Information transmission methods, communication node, medium and program product

Abstract

Disclosed in the present application are information transmission methods, a communication node, a medium and a program product. A method comprises: transmitting identity information to a second communication node, wherein an interaction process for solving transmission conflicts does not need to be performed with the second communication node before the identity information is transmitted (S101).

Description

Information transmission methods, communication nodes, media and software products Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of communication technology, and in particular to an information transmission method, communication node, medium and program product. Background Technology

[0002] In Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Passive IoT, and Ambient IoT, card readers need to read the identification information of electronic tags, or simply tags. However, in these technologies, the transmission process of identification information is relatively complex, resulting in low efficiency for card readers in reading this information. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides an information transmission method, communication node, medium, and program product, which reduces the transmission overhead of identity information and improves the reading efficiency of identity information.

[0004] This application provides an information transmission method applied to a first communication node, including:

[0005] Transmit identity information to the second communication node;

[0006] Specifically, there is no need for an interaction process to resolve transmission conflicts with the second communication node before transmitting identity information.

[0007] This application provides an information transmission method applied to a second communication node, including:

[0008] Receive the identity information transmitted by the first communication node;

[0009] Among them, there is no need for an interaction process to resolve transmission conflicts with the first communication node before receiving the identity information.

[0010] This application provides a communication node, including: a memory, a processor, a program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, and a data bus for implementing communication between the processor and the memory. When the program is executed by the processor, it implements the steps of the information transmission method as described in any of the embodiments of this application.

[0011] This application provides a storage medium for computer-readable storage, which stores one or more programs that can be executed by one or more processors to implement the steps of the information transmission method of any of the embodiments of this application.

[0012] This application provides a computer program product, including a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of any of the information transmission methods described in this application.

[0013] The information transmission method, communication node, medium, and program product provided in this application transmit identity information to a second communication node; wherein, no transmission conflict resolution interaction process is required with the second communication node before transmitting the identity information. By adopting the above technical solution, no transmission conflict resolution interaction process is required between the first and second communication nodes before transmitting identity information, reducing the additional overhead caused by the first communication node needing to pre-allocate time slots in the second communication node to avoid transmission conflicts, thereby reducing the total transmission overhead of the identity information transmission process and improving the reading efficiency of identity information. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1 is a flowchart illustrating an EPC transmission process provided in related technologies;

[0015] Figure 2 is a flowchart of an information transmission method provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0016] Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of identity information transmission provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0017] Figure 4 is a flowchart of another information transmission method provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0018] Figure 5 is a standard QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a transmission modulation symbol s provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0019] Figure 6 is a QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received, rotated and scaled modulation symbol h*s provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0020] Figure 7 is a QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received, rotated and scaled modulation symbol y = h·s + n with additive white Gaussian noise, provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0021] Figure 8 is an example diagram of dividing a two-dimensional signal plane into four partitions according to an embodiment of this application;

[0022] Figure 9 is an example diagram of another way to divide a two-dimensional signal plane into four partitions according to an embodiment of this application;

[0023] Figure 10 is an example diagram of a rotated and scaled QPSK constellation provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0024] Figure 11 is an example diagram of a rotated and scaled QPSK partition constellation provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0025] Figure 12 is an example diagram of the center of a QPSK partition constellation point after rotation and scaling, provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0026] Figure 13 is a standard BPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a transmission modulation symbol s provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0027] Figure 14 is a BPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received, rotated and scaled modulation symbol h*s provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0028] Figure 15 is a BPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received, rotated and scaled modulation symbol with additive white Gaussian noise, provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0029] Figure 16 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an information transmission device provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0030] Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of another information transmission device provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0031] Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a communication node provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0032] The steps illustrated in the flowchart in the accompanying drawings can be executed in a computer system such as a set of computer-executable instructions. Furthermore, although a logical order is shown in the flowchart, in some cases the steps shown or described may be performed in a different order than that presented here.

[0033] The information transmission method provided in this application embodiment can be applied to ambient IoT, passive IoT, or radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, and is suitable for the transmission of identification information between a card reader and an electronic component that needs to have its electronic tag or electronic product code read. In ambient IoT, passive IoT, or RFID systems, the card reader needs to read the electronic product code (EPC) of the electronic tag (Tag) or RFID card. The product code (PC), also known as a universal product code, is, as the name suggests, an encoding of product information, representing information about a product, an item, or a device. The electronic product code that the card reader needs to read is a product code or an electronic form of a product code, such as a product code or universal product code stored in an electronic component; the electronic component can be a read-only memory (ROM) or other types of memory. The EPC can also be called a product electronic code, electronic product code, or electronic product encoding. In some related technologies, EPC consists of a string of numbers; in other related technologies, EPC consists of a string of bits; for example, in some technical solutions, EPC consists of 96 bits, or it can be considered that EPC is a 96-bit bit stream.

[0034] In related technologies, Figure 1 is a flowchart illustrating an EPC transmission process. As shown in Figure 1, the process of a card reader reading an EPC, or in other words, the transmission process of an EPC, can be specifically described through the following process example:

[0035] 1) The card reader is configured with the number of slots in an inventory round.

[0036] 2) Each tag will randomly select a time slot reader during this inventory cycle.

[0037] 3) The card reader issues a short command (Query / QueryRep) to mark the start of each time slot within the inventory cycle.

[0038] The card reader broadcasts a short command (Query / QueryRep) marking the start of each time slot, without targeting any specific tag. Since the short command (Query / QueryRep) sent by the card reader does not contain information transmitted by a specific tag, it does not instruct any particular tag to send information.

[0039] 4) If the tag selects this time slot, the tag will send a random number (RN) to the reader.

[0040] In Figure 1, the sent random number is taken as an example as a 16-bit random number, which is represented as RN16 in Figure 1.

[0041] 5) If the card reader can interpret the random number, it will send an ACK message to the tag.

[0042] In practice, this ACK message is usually a random number sent by the tag.

[0043] 6) The tag receives a random number from the card reader. If it finds that the random number is the same as the random number it sent to the card reader, it will consider itself to have successfully connected and will then transmit its EPC to the card reader.

[0044] In some related technologies, for step 4) above, the tag sends a randomly generated or randomly selected sequence to the reader instead of a random number. In this case, step 5) changes to: if the reader can interpret the sequence, it sends an acknowledgment (ACK) message to the tag. In practice, this ACK message is usually the sequence sent by the tag, or information related to the sequence, such as the index number representing the sequence. This application embodiment does not impose any limitations on this.

[0045] As described above, in the EPC transmission technology of related technologies, the tag needs to complete a handshake or interaction process with the reader before it can transmit the EPC. That is, the tag can only send the EPC to the reader if it receives an ACK message from the reader allowing it to transmit the EPC during this handshake or interaction process. This handshake or interaction process is shown in Figure 1 with the area circled in dashed. If the tag does not receive confirmation from the reader allowing it to transmit the EPC during an interaction process, the tag cannot transmit its EPC. Therefore, the tag must then attempt another interaction process to obtain confirmation from the reader allowing it to transmit the EPC. In other words, in the EPC transmission technology of related technologies, the tag and reader may need to perform one or even multiple interaction processes before transmitting the EPC.

[0046] The EPC transmission process shown in Figure 1 is illustrated in detail below. Figure 1 only shows the EPC transmission process of a single tag. This tag sends a 16-bit random number (referred to as RN16) to the reader in its randomly selected slot. Since only this tag selected this slot in Figure 1, meaning no other tag chose this slot, the tag's RN16 transmission has exclusive channel access, is interference-free, and is therefore easily decoded by the reader. Next, the reader sends an acknowledgment (ACK) message for the RN16 random number to the tag. Only after receiving the acknowledgment message from the reader does the tag consider itself to have successfully connected and transmit its Electronic Product Code (EPC) to the reader. In some related technologies, the reader sends the decoded RN16 back to the tag as an acknowledgment (ACK) message. The tag receives the random number sent by the reader, finds that it matches the random number it sent to the reader, and only then does it consider itself to have successfully connected and transmit its EPC to the reader. If the tag sends a random number but does not receive a random number back from the card reader, or if the received random number is different from the random number it sent to the card reader, the tag assumes that it has not received confirmation from the card reader to send its EPC and therefore cannot send its EPC to the card reader.

