Perovskite cell and preparation method therefor, photovoltaic module, power generation device and electric device

Abstract

Provided in the present application are a perovskite cell and a preparation method therefor, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and an electric device. The perovskite cell comprises a first electrode, a functional layer, a perovskite layer and a second electrode, which are stacked, wherein the functional layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite layer, and the functional layer comprises a hole-transport organic material; the surface of at least one side of the perovskite layer has a porous structure, and the maximum pore diameter of the porous structure is less than or equal to 30 μm; and on the basis of the area of the surface of at least one side of the perovskite layer, the area proportion of the porous structure is less than or equal to 0.5%.

Description

Perovskite solar cells and their preparation methods, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, and power consumption devices.

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application is based on and claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202510120740.7, filed on January 24, 2025, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This invention relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a perovskite battery and its preparation method, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, and power consumption devices. Background Technology

[0004] Perovskite solar cells are batteries that convert solar energy into electrical energy using perovskite crystalline materials. Perovskite solar cells have attracted widespread attention due to their advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, and low production cost.

[0005] Currently, how to further improve the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite devices is an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention aims to at least partially solve one of the technical problems in the related art.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of this application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a functional layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode stacked together; the functional layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite layer, and the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter; at least one surface of the perovskite layer has a porous structure, the maximum pore size of the porous structure being less than or equal to 30 μm; based on the area of ​​at least one surface of the perovskite layer, the area ratio of the porous structure is less than or equal to 0.5%.

[0008] This application includes at least the following beneficial effects: the application has a dense perovskite layer, which can reduce the scattering of charge carriers during transport and reduce non-radiative recombination, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0009] In some embodiments, the area of ​​the porous structure is less than or equal to 0.3% of the area of ​​at least one surface of the perovskite layer. This can further improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0010] In some embodiments, the root-mean-square (RMS) average of the surface potential on at least one side of the perovskite layer is less than or equal to 12 mV. In this application, the structural characteristics of the perovskite layer can be reflected by the RMS average of its surface potential. Therefore, the battery of this application has a dense perovskite layer, which can improve the battery's energy conversion efficiency.

[0011] In some embodiments, the functional layer is disposed on the surface of the first electrode, and the functional layer is in contact with at least a portion of the first electrode. Thus, the functional layer has hole transport functionality and can serve as a hole transport layer.

[0012] In some embodiments, the hole-transporting organic material is included on the portion of the first electrode that contacts the functional layer. This hole-transporting organic material can improve the surface smoothness of the first electrode, thereby improving the surface smoothness of the functional layer, and further enhancing the density and uniformity of the perovskite layer to improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0013] In some embodiments, the thickness of the functional layer is 1 nm to 15 nm. Therefore, when the thickness of the functional layer is within this range, holes can be effectively transported, improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0014] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further includes a hole transport layer, with the functional layer located between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer. The functional layer is disposed on the surface of the hole transport layer and is in contact with at least a portion of the hole transport layer. Thus, the functional layer can effectively passivate defects in the perovskite layer, further improving the energy conversion efficiency of the cell. As a carrier transport layer, the hole transport layer can effectively transport holes, reducing carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the cell.

[0015] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes hole transport organic matter on the portion of its surface in contact with the functional layer. This hole transport organic matter can improve the surface smoothness of the hole transport layer, thereby improving the surface smoothness of the functional layer, and further enhancing the density and uniformity of the perovskite layer, thus improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0016] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer is made of one or more of nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, cuprous oxide, vanadium oxide, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, molybdenum sulfide, and their doped or passivated derivatives. Therefore, selecting a suitable material for the hole transport layer can further improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0017] In some embodiments, the hole-transporting organic compound includes one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, and a first organic compound; wherein the first organic compound includes one or more of the compounds represented by Formula I.

[0018] In formula I,

[0019] R1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silicon-containing groups, and hydrogen atoms;

[0020] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl sulfide groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0021] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0022] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0023] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0024] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and R1, and n is any integer from 1 to 6;

[0025] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m is any integer from 1 to 8.

[0026] Therefore, the first organic compound formed by the combination of R1, Q, L and A can form an ordered monolayer through intermolecular interactions, which can further improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0027] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate ester group, isocyanate group, carboxylic acid group, phosphorous acid group, phosphate group, boric acid group, and silicate group.

[0028] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C6 alkyl groups.

[0029] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C6 ether groups.

[0030] In some embodiments, the hole-transporting group includes one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups and substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups.

[0031] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline group comprises the structure shown in Formula A1.

[0032] In formula A1,

[0033] M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30;

[0034] M 13 Including substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0035] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0036] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

[0037] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group comprises the structure shown in Formula A2.

[0038] In formula A2,

[0039] M 14 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0040] M 15 and M 16 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0041] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0042] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes the structure shown in formula A3.

[0043] In formula A3,

[0044] M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0045] M 18 and M 19 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0046] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0047] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes the structure shown in formula A4.

[0048] In formula A4,

[0049] M 20 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0050] M 21 and M 22 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0051] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0052] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprises the structure shown in Formula A5.

[0053] In formula A5,

[0054] M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0055] M 23 and M 34 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30;

[0056] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0057] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.

[0058] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthionyl group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10 when the substituent group includes a carbon atom.

[0059] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and the aforementioned group is substituted by a substituted group, the substituted group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituted groups, or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

[0060] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having a cyclic number of C5 to C15, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups having a cyclic number of C3 to C15.

[0061] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0062] In some embodiments, the first organic compound includes one or more of [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, and [4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid. Thus, these first organic compounds can passivate defects on the perovskite layer surface, reduce non-radiative recombination, and thereby further improve the battery's energy conversion efficiency.

[0063] In some embodiments, the electrode materials in the first and second electrodes include one or more of organic conductive materials, inorganic conductive materials, or organic-inorganic mixed conductive materials.

[0064] In some embodiments, the organic conductive material includes a conductive polymer, which includes one or more of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, and polyacetylene.

[0065] In some embodiments, the inorganic conductive material includes one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals and their alloys, and carbon derivatives.

[0066] In a second aspect of this application, a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising: providing a first electrode; sequentially disposing of at least a functional layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode on one side of the first electrode to obtain a perovskite solar cell, wherein the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter; and disposing of a solvent layer on a portion of the surface of at least one side of the functional layer.

[0067] Therefore, the solvent layer can reduce the surface tension difference between the first electrode and the hole-transporting organic slurry; when the hole-transporting organic slurry is coated, it is easier for the slurry to spread evenly on the surface of the first electrode, thereby reducing the occurrence of pinholes and pores in the functional layer; and / or, the hole-transporting organic matter on the surface of the functional layer is re-dissolved in the solvent used in the solvent layer, and the hole-transporting organic matter dissolved in the solvent layer can flow to the pinholes and pores in the functional layer. Both of these methods promote the formation of a smoother functional layer, which in turn can improve the density of the perovskite layer and thus improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0068] In some embodiments, the thickness of the solvent layer is 0.5 μm to 2.5 μm. Therefore, by selecting an appropriate solvent layer thickness, a smooth functional layer can be formed while maintaining battery performance.

[0069] In some embodiments, the thickness of the solvent layer is 1 μm-2 μm. Therefore, by selecting an appropriate solvent layer thickness, a smooth functional layer can be formed while maintaining battery performance.

