Engineered CD58 variants and methods of use thereof
Engineered CD58 variants with cysteine substitutions improve stability and binding affinity, addressing the limitations of natural CD58 proteins for therapeutic applications in immune modulation and cancer treatment.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- VIBRANT PHARMA LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing CD58 proteins have poor stability and binding affinity, limiting their effectiveness as therapeutic agents for immune modulation and cancer treatment.
Engineered CD58 variants with cysteine substitutions form disulfide bridges, enhancing stability and binding affinity to CD2, allowing for improved therapeutic efficacy.
The engineered CD58 variants exhibit increased thermostability and binding activity, making them effective for treating immune disorders and cancers such as HER2-positive cancer and various leukemias.
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Figure PCTCN2026073861-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2026073861-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2026073861-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ENGINEERED CD58 VARIANTS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 074596, filed on January 24, 2025. The entire contents of the foregoing application are incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The disclosure generally relates to engineered CD58 variants and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] CD58, also known as LFA-3, is a glycoprotein expressed on the surfaces of a variety of cell types. CD58 is a ligand for CD2, and this pair of adhesion molecules is involved in immune modulation in a variety of cell types. In particular, the CD2 pathway can directly mediate CD3-independent T cell activation (see, e.g., Ohno et al., 1991, J Immunol 146 (11) : 3742-3746) ) and has a costimulatory role in a variety of immune cell types, such as CD8+ T cells (see, e.g., Leitner et al., 2015, J Immunol 195 (2) : 477-487) and NK cells (see, e.g., Liu et al., 2016, Cell Reports 15 (5) : 1088-1099) .
[0005] Due to the involvement of the CD2 pathway in cellular processes associated with immune responses, tumorigenesis and other disease states, there is a need for developing therapeutic agents that target this pathway.SUMMARY
[0006] The disclosure provides engineered CD58 variants, e.g., variant CD58 domains. The engineered CD58 variants have been engineered to include a pair of cysteines that are believed to form a disulfide bridge, which confers advantageous properties such as improved stability, reduced aggregation, and increased binding affinity to CD2. As a result, they can be used to modulate the CD2 pathway. The present disclosure describes engineered CD58 variants that can bind to both human CD2 and Cynomolgus monkey CD2. Specifically, binding of the variant CD58 domains to human CD2 ensures that they may work in humans as therapeutics; whereas binding of the variant CD58 domains to Cynomolgus monkey CD2 ensures that they may be useful in animal testing during human therapeutic development.
[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a CD2-binding polypeptide comprising a variant CD58 domain having a pair of cysteine substitutions, in some embodiments, the cysteine substitutions are selected from: (1) a A73C substitution and a V81C substitution; (2) a E106C substitution and a T113C substitution; (3) a L51C substitution and a G88C substitution; (4) a L51C substitution and a N109C substitution; (5) a L66C substitution and a T85C substitution; (6) a N40C substitution and a Y93C substitution; (7) a P50C substitution and a V86C substitution; (8) a Q32C substitution and a F117C substitution; or (9) a S47C substitution and a S87C substitution, in some embodiments, the position is determined relative to SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, (1) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3; (2) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4; (3) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 13; (4) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14; (5) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 16; (6) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 19; (7) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 20; (8) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 21; or (9) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0008] In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits increased thermostability as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions. In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits at least a 10%increase, at least a 20%increase, at least a 30%increase, at least a 40%increase, or at least a 50%increase in its melting temperature (Tm) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions. In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits an increase of at least 1℃, at least 2℃, at least 3℃, at least 4℃, at least 5℃, at least 6℃, at least 7℃, at least 8℃, at least 9℃, at least 10℃, at least 11℃, at least 12℃, at least 13℃, at least 14℃, at least 15℃, at least 16℃, at least 17℃, at least 18℃, at least 19℃, at least 20℃, at least 21℃, at least 22℃, at least 23℃, at least 24℃, or at least 25℃ in its melting temperature (Tm) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions. In some embodiments, the Tm is measured by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) . In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits increased binding activity as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions, optionally the CD2 is human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2. In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits at least a 5%increase, at least a 10%increase, at least a 20%increase, at least a 30%increase, at least a 40%increase, at least a 50%increase, or at least a 60%increase in its binding activity (e.g., at least a 5%decrease, at least a 10%decrease, at least a 20%decrease, at least a 30%decrease, at least a 40%decrease, at least a 50%decrease, or at least a 60%decrease in its EC50 value) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions. In some embodiments, the binding activity is measured by ELISA. In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits increased binding affinity (e.g., at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 60%) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions, optionally the CD2 is human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2. In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide has a KD value of less than 1 × 10-6 M, less than 9 × 10-7 M, less than 8 × 10-7 M, less than 7 × 10-7 M, less than 6 × 10-7 M, less than 5 × 10-7 M, less than 4 × 10-7 M, less than 3 × 10-7 M, less than 2 × 10-7 M, or less than 1 × 10-7 M. In some embodiments, the binding affinity is measured by BLI.