[0047] However, if multiple tags randomly select the same time slot to send their RN16, these tags will send their RN16 in the same time slot, causing RN16 collisions or transmission conflicts between different tags. The reader cannot parse these collapsing RN16s and therefore cannot send the correct acknowledgment (ACK) information. Since the tag does not receive the correct RN16, it assumes it has not received the reader's acknowledgment to send its EPC and will not send its EPC to the reader. In this way, RN16 collisions and transmission conflicts avoid EPC transmission conflicts or collisions, achieving orthogonal EPC transmission. That is, in related technologies, the EPC transmission technology performs a handshake interaction before transmitting the EPC to ensure that in scenarios where the reader is scanning multiple tags, the EPC transmissions of different tags are separate, do not collide, and have no transmission conflicts—that is, they are orthogonal and do not interfere with each other. When each tag transmits its EPC, no other tag's EPC transmission occurs on the same transmission channel. This ensures that each tag's EPC transmission has exclusive channel access and does not conflict with other tags' EPC transmissions. This guarantees the performance of EPC transmission when the reader is scanning multiple tags. The handshake interaction between the tag and the reader before transmitting the EPC can be considered a process of securing channel or transmission resources for EPC transmission, avoiding conflicts or mutual interference between EPC transmissions from different tags.

[0048] From another perspective, this handshake interaction process before EPC transmission essentially allows the tag and the card reader to establish a connection before EPC transmission, thereby enabling the card reader to schedule resources for EPC transmission of different tags, so that the EPC transmission of different tags is orthogonal to each other, without conflict or interference.

[0049] In summary, the interaction process performed before EPC transmission in the related technologies is an interaction process for resolving EPC transmission conflicts, or in other words, the interaction process performed before EPC transmission is an interaction process for resolving EPC transmission conflicts.

[0050] On the other hand, this handshake process requires two random number transmissions outside of the EPC transmission. These additional message transmissions are an overhead, reducing the transmission efficiency of EPC. Therefore, the inventory method in related technologies trades the overhead of pre-transmission interaction for the orthogonality, collision-free nature, and reliability of EPC transmission.

[0051] Meanwhile, since the handshake process before EPC transmission is completed wirelessly in an open environment, each transmission involved in the process may face adverse factors such as interference and wireless channel fading. These adverse factors may cause the interaction process to fail, thus leading to EPC transmission failure.

[0052] In some specific examples, this pre-transmission handshake process for EPC involves the tag sending a message to the reader, such as a random number or a sequence, and the reader sending an acknowledgment message to the tag, such as a random number or a sequence (or information related to the sequence). Both transmissions may fail. For example, a failure to send a random number from the tag to the reader may include at least the following two scenarios:

[0053] 1) In scenarios where inventory involves multiple tags, all activated tags will randomly select one time slot in the inventory cycle configured by the card reader to send a random number. There may be more than one tag that selects the same time slot, which means that a collision of random number transmission will occur.

[0054] 2) Even if the random number transmission of the tag does not result in a collision, transmission failure may still occur due to channel fading or other interference. Other interference mentioned here includes interference from other wireless communication systems, or interference caused by the signals emitted by the reader and tag during inventory checks by nearby readers.

[0055] As described above, the handshake process before EPC transmission has a certain probability of failure. This means that to transmit EPC, this handshake process may need to be performed more than once, further reducing the transmission efficiency. As reader coverage expands—for example, in scenarios where cellular mobile communication base stations function as readers, their coverage is much larger than that of traditional RFID readers—the handshake process before EPC transmission faces increasingly severe interference and wireless channel fading, leading to a higher probability of failure, more frequent handshakes, and lower transmission efficiency. To address these issues, this application proposes an information transmission method, which can be implemented at a first communication node and / or a second communication node. The first and second communication nodes can be two nodes in an environmental IoT, passive IoT, or RFID technology that need to transmit identification information to each other. In some possible implementations, the information transmission method can be implemented by a processor calling computer-readable instructions stored in memory. In the following description of this application, the first communication node often refers to the electronic tag that needs to issue EPC in environmental IoT, passive IoT or RFID technology, and the second communication node often refers to the card reader or access point that needs to receive EPC in environmental IoT, passive IoT or RFID technology. This application does not limit this.

[0056] In one exemplary embodiment, Figure 2 is a flowchart of an information transmission method provided by an embodiment of this application. This method is applicable to the transmission of EPC (Environmental, Internet of Things), passive Internet of Things, or radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The method can be executed by an information transmission device, which can be implemented by software and / or hardware and integrated on a communication node. The method can be applied to a first communication node, which can be an electronic tag that needs to issue EPC in environmental, passive Internet of Things, or RFID technology. It can also be a corresponding execution entity selected and set by those skilled in the art according to the actual application scenario; this embodiment of the application does not impose any limitations on this.

[0057] As shown in Figure 2, the information transmission method provided in this embodiment of the application specifically includes the following steps:

[0058] S101. Transmit identity information to the second communication node.

[0059] Specifically, there is no need for an interaction process to resolve transmission conflicts with the second communication node before transmitting identity information.

[0060] In this embodiment, the identity information can be specifically understood as an electronic code in which the first communication node expresses its identity information to the second communication node in electronic form, which can also be understood as the EPC mentioned above.

[0061] In this embodiment, the transmission conflict resolution interaction process can be specifically understood as an information interaction process performed before transmission to avoid conflicts caused by different first communication nodes selecting the same time slot of the second communication node for identity information transmission.

[0062] In a specific example, when the first communication node needs to transmit identity information representing its identity to the second communication node, it does not need to go through the handshake process or interaction process shown in Figure 1 with the second communication node. That is, it can directly transmit the identity information to the second communication node without interacting with the behavior used to avoid conflicts in the transmission of identity information.

[0063] The information transmission method provided in this application transmits identity information to a second communication node; wherein, no communication conflict resolution process is required between the first and second communication nodes before transmitting the identity information. By adopting the above technical solution, no communication conflict resolution process is required between the first and second communication nodes before transmitting identity information, reducing the additional overhead caused by avoiding transmission conflicts, and correspondingly reducing the total transmission overhead of the identity information transmission process, thereby improving the transmission efficiency of identity information. In other words, after the first communication node (electronic tag) receives the command from the second communication node (card reader) to mark the start of each time slot within the inventory cycle (as shown in Figure 1, the (Query / QueryRep) command), it does not need to perform the handshake process or interaction process shown in Figure 1 with the second communication node, that is, it can directly transmit the identity information to the second communication node without interacting with the behavior used to avoid identity information transmission conflicts.

[0064] In one embodiment, the interaction process for resolving transmission conflicts with the second communication node includes:

[0065] Send a transmission request message to the second communication node;

[0066] Receive confirmation information from the second communication node regarding the transmission request.

[0067] In this embodiment, the transmission request information can be specifically understood as the information sent by the first communication node to the second communication node to request the necessary resources for transmission in advance, and to preempt the channel or transmission resources for the identity information to be transmitted by the first communication node.

[0068] In this embodiment, the confirmation information for the transmission request can be specifically understood as the information fed back by the second communication node to the first communication node in response to the transmission request, used to confirm whether the first communication node has successfully preempted the channel or transmission resources.

[0069] It is understood that the above-mentioned interactive process for resolving transmission conflicts with the second communication node corresponds to steps 4)-5) shown in Figure 1, that is, it corresponds to the interactive process shown in Figure 1.

[0070] In one embodiment, the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

[0071] In one embodiment, the confirmation information for the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: the random number itself; information related to the random number; a set of randomly generated bits itself; information related to a set of randomly generated bits; the randomly generated sequence itself; the randomly selected sequence itself; information related to the randomly generated sequence; and information related to the randomly selected sequence.

[0072] It is understood that the above-described communication process for resolving transmission conflicts is the same as the communication or handshake process required between the electronic tag and the reader before EPC transmission in related technologies. This communication or handshake process involves at least two message transmissions, or information transmissions, or signaling transmissions.