[0070] In some embodiments, the solvent used in the solvent layer includes one or more of methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl anisole, toluene, chloroform, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

[0071] In some embodiments, the step of setting the functional layer includes: mixing the hole-transporting organic material with a third solvent to obtain a hole-transporting organic material slurry; and forming the hole-transporting organic material slurry into a film to obtain the functional layer. Thus, the hole-transporting organic material can dissolve in these solvents, thereby further reducing the surface tension difference between the first electrode and the hole-transporting organic material slurry and / or further promoting the flow of the hole-transporting organic material to the pores and defects in the functional layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0072] In some embodiments, the solvent used in the solvent layer is the same as the third solvent. This further promotes the dissolution of hole-transporting organic matter in the solvent layer, allowing it to enter the surface pores of the first electrode; and / or, it further promotes the re-dissolution of hole-transporting organic matter in the solvent layer, enabling it to flow to the pores and defects in the functional layer. Both of these methods can further form a smoother functional layer; consequently, they can further improve the quality of the perovskite layer to improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0073] In some embodiments, the step of providing the first electrode includes: forming a hole transport layer on one side of the first electrode; and forming the functional layer on the hole transport layer. Thus, the formed hole transport layer can further improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0074] In a third aspect, this application provides a photovoltaic module comprising a perovskite cell according to the first aspect of this application, or comprising a perovskite cell obtained using the preparation method provided in the second aspect. Thus, the photovoltaic module possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite cell.

[0075] In a fourth aspect, this application provides a power generation device including the photovoltaic module of the third aspect of this application. Thus, the power generation device possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite solar cells.

[0076] In a fifth aspect, this application provides an electrical device that includes the photovoltaic module of the third aspect of this application. Thus, the electrical device possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite solar cells. Attached Figure Description

[0077] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application.

[0078] Figure 2 is an optical image of the perovskite layer in Example 3.

[0079] Figure 3 is an optical image of the perovskite layer in Comparative Example 1.

[0080] Figure 4 shows the PL mapping of the perovskite layer in Example 3.

[0081] Figure 5 shows the PL mapping of the perovskite layer in Comparative Example 1.

[0082] Figure 6 is a scanning electron microscope image of the perovskite solar cell in Example 3.

[0083] Figure 7 is a scanning electron microscope image of the perovskite solar cell in Comparative Example 1.

[0084] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 1 First electrode; 2 Hole transport layer; 3 Perovskite layer; 4 Electron transport layer; 5 Second electrode. Detailed Implementation

[0085] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, discloses embodiments of the perovskite solar cell, its fabrication method, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and power consumption device of this application. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided for the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0086] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0087] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0088] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application may be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0089] Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the mention that the method may also include step (c) indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0090] Perovskite solar cells can convert solar energy into electrical energy. The specific process includes: when sunlight shines on a perovskite solar cell, the perovskite layer absorbs photons and generates electron-hole pairs. Due to the low Coulomb force binding of the perovskite material, the electron-hole pairs can be quickly separated into free electrons and holes. The separated electrons and holes are transported in the perovskite layer and are eventually collected by electrodes. When these electrodes are connected to an external load, a current is generated.

[0091] Therefore, the perovskite layer is a core component of perovskite devices, and its structure and material directly affect the energy conversion efficiency of these devices. When the perovskite layer contains numerous pores, these pores disrupt the integrity of the perovskite crystal, causing atoms or ions to deviate from their ideal lattice positions, resulting in point defects (such as vacancies, interstitials, and antisites) or grain boundary defects. When charge carriers (electrons and holes) are captured by these defects, they recombine with charge carriers of opposite charge at the defect sites, resulting in nonradiative recombination. This leads to the release of energy in a nonradiative form (such as heat) instead of conversion into electrical energy, severely impacting the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite devices.

[0092] Based on this, the first aspect of this application provides a perovskite solar cell, including a first electrode, a functional layer, a perovskite layer and a second electrode stacked together; the functional layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite layer, and the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter; at least one surface of the perovskite layer has a porous structure, the maximum pore size of the porous structure is less than or equal to 30 μm; based on the area of ​​at least one surface of the perovskite layer, the area ratio of the porous structure is less than or equal to 0.5%.

[0093] Therefore, this application has a dense perovskite layer, which can reduce carrier scattering during transport and reduce non-radiative recombination, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0094] In this application, the perovskite layer includes two surfaces: one facing the functional layer and the other facing away from it. Therefore, based on the area of ​​the surface of the perovskite layer facing away from the functional layer, the area ratio of the pore structure can be less than or equal to 0.5%; and / or, based on the area of ​​the surface of the perovskite layer facing the functional layer, the area ratio of the pore structure can be less than or equal to 0.5%. In this application, the pore structure can be a hole penetrating the perovskite layer or a groove structure on the surface of the perovskite layer.

[0095] Specifically, for the pore structure on the surface of the perovskite layer facing away from the functional layer, the maximum diameter and area ratio of the pore structure can be analyzed using PL mapping and / or optical microscopy images. The process involves placing the sample covered with the perovskite layer on a microscope stage for observation; identifying the pore structure on the perovskite layer surface using graphics software; measuring the maximum pore diameter; and calculating the area ratio of the pore structure, where the area ratio of the pore structure = total area of ​​the pore structure / total area of ​​the perovskite layer × 100%.

[0096] It is understood that the area of ​​the pore structure obtained through image analysis refers to the cross-sectional area of ​​the pore structure on the surface of the perovskite layer. In this application, the cross-sectional shape of the pore structure can be circular, approximately circular, or irregular. When the cross-sectional shape of the pore structure is circular, the maximum pore diameter is equal to the diameter of the circle; when the cross-sectional shape of the pore structure is approximately circular and / or irregular, the maximum pore diameter is the distance between the two farthest points on the cross-sectional shape. It is understood that the surface of the perovskite layer can have pore structures with various cross-sectional shapes.

[0097] As an example, the maximum pore size of the hole structure can be 5μm, 10μm, 15μm, 20μm, 25μm or 30μm.

[0098] As an example, based on the area of ​​at least one surface of the perovskite layer, the area ratio of the pore structure can be 0.001%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, or 0.5%. In some other embodiments of this application, based on the area of ​​at least one surface of the perovskite layer, the area ratio of the pore structure is less than or equal to 0.3%.

[0099] In some embodiments, the root mean square average of the surface potential on at least one side of the perovskite layer is less than or equal to 12 mV.

[0100] The method for measuring the root mean square (RMS) average of the surface potential of the perovskite layer can be as follows: Take a sample covered with a perovskite layer, select n test sites uniformly distributed on the surface of the perovskite layer, and contact the probe of a Kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM) with the test sites on the surface of the perovskite layer to obtain the surface potential Z of the i-th (1≤i≤n) test site. i ; through formula The root mean square average of the surface potential of the perovskite layer can be calculated; where n represents the total number of test sites.

[0101] In this application, the structural characteristics of the perovskite layer can be reflected by the root mean square (RMS) average of its surface potential. The porous regions of the perovskite layer represent areas where the layer is not densely packed, leading to the introduction of numerous defects and subsequent charge accumulation. This results in a significant difference in surface potential between the porous and dense regions of the perovskite layer. In the KPFM test results, this manifests as large fluctuations in surface potential across n test sites, leading to a significant difference in R0. q The value increases. Therefore, the battery of this application has a dense perovskite layer.

