w) RG502H and 40% (w / w) RG502.
[0065] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises RG753S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprising RG502H and RG502 described herein further comprises RG753S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises at least about 10% (w / w) , or at least about 50% (w / w) , or at least about 100% (w / w) of RG753S with respect to the total amount of polymer in the composition. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or about 100% (w / w) of RG753S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of RG753S, for example, from about 10%to about 90%, about 10%to about 80%, about 10%to about 70%, about 10%to about 60%, about 10%to about 50%, about 20%to about 100%, about 20%to about 90%, about 20%to about 80%, about 20%to about 70%, about 20%to about 60%, about 20%to about 50%, about 30%to about 100%, about 30%to about 90%, about 30%to about 80%, about 30%to about 70%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 50%, about 40%to about 100%, about 40%to about 90%, about 40%to about 80%, about 40%to about 70%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 50%, about 50%to about 100%, or about 50%to about 90%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 60%, about 60%to about 100%, about 60%to about 90%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 70%, about 70%to about 100%, about 70%to about 90%, about 70%to about 80%, about 80%to about 100%, about 80%to about 90%, or about 90%to about 100% (w / w) of RG753S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of RG753S. In certain embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein is a mixture of 60% (w / w) RG502H, 20% (w / w) RG502 and 20% (w / w) RG753S.
[0066] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises DLG5002A. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises DLG5002A and DLG5002E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises DLG5002A, DLG5002E and DLG7502E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises at least about 10% (w / w) , or at least about 50% (w / w) , or at least about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002A with respect to the total amount of the polymer in the composition. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002A. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002A, for example, from about 10%to about 90%, about 10%to about 80%, about 10%to about 70%, about 10%to about 60%, about 10%to about 50%, about 20%to about 100%, about 20%to about 90%, about 20%to about 80%, about 20%to about 70%, about 20%to about 60%, about 20%to about 50%, about 30%to about 100%, about 30%to about 90%, about 30%to about 80%, about 30%to about 70%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 50%, about 40%to about 100%, about 40%to about 90%, about 40%to about 80%, about 40%to about 70%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 50%, about 50%to about 100%, about 50%to about 90%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 60%, about 60%to about 100%, about 60%to about 90%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 70%, about 70%to about 100%, about 70%to about 90%, about 70%to about 80%, about 80%to about 100%, about 80%to about 90%, or about 90%to about 100%(w / w) of DLG5002A. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002A.
[0067] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises DLG5002E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprising DLG5002A described herein further comprises DLG5002E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises DLG5002A, DLG5002E and DLG7502E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises at least about 10% (w / w) , or at least about 50% (w / w) , or at least about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002E with respect to the total amount of polymer in the composition. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, or about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002E, for example, from about 10%to about 90%, about 10%to about 80%, about 10%to about 70%, about 10%to about 60%, about 10%to about 50%, about 20%to about 100%, about 20%to about 90%, about 20%to about 80%, about 20%to about 70%, about 20%to about 60%, about 20%to about 50%, about 30%to about 100%, about 30%to about 90%, about 30%to about 80%, about 30%to about 70%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 50%, about 40%to about 100%, about 40%to about 90%, about 40%to about 80%, about 40%to about 70%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 50%, about 50%to about 100%, about 50%to about 90%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 60%, about 60%to about 100%, about 60%to about 90%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 70%, about 70%to about 100%, about 70%to about 90%, about 70%to about 80%, about 80%to about 100%, about 80%to about 90%, or about 90%to about 100%(w / w) of DLG5002E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of DLG5002E.
[0068] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises DLG7502E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprising DLG502A and DLG5002E described herein further comprises DLG7502E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises at least about 10% (w / w) , or at least about 50%(w / w) , or at least about 100% (w / w) of DLG7502E with respect to the total amount of polymer in the composition. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or about 100% (w / w) of DLG7502E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of DLG7502E, for example, from about 10%to about 90%, about 10%to about 80%, about 10%to about 70%, about 10%to about 60%, about 10%to about 50%, about 20%to about 100%, about 20%to about 90%, about 20%to about 80%, about 20%to about 70%, about 20%to about 60%, about 20%to about 50%, about 30%to about 100%, about 30%to about 90%, about 30%to about 80%, about 30%to about 70%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 50%, about 40%to about 100%, about 40%to about 90%, about 40%to about 80%, about 40%to about 70%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 50%, about 50%to about 100%, about 50%to about 90%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 60%, about 60%to about 100%, about 60%to about 90%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 70%, about 70%to about 100%, about 70%to about 90%, about 70%to about 80%, about 80%to about 100%, about 80%to about 90%, or about 90%to about 100% (w / w) of DLG7502E. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises from about 10% (w / w) to about 100% (w / w) of DLG7502E.
