Information transmission method, device, and storage medium

Abstract

The present application provides an information transmission method, a device, and a storage medium. The information transmission method applied to a first communication node comprises: sending identity information to a second communication node (S110).

Description

Information transmission methods, equipment and storage media Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of communication technology, specifically to an information transmission method, device, and storage medium. Background Technology

[0002] In ambient IoT, passive IoT, and radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies, readers need to read the identification information of electronic tags. However, the transmission process of identification information in these technologies is relatively complex, resulting in low efficiency for readers in reading identification information. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, embodiments of this application provide an information transmission method, device, and storage medium, which improves the efficiency of reading identity information.

[0004] This application provides an information transmission method applied to a first communication node, including:

[0005] Send identification information to the second communication node.

[0006] This application provides an information transmission method applied to a second communication node, including:

[0007] Receive the identity information sent by the first communication node.

[0008] This application provides an information transmission device applied to a first communication node, comprising:

[0009] The sending module is configured to send identity information to the second communication node.

[0010] This application provides an information transmission device applied to a second communication node, comprising:

[0011] The receiving module is configured to receive identity information sent by the first communication node.

[0012] This application provides a communication device, including: a memory, and one or more processors;

[0013] The memory is configured to store one or more programs;

[0014] When the one or more programs are executed by the one or more processors, the one or more processors implement the method described in any of the above embodiments.

[0015] This application provides a storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the methods described in any of the above embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an EPC transmission implementation provided by related technologies;

[0017] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of an EPC transmission implementation provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0018] Figure 3 is a flowchart of an information transmission method provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0019] Figure 4 is a flowchart of another information transmission method provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0020] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of another EPC transmission implementation provided by related technologies;

[0021] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of another EPC transmission implementation provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0022] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the implementation of EPC and pilot signal transmission according to an embodiment of this application;

[0023] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the configuration of a pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0024] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between a set of pilot sequences and pilot signals provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0025] Figure 10 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between a sequence generator and a pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0026] Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of another pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0027] Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of another pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0028] Figure 13 is a structural block diagram of an information transmission device provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0029] Figure 14 is a structural block diagram of another information transmission device provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0030] Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a communication device provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The embodiments of this application will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The examples given are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application.

[0032] Taking the first communication node as an electronic tag, the second communication node as a card reader, and the identification information as an Electronic Product Code (EPC) as an example, the transmission process of EPC in related technologies is explained.

[0033] In scenarios involving Ambient IoT, Passive IoT, or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), card readers need to read the Electronic Product Code (EPC) of electronic tags or RFID cards. A Product Code (PC), also known as a Universal Product Code, is, as the name suggests, an encoding of product information that can represent information about a product, item, or device. An Electronic Product Code is the electronic form of the Product Code or Universal Product Code; it is stored in an electronic device, such as ROM memory or other forms of memory. The Electronic Product Code is also called a product electronic code, electronic product code, or electronic product encoding. In some related technologies, the EPC consists of a string of numbers; in others, it consists of a string of bits, for example, in some technologies, the EPC consists of 96 bits, or it can be described as a 96-bit bitstream.

[0034] In related technologies, the process of reading an EPC, or the transmission process of an EPC, includes the following steps:

[0035] Step 1. Configure the number of slots in the inventory round for the card reader;

[0036] Step 2. Each tag randomly selects a time slot reader during this inventory cycle;

[0037] Step 3. The card reader issues a short command (e.g., Query or QueryRep) to mark the start of each time slot within the inventory cycle; the card reader issues the short command (e.g., Query or QueryRep) via broadcast, without targeting any specific tag. The short command (e.g., Query or QueryRep) issued by the card reader does not contain information transmitted by a specific tag, and therefore does not instruct a specific tag to send information.

[0038] Step 4. If the tag selects this time slot, it will send a random number (RN) to the reader;

[0039] Step 5. If the card reader can interpret the random number, it will send an ACK message to the tag. In practice, this ACK message is usually the random number sent by the tag.

[0040] Step 6. The tag receives a random number sent by the card reader. If it finds that the random number is the same as the random number it sent to the card reader, it will consider itself to have successfully connected and will then transmit its Electronic Product Code (EPC) to the card reader.

[0041] In some related technologies, in step 4 of the EPC reading process, the tag sends a randomly generated or randomly selected sequence to the reader instead of a random number. This makes step 5: if the reader can interpret the sequence, it sends an acknowledgment (ACK) message to the tag. In practice, this acknowledgment (ACK) message is usually the sequence sent by the tag, or information related to the sequence, such as the index number representing the sequence.

[0042] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an EPC transmission implementation provided by related technologies. The EPC transmission process described above, starting from step 3, is shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, the tag sends a 16-bit random number (referred to as RN16) to the reader in the slot it randomly selects. Since only this tag selects this slot (i.e., no other tag selects this slot), the tag's RN16 transmission has exclusive channel access, is interference-free, and is therefore easily decoded by the reader. In the next step, the reader sends an acknowledgment (ACK) message for the RN16 random number to the tag. Only after receiving the acknowledgment message from the reader does the tag consider itself to have successfully connected and transmit its EPC to the reader. In some related technologies, the reader sends the decoded RN16 back to the tag as an acknowledgment (ACK) message. The tag receives the random number sent by the reader, finds that it matches the random number it sent to the reader, and only then does it consider itself to have successfully connected and transmit its EPC to the reader. As shown in Figure 1, after the card reader completes the EPC transmission process, if the EPC is valid, the card reader sends QueryRep or other commands; if the EPC is invalid, the card reader sends a NAK message.

[0043] As can be seen, in the EPC transmission technology of related technologies, the electronic tag needs to send a message to the card reader before transmitting the EPC. Only after receiving the message from the electronic tag will the card reader send an acknowledgment message (ACK) to the electronic tag. The electronic tag will only transmit the EPC after receiving this acknowledgment message. If the tag sends a random number but does not receive a random number back from the card reader, that is, it does not receive acknowledgment information from the card reader to send the EPC, the tag cannot send its EPC to the card reader. Therefore, the two message transmissions before the EPC transmission can be regarded as auxiliary messages assisting the EPC transmission.

[0044] The EPC transmission technology in related technologies aims to ensure that no other tags are transmitting simultaneously on the transmission channel when a tag is transmitting its EPC. This ensures that the EPC transmission has a dedicated channel and does not conflict with the EPC transmissions of other tags, thus guaranteeing the performance of EPC transmission when the reader is counting multiple tags. In other words, the two message transmissions before the EPC transmission ensure that the EPC transmissions of different tags are orthogonal, without interference or conflict, thereby guaranteeing the reliability of the EPC transmission. These two message transmissions before the EPC transmission allow the tag and the reader to establish a connection before transmitting the EPC, enabling the reader to allocate resources for the EPC transmissions of different tags and avoid conflicts. From this perspective, the two message transmissions before the EPC transmission are also a form of conflict resolution. Therefore, the two message transmissions before the EPC transmission ensure the performance of multi-tag inventory.

[0045] On the other hand, the two message transmissions preceding the EPC transmission essentially require two additional random number transmissions outside of the EPC transmission, which reduces the transmission efficiency of the EPC. It can be said that the inventory methods in related technologies trade off the pre-transmission overhead for the orthogonality and reliability of the EPC transmission.

[0046] Furthermore, since the two message transmissions preceding the EPC transmission are completed wirelessly in an open environment, each transmission may face adverse factors such as interference and wireless channel fading. These adverse factors may cause the failure of the two message transmissions preceding the EPC transmission, thereby leading to the failure of the EPC transmission.

[0047] Specifically, this handshake process before EPC transmission involves the tag sending a random number to the reader, and the reader sending a random number to the tag. Both of these random number transmissions may fail. The failure to send a random number from the tag to the reader can include at least the following two scenarios:

[0048] In the first scenario, where inventory involves multiple tags, all activated tags will randomly select one time slot in the inventory cycle configured by the card reader to send a random number. There may be more than one tag that selects the same time slot, which means that a collision of random number transmissions will occur.

[0049] In the second scenario, even if the tag's random number transmission does not experience a collision, transmission failure may still occur due to channel fading or other interference. This other interference includes interference from other wireless communication systems, or interference caused by signals emitted by the reader and tag during inventory checks at nearby reader locations.

[0050] The transmission of random numbers from the card reader to the tag may also fail due to channel fading or other interference. This other interference includes interference from other wireless communication systems, or interference caused by signals emitted by the card reader and tag during inventory checks at nearby card readers.

[0051] It is evident that message transmission before EPC transmission has a certain probability of failure. In other words, to transmit EPC, this pre-transmission message transmission may need to be repeated more than once. This further reduces the efficiency of EPC transmission.

[0052] As the coverage area of ​​card readers expands—for example, in scenarios using cellular mobile communication base stations—the coverage area becomes significantly larger than that of traditional RFID readers. Consequently, interference and wireless channel fading during message transmission before EPC transmission become increasingly severe, leading to a higher probability of failure, more frequent implementations, and lower EPC transmission efficiency. Therefore, designing an efficient EPC transmission method is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed.

[0053] In view of this, this application proposes an information transmission method that completes the EPC transmission process in a single step. Exemplarily, the first communication node can be an electronic tag; the second communication node can be a card reader. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the implementation of EPC transmission according to an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 2, before the electronic tag sends the EPC to the card reader, it does not need to send other messages or information beforehand, or in other words, it does not need to send messages or information to assist in the EPC transmission beforehand; instead, it directly sends the Electronic Product Code to the card reader.