[0102] As an example, the root mean square average of the surface potential of the perovskite layer can be 1mV, 2mV, 3mV, 4mV, 5mV, 6mV, 7mV, 8mV, 9mV, 10mV, 11mV, or 12mV.

[0103] In the embodiments of this application, the functional layer has hole transport function and can be used as a hole transport layer or as a passivation layer between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer.

[0104] In some embodiments, the functional layer can serve as a hole transport layer. Specifically, the functional layer is disposed on the surface of the first electrode and is in contact with at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode.

[0105] In some embodiments, the surface of the first electrode in contact with the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter. This hole-transporting organic matter on the surface of the first electrode can improve the surface smoothness of the first electrode, thereby improving the surface smoothness of the functional layer, and further improving the density of the perovskite layer, thus enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0106] CP elemental surface scan analysis refers to the process of analyzing perovskite solar cells using argon ion polishing (CP) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CP technology uses a high-energy argon ion beam to bombard the sample surface, removing a layer of surface material and exposing the internal structure, thus obtaining a smooth polished cross-section. Testing instrument: Zeiss Supra 55, reference standard GB / T 17359-2012. For example, when the hole-transporting organic material is [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid, CP elemental surface scan analysis shows that the surface of the first electrode contains phosphorus, therefore, it can be concluded that the surface of the first electrode includes hole-transporting organic material.

[0107] In some implementations, the thickness of the functional layer is 1nm-15nm. Therefore, when the thickness of the functional layer is within this range, holes can be effectively transported, improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery. As an example, the thickness of the functional layer can be 1nm, 3nm, 5nm, 7nm, 9nm, 11nm, 13nm, or 15nm.

[0108] In other embodiments, the perovskite solar cell may further include a hole transport layer, with a functional layer located between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer. The functional layer is disposed on the surface of the hole transport layer and is in contact with at least a portion of the hole transport layer. Thus, the functional layer can effectively passivate defects in the perovskite layer, further improving the energy conversion efficiency of the cell. As a carrier transport layer, the hole transport layer can effectively transport holes, reducing carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the cell.

[0109] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes hole transport organic matter on the surface portion of the hole transport layer that contacts the functional layer. This hole transport organic matter on the surface of the hole transport layer can improve the surface smoothness of the hole transport layer, thereby improving the surface smoothness of the functional layer, and further improving the density and uniformity of the perovskite layer, thus enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the battery. Similarly, the hole transport organic matter on the surface of the hole transport layer can also be detected by CP elemental surface scanning analysis, thus confirming that the surface of the hole transport layer includes hole transport organic matter.

[0110] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer material includes one or more of nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, cuprous oxide, vanadium oxide, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, molybdenum sulfide, and their doped or passivated derivatives. Therefore, selecting a suitable material for the hole transport layer can further improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0111] In some embodiments, the hole-transporting organic compound includes one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, and a first organic compound; wherein...

[0112] The first organic compound includes one or more of the compounds represented by Formula I.

[0113] In formula I,

[0114] R1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silicon-containing groups, and hydrogen atoms;

[0115] When the above groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0116] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0117] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0118] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0119] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and R1, and n is any integer from 1 to 6;

[0120] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m is any integer from 1 to 8.

[0121] When L represents a single bond, the hole-transporting group Q can be connected to the A group via a single bond, for example, the hole-transporting group can be connected to a hydrogen atom.

[0122] When L represents a bridging group, the hole transport group can be connected to the A group through the bridging group. For example, the hole transport group can be connected to an oxygen-containing group through the bridging group, or the hole transport group can be connected to a hydrogen atom through the bridging group.

[0123] The first organic compound formed by the combination of R1, Q, L, and A can form an ordered monolayer through intermolecular interactions. Moreover, the oxygen-containing group in the first organic compound can combine with metal ions, such as transparent conductive oxides or trivalent nickel ions, to passivate and anchor the metal ions. The hole transport group Q enables the first organic compound to have energy levels that are compatible with other functional layer materials in perovskite solar cells, thereby further improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0124] In the embodiments of this application, alkyl can be understood as a group formed after an alkane compound loses a hydrogen atom.

[0125] When m is 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by L, and the structure of the first organic compound is as follows:

[0126] When m is greater than or equal to 2, at least two hydrogen atoms in Q, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 hydrogen atoms, are replaced by L. As the number of m increases, the number of oxygen-containing groups also increases, further enhancing the bonding force between the first organic compound and its adjacent layers, such as the hole transport layer or electrode layer. Taking an example where m is 2, the structure of the first organic compound is as follows:

[0127] When n is 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by R1, and the structure of the first organic compound is as follows:

[0128] When n is 2, the two hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R1, and the types of R1 can be the same or different. The structure of the first organic compound is as follows:

[0129] When n is 3, the three hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R1, and the types of R1 can be the same or different. The structure of the first organic compound is as follows:

[0130] For example, the first organic compound includes one or more of the following structures:

[0131] [R1 group]

[0132] R1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silicon-containing groups, and hydrogen atoms;

[0133] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkylthion groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkylthion groups include C1 to C10 alkylthion groups, specifically including methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, pentylthio, etc.

[0134] Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate ester group, isocyanate group, carboxylic acid group, phosphorous acid group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0135] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C6 alkyl groups.

[0136] Alkyl groups encompass both straight-chain and branched alkyl groups. For example, alkyl groups can be C1 to C8 alkyl groups, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, isoheptyl, or octyl, etc.

[0137] By way of example, the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group includes one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0138] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group Q.

[0139] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C6 ether groups.

[0140] For example, the substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0141] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group Q.

[0142] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted silicon-containing groups include silicon groups or siloxy groups, and the substituted groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituted groups include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0143] [Hole transport group Q]

[0144] Hole-transporting groups include one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups and substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups. In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include the structure shown in Formula A1.

[0145] In formula A1,

[0146] M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30;

[0147] M 13 Including substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0148] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, and alkyl groups. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0149] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0150] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0151] In the formula,

[0152] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are not all 0 at the same time. This can be understood as at least one of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 being non-zero. For example, if m1 to m4 are 0, then m5 is a positive integer. Of course, at least two of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 can be non-zero, or all of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 can be non-zero and all be positive integers.

[0153] This represents the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group. n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 are each independently any integer from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 are not all 0 at the same time. This can be understood as at least one of n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 being non-zero. For example, if n1 to n4 are 0, then n5 is a positive integer. Of course, at least two of n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 can be non-zero, or all of n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 can be non-zero and all be positive integers.

[0154] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-20 One or more of the structures shown,

[0155] In the formula,

[0156] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0157] This indicates the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group.

[0158] For example, formula A 1-11 middle, It can be attached to any carbon in the benzene ring of triphenylamine, and the attachment positions in other structures are the same as in formula A. 1-11 The basics are the same, so I won't repeat them here. For example, equation A 1-11 The structure shown can include any of the following structural formulas.

[0159] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 1-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0160] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group. In other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thionyl groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0161] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are fluorine atoms, Ar3 is a hydrogen atom, and the substitution formula A 1-1 The structure shown includes the following structural formula:

[0162] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

[0163] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group comprises the structure shown in Formula A2.