[0069] In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer described herein comprises PLA selected from one or more of L206S, R202S, R202H, R203S, R203H, L207S, R205S, and R207S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprising RG502H and RG502 described herein further comprises PLA selected from one or more of L206S, R202S, R202H, R203S, R203H, L207S, R205S, and R207S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises L206S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises R202S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises R202H. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises R203S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises R203H. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises L207S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises R205S. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises R207S.
[0070] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is formulated for injection. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for intraocular injection. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for intravitreal injection. In embodiments, the composition is formulated for suprachoroidal injection.
[0071] 3. Methods of treatment
[0072] The present disclosure also encompasses methods of treating an ocular disease or disorder. The method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described herein. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the ocular disease is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) , such as dry AMD or geographic atrophy (GA) .
[0073] In some embodiments, the administration is by injection. In some embodiments, the administration is achieved by intraocular injection. In some embodiments, the administration is achieved by intravitreal (IVT) injection. Intravitreal injection is an injection into the eye, and in particular the vitreous which is a jelly-like fluid that fills the eye. During the procedure, for example as is used conventionally for administering anti-VEGF drugs, the health care provider injects medicine into the vitreous, near the retina at the back of the eye. The procedure often takes about 15 to 30 minutes. For example, the procedure generally involves placing drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils, numbing drops are placed in the eye, and drug is injected into the eye with a small needle. Antibiotic drops may also be used to prevent infection. While the procedure is routine, it does not come without risks and potential complications. These include endophthalmitis, intraocular inflammation, retinal detachment, intraocular pressure elevation, ocular hemorrhage, in addition to systemic side effects. Further, the procedure is costly and not convenient since frequent injections are generally required.
[0074] In some embodiments, administration is achieved by suprachoroidal injection.
[0075] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered no more than once every 30 days on average, or no more than once every 60 days on average. In some embodiments, the composition is administered once every 30 days. In some embodiments, the composition is administered once every 60 days.
[0076] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a dosage of at least about 10 μg, or at least about 25 μg, or at least about 50 μg, or at least about 100 μg, or at least about 200 μg, or at least about 400 μg of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose, for example, about 50 μg, or about 100 μg, or about 150 μg, or about 200 μg, or about 250 μg, or about 300 μg, or about 350 μg, or about 400 μg, or about 450 μg, or about 500 μg of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a dosage of from about 50 μg to about 500 μg of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose, for example, from about 75 μg to about 500 μg, about 100 μg to about 500 μg, about 150 μg to about 500 μg, about 200 μg to about 500 μg, about 250 μg to about 500 μg, about 300 μg to about 500 μg, about 50 μg to about 400 μg, about 50 μg to about 350 μg, about 50 μg to about 300 μg, about 100 μg to about 400 μg, about 100 μg to about 350 μg, about 200 μg to about 500 μg, or about 200 μg to about 400 μg, of the Avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof per unit dose.
[0077] In some embodiments, the subject is an adult human, e.g., an adult male or an adult female. In some embodiments, the subject is at least about 30 years old, at least about 40 years old, at least about 50 years old, or at least about 60 years old. In some embodiments, the subject has a family history of AMD and / or GA. In some embodiments, the subject has a genetic mutation in the complement system. In some embodiments, the patient is or was a smoker.
[0078] While preferred embodiments of the invention are shown and described herein, such embodiments are provided by way of example only and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the invention. Various alternatives to the described embodiments of the invention may be employed in practicing the invention.
[0079] Example 1. Preparation and characterization of the Avacopant intravitreal implant
[0080] 1.1 Preparation
[0081] In this example, a total of 13 Avacopan intravitreal implants were produced by mixing homogeneous solutions of Avacopan and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or (poly (lactic acid) ) (PLA) obtained from commercial sources in accordance with the formulations described in Table 1, the resulted mixtures were then lyophilized to yield dry composite matrixes containing Avacopan and PLGA / PLA therein. The dried composite matrixes were subsequently subjected to hot-melt extrusion by loading into a 3 mm internal diameter extrusion barrel and extruded through a die having an orifice diameter of 0.35 mm. The extrusion was carried out at a controlled temperature of approximately 60-90 ℃ and a feed rate of about 10 μL / min to ensure uniform melt flow and consistent filament formation. The resulting continuous filaments were subsequently cut into segments of approximately 4 mm in length to yield individual implants. Each implant contained approximately 190 μg of Avacopan uniformly dispersed within the polymeric matrix.