[0009] In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide.
[0010] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a conjugate comprising the CD2-binding polypeptide described herein, and an agent. In some embodiments, the agent is a therapeutic agent, a diagnostic agent, a masking moiety, a cleavable moiety, a stabilizing moiety or any combination thereof.
[0011] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the CD2-binding polypeptide or the conjugate described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0012] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating an immune or inflammatory disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the CD2-binding polypeptide or the conjugate described herein.
[0013] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a subject with cancer, comprising administering to the subject suffering from cancer an effective amount of the CD2-binding polypeptide or the conjugate described herein. In some embodiments, the cancer is HER2-positive cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, brain tumor, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, bronchial tumor, Burkitt Lymphoma, carcinoma of unknown primary origin, cardiac tumor, cervical cancer, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, ductal carcinoma, embryonal tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, fibrous histiocytoma, Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer, germ cell tumor, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, gestational trophoblastic disease, glioma, head and neck cancer, hairy cell leukemia, hepatocellular cancer, histiocytosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumor, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lobular carcinoma in situ, lung cancer, lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary, midline tract carcinoma involving NUT gene, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndrome, myelodysplastic / myeloproliferative neoplasm, nasal cavity and para-nasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillomatosis, paraganglioma, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytomas, pituitary tumor, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis and ureter cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdoid tumor, salivary gland cancer, Sezary syndrome, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, spinal cord tumor, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, teratoid tumor, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, or Wilms tumor.
[0014] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the CD2-binding polypeptide described herein.
[0015] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell engineered to express the CD2-binding polypeptide described herein.
[0016] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the CD2-binding polypeptide described herein under the control of one or more promoters.
[0017] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of producing a CD2-binding polypeptide, comprising: (a) culturing the cell described herein in conditions under which the CD2-binding polypeptide is expressed; and (b) recovering the CD2-binding polypeptide from the cell culture.
[0018] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a CD2-binding polypeptide comprising a variant CD58 domain having a pair of cysteine substitutions as compared to the corresponding domain in SEQ ID NO: 37 , the cysteine substitutions selected from: (1) a A73C substitution and a V81C substitution; (2) a E106C substitution and a T113C substitution; (3) a L51C substitution and a G88C substitution; (4) a L51C substitution and a N109C substitution; (5) a L66C substitution and a T85C substitution; (6) a N40C substitution and a Y93C substitution; (7) a P50C substitution and a V86C substitution; (8) a Q32C substitution and a F117C substitution; or (9) a S47C substitution and a S87C substitution.
[0019] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0020] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0021] FIGS. 1A-1D show curves of recombinant CD58 variants binding to human CD2.
[0022] FIGS. 2A-2D show curves of recombinant CD58 variants binding to Cynomolgus monkey CD2.
[0023] FIGS. 3A-3C show curves of recombinant CD58 variants binding to human CD2, after the recombinant CD58 variants were stored at -80℃ for one month.
[0024] FIGS. 4A-4C show curves of recombinant CD58 variants binding to Cynomolgus monkey CD2, after the recombinant CD58 variants were stored at -80℃ for one month.
[0025] FIG. 5 lists sequences discussed in the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] This disclosure relates to engineered CD58 variants, e.g., variant CD58 domains and CD2-binding polypeptides that comprise one or more variant CD58 domains, and their use for treating disorders (e.g., proliferative conditions) , autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, and / or cancer.
[0027] Generally, and unless indicated otherwise, the terms “correspond” and “corresponding” with respect to nucleotide or amino acid positions of a nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence, refer to nucleotides or amino acid positions identified upon alignment of a query sequence with all or a portion (e.g., a domain) of a reference sequence to maximize identity. For example, the engineered CD58 variants of the disclosure (e.g., any of the variant CD58 domains described herein) may include cysteine substitutions as compared to the domains in wildtype CD58, for example as compared to the entire CD58 protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37, the CD58 extracellular region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, or the CD58 Ig-V domain as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0028] In the context of the primary amino acid sequence of a polypeptide, the terms “modification” and “mutation” refer to an amino acid substitution, insertion, and / or deletion in the polypeptide sequence relative to a reference polypeptide. Additionally, the term “modification” further encompasses an alteration to an amino acid residue, for example by chemical conjugation (e.g., of a drug or polyethylene glycol moiety) or post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation) .