[0164] In formula A2,

[0165] M 14 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0166] M 15 and M 16 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0167] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, and alkyl groups. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0168] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0169] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a1The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b8 One or more of the structures shown,

[0170] In the formula,

[0171] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, and m3 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, and m3 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0172] The connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group is indicated. n1, n2, n3, and n4 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, and n4 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0173] For example, substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b18 One or more of the structures shown,

[0174] In the formula,

[0175] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0176] This indicates the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group.

[0177] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 2-a1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0178] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0179] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are methoxy groups, and the substituted formula A 2-a1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0180] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 2-b1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0181] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0182] For example, Ar1 and Ar3 are ethyl groups, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, and the substitution formula A 2-b1 The structure shown includes the following structural formula:

[0183] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes the structure shown in formula A3.

[0184] In formula A3,

[0185] M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0186] M 18 and M 19 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0187] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, and alkyl groups. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0188] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0189] When the oxygen-containing substituent includes an acid radical, the corresponding cation may include one or more of ammonium ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions.

[0190] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0191] In the formula,

[0192] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0193] The connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group is indicated. n1 and n2 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1 and n2 are not both 0.

[0194] For example, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-7 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-12 One or more of the structures shown,

[0195] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0196] This indicates the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group.

[0197] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 3-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0198] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0199] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are methylthio groups, and the substituted A 3-1 The structure shown includes the following structural formula:

[0200] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes the structure shown in formula A4.

[0201] In formula A4,

[0202] M 20 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0203] M 21 and M 22 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0204] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, and alkyl groups. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0205] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0206] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-7 One or more of the structures shown,

[0207] In the formula,

[0208] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0209] The connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group is indicated. n1 and n2 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1 and n2 are not both 0.

[0210] For example, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-8 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-14 One or more of the structures shown,

[0211] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0212] This indicates the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group.

[0213] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 4-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0214] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0215] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are amino groups, and the substituted A 4-1 The structure shown includes the following structural formula:

[0216] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprises the structure shown in Formula A5.

[0217] In formula A5,

[0218] M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0219] M 23 and M 34 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30;

[0220] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, and alkyl groups. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0221] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0222] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-3 One or more of the structures shown,

[0223] In the formula,

[0224] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0225] The connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group is indicated. n1 and n2 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1 and n2 are not both 0.

[0226] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-4 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0227] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0228] This indicates the connection site between the R1 group and the hole transport group.

[0229] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 5-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0230] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group. In other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0231] For example, Ar1 and Ar3 are carboxylic acid ester groups, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, and the substituted A 5-1The structure shown includes the following structural formula:

[0232] It is understood that in the above embodiments, the aromatic groups are groups with aromatic functions.

[0233] Aromatic groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 may include aromatic hydrocarbon groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C6 to C30, or aromatic heterocyclic groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C6 to C30.

[0234] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 include aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, and C17. Aromatic groups, aromatic groups with 18 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 19 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 20 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 21 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 22 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 23 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 24 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 25 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 26 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 27 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 28 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 29 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 30 cyclic atoms, or any combination thereof.

[0235] The substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having a cyclic number of C5 to C30 may include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups having a cyclic number of C6 to C30, or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups having a cyclic number of C6 to C30.

[0236] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 include aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, and C17. Aromatic groups, aromatic groups with 18 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 19 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 20 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 21 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 22 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 23 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 24 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 25 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 26 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 27 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 28 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 29 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 30 cyclic atoms, or any combination thereof.

[0237] In the above embodiments, C1 to C10 alkyl groups may include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, decyl, etc.

[0238] In the above embodiments, C1 to C5 alkoxy groups may include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, or pentoxy.

[0239] In the above embodiments, the C1 to C5 alkylthio groups may include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, or pentylthio.

[0240] [Bridging group]

[0241] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.

[0242] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthion group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10 when the substituent group includes a carbon atom.

[0243] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and the aforementioned group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

[0244] Optionally, the bridging group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with C5 to C15 cyclic atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups with C3 to C15 cyclic atoms.

[0245] Alkylenes encompass both straight-chain and branched alkylenes. For example, alkylenes can be C1 to C8 alkylenes, including methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, pentylene, isopentylene, neopentylene, tert-pentylene, hexylene, isohexylene, heptylene, isohexylene, octylene, etc.

[0246] A heteroalkyl group is a group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom, including oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or phosphorus atoms, etc. C1 to C8 heteroalkyl groups may include heteromethyl, heteroethyl, heteropropyl, heterobutyl, heteropentyl, heterohexyl, heteroheptyl or heterooctyl; exemplary C1 to C8 heteroalkyl groups may include methyleneoxy, ethoxy, propylthio or butylthio.

[0247] An alkylene group refers to a group containing a carbon-carbon double bond. For example, alkylene groups can be C1 to C8 alkylene groups, such as propenylene (-CH=CH-CH2-) and butenylene (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-).

[0248] The substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C15 include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C15, or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C15.

[0249] Aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include those with cyclic atoms of C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, and C15. For example, aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include phenylene, diphenylene, and naphthylene.

[0250] Aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C15 include aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, and C14, or aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C15. For example, aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C15 include thiophene groups and carbazol groups.

[0251] Heterocyclic subcyclic groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C3 to C15 include those with cyclic atoms of C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, or C15. For example, heterocyclic subcyclic groups can include ethylene oxide groups, heterocyclic butane, or sulfide cyclopentane, etc.

[0252] [Oxygen-containing groups]

[0253] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group. The oxygen-containing group has an anchoring effect on the hole transport layer, which can enhance the binding force between the first organic compound and the hole transport layer, thereby improving the stability of the battery.

[0254] Optionally, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphate group, borate group, carboxylate group, phosphate group, and borate group.

[0255] When the oxygen-containing group includes an acid radical, the corresponding cation may include one or more of ammonium ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions.

[0256] In some embodiments, the first organic compound includes one or more of [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, and [4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid. Thus, these first organic compounds can passivate defects on the surface of the perovskite layer, reduce non-radiative recombination, and thereby improve the battery's energy conversion efficiency.

[0257] In some embodiments, the perovskite layer includes a perovskite material, which is a compound having a perovskite structure. The perovskite material includes one or more compounds with the molecular formula ABX3 or M2CDN6, where A, B, M, C, and D are cations, and X and N are anions.

[0258] Taking ABX3 as an example, in an ideal cubic crystal structure, the B cation has 6-fold coordination and is surrounded by an anionic octahedron, while the A cation has 12-fold cubic octahedral coordination. The cubic unit cell of this compound consists of the A cation located at the cubic corner, the B cation located at the body center, and the X anion located at the face center.

[0259] In some implementations, A and M each independently include Li. + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + One or more of the following: methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, formamidin cation, or imidazole cation.

[0260] In some implementations, B includes Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Pd 2+ 、Ge 2+ Sn 2+ Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Yb2+ Or Eu 2+ One or more cations, etc.

[0261] In some implementations, X and N each independently include F. - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - or SeCN - One or more of them.

[0262] In some implementations, C includes Cs + Ag + K + Or Ru + One or more of them.

[0263] In some implementations, D includes Bi. 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

[0264] As examples, perovskite materials include (NH2)2CHPbI3 (FAPbI3), CsPbBr3, CsPbI3, and Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 3. CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3), Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3, MA 0.5 FA 0.5 One or more of PbI3, wherein MA + The methylamine cation CH3NH3 + FA represents formamidinium cation ((NH2)2CH + ).