[0073] The first message transmission (or information transmission, or signaling transmission) is the message transmission sent by the electronic tag to the card reader; the second message transmission (or information transmission, or signaling transmission) is the message transmission sent by the card reader to the electronic tag. The message (or information or signaling) contained in the second message transmission (or information transmission, or signaling transmission) is related to the message (or information or signaling) transmitted by the electronic tag to the card reader in the first message transmission, or in other words, the message (or information or signaling) transmitted by the card reader to the electronic tag in the second message transmission is determined by the message (or information or signaling) transmitted by the electronic tag to the card reader in the first message transmission.

[0074] In some examples, in related technologies, before EPC transmission, the electronic tag first sends a random number to the card reader, and then the card reader sends a message related to this random number to the electronic tag. This is an interactive process or handshake process involving two message transmissions, or it can also be described as an interactive process or handshake process involving two information transmissions, or it can be described as an interactive process or handshake process involving two signaling transmissions.

[0075] In some examples, in related technologies, before EPC transmission, the electronic tag first sends a sequence (or preamble) to the reader, and then the reader sends this sequence (or preamble) back to the electronic tag, or sends a message related to this sequence (or preamble), such as an index number representing the sequence (or preamble). This is also an interactive process or handshake process involving two message transmissions, or it can be said to be an interactive process or handshake process involving two information transmissions, or it can be said to be an interactive process or handshake process involving two signaling transmissions.

[0076] It is understood that, prior to the aforementioned EPC transmission, the message transmission (or information transmission or signaling transmission) from the electronic tag to the card reader is essentially a request for EPC transmission, allowing the card reader to know that a tag is transmitting EPC to it. Furthermore, besides the example above, the two messages (or information transmissions or signaling transmissions) involved in the interaction process can also be in other forms, not limited to a random number or a sequence; this application embodiment does not impose such limitations.

[0077] In one embodiment, the transmission of identity information does not include pilot signals.

[0078] In the embodiments of this application, pilot refers to pilot signal, pilot symbol, reference signal, reference symbol, demodulation reference signal, demodulation reference symbol, and preamble. Throughout the following description, pilot will be used to refer to these entities.

[0079] In a specific example, since the first communication node does not need to engage in a transmission conflict resolution process with the second communication node, it can directly transmit the identity information to the second communication node. The signal used to carry the identity information transmitted to the second communication node does not contain pilot signals, reference signals, reference symbols, or preambles (or, in other words, no pilot signals, reference signals, reference symbols, or preambles are required). This can be understood as a pure data signal consisting entirely of data symbols (or information symbols) generated from the identity information, without any pilot signals. It can also be understood that the transmission of identity information does not include pilot signals. In this case, the transmission process of the identity information is shown in Figure 3, which is an example flowchart of an identity information transmission provided by an embodiment of this application.

[0080] It is understood that in communication systems, pilot signals, pilot symbols, reference signals, reference symbols, demodulation reference signals, demodulation reference symbols, and preambles are all the same concept—pilots—typically used for channel estimation. A pilot is a signal or symbol known to both the transmitter and receiver. In a communication system, the transmitting side sends the pilot and data symbols together to the receiving side, ensuring that the pilot and data symbols traverse the same channel. The receiving side can estimate the channel traversed by the data symbols using the received pilot, thus demodulating the received data more accurately. However, in this embodiment, the signal used to transmit identification information does not include the aforementioned pilots, saving the overhead of transmitting pilots and avoiding pilot collisions.

[0081] It is understood that the data in the above data symbols refers to data containing identity information, and the information in the information symbols refers to information containing identity information.

[0082] In one embodiment, the information transmission method further includes:

[0083] The identity information is encoded to obtain the encoded identity information;

[0084] Correspondingly, identification information is transmitted to the second communication node, including:

[0085] Transmit the encoded identity information to the second communication node.

[0086] In a specific example, since EPC transmission in related technologies can achieve orthogonal EPC transmission of different tags through a pre-transmission handshake interaction process, meaning each EPC transmission has a dedicated channel and is conflict-free, error correction coding protection is not required during EPC transmission in related technologies. However, since the first communication node does not perform a transmission conflict resolution interaction process when transmitting identity information to the second communication node in this embodiment, meaning conflicts may occur, the identity information can be encoded before transmitting it to the second communication node, and the encoded identity information can be transmitted to the second communication node. This can improve the reliability of identity information transmission.

[0087] In one embodiment, the identity information is encoded to obtain encoded identity information, including:

[0088] The identity information is encoded by Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and error correction coding to obtain the encoded identity information.

[0089] In one embodiment, the error correction code is a convolutional code or a polar code.

[0090] In one embodiment, the information transmission method further includes:

[0091] The identity information is expanded to obtain the expanded identity information;

[0092] Correspondingly, identification information is transmitted to the second communication node, including:

[0093] The extended identity information is transmitted to the second communication node.

[0094] In a specific example, since the first communication node in this embodiment does not perform a transmission conflict resolution process when transmitting identity information to the second communication node, but directly transmits the identity information, it will inevitably face the situation where different first communication nodes independently choose the same time slot in the second communication node to transmit identity information. In this case, the second communication node will receive at least two overlapping identity information in the same time slot. To improve the transmission performance of identity information, code domain multi-user multiplexing technology is used here to extend the identity information before the first communication node transmits the identity information, and the extended identity information is transmitted to the second communication node. This allows the second communication node to detect the overlapping identity information of different first communication nodes in the same time slot through different extension codes.

[0095] In one embodiment, the identity information is extended to obtain extended identity information, including one of the following:

[0096] Bit extension technology is used to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information to obtain the extended identity information;

[0097] The modulation symbols generated by the identity information are extended using symbol extension technology to obtain the extended identity information.

[0098] In one embodiment, the extension code for extending the identity information is an extension code determined by the first communication node from the extension code set based on the identity information.

[0099] In some examples, the spreading code can be determined by some or all of the bits in the identification information; or by the numbers in the identification information. Thus, once the second communication node decodes the identification information of a first communication node, it can accurately determine the spreading code used by that first communication node. Because signal reconstruction requires spreading the modulation symbols with the spreading code, the determined spreading code can be used to more accurately reconstruct the transmitted signal of that first communication node. This allows for more accurate elimination of the previously decoded identification information from the received aliased identification information, enabling the second communication node to face less interference with the identification information of the first communication node that is subsequently demodulated and decoded, thereby improving the ability to distinguish the identification information of different first communication nodes in the face of transmission conflicts.

[0100] In some examples, to improve the performance of identity information transmission, bit extension (or code field extension) techniques can be used to process the identity information. Bit extension refers to expanding each bit into L bits using an L-length extension code (also known as an extension sequence). For example, if a bit is b, the L1-length extension code is [c1, c2, ... c...]. L1 Bit b is extended by this L1-length spreading code to L1 bits [b*c1, b*c2, ..., b*c]. L1 The asterisk (*) here can represent a multiplication operation, a XOR operation, or a NOT OR operation; or, each modulation symbol is expanded into L symbols by an L-length spreading code (also called a spreading sequence). For example, if a modulation symbol is s, the L2-length spreading code is [c1, c2, ... c...]. L2 ],s is expanded by this L2-length extended code into L2 symbols [s*c1,s*c2,…s*c L2The asterisk (*) here can represent a multiplication operation. In this embodiment, since the identity information does not undergo an interaction or handshake process with the second communication node before transmission, the spreading code used by the first communication node to spread the bits or modulation symbols corresponding to the identity information cannot be specified by the second communication node. Therefore, it can only be determined autonomously by the first communication node, for example, by autonomously determining the spreading code from a set of spreading codes. It is worth noting that the autonomous determination of the spreading code for identity information transmission and the autonomous determination of the transmission time slot can be two independent autonomous determination processes. That is, although the transmission time slots of identity information autonomously determined by different first communication nodes are the same (collision), the spreading codes determined by these first communication nodes can be different. In this way, the second communication node may be able to detect the identity information of different first communication nodes that are mixed together in the same time slot by the difference in the spreading code. For example, the second communication node can traverse all possible spreading sequences to despread, obtain multiple modulation symbol streams, and then perform signal detection on each modulation symbol stream by the modulation symbol characteristics of the despread modulation symbols, such as the geometry of the constellation diagram. Here, the above-mentioned spreading code is a sequence.