[0029] The term “operably linked” refers to a functional relationship between two or more peptide or polypeptide domains or nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) segments. In the context of a fusion protein or other polypeptide, the term “operably linked” means that two or more amino acid segments are linked so as to produce a functional polypeptide. For example, in the context of an antigen-binding molecule, separate antigen-binding modules (ABMs) (or chains of an ABM) can be operably linked through peptide linker sequences. In the context of a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, such as a polypeptide chain of an antigen-binding molecule, “operably linked” means that the two nucleic acids are joined such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two nucleic acids remain in-frame. In the context of transcriptional regulation, the term refers to the functional relationship of a transcriptional regulatory sequence to a transcribed sequence. For example, a promoter or enhancer sequence is operably linked to a coding sequence if it stimulates or modulates the transcription of the coding sequence in an appropriate host cell or other expression system.
[0030] The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms encompass amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymer. Additionally, the terms encompass amino acid polymers that are derivatized, for example, by synthetic derivatization of one or more side chains or termini, glycosylation, PEGylation, circular permutation, cyclization, linkers to other molecules, fusion to proteins or protein domains, and addition of peptide tags or labels.
[0031] The term “tumor” is used interchangeably with the term “cancer” herein, e.g., both terms encompass solid and liquid, e.g., diffuse or circulating, tumors. As used herein, the term “cancer” or “tumor” includes premalignant, as well as malignant cancers and tumors.
[0032] The term “non-native disulfide bond” refers to a disulfide bond that does not naturally exist in a wild-type protein. In some embodiments, the non-native disulfide bond is formed by two cysteine residues, wherein at least one of them is a mutation. In some embodiments, two of them are mutations. In some embodiments, at least one or two cysteine residues are introduced by insertion. In some embodiments, a deletion changes the distance between two existing cysteine residues, which then forms a disulfide bond that does not exist in a wild-type protein.
[0033] The term “engineered CD58 variant” refers to a polypeptide derived from a wildtype CD58 polypeptide or a portion thereof, optionally with one or more mutations (e.g., insertions, deletions, or substitutions) . In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises or consists of the extracellular region of CD58. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises or consists of the Ig-V domain of CD58. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 29-123 of human CD58 (SEQ ID NO: 37) . In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant has one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) mutations (e.g., amino acids are substituted by cysteine) .
[0034] The term “variant CD58 domain” refers to a domain of CD58, with one or more mutations (e.g., insertions, deletions, or substitutions) as compared the sequence of a wildtype CD58 domain.
[0035] Engineered CD58 Variants
[0036] CD58, also known as LFA-3, is the natural ligand for CD2. CD58 / LFA-3 proteins are glycoproteins that are expressed on the surfaces of a variety of cell types and play roles in mediating T-cell interactions with APCs in both antigen-dependent and antigen-independent manners. The interactions between CD58 and CD2 have been mapped through x-ray crystallography and molecular modeling and occur through the Ig-V domain of CD58. Details of CD58 and its interaction with CD2 can be found, e.g., in Dustin, M.L., et al. "Role of lymphocyte adhesion receptors in transient interactions and cell locomotion. " Annual Review of Immunology 9.1 (1991) : 27-66; Wallner, B.P., et al. "Primary structure of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3) . The ligand of the T lymphocyte CD2 glycoprotein. " The Journal of Experimental Medicine 166.4 (1987) : 923-932; Ikemizu, S., et al. "Crystal structure of the CD2-binding domain of CD58 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3) at resolution. " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96.8 (1999) : 4289-4294; Sun, Z.Y.J., et al. "Functional glycan‐free adhesion domain of human cell surface receptor CD58: design, production and NMR studies. " The EMBO Journal (1999) ; and Wang, J., et al. "Structure of a heterophilic adhesion complex between the human CD2 and CD58 (LFA-3) counterreceptors. " Cell 97.6 (1999) : 791-803; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0037] Molecules that modulate CD2 activity (e.g., CD58 variants) may be used as immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and / or anticancer agents. For example, such molecules may be used as therapeutics for (1) autoimmune disorders, e.g., multiple sclerosis; (2) inflammatory diseases or disorders with an inflammatory or T cell-mediated component, e.g., various forms of arthritis, allograft rejections, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease) , and various dermatological conditions (e.g., psoriasis) ; and (3) cancers or tumors.
[0038] Human CD58 contains a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The CD58 extracellular region includes an Ig-V domain and an Ig-C domain. In particular, CD58 interacts with CD2 with its Ig-V region. However, the stability of the Ig-V domain of CD58 is poor.