[0265] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite layer is 200 nm to 1000 nm. As an example, the thickness of the perovskite layer can be 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, or any combination of two of these values. Therefore, when the thickness of the perovskite layer is within the above range, its photoelectric conversion function can be effectively utilized, improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0266] In other embodiments of this application, the perovskite solar cell further includes an electron transport layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode.

[0267] As a carrier transport layer, the electron transport layer can effectively transport electrons, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0268] The electron transport layer may include an electron transport material, which may include one or more of doped or undoped tin oxide, doped or undoped titanium oxide, doped or undoped zinc oxide, or doped or undoped organic molecular materials. The doping element may include one or more of Mg, Zn, Ag, Li, Rb, Ta, and Nb, for example, by doping with chlorides of the above elements. Specifically, the electron transport material may include [6,6]-phenylC 61 Methyl butyrate (PC) 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate PC 71 BM, Fullerene C 60 Fullerene C 70 One or more of the following: tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0269] In some embodiments, one or both of the first and second electrodes are transparent electrodes to allow light to enter. Optionally, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0270] In some embodiments, the electrode material in the first electrode includes one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon materials. The transparent conductive oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO). The metal includes, but is not limited to, one or more of silver, copper, gold, aluminum, and platinum. The carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Optionally, the electrode material in the first electrode includes a transparent conductive oxide.

[0271] In some embodiments, the electrode material of the second electrode includes one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon materials. The transparent conductive oxides include one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO). The metals include, but are not limited to, one or more of silver, copper, gold, aluminum, and platinum. The carbon materials include one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0272] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further includes a substrate layer, which is a rigid substrate layer or a flexible substrate layer; further, the rigid substrate layer is transparent glass; the material of the flexible substrate layer includes an organic polymer material; further, the material of the flexible substrate layer may be one or more of the following materials mixed in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0273] Perovskite solar cells can be either nip-type or pin-type.

[0274] As an example, in a perovskite solar cell that includes a functional layer as a hole transport layer, as shown in Figure 1, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode 1, a functional layer 2, a perovskite layer 3, an electron transport layer 4, and a second electrode 5, which are stacked sequentially. The first electrode 1 is a transparent conductive electrode, and the second electrode 5 is a metal electrode. Thus, the first electrode 1 is used for light incidence, the functional layer 2 is used for hole extraction and transport, the perovskite layer 3 serves as a light-absorbing layer, and the electron transport layer 4 is used for electron extraction and transport. When light is incident from the first electrode 1 side, the perovskite layer 3 generates electron-hole pairs. The holes are collected by the functional layer 2 and transported to the first electrode 1, while the electrons travel through the electron transport layer 4 to the second electrode 5, forming a photocurrent.

[0275] Optionally, a functional layer structure such as a buffer layer may be further included between the functional layer and / or the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer.

[0276] In some embodiments, a barrier layer is also stacked between the electron transport layer and the second electrode. The barrier layer has a low valence band, which can block hole transport and reduce energy loss caused by charge recombination. As an example, the barrier layer may include 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-biphenyl-1,10-o-phenanthroline (BCP), SnO2, ZnO, or CeO. x One or more of the following, where x is 1 to 2.

[0277] Because the functional layer uses hole-transporting organic materials, when these materials are coated onto the first electrode, the presence of solid-liquid surface tension and surface tension gradients can easily lead to cavitation and voids on the surface of the functional layer after film formation. These cavities and voids can affect the subsequent crystallization of the perovskite material, resulting in lattice defects and interface defects in the perovskite layer. This, in turn, can cause undesirable carrier recombination losses, leading to a decrease in the battery's energy conversion efficiency. Furthermore, if the cavities and voids in the functional layer are large, undesirable interface recombination losses may occur due to direct contact between the perovskite layer and the first electrode, further affecting the battery's energy conversion efficiency.

[0278] Therefore, in a second aspect of this application, a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising:

[0279] S100, Provide the first electrode;

[0280] S200. At least one functional layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on one side of the first electrode to obtain a perovskite solar cell. The functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter. A solvent layer is disposed on a portion of the surface of at least one side of the functional layer.

[0281] Therefore, when the solvent layer is located between the first electrode and the functional layer, the solvent layer can reduce the surface tension difference between the first electrode and the hole-transporting organic slurry; when the hole-transporting organic slurry is coated, the slurry is more easily and uniformly spread on the surface of the first electrode, thereby reducing the occurrence of pinholes and pores on the functional layer, and thus improving the density and uniformity of the perovskite layer to improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery; and / or,

[0282] When the solvent layer is located between the perovskite layer and the functional layer, the hole-transporting organic matter on the surface of the functional layer dissolves again in the solvent used in the solvent layer. The hole-transporting organic matter dissolved in the solvent layer can flow to the shrinkage cavities and pore defects of the functional layer to form a smoother functional layer, which can further improve the quality of the perovskite layer and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0283] In some embodiments, when the solvent layer is located between the first electrode and the functional layer, it is referred to as the first solvent layer, and the solvent used in the first solvent layer is called the first solvent.

[0284] In some embodiments, step S200 may include: sequentially depositing at least a first solvent layer, a functional layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode on one side of the first electrode to obtain a perovskite solar cell, wherein the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter. Furthermore, the first solvent can flow and fill the surface pores of the first electrode, and subsequently, the hole-transporting organic matter in the hole-transporting organic matter slurry dissolves in the first solvent and can flow in the first solvent, allowing the hole-transporting organic matter to enter the surface pores of the first electrode. Therefore, the first solvent layer can further improve the surface smoothness of the first electrode, further improve the quality of the functional layer, and ultimately improve the quality of the perovskite layer, thereby further improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0285] In some embodiments, when the solvent layer is located between the perovskite layer and the functional layer, it is referred to as the second solvent layer, and the solvent used in the second solvent layer is called the second solvent.

[0286] In some embodiments, step S200 may include: sequentially disposing of at least a functional layer, a second solvent layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode on one side of the first electrode to obtain a perovskite solar cell, wherein the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter.

[0287] In some other embodiments, step S200 may further include: at least a first solvent layer, a functional layer, a second solvent layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on one side of the first electrode to obtain a perovskite battery, wherein the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter.

[0288] In some embodiments, the solvent layer thickness is 0.5 μm to 2.5 μm. If the solvent layer is too thick, residual solvent will remain in the formed perovskite solar cell, affecting the cell's stability. Therefore, selecting an appropriate solvent layer thickness can maintain cell performance while forming a smooth functional layer. As an example, the solvent layer thickness can be 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 1.5 μm, 2 μm, or 2.5 μm. In other embodiments of this application, the solvent layer thickness is 1 μm to 2 μm.

[0289] In some embodiments, the solvent used in the solvent layer includes one or more of methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methylanisole, toluene, chloroform, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Thus, the hole-transporting organic material can be dissolved in these solvents, thereby further reducing the surface tension difference between the first electrode and the hole-transporting organic material slurry and / or further promoting the flow of the hole-transporting organic material to the pores and defects in the functional layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0290] It is understood that the perovskite solar cell prepared in this application does not contain a solvent layer. This is because, during the preparation of the perovskite solar cell, each functional layer is heated to evaporate the solvent in each layer, thereby solidifying the layers to obtain a layered solar cell functional layer. Therefore, the solvent used in the solvent layer also evaporates during the heating process. Taking isopropanol as the first and / or second solvent, the prepared perovskite solar cell is subjected to heating and evaporation treatment. The condensate is collected and analyzed by gas chromatography. The type and concentration of the solvent are determined based on the retention time and peak area of ​​the condensate in the chromatographic column. The test shows that isopropanol is absent or present in very small amounts in the condensate. This indicates that the solvent used in the solvent layer has evaporated during the heating process in the preparation of the perovskite solar cell.