[0101] In one embodiment, each extension code in the extension code set includes at least one combination of the following elements:

[0102] 1 and -1;

[0103] 1 and 0;

[0104] 1, 0, and -1.

[0105] In one embodiment, the set of extension codes includes at least one of the following:

[0106] A set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence;

[0107] The set of row vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0108] The set of column vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0109] The set consisting of the row vectors of the identity matrix;

[0110] The set consisting of vector columns of the identity matrix.

[0111] In one embodiment, the identification information includes at least one of the following: product code; general product code; electronic product code; product electronic code.

[0112] In one embodiment, the first communication node includes at least one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT (ZPIoT) terminal; or a radio frequency identification (RFID) terminal.

[0113] In one embodiment, transmitting identity information to the second communication node includes:

[0114] Transmit identification information to the second communication node using backscatter communication; or

[0115] The identification information is transmitted to the second communication node by changing the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

[0116] In one embodiment, the energy harvesting method for backscatter communication or communication that changes antenna impedance based on identification information includes at least one of the following:

[0117] Energy is extracted from the radio frequency signal transmitted by the second communication node;

[0118] Harvest energy from the environment.

[0119] It is understood that, in order to better describe the method by which the first communication node transmits identification information to the second communication node in the embodiments of this application, some explanations of the backscatter communication mechanism and the Internet of Things environment are provided here:

[0120] Energy is everywhere around us; light, heat, wind, waves, sound, electromagnetic radiation, and mechanical vibrations are all forms of energy. If IoT devices could break free from the limitations of power sources and batteries, and communicate entirely by collecting energy from these environments, true ubiquitous connectivity would be achieved. This concept is called: Passive Internet of Things (IoT).

[0121] Passive IoT devices have extremely simple networking needs: simply reporting asset information or sending minimal sensor data. They require very low equipment and networking costs, cannot afford the maintenance expenses of regularly replacing batteries, and ideally, can operate continuously without any other intervention. This necessitates building a "passive IoT" system for them—one that doesn't require a power source or batteries, but can perform computing and communication solely by harvesting energy from the environment, and can operate for extended periods.

[0122] Since passive IoT is driven by harvesting energy from the environment, the energy that can be harvested by passive IoT terminals can be exemplified by the following:

[0123] 1) Solar energy: The core technology of solar energy harvesting is to directly convert light energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric effect. Solar energy harvesting has a wide range of applications, such as outdoor environmental monitoring, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Even indoors, as long as there is continuous lighting, IoT devices can harvest energy for communication.

[0124] 2) Thermal energy: Thermal energy always flows from a hotter object to a colder object. In other words, as long as a temperature difference exists, thermal energy can be utilized. Thermal energy harvesting mainly converts thermal energy into electrical energy through the Seebeck effect. Internet of Things (IoT) devices can use the energy harvested from temperature differences for communication.

[0125] 3) Mechanical vibration energy: Mechanical vibration also contains energy. Some remote controls, when pressed, deform through mechanical force, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy to drive the device. Other examples include self-powered switches and self-powered doorbells. Every step a person takes also generates vibrations, which can be collected to power wearable devices.

[0126] 4) In industrial settings, equipment such as electric motors, gearboxes, and pumps continuously generate vibrations during operation. Piezoelectric materials can collect and store this micro-motion energy, which can then be used for computing and communication.

[0127] 5) In wireless communication systems, electromagnetic waves are used to carry information. At the same time, electromagnetic waves also contain energy. Radio frequency energy harvesting can convert radio frequency energy into DC energy by receiving electromagnetic waves in specific frequency bands, thereby driving IoT devices for low-power computing and low-power communication.

[0128] 6) Radio frequency energy harvesting communication is widespread in daily life. RFID and NFC technologies are both based on short-range radio frequency energy harvesting, and they are widely used in areas such as public transport cards, ETC, industrial equipment monitoring, wirelessly powered handheld devices, and wearable low-power devices.

[0129] In reality, while this energy is widespread, it is often very weak and unstable. After collection, it may need to be stored, firstly to accumulate enough energy for later use, and secondly to control the amount used and ensure a stable release of energy. The energy storage referred to here is not a battery, but rather a simpler capacitor or supercapacitor. A capacitor can be considered a basic energy storage unit for passive IoT devices, ensuring a stable and continuous power supply, and can store energy to a limited extent.

[0130] Traditional communication involves two links: signal reception and transmission. Signal transmission requires frequency conversion followed by power amplification via a power amplifier, which is often the most power-consuming component. This represents an unbearable power burden for passive IoT devices that rely entirely on ambient energy. Therefore, passive IoT has introduced a novel low-power communication method: backscatter communication.

[0131] When electromagnetic waves encounter objects during propagation, they will inevitably be reflected or scattered. Backscatter communication refers to passive IoT devices that do not have any active signal amplification units; they can achieve low-speed, low-power communication simply by reflecting or scattering the signals they receive.

[0132] Currently, load modulation is the most frequently used data transmission method in backscatter communication. Load modulation changes the impedance of the antenna by adjusting the resistance, capacitance, or inductance of the passive IoT device, thereby changing the antenna's reflection coefficient and ultimately altering the amplitude and phase of the reflected signal, thus completing the modulation process. Taking Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) implemented with resistance modulation as an example, the terminal can switch between absorption and reflection states by switching the load reflection coefficient. These two states can represent "0" and "1". Specifically, in the absorption state, the terminal achieves antenna impedance matching, the radio frequency signal is completely absorbed, there is no reflection or scattering, and the receiving side receives a low-level signal, representing "0". In the reflection state, the terminal adjusts to achieve antenna impedance mismatch, some signals are reflected, and the receiving side receives a high-level signal, representing "1". Similarly, backscatter communication terminals can also change the circuit tuning frequency by adjusting the circuit capacitance, causing the frequency of the reflected or scattered signal to change with the capacitance, thereby achieving Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation. In summary, backscatter communication enables signal modulation and transmission with extremely low complexity, eliminating the need for complex RF devices such as power amplifiers, high-precision crystal oscillators, duplexers, and filters, as well as complex baseband processing, making it possible to realize highly simplified passive IoT terminals.

[0133] In one exemplary embodiment, Figure 4 is a flowchart of an information transmission method provided by an embodiment of this application. This method is applicable to the transmission of identification information EPC in environmental IoT, passive IoT, or RFID technology. The method can be executed by an information transmission device, which can be implemented by software and / or hardware and integrated on a communication node. This method can be applied to a second communication node, which can be a card reader in environmental IoT, passive IoT, or RFID technology that needs to receive EPC, or it can be a corresponding execution entity selected and set by those skilled in the art according to the actual application scenario. This embodiment of the application does not impose any limitations on this.

[0134] As shown in Figure 4, the information transmission method provided in this embodiment of the application specifically includes the following steps:

[0135] S201, Receive the identity information transmitted by the first communication node.

[0136] Among them, there is no need for an interaction process to resolve transmission conflicts with the first communication node before receiving the identity information.

[0137] In one embodiment, the interaction process for resolving transmission conflicts with the first communication node includes:

[0138] Receive transmission request information sent by the first communication node;

[0139] Send a confirmation message to the first communication node regarding the transmission request.

[0140] In one embodiment, the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

[0141] In one embodiment, the confirmation information for the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: the random number itself; information related to the random number; a set of randomly generated bits itself; information related to a set of randomly generated bits; the randomly generated sequence itself; the randomly selected sequence itself; information related to the randomly generated sequence; and information related to the randomly selected sequence.

[0142] In one embodiment, the transmission of identity information does not include pilot signals.

[0143] In one embodiment, receiving identity information transmitted by the first communication node includes:

[0144] Receive encoded identity information transmitted by the first communication node;

[0145] The encoded identity information is obtained by the first communication node encoding the identity information.

[0146] In one embodiment, the first communication node encodes the identity information, including performing cyclic redundancy check encoding and error correction encoding on the identity information.