[0039] The CD58 variants provided by the present disclosure comprise an Ig-V domain that has been engineered to include a pair of cysteine substitutions that upon recombinant expression create a disulfide bridge (e.g., any of the non-native disulfide bonds described herein) . Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the introduction of disulfide bridges improves the stability (e.g., thermostability) of CD58, which is advantageous for manufacturing a therapeutic molecule with improved storage characteristics, without impairing the ability of the Ig-V domain to bind to CD2. Exemplary amino acid pairs that can be substituted with cysteines to form a disulfide bridge upon expression (with numbering referring to the full-length CD58 protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 37) are: (1) a A73C substitution and a V81C substitution; (2) a E106C substitution and a T113C substitution; (3) a L51C substitution and a G88C substitution; (4) a L51C substitution and a N109C substitution; (5) a L66C substitution and a T85C substitution; (6) a N40C substitution and a Y93C substitution; (7) a P50C substitution and a V86C substitution; (8) a Q32C substitution and a F117C substitution; or (9) a S47C substitution and a S87C substitution. The corresponding variants are V1, V2, V11, V12, V14, V17, V18, V19, and V20, respectively, in Table 1.
[0040] The CD58 variants can also include other substitutions, e.g., substitutions that do not significantly reduce binding to CD2.
[0041] The CD58 variants of the disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence comprising at least 70%sequence identity to a CD2-binding portion of CD58, e.g., at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to a CD2-binding portion of CD58, together with at least one pair of cysteine substitutions, such as A73C +V81C; E106C + T113C; F71C + L83C; G35C + L95C; G35C + L118C; G35C + V41C; G35C + V120C; H44C + S89C; I33C + F43C; I33C + V41C; L51C + G88C; L51C +N109C; L66C + F71C; L66C + T85C; L83C + L90C; L95C + V120C; N40C + Y93C; P50C + V86C; Q32C + F117C; S47C + S87C; V54C + L66C; V54C + S107C; or V37C + V120C (amino acid numbering based on the full-length CD58 protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 37) .
[0042] It has been established that CD58 fragments containing amino acid residues 29-123 of full-length CD58 (i.e., the sequence designated as SEQ ID NO: 26) are sufficient for binding to CD2 (e.g., human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2) . Accordingly, in certain aspects, provided herein are CD58 variants (e.g., a fragment of CD58) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%identical to amino acids 29-123 of CD58, e.g., at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 26 and also comprising at least one pair of cysteine substitutions, such as a A73C +V81C; E106C + T113C; F71C + L83C; G35C + L95C; G35C + L118C; G35C + V41C; G35C + V120C; H44C + S89C; I33C + F43C; I33C + V41C; L51C + G88C; L51C +N109C; L66C + F71C; L66C + T85C; L83C + L90C; L95C + V120C; N40C + Y93C; P50C + V86C; Q32C + F117C; S47C + S87C; V54C + L66C; V54C + S107C; or V37C + V120C (amino acid numbering based on the full-length CD58 protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 37) .
[0043] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an engineered CD58 variant, wherein the engineered CD58 variant comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8) non-native disulfide bonds. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the IgV domain of a human CD58 (NP_001770.1, SEQ ID NO: 37) . In some embodiments, the IgV domain described herein corresponds to amino acids 29-123 of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the IgV domain described herein corresponds to amino acids 30-121 of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 26.
[0044] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V1, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 73 (e.g., A73) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 81 (V81) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0045] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V2, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 106 (e.g., E106) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 113 (T113) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0046] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V3, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 71 (e.g., F71) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 83 (L83) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0047] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V4, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 95 (L95) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0048] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V5, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 118 (L118) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0049] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V6, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 41 (V41) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0050] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V7, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 120 (V120) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0051] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V8, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 44 (e.g., H44) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 89 (S89) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0052] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V9, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 33 (e.g., I33) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 43 (F43) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0053] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V10, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 33 (e.g., I33) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 41 (V41) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0054] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V11, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 51 (e.g., L51) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 88 (G88) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0055] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V12, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 51 (e.g., L51) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 109 (N109) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0056] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V13, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 66 (e.g., L66) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 71 (F71) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0057] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V14, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 66 (e.g., L66) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 85 (T85) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0058] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V15, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 83 (e.g., L83) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 90 (L90) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0059] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V16, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 95 (e.g., L95) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 120 (V120) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0060] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V17, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 40 (e.g., N40) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 93 (Y93) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0061] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V18, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 50 (e.g., P50) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 86 (V86) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0062] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V19, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 32 (e.g., Q32) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 117 (F117) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0063] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V20, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 47 (e.g., S47) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 87 (S87) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0064] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V22, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 54 (e.g., V54) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 66 (L66) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0065] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V23, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 54 (e.g., V54) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 107 (S107) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0066] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V24, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 37 (e.g., V37) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 120 (V120) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0067] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V25, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 45 (e.g., V45) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 105 (M105) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0068] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V26, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 54 (e.g., V54) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 88 (M88) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0069] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V27, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 45 (e.g., V45) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 114 (M114) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0070] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered CD58 variant V28, which