[0291] In some embodiments, the step of setting the functional layer includes: mixing a hole-transporting organic material with a third solvent to obtain a hole-transporting organic material slurry; and forming the hole-transporting organic material slurry into a film to obtain the functional layer.

[0292] In some embodiments, the solvent used in the solvent layer is the same as the third solvent. Specifically, when the first and third solvents are the same, it can further promote the dissolution of hole-transporting organic matter in the first solvent, allowing the hole-transporting organic matter to enter the surface pores of the first electrode, thereby further improving the surface smoothness of the first electrode and improving the quality of the functional layer, ultimately improving the quality of the perovskite layer. When the second and third solvents are the same, it can further promote the re-dissolution of hole-transporting organic matter in the second solvent. The hole-transporting organic matter dissolved in the second solvent can flow to the shrinkage cavities and pore defects of the functional layer to form a smoother functional layer; thereby further improving the quality of the perovskite layer and improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0293] In other embodiments, the step of setting the functional layer includes: mixing a hole-transporting organic material with a third solvent to obtain a hole-transporting organic material slurry; coating the hole-transporting organic material slurry onto at least a portion of the surface of the solvent layer, wherein the hole-transporting organic material slurry is formed into a film to obtain the functional layer; the method of coating the hole-transporting organic material slurry onto at least a portion of the surface of the solvent layer includes slot coating.

[0294] Compared to spin coating, slot coating has become a key technology in perovskite solar cell manufacturing due to its high efficiency and low cost. During the coating process, due to the solid-liquid surface tension, defects such as pinholes and pores in the functional layer are unavoidable. If these defects are corrected by spin coating, the efficiency is severely reduced, failing to demonstrate the advantages of slot coating. The method for preparing perovskite solar cells provided in this application is more suitable for slot coating, that is, by re-modifying the functional layer through a solvent layer. This maintains coating efficiency while improving the quality of the functional layer, thereby improving the quality of the perovskite layer and ultimately enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the cell.

[0295] In other embodiments of this application, a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell includes:

[0296] S100, Provide the first electrode;

[0297] S200. At least one hole transport layer, a functional layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on one side of the first electrode to obtain a perovskite solar cell. The functional layer includes hole transport organic matter. A solvent layer is disposed on a portion of the surface of at least one side of the functional layer.

[0298] In other embodiments of this application, a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell includes:

[0299] S100, Provide the first electrode;

[0300] S200. At least one hole transport layer, a functional layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on one side of the first electrode to obtain a perovskite solar cell. The functional layer includes a hole transport organic material. A solvent layer is disposed on a portion of the surface of at least one side of the functional layer.

[0301] In the above embodiments, the materials of the first electrode, the second electrode, the perovskite layer, the functional layer, the electron transport layer, and the hole transport layer can be the materials described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0302] In the embodiments of this application, the first electrode, the second electrode, the perovskite layer, the electron transport layer, and the hole transport layer can be prepared using methods known in the art.

[0303] For example, perovskite solar cells can be prepared by the following methods:

[0304] Transparent conductive electrodes are formed on the surface of the substrate layer by magnetron sputtering or chemical methods.

[0305] A hole transport layer is formed on the surface of the transparent conductive electrode away from the substrate layer by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0306] A functional layer is set on the hole transport layer using a slot coating method;

[0307] A perovskite layer is formed on the surface of the functional layer by coating, spraying, spin coating, vapor deposition or chemical deposition.

[0308] An electron transport layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite layer by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0309] Metal electrodes are formed on the surface of the electron transport layer away from the substrate by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0310] Based on the above steps, the positive and negative output electrodes can also be bonded with conductive tape, ultrasonically welded, laser welded, or welded with flux to form external output electrodes. Then, an adhesive film is radiated onto the surface of the metal electrodes facing away from the substrate layer, and a cover glass is placed on the side of the adhesive film facing away from the substrate layer. Finally, the entire assembly is sent into a laminator or autoclave for pressing and encapsulation.

[0311] Photovoltaic modules

[0312] In a third aspect, this application provides a photovoltaic module comprising a perovskite cell according to the first aspect of this application, or comprising a perovskite cell obtained using the preparation method provided in the second aspect. Thus, the photovoltaic module possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite cell.

[0313] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module includes a perovskite cell according to any embodiment of the first aspect of this application. Specifically, the photovoltaic module may include at least one perovskite cell. For example, the photovoltaic module may include one perovskite cell or multiple perovskite cells. When the photovoltaic module includes multiple perovskite cells, the multiple perovskite cells may be connected in series, parallel, or mixed configurations. A mixed configuration means that multiple perovskite cells are divided into multiple groups, with each group internally connected in series, and then adjacent groups are connected in parallel; or each group internally connected in parallel, and then adjacent groups are connected in series.

[0314] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module includes a single-junction perovskite cell made of the above-described perovskite cell, or a tandem cell including the above-described perovskite cell.

[0315] The aforementioned tandem solar cell, by connecting a wide-bandgap cell and a narrow-bandgap cell in series, can more rationally utilize photons across the entire spectrum and reduce energy loss. Specifically, the tandem perovskite solar cell includes a bottom cell and a top cell. The bottom cell has a relatively narrow bandgap and can be a silicon cell, or it can be a perovskite cell. The top cell has a relatively wide bandgap and can be a perovskite cell. Exemplarily, the tandem solar cell can include either a crystalline silicon perovskite tandem perovskite solar cell or a full perovskite solar cell. Exemplarily, the aforementioned crystalline silicon perovskite tandem perovskite solar cell can include a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a perovskite top cell stacked sequentially, wherein the perovskite cell can be used as the perovskite top cell in the crystalline silicon perovskite tandem perovskite solar cell. Exemplarily, the aforementioned full perovskite solar cell can include a first perovskite cell and a second perovskite cell stacked sequentially, wherein both the first and second perovskite cells can be the perovskite cells described in this application.

[0316] [Power Generation Unit]

[0317] In a fourth aspect of this application, this application provides a power generation device, including the photovoltaic module of the third aspect of this application. By using the photovoltaic module, the power generation device can be transparent and have a high energy conversion efficiency, and can be applied to application scenarios that require both transparency and conductivity.

[0318] [Electrical appliances]

[0319] In a fifth aspect of this application, an electrical device is provided, including the photovoltaic module of the third aspect of this application. The photovoltaic module can be used as a power source for the electrical device or as an energy storage unit. The electrical device can be, but is not limited to, mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (e.g., pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.

[0320] In one example, the electrical device could be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc. The electrical device includes photovoltaic modules.

[0321] Another example of an electrical device could be a mobile phone, tablet, laptop, etc.