[0147] In one embodiment, the error correction code is a convolutional code or a polar code.

[0148] In one embodiment, receiving identity information transmitted by the first communication node includes:

[0149] Receive the extended identity information transmitted by the first communication node;

[0150] The extended identity information is obtained by the first communication node by extending the identity information.

[0151] In one embodiment, the first communication node extends the identity information by one of the following:

[0152] The first communication node uses bit extension technology to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information;

[0153] The first communication node uses symbol extension technology to extend the modulation symbols generated from the identity information.

[0154] In one embodiment, the extension code for extending the identity information is an extension code determined by the first communication node from the extension code set based on the identity information.

[0155] In one embodiment, each extension code in the extension code set includes at least one combination of the following elements:

[0156] 1 and -1;

[0157] 1 and 0;

[0158] 1, 0, and -1.

[0159] In one embodiment, the set of extension codes includes at least one of the following:

[0160] A set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence;

[0161] The set of row vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0162] The set of column vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0163] The set consisting of the row vectors of the identity matrix;

[0164] The set consisting of the column vectors of the identity matrix.

[0165] In one embodiment, receiving identity information transmitted by the first communication node includes:

[0166] Receive the identification information transmitted by the first communication node in backscatter communication mode; or

[0167] Receive the identity information transmitted by the first communication node in a manner that changes the antenna impedance according to the identity information.

[0168] In one embodiment, the energy harvesting method for backscatter communication or communication that changes antenna impedance based on identification information includes at least one of the following:

[0169] Energy is extracted from the radio frequency signal transmitted by the second communication node;

[0170] Harvest energy from the environment.

[0171] In one embodiment, the identification information includes at least one of the following: product code; general product code; electronic product code; product electronic code.

[0172] In one embodiment, the first communication node includes at least one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; and a radio frequency identification (RFID) terminal.

[0173] In one embodiment, after receiving the identity information transmitted by the first communication node, the method further includes:

[0174] Demodulate the identity information based on the modulation symbol characteristics of the identity information;

[0175] Among them, the modulation symbol features include at least the constellation shape.

[0176] It is understandable that, since the first communication node does not perform a transmission collision resolution process before transmitting identification information to the second communication node, transmission collisions may occur between the identification information received by the second communication node from different first communication nodes. In this situation, to enable the second communication node to decode different identification information, it can be achieved based on the different power levels of the identification information arriving at the second communication node, which can be considered a power domain multiplexing multi-user technology. Furthermore, if the second communication node has multiple receiving antennas, the signals from different first communication nodes arriving at the multiple receiving antennas of the second communication node (base station) usually have differences. The second communication node can utilize these differences to detect the identification information of different first communication nodes. This method is spatial division multiplexing or multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) technology in wireless communication, and can also be considered a spatial domain multiplexing multi-user technology. However, the aforementioned techniques for multiplexing multiple users using power or spatial domains all require the second communication node to first perform channel estimation using pilot signals during the identity information transmission process. Only then can the differences in received signal power and the differences in multi-antenna channels be used to detect the identity information of different first communication nodes. However, since this embodiment does not involve an interactive process for resolving transmission conflicts, the pilot signals used by different first communication nodes cannot be coordinated; each first communication node must decide independently. Therefore, it is possible that different first communication nodes may choose the same pilot signal, resulting in pilot collisions. Thus, the first communication node's independent decision-making regarding pilot signals cannot guarantee that the pilot signals of different first communication nodes are different. If the second communication node still relies on pilot signals for channel estimation and multi-user detection in such cases, performance cannot be guaranteed.

[0177] In a specific example, based on the above situation, this embodiment of the application uses a pure data signal excluding pilots for the signal transmitting identity information. This allows the second communication node to perform multi-user detection solely based on the modulation symbol characteristics formed after data modulation, without needing to perform channel estimation using pilots. That is, in this embodiment, after receiving the identity information transmitted by the first communication node, the second communication node will demodulate the corresponding identity information of the first communication node based on the modulation symbol characteristics of the identity information, which often refers to the constellation shape after the identity information is modulated.

[0178] The following examples illustrate how a second communication node demodulates the signal transmitting identity information based on modulation symbol characteristics to obtain identity information. Optionally, the modulation method may include On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation, Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation, and Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation. That is, the constellation diagram corresponding to the modulation symbols may include an OOK constellation diagram, a BPSK constellation diagram, a QPSK constellation diagram, and an ASK constellation diagram, etc. The following will describe the demodulation methods of identity information for constellation diagrams with simple geometric shapes.

[0179] Solution 1: A specific example is provided for the case where the modulation symbol features a QPSK constellation diagram. As shown in Figures 5-7, even if the modulation symbols received by the second communication node have undergone channel rotation and scaling, the QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to these modulation symbols is still only a rotated and scaled constellation diagram, and the geometry remains relatively simple. Figure 5 is a standard QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a transmitted modulation symbol s provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 6 is a QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received rotated and scaled modulation symbol h*s provided in an embodiment of this application, where h*s represents h multiplied by s, or can be expressed as h·s, hs, etc., where h is a complex number of rotation and scaling amount. Figure 7 is a QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received rotated and scaled modulation symbol y = h·s + n with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) provided in an embodiment of this application (n is AWGN noise).

[0180] It can be understood that the QPSK constellation diagram corresponding to Figure 7 can be interpreted as adding the constellation points corresponding to AWGN to the constellation points in the QPSK constellation diagram shown in Figure 6. These constellation points corresponding to the received modulation symbols y = h·s + n with AWGN will be distributed around the constellation point h·s in Figure 6 according to the probability density distribution of AWGN. As shown in Figure 7, the area where the color gradually changes from dark to light from the center to the edge represents the set of points formed by the modulation symbol corresponding to the center of this area being affected by AWGN. Furthermore, it can be seen from Figure 7 that even with AWGN, the geometry of the constellation diagram corresponding to the received modulation symbol can still be basically maintained. Therefore, the second communication node can use the geometry of the constellation diagram shown in Figure 7 to estimate the rotation and scaling amount of the constellation diagram, that is, to calculate h. A specific implementation method is given below:

[0181] First, the two-dimensional plane, or what can be called the two-dimensional signal plane, is divided into four partitions. Figures 8 and 9 show two typical ways of dividing the two-dimensional signal plane into four partitions:

[0182] Figure 8 is an example diagram of dividing a two-dimensional signal plane into four partitions according to an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 8, the four quadrants are divided into four partitions, that is, the x-axis and y-axis are used as partition lines. The diagonal line filling is partition 1, the dot filling is partition 2, the vertical line filling is partition 3, and the brick-shaped filling is partition 4.

[0183] Figure 9 is an example diagram of dividing a two-dimensional signal plane into four partitions according to an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 9, partition 1 is defined as the ray from the origin to 45° and the ray from the origin to 135°, filled with diagonal lines; partition 2 is defined as the ray from the origin to 135° and the ray from the origin to 225°, filled with fine dots; partition 3 is defined as the ray from the origin to 225° and the ray from the origin to 315°, filled with vertical lines; and partition 4 is defined as the ray from the origin to 315° and the ray from the origin to 45°, filled with brick-shaped patterns.

[0184] Besides the two partitioning methods shown in Figures 8 and 9, other methods to divide the two-dimensional signal plane into four partitions are also feasible. However, when using the two partitioning methods shown in Figures 8 and 9, determining which partition a constellation point belongs to can be done simply by performing some addition and subtraction on the constellation point coordinates, without the need for more complex multiplication operations, thus making it simpler to implement.

[0185] After the second communication node divides the two-dimensional signal plane into four partitions, the constellation points (each constellation point corresponds to a modulation symbol) in each partition are added together and then divided by the number of constellation points (i.e., the number of modulation symbols) in that partition. The resulting constellation point is the center of the constellation point in that partition. Figure 10 is an example diagram of a rotated and scaled QPSK constellation provided in an embodiment of this application. The QPSK constellation diagram shown in Figure 10 is obtained by rotating and scaling the cross-shaped QPSK constellation diagram shown in Figure 5. After being partitioned by the partitioning method shown in Figure 8, the constellation points are divided into four parts, as shown in Figure 11. Figure 11 is an example diagram of a rotated and scaled QPSK partition constellation provided in an embodiment of this application. Then, the constellation points in each partition are processed to obtain the center of the constellation point in that partition, as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12 is an example diagram of a rotated and scaled QPSK partition constellation point center provided in an embodiment of this application. Specifically, it can include the following four cases:

[0186] 1) Add up the constellation points in partition 1 and divide by the number of constellation points in that partition to get the center of the constellation points c1 in partition 1, as shown in the triangle in Figure 12.