includes a first cysteine residue corresponding to position 56 (e.g., W56) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a second cysteine residue corresponding to position 90 (L90) of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0071] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant described herein includes one or more of the following: (1) the amino acid that corresponds to position 73 (e.g., A73) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C (cysteine) , and the amino acid that corresponds to position 81 (e.g., V81) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (2) the amino acid that corresponds to position 106 (e.g., E106) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 113 (e.g., T113) of SEQ ID NO:37 is C; (3) the amino acid that corresponds to position 71 (e.g., F71) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 83 (e.g., L83) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (4) the amino acid that corresponds to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 95 (e.g., L95) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (5) the amino acid that corresponds to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 118 (e.g., L118) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (6) the amino acid that corresponds to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 41 (e.g., V41) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (7) the amino acid that corresponds to position 35 (e.g., G35) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 120 (e.g., V120) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (8) the amino acid that corresponds to position 44 (e.g., H44) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 89 (e.g., S89) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (9) the amino acid that corresponds to position 33 (e.g., I33) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 43 (e.g., F43) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (10) the amino acid that corresponds to position 33 (e.g., I33) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 41 (e.g., V41) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (11) the amino acid that corresponds to position 51 (e.g., L51) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 88 (e.g., G88) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (12) the amino acid that corresponds to position 51 (e.g., L51) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 109 (e.g., N109) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (13) the amino acid that corresponds to position 66 (e.g., L66) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 71 (e.g., F71) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (14) the amino acid that corresponds to position 66 (e.g., L66) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 85 (e.g., T85) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (15) the amino acid that corresponds to position 83 (e.g., L83) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 90 (e.g., L90) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (16) the amino acid that corresponds to position 95 (e.g., L95) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 120 (e.g., V120) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (17) the amino acid that corresponds to position 40 (e.g., N40) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 93 (e.g., Y93) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (18) the amino acid that corresponds to position 50 (e.g., P50) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 86 (e.g., V86) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (19) the amino acid that corresponds to position 32 (e.g., Q32) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 117 (e.g., F117) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (20) the amino acid that corresponds to position 47 (e.g., S47) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 87 (e.g., S87) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (21) the amino acid that corresponds to position 54 (e.g., V54) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 66 (e.g., L66) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (22) the amino acid that corresponds to position 54 (e.g., V54) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 107 (e.g., S107) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (23) the amino acid that corresponds to position 37 (e.g., V37) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 120 (e.g., V120) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (24) the amino acid that corresponds to position 45 (e.g., V45) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 105 (e.g., M105) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (25) the amino acid that corresponds to position 54 (e.g., V54) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 88 (e.g., G88) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; (26) the amino acid that corresponds to position 45 (e.g., V45) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 114 (e.g., M114) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C; and (27) the amino acid that corresponds to position 56 (e.g., W56) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 90 (e.g., L90) of SEQ ID NO: 37 is C.
[0072] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant described herein includes one or more of the following: (1) the amino acid that corresponds to position 45 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C (cysteine) , and the amino acid that corresponds to position 53 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (2) the amino acid that corresponds to position 78 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 85 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (3) the amino acid that corresponds to position 43 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 55 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (4) the amino acid that corresponds to position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 67 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (5) the amino acid that corresponds to position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (6) the amino acid that corresponds to position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 13 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (7) the amino acid that corresponds to position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 92 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (8) the amino acid that corresponds to position 16 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 61 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (9) the amino acid that corresponds to position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (10) the amino acid that corresponds to position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 13 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (11) the amino acid that corresponds to position 23 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (12) the amino acid that corresponds to position 23 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 81 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (13) the amino acid that corresponds to position 38 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 43 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (14) the amino acid that corresponds to position 38 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 57 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (15) the amino acid that corresponds to position 55 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 62 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (16) the amino acid that corresponds to position 67 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 92 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (17) the amino acid that corresponds to position 12 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 65 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (18) the amino acid that corresponds to position 22 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 58 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (19) the amino acid that corresponds to position 4 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (20) the amino acid that corresponds to position 19 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 59 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (21) the amino acid that corresponds to position 26 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 38 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (22) the amino acid that corresponds to position 26 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 79 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (23) the amino acid that corresponds to position 9 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 92 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (24) the amino acid that corresponds to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 77 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (25) the amino acid that corresponds to position 26 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; (26) the amino acid that corresponds to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 86 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C; and (27) the amino acid that corresponds to position 28 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C, and the amino acid that corresponds to position 62 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is C.
[0073] In some embodiments, the Calpha atoms of the two selected amino acid residues are within or In some embodiments, any of the first cysteine mutations can be paired with any of the second cysteine mutations described herein, when distance of the Calpha atoms of the two selected amino acid residues is within the range described above. In some embodiments, the non-native disulfide bond can further stabilize the overall structure of CD58, e.g., the overall structure the CD58 Ig-V domain is maintained.