[0322] Example

[0323] The following describes embodiments of this application. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0324] I. Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells

[0325] Example 1

[0326] (1) Take 20 pieces of FTO conductive glass with a specification of 300mm×400mm, use infrared laser to etch P1, and P1 width is 30μm; divide the whole glass into 40 sub-cells along the long side, with the series resistance of different sub-cells being greater than 10MΩ, and the top and bottom 10mm as the component welding area; clean the surface of the etched FTO conductive glass with acetone and isopropanol twice in sequence, and then immerse it in deionized water for ultrasonic treatment for 10min; after drying the FTO conductive glass in a forced-air drying oven, place it in a drying room (humidity below 20%RH, relative humidity) as the first electrode.

[0327] (2) The first solvent, isopropanol, is applied to the surface of the first electrode to form a first solvent layer with a thickness of 1 μm.

[0328] (3) Hole transport organic compound [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid (Me-4PACz) was selected, and the third solvent was isopropanol. First, a Me-4PACz isopropanol solution with a concentration of 0.5 mg / mL was prepared. The Me-4PACz isopropanol solution was coated onto the surface of the first solvent using the slit coating method. Then, it was annealed at 100°C for 10 min in an inert gas environment and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain a functional layer with a thickness of 10 nm.

[0329] (4) Apply the second solvent, isopropanol, to the surface of the functional layer to form a second solvent layer with a thickness of 1 μm.

[0330] (5) Weigh lead iodide (726 mg), formamidinium iodide (240 mg), cesium iodide (19 mg), and lead bromide (11 mg) and dissolve them in 1 mL of a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (DMF to NMP volume ratio of 4:1). After stirring for 3 h, filter the solution through a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. Then spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution onto the surface of the second solvent at a speed of 3000 rpm. After annealing at 160 °C for 5 min and cooling to room temperature, a perovskite layer with a thickness of 900 nm is obtained.

[0331] (6) Place the conductive glass with the perovskite layer prepared into a vacuum thermal evaporation equipment and evacuate it to a vacuum level of 4×10⁻⁶. -4 Pa, depositing 30nm of C 60 To obtain the electron transport layer, a 7nm BCP was deposited to obtain the blocking layer. Then, P2 was laser etched with a width of 100μm and a depth down to the FTO layer. The spacing between P2 and P1 was 30μm.

[0332] (7) After depositing 80nm Cu on the BCP surface, remove it and laser etch P3. P3 has a width of 20μm and a depth of etched to the FTO layer. The interval between P3 and P2 is 30μm (the positions of the etching lines are P1 / P2 / P3 in sequence). Finally, infrared edge clearing is used on the component, that is, 10mm is etched on each side of the component.

[0333] Example 2

[0334] The difference between Example 2 and Example 1 is that before step (2), nickel oxide nanoparticles are coated onto the surface of conductive glass using a slit coating method to prepare a metal oxide layer with a thickness of 50 nm, which serves as a hole transport layer.

[0335] Example 3

[0336] The difference between Example 3 and Example 1 is that step (4) is not included.

[0337] Examples 4-17

[0338] The preparation methods used in Examples 4-17 are the same as those in Example 3, with specific differences shown in Table 1. In Examples 15-17, a slit coating method was additionally used to coat metal oxide nanoparticles onto the surface of conductive glass, preparing a 50 nm thick metal oxide layer, which served as a hole transport layer.

[0339] Example 18

[0340] The difference between Example 18 and Example 1 is that step (2) is not included.

[0341] Examples 19-32

[0342] The preparation methods used in Examples 19-32 are the same as those in Example 18, with specific differences shown in Table 1. In Examples 30-32, a slit coating method was additionally used to coat metal oxide nanoparticles onto the surface of conductive glass, preparing a metal oxide layer with a thickness of 50 nm. This metal oxide layer served as a hole transport layer.

[0343] Comparative Example 1

[0344] The difference between Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is that Comparative Example 1 does not include steps (2) and (4).

[0345] The relevant parameters of the perovskite solar cells of Examples 1-32 and Comparative Example 1 are shown in Table 1 below.

[0346] Table 1

[0347] II. Performance Testing

[0348] 1. Testing Method

[0349] (1) Optical Images

[0350] The perovskite layer was observed using an optical microscope to obtain its surface morphology and structural information. Simultaneously, the pore structure on the perovskite layer surface was identified using graphics software, the maximum pore diameter was measured, and the area ratio of the pore structure was calculated. The area ratio of the pore structure is calculated as: (Total area of ​​pore structure / Total area of ​​perovskite layer) × 100%.

[0351] (2) Spatially resolved steady-state fluorescence mapping (PL Mapping)

[0352] PL mapping is used to analyze the steady-state optical properties of perovskite layers. Specifically, the perovskite layer is placed on a PL mapping stage, the excitation light source is 450nm, the camera exposure time is set to 800μs, the front filter of the camera is a bandpass of 650nm to 850nm, and PL mapping images of the sample are taken.

[0353] (3) Scanning electron microscope images

[0354] The cross-section of the perovskite solar cell was scanned by electron microscopy using a Hitachi SU8600 instrument.

[0355] (4) The root mean square value of the surface potential R of the perovskite layer q

[0356] R q The testing method is as follows: n test sites are uniformly distributed on the surface of the perovskite layer. The probe of the Kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM) is brought into contact with the test sites on the surface of the perovskite layer to obtain the surface potential Z of the i-th (1≤i≤n) test site. i ; through formula The root mean square average of the surface potential of the perovskite layer can be calculated; where n represents the total number of test sites.

[0357] (5) Energy conversion efficiency

[0358] Under standard simulated sunlight (AM 1.5G, 100mW / cm²) 2 Under irradiation, battery performance is tested to obtain the IV curve. Based on the IV curve and data from the testing equipment, the short-circuit current J can be calculated. sc (Unit: mA / cm) 2 ), Open circuit voltage V oc (unit: V), maximum light output current (J) mpp (unit mA) and maximum light output voltage V mpp (Unit: V). Using the formula FF = J sc ×V oc / (J mpp ×V mpp Calculate the battery fill factor FF, in %. Use the formula PCE = J sc ×V oc The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the battery is calculated as ×FF / Pin, in %; Pin represents the input power, in mW. A higher fill factor (FF) indicates that the battery's output characteristics are closer to a rectangle, and thus its energy conversion efficiency is higher.

[0359] 2. Test Results

[0360] (1) Figures 2 and 3 are the optical patterns of the perovskite layers of Example 3 and Comparative Example 1, respectively. Comparing Figures 2 and 3, the perovskite solar cell of Example 3 has a flat perovskite layer, which is due to the fact that a smooth and flat functional layer is first formed in this application during the preparation process.

[0361] (2) Figures 4 and 5 show the PL mappings for Example 3 and Comparative Example 1, respectively. By analyzing the spatial distribution of PL intensity, non-radiative recombination centers in the perovskite film can be identified, namely the fluorescent dark areas in Figures 4 and 5. The presence of these non-radiative recombination centers may be related to the porosity and defects of the perovskite film. As shown in Figures 4 and 5, compared with the perovskite layer of Example 3, the perovskite layer of Comparative Example 1 has more non-radiative recombination centers, which greatly affects the transport of charge carriers in the perovskite layer, resulting in a decrease in the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0362] (3) Figures 6 and 7 are scanning electron microscope images of the battery cross sections of Example 3 and Comparative Example 1, respectively. In Figures 6 and 7, the three layer structures shown are, from top to bottom, a metal electrode layer, a perovskite layer, and an FTO electrode layer.