[0082] The produced implants were independently loaded into the intravitreal (IVT) applicator and sealed within an aluminum-laminate pouch to protect them from being exposed to moisture and light. Terminal sterilization was achieved via gamma irradiation. All manufacturing operations were conducted in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) requirements, with critical process parameters stringently controlled to maintain sterility, ensure batch uniformity, and preserve the physicochemical stability of the final product. Note that RG502H, RG502, RG753S are respectively trademark names for purified PLGA purchased from Evonik Industries AG (Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) ; while DLG5002A, DLG5002E, and DLG7502E are respectively trademark names for purified PLGA purchased from Ashland Global Holdings Inc (Covington, KY, USA) .
[0083] a: RG502H or DLG5002A is a poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group.b: RG502 or DLG5002E is a poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.c: RG753S or DLG7520E is a poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.
[0084] 1.2 Characterization
[0085] 1.2.1 Degradation analysis
[0086] In this example, one implant representative of each formulation of Table 1 was obtained by randomly cutting a segment from the extruded filament. Each implant sample was subsequently placed in a vessel containing approximately 1 mL of a degradation medium, which was either deionized water (ddH2O) or a 5% (w / v) HS15 solution. The vessels were maintained in a shaking incubator set at a temperature of about 37 ℃ and a shaking rate of approximately 50 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 12 weeks. At predetermined time intervals, the physical appearance of each implant sample was observed and recorded. To maintain sink conditions and to ensure reproducibility of the degradation environment, the entire release medium was replaced with freshly prepared medium at each sampling point. Over the course of the study, changes in the physical appearance of the implants were monitored.
[0087] The visual appearances of Formulations 1–6 and 7-12 after approximately 12 weeks of incubation in the 5%Solutol medium are respectively illustrated in FIG. 1 (A) and 1 (B) .
[0088] According to data in FIG 1, Formulations 1 and 2, prepared with RG502H and RG502 (50 / 50 PLA / PGA) , exhibited more rapid surface erosion and morphological degradation compared to Formulation 3, which utilized RG753S (75 / 25 PLA / PGA) . The faster degradation observed in Formulations 1 and 2 could be attributed to their lower lactic-to-glycolic acid ratio, which resulted in higher hydrophilicity and accelerated hydrolytic cleavage of the polymer backbone. Similarly, Formulations 4 and 5, composed of DLG5002A and DLG5002E (50 / 50 PLA / PGA) , degraded at a faster rate than Formulation 6, which employed DLG7502E (75 / 25 PLA / PGA) , again reflecting the influence of the lower PLA-to-PGA ratio on polymer degradation kinetics.
[0089] These results collectively confirm that the degradation behavior of the Avacopan-loaded PLGA implants was strongly dependent on the lactic-to-glycolic acid ratio and polymer composition of the matrix
[0090] 1.2.2 In vitro drug release
[0091] Based on the degradation analysis of Example 1.2.1, implants of Formulations 7, 8 and 9 were selected for drug release profile analysis. To this purpose, each implant sample of Formulations 7, 8 or 9 was placed in 1 mL of ddH2O or an aqueous 5% (w / v) HS15 solution. The samples were incubated in a shaking incubator maintained at 37 ℃ with an agitation rate of 50 rpm. At pre-determined sampling intervals, the remaining amount of Avacopan within each implant was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, and results are illustrated in FIG. 2.
[0092] The HPLC data indicated that the amount of Avacopan released decreased as the ratio of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to poly (glycolic acid) (PGA) increased, and as the molecular weight of the polymer increased. Formulations combining RG753S with other faster-degrading polymers exhibited a prolonged period of sustained drug release while maintaining adequate early-stage drug release.
[0093] Example 2: Pharmacokinetics Study of the present Avacopan Intravitreal Implant in Rex Rabbits
[0094] A single-dose ocular pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted in 20 male rabbits, each received one implant via intravitreal (IVT) administration to characterize intraocular drug distribution and clearance. Each implant had a total mass of approximately 450 μg and contained 190 μg of Avacopan (w / w = 40%) uniformly dispersed within a polymeric matrix composed of a blend of polymers consisting of 60%RG502H, 20%RG502, and 20%RG753S (i.e., Formulation 9) .
[0095] The study design included bilateral IVT injection of one implant per eye in Rex rabbits, with two animals (four eyes) allocated to each scheduled time point. Animals were euthanized at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks post-dose, and ocular tissues-including cornea, iris, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium / choroid (RPE / choroid) -as well as plasma samples, were collected for quantitative analysis of Avacopan concentrations. Quantification of Avacopan in biological matrices was determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS) method.
[0096] The results demonstrated that, following IVT implantation in rabbits and subsequent tissue collection on Days 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 post-dose, Avacopan remained detectable in posterior-segment ocular tissues, while exposure in anterior-segment tissues and plasma was minimal or negligible. These findings confirmed sustained and localized drug delivery to the posterior eye with limited systemic distribution, consistent with a controlled IVT depot release profile. Results are summarized in Table 2.