[0074] In some embodiments, wherein the one or more non-native disulfide bonds can stabilize the engineered CD58 variant (e.g., the internal core of human CD58 Ig-V domain) . As a result, the engineered CD58 variant may have an increased binding activity to CD2 (e.g., human CD2, Cynomolgus monkey CD2, or a fragment thereof) , e.g., as determined by ELISA; an increased thermostability (e.g., an increased Tm) , e.g., as determined by DSF; and / or an increased binding affinity to CD2 (e.g., human CD2, Cynomolgus monkey CD2, or a fragment thereof) , e.g., as determined by BLI, as compared to a wildtype CD58 or a functional fragment thereof (e.g., CD58-IgV) .
[0075] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant described herein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, or 30. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%to SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0076] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant described herein can induce CD2 signaling pathway and / or induce activation of immune cells (e.g., T cells) .
[0077] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant described herein can bind to CD2 (e.g., human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2) or a functional fragment thereof (e.g., the extracellular domain of human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2) .
[0078] Also provided herein are fusion proteins comprising the engineered CD58 variant (e.g., any of the engineered CD58 variants described herein) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a His tag, optionally at N-terminus or C-terminus. In some embodiments, the His tag described herein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises an Fc region. In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises an immunocytokine.
[0079] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to any one of the sequences shown in Table 1. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant described herein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 26, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more of the mutations described herein.
[0080] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding an engineered CD58 variant comprising a sequence that is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to any sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3-30.
[0081] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant can have at least or about 1 (e.g., at least or about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40) amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions as compared to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, or 30.
[0082] The engineered CD58 variant can have additional modifications. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant can have a CH2 domain and / or a CH3 domain of Fc. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant can be linked to the N-terminus of the CH2 domain (e.g., optionally through a hinge region, a GS linker, or any of the linker peptides described herein) . In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant can be linked to the C-terminus of the CH3 domain (e.g., optionally through a GS linker or any of the linker peptides described herein) . In some embodiments, the hinge region is an IgG hinge region. In some embodiments, the CH2 domain is an IgG CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the CH3 domain is an IgG CH3 domain.
[0083] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variant described herein can be expressed in Expi293 or CHO (e.g., CHO-S) cells.
[0084] In some embodiments, the variant CD58 domain described herein includes a domain (e.g., Ig-V domain) of an engineered CD58 variant (e.g., any of the engineered CD58 variants described herein) . In some embodiments, the CD2-binding polypeptide described herein includes an engineered CD58 variant (e.g., any of the engineered CD58 variants described herein) . In some embodiments, provided herein are protein constructs (e.g., fusion proteins or protein complexes) comprising an engineered CD58 variant (e.g., any of the engineered CD58 variants described herein) .
[0085] Characterization of Engineered CD58 Variants
[0086] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variants (e.g., any of the engineered CD58 variants described herein) or protein constructs (e.g., fusion proteins or protein complexes) thereof described herein can bind to CD2 (e.g., human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2) . Because the newly introduced non-native disulfide bond can stabilize CD58 (e.g., the core structure) without causing substantial conformational changes of the protein structure, and the residues critical for CD2-binding are unmutated, the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof can induce downstream signaling pathways, e.g., the CD2 pathway and induce T cell activation.
[0087] In some embodiments, introduction of the non-native disulfide bond, or cysteine mutations (e.g., any of the cysteine mutations described herein) can lead to protein conformational change with a RMSD (root-mean-square deviation of atomic positions) value of less than less than less than less than less than less than less than less than less than or less than In some embodiments, the RMSD value is calculated by structurally align the wild-type protein and the protein variants. In some embodiments, only Calpha atoms are used for determining the conformational change.
[0088] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof as described herein can increase immune response, activity or number of immune cells (e.g., primary T cells) by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 2 folds, 3 folds, 5 folds, 10 folds, or 20 folds.
[0089] In some implementations, the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof can bind to CD2 (e.g., human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2) with a dissociation rate (koff) of less than 1 s-1, less than 0.9 s-1, less than 0.8 s-1, less than 0.7 s-1, less than 0.6 s-1, less than 0.5 s-1, less than 0.4 s-1, less than 0.3 s-1, less than 0.2 s-1, less than 0.1 s-1, or less than 0.05 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is greater than greater than 1 s-1, greater than 0.9 s-1, greater than 0.8 s-1, greater than 0.7 s-1, greater than 0.6 s-1, greater than 0.5 s-1, greater than 0.4 s-1, greater than 0.3 s-1, greater than 0.2 s-1, greater than 0.1 s-1, greater than 0.05 s-1, or greater than 0.01 s-1.