[0054] It should be noted that the first communication node in this application may also be referred to as the first transmission node or the first communication device; the second communication node may also be referred to as the second transmission node or the second communication device.

[0055] In one embodiment, Figure 3 is a flowchart of an information transmission method provided by an embodiment of this application. This embodiment is applied to the simple and fast transmission of identification information in scenarios of environmental IoT, passive IoT, or radio frequency identification. This embodiment can be executed by a first communication node. Exemplarily, the first communication node can be an IoT device, such as an IoT device that may include one of the following: electronic tag, RFID card, environmental IoT terminal, passive IoT terminal, semi-passive IoT terminal, zero-power IoT terminal, and RFID terminal. As shown in Figure 3, this embodiment includes: S110.

[0056] S110, Send identity information to the second communication node.

[0057] In one example, the identification information serves as a unique identifier representing the identity of the first communication node. For instance, the identification information may include, but is not limited to, one of the following: electronic product code, product electronic code, general product code, and product code. Before sending the identification information to the second communication node, the first communication node does not need to send any auxiliary messages beforehand; instead, it can directly send the identification information to the second communication node. This completes the transmission of identification information in a single step, effectively improving spectrum efficiency, time efficiency, and energy efficiency.

[0058] In one embodiment, sending identification information to a second communication node includes: sending identification information to a second communication node without transmitting auxiliary messages.

[0059] In one example, the auxiliary message is a set of interactive information that assists the first communication node in confirming the transmission before transmitting identity information. In one example, the auxiliary message typically includes two parts: a transmission request message sent by the first communication node to the second communication node, and a transmission confirmation message sent back by the second communication node to the first communication node. In one example, the transmission request message and the transmission confirmation message can be the same message or different messages.

[0060] In one embodiment, the auxiliary message includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence. Exemplarily, the transmission request message and the transmission acknowledgment message can both be a random number, or both can be a set of randomly generated bits, or both can be a randomly generated sequence, or both can be a randomly selected sequence. In one example, the first communication node does not need to send a random number as part of the transmission request message before sending the identification information to the second communication node. In one example, the first communication node does not need to send a set of bits as part of the transmission request message before sending the identification information to the second communication node. In one example, the first communication node does not need to send a sequence (also referred to as a sequence) as part of the transmission request message before sending the identification information to the second communication node. In one example, the first communication node can directly send the identification information to the second communication node without receiving a random number as part of the transmission acknowledgment message from the second communication node. In one example, the first communication node can directly send the identification information to the second communication node without receiving a set of bits as part of the transmission acknowledgment message from the second communication node. In one example, the first communication node can send identification information directly to the second communication node without needing a sequence (or a single sequence) of transmission confirmation messages from the second communication node.

[0061] In one embodiment, the information transmission method applied to the first communication node further includes: autonomously determining a pilot signal; and sending the pilot signal and identification information to the second communication node. In one example, the pilot signal can also be called a reference signal, and is a general term encompassing pilot signals, pilot symbols, reference signals, reference symbols, demodulation reference signals, demodulation reference symbols, and preamble signals. In one example, the first communication node can autonomously determine the pilot signal and send the autonomously determined pilot signal and identification information together to the second communication node. In one example, the pilot signal is autonomously determined or generated by the first communication node and is not preset by the system, nor is it specified by the second communication node. In conventional technologies, pilot signals are also added when tags transmit EPC; however, in conventional technologies, the pilot signals are uniform and specified by the system, and the tag itself cannot determine or select the pilot signal. In one example, the pilot signals autonomously determined by different first communication nodes are different.

[0062] In one embodiment, autonomously determining the pilot signal includes: selecting at least one pilot sequence from a set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal based on at least some information in the identity information. The first communication node can autonomously determine the pilot signal based on some or all of the information in the identity information. In one example, the pilot signal autonomously determined by the first communication node can consist of at least one pilot sequence. In one example, the set of pilot sequences can also be referred to as a pilot sequence pool, or simply a pilot sequence pool.

[0063] In one embodiment, at least one pilot sequence is selected as a pilot signal from a set of pilot sequences based on at least a portion of the information in the identity information, including one of the following:

[0064] Using at least a portion of the identity information as an index value, select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal;

[0065] Perform calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, and select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on the calculation results;

[0066] At least a portion of the identity information is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal;

[0067] The system performs calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, uses the calculation result as the initial state of the sequence generator, and generates at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal.

[0068] In one example, when the identification information is viewed as a string of numbers, the first communication node can use the numbers in the identification information as index values ​​to select one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals from the set of pilot sequences; or, the first communication node can perform calculations on the numbers in the identification information and select one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals from the set of pilot sequences based on the calculation results; or, the first communication node can use the numbers in the identification information as the initial state of the sequence generator, so that the sequence generator generates one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals based on the initial state; or, the first communication node can perform calculations on the numbers in the identification information and use the calculation results as the initial state of the sequence generator, so that the sequence generator generates one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals based on the initial state. In one example, when the identification information is viewed as a string of bits, the first communication node can use the bits in the identification information as index values ​​to select one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals from the set of pilot sequences; or, the first communication node can perform calculations on the bits in the identification information and select one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals from the set of pilot sequences based on the calculation results; or, the first communication node can use the bits in the identification information as the initial state of the sequence generator, so that the sequence generator generates one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals based on the initial state; or, the first communication node can perform calculations on the bits in the identification information and use the calculation results as the initial state of the sequence generator, so that the sequence generator generates one or more pilot sequences as pilot signals based on the initial state.

[0069] In one embodiment, autonomously determining the pilot signal includes: randomly selecting at least one pilot sequence from a set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal. In one example, at least one pilot sequence can be randomly selected from the set of pilot sequences using a signal generator. The signal generator may include a pseudo-random number generator or a pseudo-random bit sequence generator. The pseudo-random number generator is used to generate one or more random numbers; the pseudo-random bit sequence generator is used to generate one or more sets of bits. The first communication node can autonomously determine the pilot signal using one or more random numbers and the set of pilot sequences; or, it can autonomously determine the pilot signal using one or more sets of bits and the set of pilot sequences.

[0070] In one embodiment, at least one pilot sequence is randomly selected from the set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal, including one of the following:

[0071] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using the at least one random number;

[0072] At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using at least one set of bits;

[0073] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal by using the at least one random number as the initial state of the sequence generator.

[0074] At least one set of bits is generated using a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one set of bits is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence, which serves as a pilot signal. In one example, a first communication node can generate one or more pseudo-random numbers using a pseudo-random number generator, and use these one or more pseudo-random numbers to determine one or more pilot sequences from a set of pilot sequences or a pool containing a certain number of pilot sequences, which serve as pilot signals. In another example, a first communication node can generate one or more sets of bits using a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and use these one or more sets of bits to determine one or more pilot sequences from a set of pilot sequences or a pool containing a certain number of pilot sequences, which serve as pilot signals. In yet another example, a first communication node can generate one or more random numbers using a pseudo-random number generator, and use these one or more random numbers as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate one or more corresponding pilot sequences, which serve as pilot signals. In one example, the first communication node can generate one or more sets of bits using a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and use these sets of bits as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate one or more corresponding pilot sequences, which are then used as pilot signals.

[0075] In one embodiment, at least two pilot sequences are selected as pilot signals, and the selection of these at least two pilot sequences is independent of each other. In one example, a first communication node can autonomously determine / select two or more pilot sequences as pilot signals and send the pilot signals along with identification information to a second communication node. When the first communication node autonomously selects / determines two or more pilot sequences, the selected / determined at least two pilot sequences are independent and unrelated; that is, each determined / selected pilot sequence has no dependency or association with other pilot sequences. Even if the second communication node learns of one pilot sequence of the first communication node, it cannot infer other pilot sequences. Thus, the probability that the at least two pilot sequences autonomously determined by the first communication node are exactly the same is low. Therefore, the second communication node can use the different pilot sequences from multiple pilot sequences of different first communication nodes for channel estimation, ensuring accurate detection of the identification information of different first communication nodes.

[0076] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following representation methods: a table containing at least one pilot sequence; an array containing at least one pilot sequence; a matrix containing at least one pilot sequence; or a memory containing at least one pilot sequence. In one example, the pilot sequence set may be a collection containing a certain number of pilot sequences. In one example, a table may contain multiple rows, each row being a pilot sequence. For example, a table containing N rows, where each row is a pilot sequence, is a table containing N pilot sequences. In one example, an array may be a two-dimensional array, and the first dimension may contain multiple items, each item being a pilot sequence. For example, a two-dimensional array whose first dimension contains N items is an array containing N pilot sequences. In one example, a matrix may contain multiple rows, each row being a pilot sequence. For example, a matrix containing N rows, where each row is a pilot sequence, is a matrix containing N pilot sequences. In one example, a matrix may contain multiple columns, each column being a pilot sequence. For example, a matrix containing N columns, where each column is a pilot sequence, is a matrix containing N pilot sequences. In one example, a memory can contain multiple items, each of which can be a pilot sequence. For instance, a memory containing N items, where each item is a pilot sequence, is a memory containing N pilot sequences.

[0077] In one embodiment, the process of generating a pilot sequence set includes: generating different pilot sequences by setting different initial states; and constructing a pilot sequence set from the different pilot sequences. In one example, the pilot sequence set may be a set of pilot sequences generated by a sequence generator. The sequence generator generates different pilot sequences by setting different initial states. The first communication node can use this sequence generator to generate different pilot sequences and construct a pilot sequence set from these different pilot sequences.