[0097] Table 2. ND: No Data BLQ: Below limit of quantification
[0098] Drug distribution was predominantly localized to the vitreous humor, retina, and RPE / choroid-tissues central to the therapeutic management of retinal degeneration. Vitreous humor concentrations were first measurable at Day 42 (90.8 μg) and declined in a controlled manner through Day 56 (71.2 μg) , Day 70 (55.1 μg) , and Day 84 (61.2 μg) , demonstrating continued release from the implant and sustained intraocular residence of Avacopan. Retinal exposure was likewise maintained across the evaluated period, with concentrations of 2,295.3 ng / g at Day 28, rising to 10,468.5 ng / g at Day 42, and remaining high at Days 56 and 70 (5,318.7 ng / g and 8,930.4 ng / g, respectively) . By Day 84, retinal levels persisted at 6,226.6 ng / g, confirming durable delivery to the retina.
[0099] The RPE / choroid compartment demonstrated sustained and substantial retention of Avacopan throughout the observation period. Concentrations measured 6,003.3 ng / g at Day 28, decreased to 876.9 ng / g at Day 42, and subsequently increased to 5,120.5 ng / g and 3,968.8 ng / g at Days 56 and 70, respectively. By Day 84, RPE / choroid levels rose markedly to 12,042.2 ng / g. These data indicate prolonged persistence and late-phase enrichment of the compound within the RPE / choroid tissues following intravitreal implantation.
[0100] Anterior-segment exposure remained minimal across all time points. Corneal concentrations were detectable only at low levels (13.9 ng / g at Day 28; 19.2 ng / g at Day 70) , with values below the limit of quantification at Days 56 and 84. Aqueous humor similarly showed low or non-detectable concentrations, reaching only 16.3 ng / g at Day 56 and 2.4 ng / g at Day 70. Iris and lens exposure followed a comparable pattern: early time points showed no detectable levels, with measurable but modest concentrations appearing later (iris: 129.3–94.6 ng / g at Days 56–70 and 56.7 ng / g at Day 84; lens: 1,284.5 ng / g at Day 56, decreasing to 866.5 ng / g and 656.3 ng / g at Days 70 and 84, respectively) . These findings collectively support minimal anterior migration of Avacopan from the intravitreal depot.
[0101] Overall, the implant maintained sustained and posterior segment–targeted avacopan exposure for at least 3 months following a single IVT administration in rabbits, extrapolating to an expected duration of at least 6 months in NHPs. Additionally, the concentration of avacopan in the posterior segment of the eye was significantly higher than its IC50. These findings supported the suitability of this formulation for chronic retinal diseases such as geographic atrophy (GA) .
[0102] It will be understood that the above description of embodiments is given by way of example only and that various modifications may be made by those with ordinary skill in the art. The above specification, examples, and data provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments of the invention. Although various embodiments of the invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those with ordinary skill in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention.
Claims
1.A pharmaceutical composition comprising avacopan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof dispersed in a biodegradable polymer that provides for a sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for at least 40 days in human vitreous, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for intravitreal injection.2.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer is poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group, or poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.3.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer comprises:about 60%to 80% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group;about 20%to 40%poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group; andabout 0.001%to 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.4.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group, and poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.5.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 80% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.6.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 40% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.7.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group; and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.8.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is amorphous, crystalline, or a combination thereof.9.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 50-500 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.10.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 190 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.11.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 50 days in human vitreous.12.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 wherein the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 70 days in human vitreous.13.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 80 days in human vitreous.14.A method of treating age-related macular degeneration or geographic atrophy in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 via intravitreal injection.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the age-related macular degeneration is dry age-related macular degeneration.16.The method of claim 14, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered at least once every 30 days.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered about every 60 days.18.The method of claim 14, wherein the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 80%(wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.19.The method of claim 14, wherein the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60%(wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, and 40% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.20.The method of claim 14, wherein the biodegradable polymer is a mixture of 60%(wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an acid end group, 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 50 mol%D, L-lactide and 50 mol%glycolide with an ester end group; and 20% (wt%) poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer of 75 mol%D, L-lactide and 25 mol%glycolide with an ester end group.21.The method of claim 14, wherein the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is amorphous, crystalline, or a combination thereof.22.The method of claim 14, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 50-500 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 190 μg of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.24.The method of claim 14, wherein the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 50 days in human vitreous.25.The method of claim 14, wherein the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 70 days in human vitreous.26.The method of claim 14, wherein the sustained release of the avacopan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is for at least 80 days in human vitreous.