[0187] 2) Add up the constellation points in partition 2 and divide by the number of constellation points in that partition to get the center of the constellation points in partition 2, c2, as shown in the quadrilateral in Figure 12.

[0188] 3) Add up the constellation points in partition 3, and then divide by the number of constellation points in that partition to get the center of the constellation points in partition 3, c3, as shown in the pentagram in Figure 12.

[0189] 4) Add up the constellation points in partition 4 and divide by the number of constellation points in that partition to get the center of the constellation point c4 in partition 4, as shown in the hexagon in Figure 12.

[0190] Then, by using the centers of the constellation points in all the partitions, the rotation and scaling of the entire constellation diagram can be calculated. For example, taking Figure 12 as an example, let the calculated centers of the four partitions be c1, c2, c3, and c4, then:

[0191] The center of partition 2, c2, is rotated 90° clockwise to obtain c2', that is, c2' = c2 * j (j is the imaginary unit);

[0192] Rotating the center of partition 3 clockwise by 180° yields c3', which means c3' = -c3;

[0193] Rotating the center of partition 4 counterclockwise by 90° yields c4', which means c4' = -c4*j.

[0194] Then, by calculating c = (c1 + c2' + c3' + c4') / 4, the complex number c can be used as an estimate of the rotation scaling of the entire constellation diagram. It's understandable that when AWGNs exist, some modulation symbols with larger AWGNs may experience region crossings (constellation points falling into non-corresponding regions). To more accurately estimate the rotation scaling, the two region-specific methods mentioned above are typically used. The rotation scaling of the constellation diagram is then calculated for each region using the methods described above, and the larger of the two rotation scaling magnitudes is taken as the rotation scaling of the constellation diagram.

[0195] Solution 2: A specific example is provided for the case where the modulation symbol features a BPSK constellation diagram. As shown in Figures 13-15, even if the modulation symbols received by the second communication node have undergone channel rotation and scaling, the BPSK constellation diagram corresponding to these modulation symbols is still only a rotated and scaled constellation diagram, and the geometry remains relatively simple. Figure 13 is a standard BPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a transmitted modulation symbol s provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 14 is a BPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received, rotated and scaled modulation symbol h*s provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 15 is a BPSK constellation diagram corresponding to a received, rotated and scaled modulation symbol y = h·s + n with additive white Gaussian noise provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0196] As shown in Figure 13-15, the rotation and scaling of the constellation diagram can be calculated using only two partitions. For example, after the receiver divides the two-dimensional signal plane into two partitions along the x-axis, the constellation points (each constellation point corresponds to a modulation symbol) in each partition are added together and then divided by the number of constellation points (i.e., the number of modulation symbols) in that partition. The resulting constellation point is the center of the constellation points in that partition. Then, the rotation and scaling of the entire constellation diagram can be obtained through the centers of the constellation points in all partitions. Let c1 be the center of the partition to the right of the x-axis (x>=0), and c2 be the center of the partition to the left of the x-axis (x<0). Then, the center c2 of partition 2 is rotated 180° clockwise to obtain c2', i.e., c2' = -c2. Then, by calculating c = (c1 + c2') / 2, the complex number c can be used as an estimate of the rotation and scaling of the entire constellation diagram.

[0197] The following are four different two-partition methods to calculate the four rotation and scaling values. Finally, the one with the largest magnitude among the four rotation and scaling values ​​is taken as the rotation and scaling value of the constellation diagram:

[0198] 1) Divide the two-dimensional signal plane into two partitions using the x-axis as the partition line;

[0199] 2) Divide the two-dimensional signal plane into two partitions using the y-axis as the partition line;

[0200] 3) Divide the two-dimensional signal plane into two partitions using a 45° straight line passing through the origin as the partition line;

[0201] 4) Using the 135° straight line passing through the origin as the partition line, the two-dimensional signal plane is divided into two partitions.

[0202] After the second communication node estimates the rotation and scaling of the constellation diagram, it can equalize the rotation and scaling experienced by the constellation diagram to obtain a constellation diagram without distortion that is only affected by AWGN.

[0203] Scheme 3: A specific example is given for the case where the modulation symbol characteristics are OOK or ASK constellation diagrams. Since the modulation symbols corresponding to the OOK or ASK constellation diagrams are 0 and 1, after passing through a channel with a channel weighting value of h, the modulation symbols become 0 and h. The constellation diagram composed of 0 and 1 can be shifted by 1 / 2 to obtain a BPSK constellation diagram similar to Figure 13; the constellation diagram composed of 0 and h can be shifted by h / 2 to obtain a BPSK constellation diagram similar to Figure 14. Then, the OOK or ASK modulation symbols can be detected using a detection method similar to Scheme 2.

[0204] Solution 4: A specific example is provided for a second communication node with multiple receiving antennas. When the second communication node has multiple receiving antennas, the signals used by different first communication nodes to transmit identification information may arrive at the multiple receiving antennas of the second communication node (base station) differently. The second communication node can first combine the signals received by the multiple receiving antennas, and then use the geometry of the constellation diagram to detect the resulting modulated symbol stream using the methods described in Solutions 1-3 above.

[0205] Understandably, the second communication node can perform various multi-antenna combining techniques to obtain multiple combined modulated symbol streams, and then detect each combined modulated symbol stream one by one. This is because the identification information transmission signal from the first communication node to the second communication node does not contain pilot signals. The various multi-antenna combining techniques of the second communication node do not need to be estimated from the pilot signals in the received signals, but are pre-set according to the antenna deployment. Therefore, the multi-antenna combining here is a blind multi-antenna combining technique. Furthermore, since the essence of multi-antenna combining is a method of receiving beamforming, the multi-antenna combining technique here can be called blind receiving beamforming.

[0206] Meanwhile, since the cost of the first communication node is very low, the timing synchronization accuracy of some first communication nodes may be very poor. In this case, the second communication node also needs to take advantage of the characteristics of the modulation symbols and use methods such as the geometric shape of the constellation diagram in the above schemes 1-3 to perform synchronization error correction.

[0207] In one exemplary embodiment, FIG16 is a schematic diagram of an information transmission device provided in an embodiment of this application, which is applied to a first communication node. As shown in FIG16, the device includes:

[0208] The identification information transmission module 310 is configured to transmit identification information to the second communication node;

[0209] Specifically, there is no need for an interaction process to resolve transmission conflicts with the second communication node before transmitting identity information.

[0210] The information transmission device provided in this application embodiment does not require an interactive process for resolving transmission conflicts between the first communication node and the second communication node before transmitting identity information. This reduces the additional overhead caused by the first communication node needing to pre-occupy time slots in the second communication node to avoid transmission conflicts, thereby reducing the total transmission overhead of the identity information transmission process and improving the reading efficiency of identity information.

[0211] In one embodiment, the interaction process for resolving transmission conflicts with the second communication node includes:

[0212] Send a transmission request message to the second communication node;

[0213] Receive confirmation information from the second communication node regarding the transmission request.

[0214] In one embodiment, the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

[0215] In one embodiment, the confirmation information for the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: the random number itself; information related to the random number; a set of randomly generated bits itself; information related to a set of randomly generated bits; the randomly generated sequence itself; the randomly selected sequence itself; information related to the randomly generated sequence; and information related to the randomly selected sequence.

[0216] In one embodiment, the transmission of identity information does not include pilot signals.

[0217] In one embodiment, the information transmission device further includes an encoding module configured to encode the identity information to obtain encoded identity information;

[0218] Correspondingly, the identification information transmission module 310 is configured to transmit the encoded identification information to the second communication node.