[0078] In one embodiment, each pilot sequence in the pilot sequence set includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0. In one example, each element of each pilot sequence in the pilot sequence set consists of either 1 or -1; each element of each pilot sequence in the pilot sequence set consists of either 1 or 0; each element of each pilot sequence in the pilot sequence set consists of one of 1, 0, and -1; or each element of each pilot sequence in the pilot sequence set consists of either -1 or 0.

[0079] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0080] In one embodiment, the information transmission method applied to the first communication node further includes: expanding the identity information to obtain expanded identity information;

[0081] Accordingly, sending identification information to the second communication node includes sending extended identification information to the second communication node. Before the first communication node sends the identification information to the second communication node, if the first communication node has not transmitted other messages or auxiliary messages with the second communication node, different first communication nodes may independently choose the same time slot for identification information transmission. In this case, the second communication node may receive two overlapping identification information. To improve the transmission performance of identification information, the first communication node can extend the identification information and send the extended identification information to the second communication node.

[0082] In one embodiment, the identity information is extended to obtain extended identity information, including one of the following:

[0083] Bit extension technology is used to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information to obtain the extended identity information;

[0084] Symbolic extension technology is used to extend the modulation symbols generated from the identity information to obtain the extended identity information. In one example, bit extension technology refers to the process of extending each bit in the identity information; symbol extension technology refers to the process of extending the modulation symbols corresponding to the identity information. For example, assuming the length of the spreading code or spreading sequence is a first length, and the first length is L1, the first communication node can use bit extension technology to extend each bit in the identity information with an L1-length spreading code or spreading sequence, so that each bit is extended to L1 bits, thus obtaining the extended identity information. For example, if a bit is b, the L1-length spreading code is [c1, c2, ... c...]. L1 b is extended by this L1-length spreading code to L1 bits [b*c1, b*c2, ..., b*c]. L1The asterisk (*) here can represent a multiplication operation, a XOR operation, or a NOT OR operation. For example, assuming the length of the spreading code or spreading sequence is a second length, and the first length is L2, the first communication node can modulate the identity information to obtain the corresponding modulated symbols. Then, using symbol spreading technology, each modulated symbol is extended by an L2-length spreading code or spreading sequence, so that each modulated symbol is expanded into L2 symbols, resulting in the extended identity information. For example, if a symbol is 's', the L2-length spreading code is [c1, c2, ... c...]. L2 ], s is expanded by this L2-length extended code into L2 symbols [s*c1, s*c2, ..., s*c L2 The asterisk (*) here can represent a multiplication operation.

[0085] In one example, when transmitting identification information, the first communication node autonomously determines the spreading code or spreading sequence used to spread bits or modulation symbols, without requiring or being able to be specified by the second communication node. In this example, the process of the first communication node autonomously determining the spreading code or spreading sequence is a separate autonomous determination process from the process of autonomously determining the transmission time slot. In another example, if different first communication nodes autonomously determine the same transmission time slot for transmitting identification information, but the autonomously determined spreading code (or spreading sequence) is different, then the second communication node can detect the identification information of different first communication nodes overlapping in the same transmission time slot by using the different spreading codes (or spreading sequences).

[0086] In one embodiment, the mapping relationship between the spreading code and the pilot signal used in the bit spreading or symbol spreading techniques includes one of the following: one pilot signal corresponds to one spreading code in the spreading code set; at least two pilot signals correspond to one spreading code in the spreading code set; one pilot signal corresponds to at least two spreading codes in the spreading code set. When using symbol spreading or bit spreading techniques to spread identity information, there can be a certain correlation between the pilot signal and the spreading code determined by the first communication node. In one example, the pilot signal and the spreading code in the spreading code set are in a one-to-one correspondence, i.e., one pilot signal corresponds to one spreading code. Thus, after the second communication node detects the pilot signal in the identity information transmission, it can estimate the transmission channel of the identity information and also obtain the spreading code used for the identity information transmission. In another example, the pilot signal and the spreading code in the spreading code set are many-to-one, i.e., at least two pilot signals can correspond to one spreading code. Thus, after the second communication node detects the pilot signal in the identity information transmission, it can estimate the transmission channel of the identity information and also obtain the spreading code used for the identity information transmission. In one example, the pilot signal and the spreading codes in the spreading code set are one-to-many, that is, one pilot signal can correspond to at least two spreading codes. In this way, after the second communication node detects the pilot signal in the transmission of identity information, it can obtain the spreading code set used for the transmission of identity information, and then detect the identity information by estimating the channel and the spreading code set.

[0087] In one example, the pilot signal and spreading code determined autonomously by the first communication node are not related and are independent of each other. That is, there is no correspondence between the pilot signal and the spreading code. In this way, even if the pilot signals of different first communication nodes collide, their corresponding spreading codes may be different. Thus, the identity information of each first communication node can be detected by the spreading code, which effectively ensures the transmission performance of the identity information. Spread code detection in this case usually requires a certain blind detection method.

[0088] In one embodiment, each spreading code in the spreading code set includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0. In one example, each spreading code can be a sequence, for example, each spreading code may contain elements consisting of 1 or -1; or each spreading code may contain elements consisting of 1 or 0; or each spreading code may contain elements consisting of 1, 0, or -1; or each spreading code may contain elements consisting of -1 or 0.

[0089] In one embodiment, the extended code set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0090] In one embodiment, the information transmission method applied to the first communication node further includes: encoding the identity information to obtain the encoded identity information;

[0091] Accordingly, sending identification information to the second communication node includes sending encoded identification information to the second communication node. Before the first communication node sends the identification information to the second communication node, if the first communication node has not transmitted other messages with the second communication node, different first communication nodes may independently choose the same time slot for identification information transmission. In this case, the second communication node may receive two overlapping identification information. In order to improve the spectral efficiency of identification information transmission, the first communication node can encode the identification information and send the encoded identification information to the second communication node.

[0092] In one embodiment, encoding the identity information to obtain encoded identity information includes: performing Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) encoding and error correction encoding on the identity information to obtain encoded identity information. The first communication node can perform CRC encoding and error correction encoding on each bit of the identity information before sending the encoded identity information to the second communication node to improve the transmission reliability of the identity information.

[0093] In one embodiment, the error-correcting code includes one of the following: convolutional code; polar code. In one example, the polar code may also be referred to as a Polar code.

[0094] In one embodiment, sending identification information to the second communication node includes: sending identification information to the second communication node via backscatter communication; or,

[0095] The identification information is transmitted to the second communication node by changing the antenna impedance based on the identification information. In one example, the first communication node uses a backscatter communication mechanism to transmit the identification information to the second communication node. In one example, the energy required for the backscatter communication mechanism can be obtained by the first communication node from the radio frequency signal transmitted by the second communication node. In another example, the energy required for the backscatter communication mechanism can be collected by the first communication node from the environment, and does not require a conventional battery. In this case, the first communication node can be an Ambient IoT terminal. In one example, when the second communication node is a base station, it covers a large number of users at a long distance, resulting in significant interference in its transmission. The first communication node can use backscatter communication to transmit the identification information to the second communication node, which can reduce the impact of signal obstruction or interference and effectively improve the anti-interference capability of data transmission.

[0096] In one embodiment, Figure 4 is a flowchart of another information transmission method provided by an embodiment of this application. This embodiment is applied to the simple and fast transmission of identification information in scenarios such as environmental IoT, passive IoT, or RFID. This embodiment can be executed by a second communication node. For example, the second communication node can be a card reader or a reader-writer. As shown in Figure 4, this embodiment includes: S210.

[0097] S210, Receive the identity information sent by the first communication node.

[0098] In one embodiment, receiving identification information sent by a first communication node includes: receiving identification information sent by a first communication node without transmitting auxiliary messages.

[0099] In one embodiment, the auxiliary message includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

[0100] In one embodiment, the information transmission method applied to the second communication node further includes:

[0101] Receive pilot signals and identification information determined autonomously by the first communication node.

[0102] In one embodiment, the method for determining the pilot signal includes: selecting at least one pilot sequence as the pilot signal from a set of pilot sequences by a first communication node based on at least part of the information in the identity information.

[0103] In one embodiment, selecting at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal from a set of pilot sequences based on at least a portion of the information in the identity information includes one of the following:

[0104] Using at least a portion of the identity information as an index value, select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal;

[0105] Perform calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, and select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on the calculation results;

[0106] At least a portion of the identity information is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal;

[0107] The system performs calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, uses the calculation result as the initial state of the sequence generator, and generates at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal.

[0108] In one embodiment, the method for determining the pilot signal includes: randomly selecting at least one pilot sequence from a set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal.

[0109] In one embodiment, at least one pilot sequence is randomly selected from the set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal, including one of the following:

[0110] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using the at least one random number;

[0111] At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using at least one set of bits;

[0112] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal by using the at least one random number as the initial state of the sequence generator.

[0113] At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal using the at least one set of bits as the initial state of the sequence generator.

[0114] In one embodiment, at least two pilot sequences are selected as pilot signals, and the selection of the at least two pilot sequences is independent of each other.

[0115] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following representation methods: a table containing at least one pilot sequence; an array containing at least one pilot sequence; a matrix containing at least one pilot sequence; or a memory containing at least one pilot sequence.

[0116] In one embodiment, the process of generating the pilot sequence set includes:

[0117] Different pilot sequences can be generated by setting different initial states;

[0118] A set of pilot sequences is composed of different pilot sequences.

[0119] In one embodiment, each pilot sequence in the set of pilot sequences includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

[0120] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0121] In one embodiment, receiving identity information sent by a first communication node includes: receiving extended identity information sent by the first communication node; wherein the extended identity information is obtained by the first communication node by extending the identity information.