[0090] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than greater than 1 ×104 / Ms, greater than 1 × 105 / Ms, greater than 2 × 105 / Ms, greater than 3 × 105 / Ms, greater than 4 × 105 / Ms, greater than 5 × 105 / Ms, greater than 6 × 105 / Ms, greater than 7 × 105 / Ms, greater than 8 × 105 / Ms, greater than 9 × 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 × 106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is less than 1 × 104 / Ms, less than 1 × 105 / Ms, less than 2 × 105 / Ms, less than 3 × 105 / Ms, less than 4 × 105 / Ms, less than 5 × 105 / Ms, less than 6 × 105 / Ms, less than 7 × 105 / Ms, less than 8 × 105 / Ms, less than 9 × 105 / Ms, or less than 1 ×106 / Ms.
[0091] Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . In some embodiments, KD is less than 1 × 10-6 M, less than 9 × 10-7 M, less than 8 × 10-7 M, less than 7 × 10-7 M, less than 6 × 10-7 M, less than 5 × 10-7 M, less than 4 × 10-7 M, less than 3 × 10-7 M, less than 2 × 10-7 M, or less than 1 × 10-7 M. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 × 10-6 M, greater than 9 × 10-7 M, greater than 8 × 10-7 M, greater than 7 × 10-7 M, greater than 6 × 10-7 M, greater than 5 × 10-7 M, greater than 4 × 10-7 M, greater than 3 × 10-7 M, greater than 2 × 10-7 M, or greater than 1 × 10-7 M.
[0092] In some embodiments, the binding affinity of the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof can bind to human CD2 with a KD ranging from 130 nM to 617 nM. In some embodiments, the KD ranges from about 100 nM to about 1000 nM, e.g., about 100 nM to about 900 nM, about 100 nM to about 800 nM, about 100 nM to about 700 nM, about 100 nM to about 600 nM, about 100 nM to about 500 nM, about 100 nM to about 400 nM, about 100 nM to about 300 nM, about 100 nM to about 200 nM, about 200 nM to about 1000 nM, about 200 nM to about 900 nM, about 200 nM to about 800 nM, about 200 nM to about 700 nM, about 200 nM to about 600 nM, about 200 nM to about 500 nM, about 200 nM to about 400 nM, about 200 nM to about 300 nM, about 300 nM to about 1000 nM, about 300 nM to about 900 nM, about 300 nM to about 800 nM, about 300 nM to about 700 nM, about 300 nM to about 600 nM, about 300 nM to about 500 nM, about 300 nM to about 400 nM, about 400 nM to about 1000 nM, about 400 nM to about 900 nM, about 400 nM to about 800 nM, about 400 nM to about 700 nM, about 400 nM to about 600 nM, about 400 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 1000 nM, about 500 nM to about 900 nM, about 500 nM to about 800 nM, about 500 nM to about 700 nM, about 500 nM to about 600 nM, about 600 nM to about 1000 nM, about 600 nM to about 900 nM, about 600 nM to about 800 nM, about 600 nM to about 700 nM, about 700 nM to about 1000 nM, about 700 nM to about 900 nM, about 700 nM to about 800 nM, about 800 nM to about 1000 nM, about 800 nM to about 900 nM, or about 900 nM to about 1000 nM. In some embodiments, the binding affinity is determined by BLI.
[0093] In some embodiments, the binding affinity of the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof can bind to Cynomolgus monkey CD2 with a KD ranging from 17.7 nM to 1.21 μM. In some embodiments, the KD ranges from about 10 nM to about 1500 nM, e.g., about 10 nM to about 1500 nM, about 10 nM to about 1200 nM, about 10 nM to about 900 nM, about 10 nM to about 600 nM, about 10 nM to about 300 nM, about 10 nM to about 100 nM, about 10 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 1500 nM, about 50 nM to about 1200 nM, about 50 nM to about 900 nM, about 50 nM to about 600 nM, about 50 nM to about 300 nM, about 50 nM to about 100 nM, about 100 nM to about 1500 nM, about 100 nM to about 1200 nM, about 100 nM to about 900 nM, about 100 nM to about 600 nM, about 100 nM to about 300 nM, about 300 nM to about 1500 nM, about 300 nM to about 1200 nM, about 300 nM to about 900 nM, about 300 nM to about 600 nM, about 600 nM to about 1500 nM, about 600 nM to about 1200 nM, about 600 nM to about 900 nM, about 900 nM to about 1500 nM, about 900 nM to about 1200 nM, or about 1200 nM to about 1500 nM. In some embodiments, the binding affinity is determined by BLI.