[0219] In one embodiment, the identity information is encoded to obtain encoded identity information, including:

[0220] The identity information is encoded by Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and error correction coding to obtain the encoded identity information.

[0221] In one embodiment, the error correction code is a convolutional code or a polar code.

[0222] In one embodiment, the information transmission device further includes an extension module configured to extend the identity information to obtain extended identity information;

[0223] Correspondingly, the identification information transmission module 310 is configured to transmit the extended identification information to the second communication node.

[0224] In one embodiment, the identity information is extended to obtain extended identity information, including one of the following:

[0225] Bit extension technology is used to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information to obtain the extended identity information;

[0226] The modulation symbols generated by the identity information are extended using symbol extension technology to obtain the extended identity information.

[0227] In one embodiment, the extension code for extending the identity information is an extension code determined by the first communication node from the extension code set based on the identity information.

[0228] In one embodiment, each extension code in the extension code set includes at least one combination of the following elements:

[0229] 1 and -1;

[0230] 1 and 0;

[0231] 1, 0, and -1.

[0232] In one embodiment, the set of extension codes includes at least one of the following:

[0233] A set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence;

[0234] The set of row vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0235] The set of column vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0236] The set consisting of the row vectors of the identity matrix;

[0237] The set consisting of the column vectors of the identity matrix.

[0238] In one embodiment, transmitting identity information to the second communication node includes:

[0239] Transmit identification information to the second communication node using backscatter communication; or

[0240] The identification information is transmitted to the second communication node by changing the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

[0241] In one embodiment, the energy harvesting method for backscatter communication or communication that changes antenna impedance based on identification information includes at least one of the following:

[0242] Energy is extracted from the radio frequency signal transmitted by the second communication node;

[0243] Harvest energy from the environment.

[0244] In one embodiment, the identification information includes at least one of the following: product code; general product code; electronic product code; product electronic code.

[0245] In one embodiment, the first communication node includes at least one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; and a radio frequency identification (RFID) terminal.

[0246] In one exemplary embodiment, FIG17 is a schematic diagram of an information transmission device provided in an embodiment of this application, which is applied to a second communication node. As shown in FIG17, the device includes:

[0247] The identification information receiving module 410 is configured to receive the identification information transmitted by the first communication node.

[0248] Among them, there is no need for an interaction process to resolve transmission conflicts with the first communication node before receiving the identity information.

[0249] In one embodiment, the interaction process for resolving transmission conflicts with the first communication node includes:

[0250] Receive transmission request information sent by the first communication node;

[0251] Send a confirmation message to the first communication node regarding the transmission request.

[0252] In one embodiment, the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

[0253] In one embodiment, the confirmation information for the transmission request information includes at least one of the following: the random number itself; information related to the random number; a set of randomly generated bits itself; information related to a set of randomly generated bits; the randomly generated sequence itself; the randomly selected sequence itself; information related to the randomly generated sequence; and information related to the randomly selected sequence.

[0254] In one embodiment, the transmission of identity information does not include pilot signals.

[0255] In one embodiment, receiving identity information transmitted by the first communication node includes:

[0256] Receive encoded identity information transmitted by the first communication node;

[0257] The encoded identity information is obtained by the first communication node encoding the identity information.

[0258] In one embodiment, the first communication node encodes the identity information, including performing cyclic redundancy check encoding and error correction encoding on the identity information.

[0259] In one embodiment, the error correction code is a convolutional code or a polar code.

[0260] In one embodiment, receiving identity information transmitted by the first communication node includes:

[0261] Receive the extended identity information transmitted by the first communication node;

[0262] The extended identity information is obtained by the first communication node by extending the identity information.

[0263] In one embodiment, the first communication node extends the identity information by one of the following:

[0264] The first communication node uses bit extension technology to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information;

[0265] The first communication node uses symbol extension technology to extend the modulation symbols generated from the identity information.

[0266] In one embodiment, the extension code for extending the identity information is an extension code determined by the first communication node from the extension code set based on the identity information.

[0267] In one embodiment, each extension code in the extension code set includes at least one combination of the following elements:

[0268] 1 and -1;

[0269] 1 and 0;

[0270] 1, 0, and -1.

[0271] In one embodiment, the set of extension codes includes at least one of the following:

[0272] A set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence;

[0273] The set of row vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0274] The set of column vectors of the Hadamard matrix;

[0275] The set consisting of the row vectors of the identity matrix;

[0276] The set consisting of the column vectors of the identity matrix.

[0277] In one embodiment, receiving identity information transmitted by the first communication node includes:

[0278] Receive the identification information transmitted by the first communication node in backscatter communication mode; or

[0279] Receive the identity information transmitted by the first communication node in a manner that changes the antenna impedance according to the identity information.

[0280] In one embodiment, the energy harvesting method for backscatter communication or communication that changes antenna impedance based on identification information includes at least one of the following:

[0281] Energy is extracted from the radio frequency signal transmitted by the second communication node;

[0282] Harvest energy from the environment.

[0283] In one embodiment, the identification information includes at least one of the following: product code; general product code; electronic product code; product electronic code.

[0284] In one embodiment, the first communication node includes at least one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; and a radio frequency identification (RFID) terminal.

[0285] In one embodiment, after receiving the identity information transmitted by the first communication node, the method further includes:

[0286] Demodulate the identity information based on the modulation symbol characteristics of the identity information;

[0287] Among them, the modulation symbol features include at least the constellation shape.

[0288] This application embodiment also provides a communication node. Figure 18 is a structural schematic diagram of a communication node provided in this application embodiment. As shown in Figure 18, the communication node provided in this application embodiment includes a memory 520, a processor 510, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor. When the processor 510 executes the program, it implements the above-mentioned information transmission method.

[0289] The communication node may also include a memory 520; the processor 510 in the communication node may be one or more, with one processor 510 as an example in Figure 18; the memory 520 is configured to store one or more programs; the one or more programs are executed by the one or more processors 510, so that the one or more processors 510 implement the information transmission method as described in the embodiments of this application.

[0290] The communication node also includes: a communication device 530, an input device 540, and an output device 550.

[0291] The processor 510, memory 520, communication device 530, input device 540 and output device 550 in the communication node can be connected by a bus or other means. Figure 18 shows an example of connection by bus.

[0292] The input device 540 can be configured to receive input numeric or character information, and generate key signal inputs related to user settings and function control of the communication node. The output device 550 may include a display screen or other display device.

[0293] The communication device 530 may include a receiver and a transmitter. The communication device 530 is configured to perform information transmission and reception communication under the control of the processor 510.

[0294] The memory 520, as a computer-readable storage medium, can be configured to store software programs, computer-executable programs, and modules, such as program instructions / modules corresponding to the information transmission method described in the embodiments of this application (e.g., identification information transmission module 310, or identification information receiving module 410). The memory 520 may include a program storage area and a data storage area, wherein the program storage area may store the operating system and at least one application program required for a function; the data storage area may store data created based on the use of the communication node, etc. Furthermore, the memory 520 may include high-speed random access memory, and may also include non-volatile memory, such as at least one disk storage device, flash memory device, or other non-volatile solid-state storage device. In some instances, the memory 520 may further include memory remotely located relative to the processor 510, and these remote memories can be connected to the communication node via a network. Examples of such networks include, but are not limited to, the Internet, corporate intranets, local area networks, mobile communication networks, and combinations thereof.

[0295] This application also provides a storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements any of the information transmission methods described in this application.

[0296] Optionally, the information transmission method is applied to a first communication node and includes: transmitting identity information to a second communication node; wherein, before transmitting the identity information, there is no need for an interactive process to resolve transmission conflicts with the second communication node.

[0297] Optionally, this information transmission method is applied to a second communication node and includes: receiving identity information transmitted by a first communication node. Specifically, no conflict resolution interaction process is required with the first communication node before receiving the identity information.