[0122] In one embodiment, the method for determining the extended identity information includes one of the following:

[0123] The first communication node uses bit extension technology to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information to obtain the extended identity information.

[0124] The first communication node uses symbol extension technology to extend the modulation symbols generated by the identity information to obtain the extended identity information.

[0125] In one embodiment, the mapping relationship between the spreading code and the pilot signal used in the bit spreading technique or symbol spreading technique includes one of the following: one pilot signal corresponds to one spreading code in the spreading code set; at least two pilot signals correspond to one spreading code in the spreading code set; one pilot signal corresponds to at least two spreading codes in the spreading code set.

[0126] In one embodiment, each expansion code in the expansion code set includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

[0127] In one embodiment, the extended code set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0128] In one embodiment, receiving identity information sent by the first communication node includes:

[0129] Receive encoded identity information sent by the first communication node; wherein the encoded identity information is obtained by the first communication node encoding the identity information.

[0130] In one embodiment, the method for determining the encoded identity information includes: the first communication node performs cyclic redundancy check (CRC) encoding and error correction encoding on the identity information to obtain it.

[0131] In one embodiment, the error correction coding includes one of the following: convolutional codes; polar codes.

[0132] In one embodiment, receiving identity information sent by the first communication node includes:

[0133] Receive identification information sent by the first communication node using backscatter communication; or,

[0134] Receive the identification information sent by the first communication node in a manner that changes the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

[0135] In one embodiment, the identification information includes one of the following: Product Code (PC); Generic Product Code; Electronic Product Code (EPC); Electronic Product Code.

[0136] In one embodiment, the first communication node includes one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; or an RFID terminal.

[0137] It should be noted that the explanation and determination process of parameters such as auxiliary messages, identification information, pilot signals, pilot sequence sets, pilot sequences, extended identification information, and encoded identification information in the information transmission method applied to the second communication node can be found in the description of the corresponding parameters in the information transmission method applied to the first communication node, and will not be repeated here.

[0138] In the following embodiments, taking the first communication node as an electronic tag, the second communication node as a card reader, and the identity information as EPC as an example, the transmission process of EPC will be described.

[0139] In one example, the electronic tag does not need to send a transmission request message: before sending the EPC to the reader, the electronic tag does not need to send any other messages or information in advance, but directly sends the Electronic Product Code to the reader.

[0140] In one example, the transmission request message can be a random number; the electronic tag does not need to send a random number before sending the electronic product code to the reader.

[0141] In one example, the transmission request message can be a sequence, and the electronic tag does not need to send a sequence beforehand before sending the electronic product code to the reader.

[0142] In one example, the electronic tag does not need to receive a transmission confirmation message: the electronic tag does not need to receive a transmission confirmation message from the card reader; the electronic tag can directly send the EPC to the card reader.

[0143] In one example, the transmission confirmation message could be a random number sent by the RFID tag to the reader.

[0144] In one example, the transmission confirmation message could be a sequence that the RFID tag sends to the reader.

[0145] In EPC transmission technology, an electronic tag needs to send a transmission request message to the card reader before transmitting the EPC. After receiving the transmission request message from the electronic tag, the card reader will send a transmission confirmation message (ACK) to the electronic tag. The electronic tag will only transmit the EPC after receiving this transmission confirmation message.

[0146] The transmission request message sent by the electronic tag to the card reader before transmitting the EPC can be a random number (RN) or a sequence.

[0147] Example 1: Before transmitting the EPC, the electronic tag can send a transmission request message to the card reader as a 16-bit random number (RN16). After receiving the random number from the electronic tag, the card reader can send a transmission confirmation message to the electronic tag, which can be a message related to the random number sent by the electronic tag. For example, in some solutions, the card reader will send the random number received from the electronic tag back to the electronic tag as a transmission confirmation message.

[0148] Another example is that the transmission request message sent by the electronic tag to the card reader before transmitting the EPC can be a sequence (this sequence is usually called a preamble), which is usually a sequence determined autonomously by the electronic tag; after receiving the sequence from the electronic tag, the card reader sends a transmission confirmation message to the electronic tag, which can be a message related to the sequence transmitted by the electronic tag.

[0149] Figure 5 illustrates another implementation of EPC transmission provided by related technologies. EPC transmission in these technologies can be considered to require at least three message transmission steps to complete the transmission, as shown in Figure 5: The first step is for the electronic tag to send a transmission request message (e.g., RN16) to the card reader before transmitting the EPC; the second step is for the card reader to send a transmission confirmation message (e.g., ACK) to the electronic tag; the third step is the actual EPC transmission. Therefore, traditional EPC transmission can be called 3-step EPC transmission. The first two steps of messages (or information) can be considered as auxiliary information assisting the actual EPC transmission.

[0150] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating another implementation of EPC transmission provided in this application embodiment. In essence, the EPC transmission in this application only requires one step, eliminating the need for the transmission of two auxiliary information steps prior to the EPC transmission. The EPC transmission in this application can be referred to as one-step EPC transmission, or one-shot EPC transmission, as shown in Figure 6. That is, after receiving a command from the second communication node (e.g., a card reader) to mark the start of each time slot within the inventory cycle, the first communication node (e.g., an electronic tag) can send identification information to the second communication node without transmitting auxiliary messages.

[0151] The reason why EPC transmission in related technologies requires at least three steps to complete is as follows: The two pre-transmission message steps ensure that an electronic tag has exclusive channel access during its EPC transmission, free from interference from other tag signals, thus guaranteeing EPC transmission performance. If an electronic tag sends a transmission request message to the reader before EPC transmission, and another electronic tag is also sending a pre-transmission request message, the reader will know that a collision has occurred—that is, more than one tag has connected—and will not send a transmission confirmation message. Since neither of these two electronic tags receives a confirmation message, they will not proceed with EPC transmission. Without these two pre-transmission message steps, the EPC transmissions of these two electronic tags would collide, leading to transmission failure.

[0152] Although the two message transmission steps preceding EPC transmission can prevent interference during EPC transmission, these two message transmission steps are still outside of EPC transmission, increasing the overhead of EPC transmission. Therefore, they reduce the spectral efficiency of EPC transmission and increase the latency and power consumption of EPC transmission.

[0153] Furthermore, both of the message transmission steps preceding EPC transmission have a certain probability of error. For example, in the first step, before transmitting the EPC, the electronic tag sends a transmission request message to the card reader. If this transmission request message fails to transmit due to channel fading or interference, the card reader will not send a transmission confirmation message to the electronic tag, and the electronic tag will not transmit the EPC. Alternatively, the transmission request message sent by the electronic tag before transmitting the EPC may be readable by the card reader, but if the subsequent transmission confirmation message (ACK) sent by the card reader to the electronic tag fails due to channel fading or interference, the electronic tag will not receive the transmission confirmation information, and therefore will not transmit the EPC. It is clear that any failure in either of the two message transmission steps preceding EPC transmission will cause the EPC transmission to fail.

[0154] The one-step EPC transmission or one-shot EPC transmission proposed in this application allows electronic tags to complete EPC transmission in a single step, eliminating the need for any additional transmissions beyond the EPC transmission itself. Compared to the three-step EPC transmission in related technologies, this improves spectral efficiency, timeliness, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, eliminating the need for additional transmissions beyond the EPC transmission itself avoids the problem of EPC transmission failure due to the failure of those additional transmissions. However, since the electronic tags can initiate EPC transmission directly in one step, there is no central controller to coordinate and arrange the EPC transmissions of different electronic tags; each tag decides its own transmission. This can lead to situations where more than one electronic tag selects the same transmission resource or channel to transmit EPC, resulting in an EPC transmission collision problem. The card reader receives multiple overlapping EPCs, requiring more complex signal detection.

[0155] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the implementation of EPC and pilot signal transmission according to an embodiment of this application. To make it easier for the card reader to detect each EPC from multiple overlapping EPCs, the electronic tag can autonomously determine the pilot signal (also known as the reference signal). The pilot signal is a collective term for the pilot symbol, reference symbol, demodulation reference signal, demodulation reference symbol, and preamble. The autonomously determined pilot signal is transmitted to the card reader along with the EPC, as shown in Figure 7.

[0156] In other words, the pilot signals in one-step EPC transmission or one-shot EPC transmission are determined or generated autonomously by the tag, rather than being set by the system or specified by the card reader. Different tags typically determine different pilot signals. If two tags determine the same pilot signal, it indicates a pilot signal collision.

[0157] In contrast, in EPC transmission of related technologies, the pilot signal transmitted along with the EPC is pre-set by the system; the tag cannot and does not need to determine the pilot signal independently. The pilot signal used for EPC transmission of different tags is usually the same. However, because EPC transmission in related technologies, such as the one mentioned above which requires at least three steps to complete, can basically ensure that EPC transmission of different tags will not occur simultaneously, that is, that each tag's EPC transmission has its own dedicated channel and is a single-user transmission. Therefore, it is only necessary for the EPC transmission to include a pilot signal; there is no need to require different tags to use different pilot signals for EPC transmission.

[0158] In one example, the tag can autonomously determine the pilot signal based on some or all of the information in the EPC.

[0159] Furthermore, Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the configuration of a pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 8, the pilot signal autonomously determined by the tag can be composed of W autonomously determined pilot sequences (for example, pilot sequences P1, P2...Pw); where W is greater than or equal to 1. Further, if W is greater than 1, these W autonomously determined pilot sequences are usually independent and unrelated; that is, the determination of each pilot sequence is unrelated to and has no dependency on the other W-1 pilot sequences; or, even if some pilot sequences among the W pilot sequences are known, the other pilot sequences cannot be inferred. Thus, the probability that the W autonomously determined pilot sequences of different electronic tags are completely identical is very low. The reader can use the different sequences among the W pilot sequences of different tags to estimate their channels, and then use the differences in their channels to detect the EPC of different tags.