[0363] Comparing Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that the perovskite layer and the FTO electrode layer are more tightly bonded in Figure 7. This is because the solvent in the first solvent layer introduces molecules of the functional layer and / or the perovskite layer into the pits of the FTO electrode layer, resulting in better coverage of the perovskite layer. Since the thickness of the functional layer is only 1nm-15nm, it is not shown in the figure.

[0364] (4) The area ratio of the porous structure of the perovskite layer in Examples 1-32 and Comparative Example 1, R q The performance test results of the perovskite solar cell's FF and PCE are shown in Table 2.

[0365] Table 2

[0366] As shown in Table 2, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the batteries prepared in Examples 1-32 is further improved, which corresponds to the fact that the battery of this application has a dense perovskite layer.

[0367] The batteries in Examples 2, 15, and 30 include a nickel oxide layer. Nickel oxide has good hydrophilicity, but it affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Therefore, the FF of Example 2 is higher than that of Example 1, but the PCE of Example 2 is lower than that of Example 1; the FF of Example 15 is higher than that of Example 3, but the PCE of Example 15 is lower than that of Example 3; the FF of Example 30 is higher than that of Example 18, but the PCE of Example 30 is lower than that of Example 18.

[0368] In the batteries of Examples 12 and 27, the hole-transporting organic material is MeO-2PACz. MeO-2PACz is hydrophilic, but it affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Therefore, the FF of Example 12 is higher than that of Example 3, but the PCE of Example 12 is lower than that of Example 3; the FF of Example 27 is higher than that of Example 18, but the PCE of Example 27 is lower than that of Example 18.

[0369] In contrast, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery obtained in Comparative Example 1 is worse than that of Examples 1-32.

[0370] It should be noted that this application is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments with the same structure and effect as the technical concept within the scope of this application are included in the technical scope of this application. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, without departing from the spirit of this application, are also included in the scope of this application.

Claims

1. A perovskite cell, wherein, The device includes a first electrode, a functional layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode stacked together; the functional layer is located between the first electrode and the perovskite layer, and the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter. The perovskite layer has a porous structure on at least one side of its surface, and the maximum pore size of the porous structure is less than or equal to 30 μm. Based on the area of ​​at least one surface of the perovskite layer, the area ratio of the porous structure is less than or equal to 0.5%.

2. The perovskite cell of claim 1, wherein, Based on the area of ​​at least one surface of the perovskite layer, the area ratio of the porous structure is less than or equal to 0.3%.

3. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-2, wherein, The root mean square average of the surface potential on at least one side of the perovskite layer is less than or equal to 12 mV.

4. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein, The functional layer is disposed on the surface of the first electrode, and the functional layer is in contact with at least a portion of the first electrode.

5. The perovskite cell of claim 4, wherein, The first electrode includes the hole-transporting organic matter on the portion of its surface in contact with the functional layer.

6. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein, The thickness of the functional layer is 1nm-15nm.

7. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein, The perovskite solar cell further includes a hole transport layer, and the functional layer is located between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer. The functional layer is disposed on the surface of the hole transport layer and is in contact with at least a portion of the hole transport layer.

8. The perovskite cell of claim 7, wherein, The hole transport layer includes the hole transport organic matter on the portion of its surface in contact with the functional layer.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 7-8, wherein, The hole transport layer is made of one or more of nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, cuprous oxide, vanadium oxide, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, molybdenum sulfide, and their doped or passivated derivatives.

10. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein, The hole-transporting organic compound includes one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, and a first organic compound; wherein... The first organic compound includes one or more of the compounds represented by Formula I, In formula I, R1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silicon-containing groups, and hydrogen atoms; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl sulfide groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. Q represents the hole transport group; L represents a single bond or bridging group; A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group; n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and R1, and n is any integer from 1 to 6; m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m is any integer from 1 to 8.

11. The perovskite cell of claim 10, wherein, The oxygen-containing substituent groups include one or more of the following: alkoxy, amide, carboxylic acid ester, phosphate ester, sulfonate, silicate, borate, isocyanate, carboxylic acid, phosphorous acid, phosphate, boric acid, and silicate.

12. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 10-11, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C6 alkyl groups.

13. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 10-11, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C6 ether groups.

14. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 10-13, wherein, The hole-transporting group includes one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups and substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups.

15. The perovskite cell of claim 14, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted anilines group includes a structure represented by Formula A1, In formula A1, M 11 and M 12 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30; M 13 comprising a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

16. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 14-15, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

17. The perovskite cell of claim 16, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted carbazole-based group includes a structure represented by Formula A2, In formula A2, M 14 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 15 and M 16 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

18. The perovskite cell of claim 16, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes a structure represented by Formula A3, In formula A3, M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms; M 18 and M 19 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

19. The perovskite cell of claim 16, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes a structure represented by Formula A4, In formula A4, M 20 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 21 and M 22 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

20. The perovskite cell of claim 16, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes a structure represented by Formula A5, In formula A5, M 25 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 23 and M 34 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

21. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 10-20, wherein, The bridging group includes an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthionyl group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10 when the substituent group includes a carbon atom. In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and the aforementioned group is substituted by a substituted group, the substituted group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituted groups, or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

22. The perovskite cell of claim 21, wherein, The bridging groups include substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with C5 to C15 cyclic atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups with C3 to C15 cyclic atoms.

23. The perovskite cell of any of claims 10-22, wherein, The oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

24. The perovskite cell of any one of claims 10-23, wherein, The first organic compound includes one or more of [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid, [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, and [4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid.

25. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-24, wherein, The electrode materials in the first and second electrodes include one or more of organic conductive materials, inorganic conductive materials, or organic-inorganic mixed conductive materials.

26. The perovskite cell of claim 25, wherein, Organic conductive materials include conductive polymers, which include one or more of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, and polyacetylene; and / or, Inorganic conductive materials include one or more of the following: transparent conductive oxides, metals and their alloys, and carbon derivatives.

27. A method of making a perovskite cell, wherein, include: Provide the first electrode; A perovskite cell is obtained by sequentially disposing of at least a functional layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode on one side of the first electrode, wherein the functional layer includes hole-transporting organic matter. A solvent layer is provided on a portion of the surface of at least one side of the functional layer.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein, The thickness of the solvent layer is 0.5μm-2.5μm.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein, The thickness of the solvent layer is 1μm-2μm.

30. The method of any one of claims 27-29, wherein, The solvent used in the solvent layer includes one or more of methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl anisole, toluene, chloroform, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

31. The method of any one of claims 27-30, wherein, The steps for setting the functional layer include: The hole-transporting organic compound is mixed with a third solvent to obtain a hole-transporting organic compound slurry; The functional layer is obtained by forming a film from the cavitation transport organic slurry.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein, The solvent used in the solvent layer is the same as that used in the third solvent.

33. The method of any one of claims 27-32, wherein, The step of providing the first electrode includes: A hole transport layer is provided on one side of the first electrode; The functional layer is provided on the hole transport layer.

34. A photovoltaic module, wherein, Includes the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-26, or includes the perovskite solar cell prepared by the method according to any one of claims 27-33.

35. An electricity generating device wherein, Including the photovoltaic module as described in claim 34.

36. An electrical device, comprising: Including the photovoltaic module as described in claim 34.

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