[0298] The computer storage medium in this application embodiment can be any combination of one or more computer-readable media. The computer-readable medium can be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. For example, a computer-readable storage medium can be, but is not limited to, an electrical, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any combination thereof. More specific examples of computer-readable storage media (a non-exhaustive list) include: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer disk, a hard disk, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, optical fiber, portable CD-ROM, optical storage device, magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination thereof. The computer-readable storage medium can be any tangible medium containing or storing a program that can be used by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0299] Computer-readable signal media may include data signals propagated in baseband or as part of a carrier wave, carrying computer-readable program code. Such propagated data signals may take various forms, including but not limited to electromagnetic signals, optical signals, or any suitable combination thereof. Computer-readable signal media may also be any computer-readable medium other than computer-readable storage media, which can send, propagate, or transmit programs for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0300] Program code contained on a computer-readable medium may be transmitted using any suitable medium, including but not limited to: wireless, wire, optical fiber, radio frequency (RF), etc., or any suitable combination thereof.

[0301] Computer program code for performing the operations of this application can be written in one or more programming languages ​​or a combination thereof, including object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Java, Smalltalk, and C++, as well as conventional procedural programming languages ​​such as "C" or similar programming languages. The program code can be executed entirely on the user's computer, partially on the user's computer, as a standalone software package, partially on the user's computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In cases involving remote computers, the remote computer can be connected to the user's computer via any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or it can be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet service provider).

[0302] Optionally, embodiments of this application also provide a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the information transmission method provided in any embodiment of this application.

[0303] Those skilled in the art will understand that the term user terminal covers any suitable type of wireless user equipment, such as mobile phones, portable data processing devices, portable web browsing devices, or vehicle-mounted mobile stations.

[0304] Generally, the various embodiments of this application can be implemented in hardware or dedicated circuitry, software, logic, or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects can be implemented in hardware, while others can be implemented in firmware or software that can be executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device, although this application is not limited thereto.

[0305] Embodiments of this application can be implemented by executing computer program instructions through the data processor of a mobile device, for example, in a processor entity, or through hardware, or through a combination of software and hardware. The computer program instructions can be assembly instructions, Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, status setting data, or source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages.

[0306] Any block diagram of logical flow in the accompanying drawings of this application may represent program steps, or may represent interconnected logic circuits, modules, and functions, or may represent a combination of program steps and logic circuits, modules, and functions. The computer program may be stored on memory. Memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as, but not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), optical storage devices and systems (Digital Video Disc (DVD) or Compact Disk (CD), etc.). Computer-readable media may include non-transitory storage media. The data processor may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, such as, but not limited to, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and processors based on multi-core processor architectures.

Claims

1. An information transmission method, applied to a first communication node, comprising: Transmit identity information to the second communication node; Prior to transmitting the identity information, there is no need for an interaction process to resolve transmission conflicts with the second communication node.

2. The information transmission method according to claim 1, wherein, The interaction process for resolving transmission conflicts with the second communication node includes: Send a transmission request message to the second communication node; Receive confirmation information regarding the transmission request from the second communication node.

3. The information transmission method according to claim 2, wherein, The transmission request information includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

4. The information transmission method according to claim 3, wherein, The confirmation information for the transmission request includes at least one of the following: the random number itself; information related to the random number; the set of randomly generated bits itself; information related to the set of randomly generated bits; the randomly generated sequence itself; and information related to the randomly generated sequence. The randomly selected sequence itself; information related to the randomly selected sequence.

5. The information transmission method according to claim 1, wherein, The transmission of the identity information does not include pilot signals.

6. The information transmission method according to claim 1, further comprising: The identity information is encoded to obtain encoded identity information; The transmission of identity information to the second communication node includes: The encoded identity information is transmitted to the second communication node.

7. The information transmission method according to claim 6, wherein, The process of encoding the identity information to obtain encoded identity information includes: Cyclic redundancy check encoding and error correction encoding are performed on the identity information to obtain the encoded identity information.

8. The information transmission method according to claim 7, wherein, The error correction code is a convolutional code or a polar code.

9. The information transmission method according to claim 1, further comprising: The identity information is expanded to obtain expanded identity information; The transmission of identity information to the second communication node includes: The extended identity information is transmitted to the second communication node.

10. The information transmission method according to claim 9, wherein, The expansion of the identity information to obtain expanded identity information includes one of the following: The bits corresponding to the identity information are extended using bit extension technology to obtain the extended identity information; The modulation symbols generated from the identity information are extended using symbol extension technology to obtain the extended identity information.

11. The information transmission method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, The extended code used to extend the identity information is the extended code determined by the first communication node from the extended code set using the identity information.

12. The information transmission method according to claim 11, wherein, The combination of elements for each expansion code in the expansion code set includes at least one of the following: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0, and -1.

13. The information transmission method according to claim 11, wherein, The set of extension codes includes at least one of the following: A set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; The set of row vectors of the Hadamard matrix; The set of column vectors of the Hadamard matrix; The set consisting of the row vectors of the identity matrix; The set consisting of the column vectors of the identity matrix.

14. The information transmission method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein, The transmission of identity information to the second communication node includes: Transmit identification information to the second communication node using backscatter communication; or The identification information is transmitted to the second communication node by changing the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

15. The information transmission method according to claim 14, wherein, The energy harvesting method of the backscatter communication method or the communication method that changes antenna impedance based on identification information includes at least one of the following: Energy is extracted from the radio frequency signal transmitted by the second communication node; Harvest energy from the environment.

16. The information transmission method according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein, The identity information includes at least one of the following: product code; general product code; electronic product code; product electronic code.

17. The information transmission method according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein, The first communication node includes at least one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; or a radio frequency identification (RFID) terminal.

18. An information transmission method, applied to a second communication node, comprising: Receive the identity information transmitted by the first communication node; Specifically, there is no need for a transmission conflict resolution interaction process with the first communication node before receiving the identity information.

19. The information transmission method according to claim 18, wherein, The interaction process for resolving transmission conflicts with the first communication node includes: Receive the transmission request information sent by the first communication node; The system sends a confirmation message to the first communication node regarding the transmission request.

20. The information transmission method according to claim 19, wherein, The transmission request information includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

21. The information transmission method according to claim 20, wherein, The confirmation information for the transmission request includes at least one of the following: the random number itself; information related to the random number; the set of randomly generated bits itself; information related to the set of randomly generated bits; the randomly generated sequence itself; and information related to the randomly generated sequence. The randomly selected sequence itself; information related to the randomly selected sequence.

22. The information transmission method according to claim 18, wherein, The transmission of the identity information does not include pilot signals.

23. The information transmission method according to claim 18, further comprising, after receiving the identity information transmitted by the first communication node: Demodulate the identity information based on the modulation symbol characteristics of the identity information; The modulation symbol features include at least a constellation shape.

24. The information transmission method according to claim 18, wherein, The identity information received from the first communication node includes: Receive encoded identity information transmitted by the first communication node; The encoded identity information is obtained by the first communication node encoding the identity information.

25. The information transmission method according to claim 18, wherein, The identity information received from the first communication node includes: Receive the extended identity information transmitted by the first communication node; The extended identity information is obtained by the first communication node by extending the identity information.

26. The information transmission method according to any one of claims 18-25, wherein, The identity information received from the first communication node includes: Receive the identification information transmitted by the first communication node in backscatter communication mode; or The first communication node receives the identity information transmitted by changing the antenna impedance according to the identity information.

27. The information transmission method according to claim 26, wherein, The energy harvesting method of the backscatter communication method or the communication method that changes antenna impedance based on identification information includes at least one of the following: Energy is extracted from the radio frequency signal transmitted by the second communication node; Harvest energy from the environment.

28. The information transmission method according to any one of claims 18-25, wherein, The identity information includes at least one of the following: product code; general product code; electronic product code; product electronic code.

29. The information transmission method according to any one of claims 18-25, wherein, The first communication node includes at least one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; or a radio frequency identification (RFID) terminal.

30. A communication node, comprising: The program includes a memory, a processor, a program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, and a data bus for establishing communication between the processor and the memory, wherein the program, when executed by the processor, implements the steps of the information transmission method as described in any one of claims 1-17 or 18-29.

31. A storage medium for computer-readable storage, the storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs being executable by one or more processors to implement the steps of the information transmission method as described in any one of claims 1-17 or 18-29.

32. A computer program product comprising a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the information transmission method as described in any one of claims 1-17 or 18-29.

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