[0160] Conversely, the transmission of related technologies may contain one pilot sequence or multiple related pilot sequences. For example, the transmission of related technologies may contain two pilot sequences [P1, P2], but these two pilot sequences are simply repeated from a single pilot sequence P, i.e., P1 = P2 = P. Alternatively, it may contain two pilot sequences [P1, P2], but [P1, P2] are formed by repeating a single pilot sequence P using OCC weighting, i.e., P1 = P, P2 = P, or P1 = P, P2 = -P. Or, the transmission may contain two pilot sequences [P1, P2], but [P1, P2] are formed by repeating a single pilot sequence P using other weighting, i.e., P1 = αP, P2 = βP, where α and β are weighting values. For example, the OCC weighting above is a special case of [α, β] = [1, 1] or [1, -1]. In such a set of multiple pilot sequences, the determination of each pilot sequence is related to and dependent on the other W-1 pilot sequences; in other words, knowing some of the W pilot sequences allows the inference of the others. This increases the probability that the W pilot sequences determined by different electronic tags are completely identical, which is detrimental to the reader's estimation of their channels and, consequently, to the reader's detection of the EPC of different tags.

[0161] The electronic tag can autonomously determine W pilot sequences as pilot signals and transmit the pilot signals together with the EPC.

[0162] In one example, a tag can determine W pilot sequences from a set of pilot sequences or a pool of pilot sequences containing a certain number of pilot sequences based on some or all of the information in the EPC, and use the W pilot sequences as pilot signals. Since the information in the EPCs of different electronic tags can be considered independent, the W pilot sequences determined from the set of pilot sequences or a pool of pilot sequences containing a certain number of pilot sequences based on the EPC information can also be considered independent.

[0163] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between a set of pilot sequences and pilot signals provided in an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 9, the set of pilot sequences contains N pilot sequences, namely z1, z2...z... NThe electronic tag can autonomously select W pilot sequences from a set of N pilot sequences as pilot signals, and send the pilot signals and EPC together to the card reader. In one example, the set of N pilot sequences can be a table, array, matrix, or memory containing N sequences; for example, a table has N rows, each row being a sequence; an array is a two-dimensional array with N items in the first dimension, each item being a sequence; a matrix is ​​an N-row matrix, each row being a sequence, or an N-column matrix, each column being a sequence; and a memory stores N items, each item being a sequence.

[0164] In one example, Figure 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between a sequence generator and a pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 10, the set of pilot sequences can also be a set of pilot sequences generated by a sequence generator. This sequence generator can generate different pilot sequences by setting different initial states. The electronic tag generates pilot sequences through this sequence generator, constructs pilot signals from the generated pilot sequences, and sends the pilot signals and EPC together to the card reader.

[0165] For example, if EPC can be viewed as a string of numbers, the tag uses the numbers in EPC as index values ​​to select W pilot sequences from the pilot sequence pool; or, the tag uses the numbers in EPC for calculation and selects W pilot sequences from the pilot sequence pool based on the calculation result; or, the tag uses the numbers in EPC as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate W pilot sequences; or, the tag uses the numbers in EPC for calculation and uses the calculation result as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate W pilot sequences.

[0166] For example, if EPC can be viewed as a string of bits, the tag uses the bits in EPC as index values ​​to select W pilot sequences from the pilot sequence pool; after processing the bits in EPC, the tag selects W pilot sequences from the pilot sequence pool based on the processing result; the tag uses the bits in EPC as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate W pilot sequences; after processing the bits in EPC, the tag uses the processing result as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate W pilot sequences.

[0167] Furthermore, if the pilot sequence set contains N pilot sequences, the tag can select W pilot sequences from the set using W groups of log2(N) bits in the EPC as addresses or indexes. Alternatively, the tag can use several bits in the EPC to obtain W groups of log2(N) bits, and then use these as addresses or indexes to select W pilot sequences from the set. For example, if the pilot sequence set contains 64 pilot sequences, the tag can use W groups of log2(64), i.e., W groups of 6 bits, in the EPC as addresses or indexes to select W pilot sequences from the set. Alternatively, the tag can use several bits in the EPC to obtain W groups of 6 bits, and then use these as addresses or indexes to select W pilot sequences from the set.

[0168] In one example, the label can randomly select W pilot sequences from a set of pilot sequences as pilot signals. For instance, W pilot sequences can be determined from a set or pool of pilot sequences containing a certain number of pilot sequences using W random numbers. Alternatively, W random numbers can be generated using a pseudo-random number generator (PN), and then these W random numbers can be used to determine W pilot sequences from a set or pool of pilot sequences containing a certain number of pilot sequences as pilot signals. Furthermore, if W is greater than 1, the W pilot sequences selected from the set of pilot sequences can be considered independent and unrelated. For example, W random numbers can be considered independent and unrelated. That is, each random number is unrelated to the other W-1 random numbers and has no dependency relationship. In other words, even if some of the W random numbers are known, the others cannot be inferred. Therefore, determining W pilot sequences from a set or pool of pilot sequences containing a certain number of pilot sequences using these W random numbers is also independent and unrelated. This makes the probability that the W pilot sequences determined autonomously by different electronic tags are completely identical very low. The reader can then use the different sequences among the W pilot sequences of different tags to estimate their channels, and further use the differences in their channels to detect the EPC of different tags.

[0169] Alternatively, the tag can generate W sets of bits using a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and then use these W sets of bits to determine W pilot sequences from a set of pilot sequences or a pool of pilot sequences containing a certain number of pilot sequences, as pilot signals.

[0170] The tag can generate W random numbers using a pseudo-random number (PN) generator, and then use these W random numbers as W initial states of the sequence generator to determine W pilot sequences, which serve as pilot signals.

[0171] The tag can generate W sets of bits through a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and then use these W sets of bits as W initial states of the sequence generator to determine W pilot sequences, which serve as pilot signals.

[0172] Each element in the above pilot sequence set consists of 1s and -1s;

[0173] Each element in the above pilot sequence set consists of 1s and 0s.

[0174] Each element in the above pilot sequence set consists of 1, 0, and -1.

[0175] Each element in the above pilot sequence set consists of 0 and -1.

[0176] The above-mentioned pilot sequence set can be a set of pilot sequences containing several Walsh sequences. Alternatively, it can be a set of pilot sequences where each row of a Hadamard matrix serves as a pilot sequence. Or, it can be a set of pilot sequences where each column of a Hadamard matrix serves as a pilot sequence. Or, it can be a set of pilot sequences where each row of an identity matrix serves as a pilot sequence.

[0177] In one example, Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of another pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 11, the pilot signal in this example may include two pilot sequences, P1 and P2, i.e., the case where W=2. The electronic tag can use these pilot sequences P1 and P2 as pilot signals and send them to the card reader together with the EPC.

[0178] In one example, Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of another pilot signal provided in an embodiment of this application. As shown in Figure 12, the pilot signal in this example may include a pilot sequence, which is P1, i.e., the case where W=1. The electronic tag can use this pilot sequence P1 as a pilot signal and send it to the card reader together with the EPC.

[0179] In related technologies, when an electronic tag transmits an EPC (Enhanced Perception) signal, the pilot signal transmitted along with the EPC is pre-set by the system and is known to both the tag and the reader. This means the tag does not need to determine it independently or randomly select it. All electronic tags use the same pilot signal when transmitting EPC. This is because EPC transmission in related technologies requires at least three steps to complete: First, the electronic tag sends a transmission request message to the reader before transmitting the EPC. Second, the reader sends a transmission confirmation message (ACK) to the electronic tag. The third step is the actual EPC transmission. These two pre-transmission messages prevent multiple electronic tags from transmitting EPC simultaneously on the same channel. In other words, during actual EPC transmission, it can be essentially assumed that only one tag is transmitting the EPC. Therefore, the pre-set, fixed pilot signal can fully ensure the demodulation performance of the reader when demodulating the received EPC. Furthermore, the pre-set, fixed pilot signal is simple to implement, which is beneficial for the low-complexity implementation of the tag.

[0180] The pilot signal in the EPC transmission of this application differs from related technologies. To improve the performance of EPC transmission, the electronic tag in this application can directly perform EPC transmission in one go (one-shot EPC transmission). All EPC transmissions are initiated autonomously by the tag itself, without unified arrangement and control by the reader or other central controller. The tag can only randomly select one of the multiple EPC transmission time slots (or multiple EPC transmission opportunities or multiple EPC transmission channels) configured by the reader to complete the EPC transmission. This may result in more than one tag selecting the same EPC transmission time slot or the same transmission channel to transmit EPC, which means that EPC transmission collisions may occur.

[0181] In the event of an EPC transmission collision, to ensure the reader can still demodulate multiple EPC messages, the demodulation order of different electronic tags' EPCs can be determined based on their demodulation power. Even though an EPC collision occurs, if the power of different EPC transmissions reaching the reader differs, the reader may be able to demodulate all colliding EPCs. Taking a collision of two EPC transmissions as an example, the reader can first demodulate the EPC transmission with higher power, then eliminate it from the received signal, and then demodulate the EPC with lower power. However, this technique requires the reader to first estimate the channel using the pilot signals in the EPC transmissions before implementation. Ideally, the pilot signals used by different electronic tags should be orthogonal and free from mutual interference. This allows the reader to accurately estimate the channel and then use the channel strength to detect the EPCs of different tags.

[0182] Furthermore, if the card reader has multiple receiving antennas, the EPC signals from different tags may arrive at the base station via different receiving antennas. The card reader can utilize these differences to detect the EPC of different tags. This is similar to spatial division multiplexing or multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) technology in wireless communication. However, this technology requires the card reader to first estimate the channel using pilot signals in the EPC transmission before it can utilize the differences in the multi-antenna channels to detect the EPC of different tags. For the card reader to estimate the channel using pilot signals in the EPC transmission, the pilot signals used by different electronic tags must be different. Otherwise, if different electronic tags use the same pilot signals for their EPC transmission, the card reader cannot estimate the EPC transmission channel of each electronic tag separately. Ideally, the pilot signals used by different electronic tags should be orthogonal and free from mutual interference. This allows the card reader to accurately estimate the channel and then utilize the differences in the multi-antenna channels to detect the EPC of different tags. An electronic tag can autonomously determine W pilot sequences as pilot signals and transmit these pilot signals along with the EPC. Furthermore, if W is greater than 1, these W autonomously determined pilot sequences are usually independent and unrelated. That is, the determination of each pilot sequence is unrelated to and undependent on the other W-1 pilot sequences. In other words, even if some pilot sequences are known, the others cannot be inferred. Thus, the probability that the W autonomously determined pilot sequences of different electronic tags are exactly the same is very low. The reader can use the different sequences among the W pilot sequences of different tags to estimate their channels, and then use the differences in their channels to detect the EPC of different tags.

[0183] Furthermore, since no other messages are transmitted with the card reader before EPC transmission, different tags will inevitably choose the same time slot for EPC transmission. This means the card reader can only receive two overlapping EPC transmissions. Therefore, symbol extension or bit extension techniques are further utilized to improve EPC transmission performance.

[0184] Electronic tags can use symbol expansion or bit expansion techniques for EPC transmission. Bit expansion refers to expanding each bit in the EPC with a length L expansion code (also known as an expansion sequence) to L bits; or, symbol expansion refers to expanding each modulation symbol corresponding to the EPC with a length L expansion code (also known as an expansion sequence) to L symbols. In this application, since no other messages are transmitted with the reader before EPC transmission, the expansion code used for bit or modulation symbol expansion during tag EPC transmission cannot be specified by the reader and is therefore determined autonomously by the tag. It is worth noting that the autonomous determination of the expansion code and the autonomous determination of the transmission time slot can be two independent autonomous determination processes. That is, although different tags autonomously determine the same EPC transmission time slot (i.e., a collision occurs), the expansion codes determined by these tags can be different. Thus, the reader may be able to detect the EPCs of different tags overlapping in the same time slot by using different expansion codes.

[0185] In one example, the relationship between the spreading code and pilot signal used in EPC transmission is illustrated. If symbol spreading or bit spreading techniques are used in EPC transmission, the pilot signal and spreading code identified by the electronic tag are usually related. For example, the pilot signal and spreading code are in a one-to-one correspondence, meaning one pilot signal corresponds to one spreading code. After the reader detects the pilot signal in the EPC transmission, it can estimate the channel of the EPC transmission and also know the spreading code used. Therefore, it can detect the EPC using the estimated channel and spreading code. Alternatively, the pilot signal and spreading code can be one-to-many, meaning one pilot signal corresponds to more than one spreading code. In this case, after the reader detects the pilot signal in the EPC transmission, it knows the set of spreading codes used in the EPC transmission and can detect the EPC using the estimated channel and spreading code set.

[0186] The pilot signal and spreading code determined by the electronic tag can also be unrelated, meaning they are independent of each other. In other words, there is no corresponding relationship between the pilot signal and the spreading code. Thus, even if the pilot signals of different tags collide, their spreading codes may still be different. This allows for the detection of different electronic tags' EPCs through the spreading code. However, with this approach, even if the reader knows the pilot signal used by a tag, it still cannot determine its spreading code, which increases the complexity of the detection process.

[0187] Electronic tags can autonomously determine their spreading code through the EPC (Enhanced Programming Controller). Specifically, this can be achieved by determining the spreading code using some or all of the bits in the EPC, or by determining the numbers within the EPC. Once a reader decodes a tag's EPC, it can accurately determine the spreading code used by the tag. This allows for more accurate signal reconstruction of the tag's transmitted signal, as signal reconstruction requires expanding the modulation symbols with the spreading code. This allows for more precise elimination of the previously decoded tag signal, resulting in less interference and better performance for the EPC signal of subsequent demodulated tags.

[0188] In one example, one of the above extension codes could be a sequence.

[0189] In one example, each of the above extended codes is composed of 1 and -1; or, each of the above extended codes is composed of 1 and 0; or, each of the above extended codes is composed of 1, 0 and -1; or, each of the above extended codes is composed of 0 and -1.

[0190] The aforementioned extended code set can be a set containing several walsh sequences; or it can be a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; or it can be a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; or it can be a set consisting of row or column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0191] Electronic tags can first process the EPC bits through CRC encoding and error correction encoding, and then use the encoded codeword bits as the extended EPC, which is then sent to the card reader. In contrast, related technologies do not use error correction encoding for EPC transmission. This is because related technologies can achieve orthogonal EPC transmission between different tags through a pre-transmission handshake process; that is, each EPC transmission has its own dedicated channel and is conflict-free. Therefore, related technologies do not require error correction encoding protection, thus improving transmission spectral efficiency.

[0192] In one example, the error-correcting code is either a convolutional code or a Polar code.

[0193] In one example, the electronic tag sends the EPC to the reader using a backscatter communication mechanism.

[0194] In one example, the energy required for the backscatter communication mechanism is obtained from the radio frequency signal emitted by the electronic tag reader.

[0195] In one example, the energy required for the backscatter communication mechanism is collected from the environment by the RFID tag, and no conventional battery is needed; that is, the RFID tag can be an Ambient IoT terminal.

[0196] Energy is ubiquitous in daily life. Light, heat, wind, waves, sound, electromagnetic radiation, and mechanical vibrations are all forms of energy. If IoT devices could break free from the limitations of power sources and batteries, and communicate entirely by harvesting energy from these environments, true ubiquitous connectivity would be achieved. This concept is called: Passive Internet of Things (IoT).

[0197] Passive IoT devices have extremely simple networking requirements: simply reporting resource information or sending minimal sensor data. They need very low equipment and networking costs, cannot accept the maintenance expenses of regularly replacing batteries, and ideally, can operate continuously without any operation.

[0198] This necessitates building a "passive Internet of Things" for them, which does not require a power source or batteries, but can perform computing and communication simply by collecting energy from the environment, and can operate for extended periods.

[0199] Because passive IoT is powered by harvesting energy from the environment, it is called Ambient IoT. "Ambient" refers to the environment, the surroundings, specifically certain subtle but impactful conditions in the natural environment. In the context of IoT, "ambient" means environmental power. In contrast, the earlier name for passive IoT was Passive IoT, which only indicated that it didn't require a power source or battery, without specifying the energy source. Ambient IoT can be abbreviated as A-IoT.

[0200] Passive IoT devices can collect solar energy. The core technology behind solar energy harvesting is the photoelectric effect, which directly converts light energy into electrical energy. Solar energy harvesting has a wide range of applications, such as outdoor environmental monitoring, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Even indoors, as long as there is continuous lighting, IoT devices can collect energy for communication.

[0201] Furthermore, passive IoT terminals can also collect thermal energy. Thermal energy is always transferred from hotter to colder objects; in other words, as long as a temperature difference exists, thermal energy can be utilized. Thermal energy harvesting primarily converts thermal energy into electrical energy through the Seebeck effect.

[0202] Energy is also contained within mechanical vibrations. Some remote controls, when pressed, use mechanical force to deform the material, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy to power the device. There are also self-powered switches, self-powered doorbells, and so on. Every step a person takes also generates vibrations, which can be collected to power wearable devices.

[0203] In factories, equipment such as electric motors, gearboxes, and pumps continuously generate vibrations during operation. Piezoelectric materials can collect and store this micro-motion energy, which can then be used for computing and communication.

[0204] In wireless communication systems, electromagnetic waves are used to carry information. At the same time, electromagnetic waves also contain energy. Radio frequency energy harvesting (RF energy harvesting) can convert RF energy into DC energy by receiving electromagnetic waves in specific frequency bands, thereby driving low-power computing and low-power communication in IoT devices.

[0205] Radio frequency energy harvesting communication is ubiquitous in daily life. RFID and NFC technologies both operate based on short-range radio frequency energy harvesting, and they are widely used in areas such as public transport cards, ETC (Electronic Toll Collection), industrial equipment monitoring, wirelessly powered handheld devices, and wearable low-power devices.

[0206] In reality, while this energy is widespread, it is often very weak and unstable. After collection, it may need to be stored, firstly to accumulate enough energy for later use, and secondly to regulate the energy release rate to ensure a stable power supply.

[0207] The energy storage mentioned here is not a battery, but a simpler capacitor or supercapacitor. A capacitor can be considered a basic energy storage unit for passive IoT devices, ensuring a stable and continuous power supply and achieving limited energy storage.

[0208] Traditional communication involves two links: signal reception and transmission. Signal transmission requires amplification via a power amplifier after frequency conversion, and the power amplifier is often the most power-consuming component. This is unacceptable for passive IoT devices that rely entirely on ambient power. Therefore, passive IoT has introduced a new low-power communication method: backscatter communication.

[0209] When electromagnetic waves encounter objects during propagation, they will inevitably be reflected or scattered. So-called backscatter communication refers to passive IoT devices that do not have any active signal amplification units; they can complete low-speed and low-power communication simply by reflecting or scattering the signals they receive.

[0210] Currently, load modulation is the most frequently used data transmission method in backscatter communication. Load modulation changes the antenna's reflection coefficient by adjusting the antenna impedance (resistance, capacitance, or inductance) of a passive IoT device, ultimately altering the amplitude and phase of the reflected signal, thus completing the modulation process.

[0211] Taking Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) implemented with resistance modulation as an example, the terminal can switch between absorption and reflection states by changing the load reflection coefficient. These two states can represent "0" and "1". Specifically, in the absorption state, the terminal achieves impedance matching, the radio frequency signal is completely absorbed, there is no reflection or scattering, and the receiving side will receive a low-level signal, representing "0". In the reflection state, the terminal is adjusted to achieve impedance mismatch in the circuit, some signals are reflected, and the receiving side will receive a high-level signal, representing "1".

[0212] Similarly, backscatter communication terminals can also change the circuit tuning frequency by adjusting the circuit capacitance, so that the frequency of the reflected or scattered signal changes with the change of capacitance, thereby realizing frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation.

[0213] In summary, backscatter communication achieves signal modulation and transmission with extremely low complexity, eliminating the need for complex RF structures such as power amplifiers, high-precision crystal oscillators, duplexers, and filters, as well as complex baseband processing, making it possible to realize highly simplified passive IoT terminals.

[0214] In one embodiment, FIG13 is a structural block diagram of an information transmission device provided in an embodiment of this application. This embodiment is applied to a first communication node. As shown in FIG13, the information transmission device in this embodiment includes: a sending module 310.

[0215] The sending module 310 is configured to send identity information to the second communication node.

[0216] In one embodiment, the sending module is further configured to send identification information to the second communication node without transmitting auxiliary messages.

[0217] In one embodiment, the auxiliary message includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

[0218] In one embodiment, the information transmission device applied to the first communication node further includes:

[0219] The module is configured to autonomously determine the pilot signal;

[0220] The transmitting module is also configured to send pilot signals and identification information to the second communication node.

[0221] In one embodiment, the determining module is further configured to: select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on at least a portion of the information in the identity information.

[0222] In one embodiment, at least one pilot sequence is selected as a pilot signal from a set of pilot sequences based on at least a portion of the information in the identity information, including one of the following:

[0223] Using at least a portion of the identity information as an index value, select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal;

[0224] Perform calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, and select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on the calculation results;

[0225] At least a portion of the identity information is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal;

[0226] The system performs calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, uses the calculation result as the initial state of the sequence generator, and generates at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal.

[0227] In one embodiment, the determining module is further configured to randomly select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal.

[0228] In one embodiment, at least one pilot sequence is randomly selected from the set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal, including one of the following:

[0229] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using the at least one random number;

[0230] At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using at least one set of bits;

[0231] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal by using the at least one random number as the initial state of the sequence generator.

[0232] At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal using the at least one set of bits as the initial state of the sequence generator.

[0233] In one embodiment, at least two pilot sequences are selected as pilot signals, and the selection of the at least two pilot sequences is independent of each other.

[0234] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following representation methods: a table containing at least one pilot sequence; an array containing at least one pilot sequence; a matrix containing at least one pilot sequence; or a memory containing at least one pilot sequence.

[0235] In one embodiment, the process of generating the pilot sequence set includes:

[0236] Different pilot sequences can be generated by setting different initial states;

[0237] A set of pilot sequences is composed of different pilot sequences.

[0238] In one embodiment, each pilot sequence in the set of pilot sequences includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

[0239] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0240] In one embodiment, the information transmission device applied to the first communication node further includes:

[0241] The extension module is configured to extend the identity information to obtain the extended identity information;

[0242] Accordingly, identification information is sent to the second communication node, including:

[0243] Send the extended identity information to the second communication node.

[0244] In one embodiment, the identity information is extended to obtain extended identity information, including one of the following:

[0245] Bit extension technology is used to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information to obtain the extended identity information;

[0246] The modulation symbols generated by the identity information are extended using symbol extension technology to obtain the extended identity information.

[0247] In one embodiment, the mapping relationship between the spreading code and the pilot signal used in the bit spreading technique or symbol spreading technique includes one of the following: one pilot signal corresponds to one spreading code in the spreading code set; at least two pilot signals correspond to one spreading code in the spreading code set; one pilot signal corresponds to at least two spreading codes in the spreading code set.

[0248] In one embodiment, each expansion code in the expansion code set includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

[0249] In one embodiment, the extended code set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0250] In one embodiment, the information transmission device applied to the first communication node further includes:

[0251] The encoding module is configured to encode identity information to obtain encoded identity information;

[0252] Accordingly, identification information is sent to the second communication node, including:

[0253] Send the encoded identity information to the second communication node.

[0254] In one embodiment, the identity information is encoded to obtain encoded identity information, including:

[0255] The identity information is encoded by cyclic redundancy check (CRC) encoding and error correction encoding to obtain the encoded identity information.

[0256] In one embodiment, the error correction coding includes one of the following: convolutional codes; polar codes.

[0257] In one embodiment, sending identification information to the second communication node includes:

[0258] Send identification information to the second communication node using backscatter communication; or,

[0259] The identification information is sent to the second communication node by changing the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

[0260] In one embodiment, the identification information includes one of the following: Product Code (PC); Generic Product Code; Electronic Product Code (EPC); Electronic Product Code.

[0261] In one embodiment, the first communication node includes one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; or an RFID terminal.

[0262] The information transmission device provided in this embodiment is configured to implement the information transmission method applied to the first communication node in the embodiment shown in Figure 3. The implementation principle and technical effect of the information transmission device provided in this embodiment are similar, and will not be described again here.

[0263] In one embodiment, FIG14 is a structural block diagram of another information transmission device provided in this application embodiment. This embodiment is applied to a second communication node. As shown in FIG14, the information transmission device in this embodiment includes: a receiving module 410.

[0264] The receiving module 410 is configured to receive the identity information sent by the first communication node.

[0265] In one embodiment, the receiving module is further configured to receive identification information sent by the first communication node without transmitting auxiliary messages.

[0266] In one embodiment, the auxiliary message includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

[0267] In one embodiment, the information transmission device applied to the second communication node further includes:

[0268] The receiving module is also configured to receive pilot signals and identification information determined autonomously by the first communication node.

[0269] In one embodiment, the method for determining the pilot signal includes: selecting at least one pilot sequence as the pilot signal from a set of pilot sequences by a first communication node based on at least part of the information in the identity information.

[0270] In one embodiment, selecting at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal from a set of pilot sequences based on at least a portion of the information in the identity information includes one of the following:

[0271] Using at least a portion of the identity information as an index value, select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal;

[0272] Perform calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, and select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on the calculation results;

[0273] At least a portion of the identity information is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal;

[0274] The system performs calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, uses the calculation result as the initial state of the sequence generator, and generates at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal.

[0275] In one embodiment, the method for determining the pilot signal includes: randomly selecting at least one pilot sequence from a set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal.

[0276] In one embodiment, at least one pilot sequence is randomly selected from the set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal, including one of the following:

[0277] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using the at least one random number;

[0278] At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using at least one set of bits;

[0279] At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal by using the at least one random number as the initial state of the sequence generator.

[0280] At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal using the at least one set of bits as the initial state of the sequence generator.

[0281] In one embodiment, at least two pilot sequences are selected as pilot signals, and the selection of the at least two pilot sequences is independent of each other.

[0282] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following representation methods: a table containing at least one pilot sequence; an array containing at least one pilot sequence; a matrix containing at least one pilot sequence; or a memory containing at least one pilot sequence.

[0283] In one embodiment, the process of generating the pilot sequence set includes:

[0284] Different pilot sequences can be generated by setting different initial states;

[0285] A set of pilot sequences is composed of different pilot sequences.

[0286] In one embodiment, each pilot sequence in the set of pilot sequences includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

[0287] In one embodiment, the pilot sequence set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0288] In one embodiment, receiving identity information sent by a first communication node includes: receiving extended identity information sent by the first communication node; wherein the extended identity information is obtained by the first communication node by extending the identity information.

[0289] In one embodiment, the method for determining the extended identity information includes one of the following:

[0290] The first communication node uses bit extension technology to extend the bits corresponding to the identity information to obtain the extended identity information.

[0291] The first communication node uses symbol extension technology to extend the modulation symbols generated by the identity information to obtain the extended identity information.

[0292] In one embodiment, the mapping relationship between the spreading code and the pilot signal used in the bit spreading technique or symbol spreading technique includes one of the following: one pilot signal corresponds to one spreading code in the spreading code set; at least two pilot signals correspond to one spreading code in the spreading code set; one pilot signal corresponds to at least two spreading codes in the spreading code set.

[0293] In one embodiment, each expansion code in the expansion code set includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

[0294] In one embodiment, the extended code set includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

[0295] In one embodiment, receiving identity information sent by the first communication node includes:

[0296] Receive encoded identity information sent by the first communication node; wherein the encoded identity information is obtained by the first communication node encoding the identity information.

[0297] In one embodiment, the method for determining the encoded identity information includes: the first communication node performs cyclic redundancy check (CRC) encoding and error correction encoding on the identity information to obtain it.

[0298] In one embodiment, the error correction coding includes one of the following: convolutional codes; polar codes.

[0299] In one embodiment, receiving identity information sent by the first communication node includes:

[0300] Receive identification information sent by the first communication node using backscatter communication; or,

[0301] Receive the identification information sent by the first communication node in a manner that changes the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

[0302] In one embodiment, the identification information includes one of the following: Product Code (PC); Generic Product Code; Electronic Product Code (EPC); Electronic Product Code.

[0303] In one embodiment, the first communication node includes one of the following: an electronic tag; an RFID card; an environmental IoT terminal; a passive IoT terminal; a semi-passive IoT terminal; a zero-power IoT terminal; or an RFID terminal.

[0304] The information transmission device provided in this embodiment is configured to implement the information transmission method applied to the second communication node in the embodiment shown in Figure 4. The implementation principle and technical effect of the information transmission device provided in this embodiment are similar, and will not be described again here.

[0305] In one embodiment, FIG15 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a communication device provided in this application embodiment. As shown in FIG15, the device provided in this application includes: a processor 510, a memory 520, and a communication module 530. The number of processors 510 in the device can be one or more; FIG15 shows an example of one processor 510. The number of memories 520 in the device can be one or more; FIG15 shows an example of one memory 520. The processor 510, memory 520, and communication module 530 of the device can be connected via a bus or other means; FIG15 shows an example of connection via a bus. In this embodiment, the device can be a first communication node or a second communication node.

[0306] The memory 520, as a computer-readable storage medium, can be configured to store software programs, computer-executable programs, and modules, such as program instructions / modules corresponding to the device in any embodiment of this application (e.g., the sending module 310 applied to the information transmission device of the first communication node). The memory 520 may include a program storage area and a data storage area, wherein the program storage area may store an operating system and an application program required for at least one function; the data storage area may store data created according to the use of the device, etc. Furthermore, the memory 520 may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as at least one disk storage device, flash memory device, or other non-volatile solid-state storage device. In some instances, the memory 520 may further include memory remotely located relative to the processor 510, and these remote memories can be connected to the device via a network. Examples of such networks include, but are not limited to, the Internet, corporate intranets, local area networks, mobile communication networks, and combinations thereof.

[0307] When the communication device is the first communication node, the device provided above can be configured to execute the information transmission method applied to the first communication node provided in any of the above embodiments, and has the corresponding functions and effects.

[0308] When the communication device is a second communication node, the device provided above can be configured to execute the information transmission method for the second communication node provided in any of the above embodiments, and has the corresponding functions and effects.

[0309] This application embodiment also provides a storage medium containing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a computer processor, are used to perform an information transmission method applied to a first communication node, the method including: sending identification information to a second communication node.

[0310] This application also provides a storage medium containing computer-executable instructions. When executed by a computer processor, the computer-executable instructions are used to perform an information transmission method applied to a second communication node. The method includes: receiving identity information sent by a first communication node.

[0311] Those skilled in the art will understand that the term user equipment covers any suitable type of wireless user equipment, such as mobile phones, portable data processing devices, portable web browsers, or vehicle-mounted mobile stations.

[0312] Generally, the various embodiments of this application can be implemented in hardware or dedicated circuitry, software, logic, or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects can be implemented in hardware, while others can be implemented in firmware or software that can be executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device, although this application is not limited thereto.

[0313] Embodiments of this application can be implemented by executing computer program instructions through the data processor of a mobile device, for example, in a processor entity, or through hardware, or through a combination of software and hardware. The computer program instructions can be assembly instructions, Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, status setting data, or source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages.

[0314] Any block diagram of logical flow in the accompanying drawings of this application may represent program steps, or may represent interconnected logic circuits, modules, and functions, or may represent a combination of program steps and logic circuits, modules, and functions. The computer program may be stored on memory. Memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as, but not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), optical storage devices and systems (Digital Video Disc (DVD) or Compact Disk (CD)), etc. Computer-readable media may include non-transitory storage media. The data processor may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, such as, but not limited to, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and processors based on multi-core processor architectures.

[0315] This application also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, can implement the information transmission method provided in any embodiment of this application.

[0316] In the implementation of the computer program product, computer program code for performing the operations of this application can be written in one or more programming languages ​​or a combination thereof. Programming languages ​​include object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Java, Smalltalk, and C++, as well as conventional procedural programming languages ​​such as C or similar languages. The program code can be executed entirely on the user's computer, partially on the user's computer, as a standalone software package, partially on the user's computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In cases involving remote computers, the remote computer can be connected to the user's computer via any type of network—including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN)—or can be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet service provider).

Claims

1. An information transmission method, applied to a first communication node, comprising: Send identification information to the second communication node.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, Sending identification information to the second communication node includes: Without transmitting auxiliary messages, send identification information to the second communication node.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein, The auxiliary message includes at least one of the following: a random number; a set of randomly generated bits; a randomly generated sequence; or a randomly selected sequence.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Autonomously determine pilot signals; The pilot signal and the identification information are sent to the second communication node.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein, The autonomously determined pilot signal includes: At least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on at least some of the information in the identity information.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein, The step of selecting at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on at least a portion of the information in the identity information includes one of the following: Using at least a portion of the identity information as an index value, at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal; Perform calculations on at least a portion of the identity information, and select at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal based on the calculation results; At least a portion of the identity information is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal. The identity information is processed by at least a portion of the information, and the result is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein, The autonomously determined pilot signal includes: At least one pilot sequence is randomly selected from the set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein, The random selection of at least one pilot sequence from the set of pilot sequences as the pilot signal includes one of the following: At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using the at least one random number; At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is selected from the set of pilot sequences as a pilot signal using the at least one set of bits; At least one random number is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, and the at least one random number is used as the initial state of the sequence generator to generate at least one pilot sequence as a pilot signal. At least one set of bits is generated by a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, and at least one pilot sequence is generated as a pilot signal using the at least one set of bits as the initial state of the sequence generator.

9. The method according to any one of claims 5-8, wherein, At least two pilot sequences are selected as pilot signals, and the selection of the at least two pilot sequences is independent of each other.

10. The method according to any one of claims 5-8, wherein, The pilot sequence set includes one of the following representation methods: a table containing at least one pilot sequence; an array containing at least one pilot sequence; a matrix containing at least one pilot sequence; or a memory containing at least one pilot sequence.

11. The method according to any one of claims 5-8, wherein, The process of generating the pilot sequence set includes: Different pilot sequences can be generated by setting different initial states; The different pilot sequences constitute a pilot sequence set.

12. The method of any one of claims 5-8, wherein, The combination of elements for each pilot sequence in the set of pilot sequences includes one of the following: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

13. The method of any one of claims 5-8, wherein, The set of pilot sequences includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, further comprising: The identity information is expanded to obtain expanded identity information; Sending identification information to the second communication node includes: The extended identity information is sent to the second communication node.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein, The expansion of the identity information to obtain expanded identity information includes one of the following: The bits corresponding to the identity information are extended using bit extension technology to obtain the extended identity information; The modulation symbols generated from the identity information are extended using symbol extension technology to obtain the extended identity information.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein, The mapping relationship between the bit extension technique or symbol extension technique and the pilot signal includes one of the following: one pilot signal corresponds to one extension code in the extension code set; at least two pilot signals correspond to one extension code in the extension code set; one pilot signal corresponds to at least two extension codes in the extension code set.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein, Each extended code in the set of extended codes includes one of the following combinations of elements: 1 and -1; 1 and 0; 1, 0 and -1; -1 and 0.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein, The set of extended codes includes one of the following: a set consisting of at least one Walsh sequence; a set consisting of row vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of column vectors of a Hadamard matrix; a set consisting of row vectors of an identity matrix; or a set consisting of column vectors of an identity matrix.

19. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, further comprising: The identity information is encoded to obtain encoded identity information; Sending identification information to the second communication node includes: The encoded identity information is sent to the second communication node.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein, The process of encoding the identity information to obtain encoded identity information includes: The identity information is subjected to cyclic redundancy check (CRC) encoding and error correction encoding to obtain the encoded identity information.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein, The error correction coding includes one of the following: convolutional codes; polar codes.

22. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein, Sending identification information to the second communication node includes: Send identification information to the second communication node using backscatter communication; or, The identification information is sent to the second communication node by changing the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

23. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein, The identification information includes one of the following: Product Code (PC); General Product Code; Electronic Product Code (EPC); Electronic Product Code.

24. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein, The first communication node includes one of the following: electronic tag; radio frequency card; environmental IoT terminal; passive IoT terminal; semi-passive IoT terminal; zero-power IoT terminal; radio frequency identification terminal.

25. An information transmission method, applied to a second communication node, comprising: Receive the identity information sent by the first communication node.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein, The receipt of identity information sent by the first communication node includes: Without transmitting auxiliary messages, receive the identity information sent by the first communication node.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising: Receive the pilot signal and the identity information determined autonomously by the first communication node.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein, The step of receiving identity identification information sent by the first communication node includes: receiving extended identity identification information sent by the first communication node; wherein the extended identity identification information is obtained by the first communication node by extending the identity identification information.

29. The method of claim 25, wherein, The receipt of identity information sent by the first communication node includes: The system receives encoded identity information sent by a first communication node; wherein the encoded identity information is obtained by the first communication node encoding the identity information.

30. The method of any one of claims 25-29, wherein, The receipt of identity information sent by the first communication node includes: Receive identification information sent by the first communication node using backscatter communication; or, The first communication node sends identification information by changing the antenna impedance according to the identification information.

31. A communication device, comprising: Memory, and one or more processors; The memory is configured to store one or more programs; When the one or more programs are executed by the one or more processors, the one or more processors perform the method as described in any one of claims 1-24 or 25-30.

32. A storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the method as described in any one of claims 1-24 or 25-30.

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