[0094] General techniques for measuring the affinity include, e.g., ELISA, Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) , radioimmunoassay (RIA) , and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) . In some embodiments, the affinity is determined by cell-based assays and / or flow cytometry. In some embodiments, the binding affinity is determined at a temperature of about 25-35℃, e.g., about 25℃, about 26℃, about 27℃, about 28℃, about 29℃, about 30℃, about 31℃, about 32℃, about 33℃, about 34℃, or about 35℃. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that engineered CD58 variants having a moderate to high level of binding activity / affinity, and / or a moderate to high level of thermal stability may exhibit desirable therapeutic effects. In some embodiments, the binding activity / affinity and / or thermal stability of such variants may or may not be as good as the control variants (e.g., any of the control variants described herein, CD58-ECD, or CD58-IgV) .
[0095] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variants described herein can bind to CD2 (e.g., human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2) with a EC50 value of less than 10 μg / ml, less than 5 μg / ml, less than 4 μg / ml, less than 3 μg / ml, less than 2.5 μg / ml, less than 2.0 μg / ml, less than 1.9 μg / ml, less than 1.8 μg / ml, less than 1.7 μg / ml, less than 1.6 μg / ml, less than 1.5 μg / ml, less than 1.4 μg / ml, less than 1.3 μg / ml, less than 1.2 μg / ml, less than 1.1 μg / ml, less than 1.0 μg / ml, less than 0.9 μg / ml, less than 0.8 μg / ml, less than 0.7 μg / ml, less than 0.6 μg / ml, less than 0.5 μg / ml, less than 0.4 μg / ml, less than 0.3 μg / ml, less than 0.2 μg / ml, or less than 0.1 μg / ml, as determined by ELISA (e.g., by using the methods described herein) .
[0096] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variants described herein can bind to CD2 (e.g., human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2) with a EC50 value that is less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%as compared to the EC50 of a control variant (e.g., CD58-IgV) . It is possible that the EC50 value for the control variant (e.g., CD58-IgV) is not determinable, e.g., due to a weak binding activity to CD2. In such cases, the highest EC50 value of the tested engineered CD58 variants (e.g., V2 or V20) may be used to represent the EC50 value of the control variant.
[0097] In some cases, the EC50 value is determined after the engineered CD58 variants described herein are stored at about -80℃ (e.g., about -70℃ to about -90℃) for at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 1 month, at least 2 months, or at least 3 months.
[0098] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variants described herein can be expressed and purified by methods commonly used in the art, e.g., affinity chromatography. In some cases, the protein constructs can be purified by size-exclusive chromatography (SEC) coupled with HPLC. In some embodiments, the percentage of the main peak in the SEC-HPLC analysis result is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the percentage of high molecular weight peak (HMW%) and / or low molecular weight peak (LMW%) is less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%.
[0099] In some embodiments, thermal stabilities of the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof described herein are determined. The engineered CD58 variants and protein constructs thereof described herein can have a Tm greater than 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, or 75℃. In some embodiments, Tm is less than 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, or 75 ℃. In some embodiments, the melting temperature (Tm) of the engineered CD58 variants and protein constructs thereof described herein can be measured by application on a heat ramp (e.g., from 25-95℃) based on differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) . DSF is a commonly used method for measuring protein thermal shifts that utilizes specialized fluorogenic dyes. With the increase of temperature, the sample will gradually unfold. The unfolded portion of the sample can bind to a specialized fluorogenic dye and emit fluorescence signals for determination of Tm. Thus, the melting temperature (Tm) is considered a key predictor of stability. In some embodiments, the Tm of the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof described herein is about 50-75℃, about 50-70℃, about 50-65℃, about 50-60℃, about 50-55℃, about 55-75℃, about 55-70℃, about 55-65℃, about 55-60℃, about 60-75℃, about 60-70℃, about 60-65℃, about 65-75℃, or about 65-70℃.
[0100] In some embodiments, the cysteine mutations (e.g., any of the cysteine mutations or a combination thereof described herein) can increase the melting temperature (Tm) of the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof described herein by at least 0.5℃, at least 1℃, at least 1.5℃, at least 2℃, at least 2.5℃, at least 3℃, at least 3.5℃, at least 4℃, at least 4.5℃, at least 5℃, at least 5.5℃, at least 6℃, at least 6.5℃, at least 7℃, at least 7.5℃, at least 8℃, at least 8.5℃, at least 9℃, at least 9.5℃, at least 10℃, at least 10.5℃, at least 11℃, at least 11.5℃, at least 12℃, at least 12.5℃, at least 13℃, at least 13.5℃, at least 14℃, at least 14.5℃, at least 15℃, at least 15.5℃, at least 16℃, at least 16.5℃, at least 17℃, at least 17.5℃, at least 18℃, at least 18.5℃, at least 19℃, at least 19.5℃, at least 20℃, at least 20.5℃, at least 21℃, at least 21.5℃, at least 22℃, at least 22.5℃, at least 23℃, at least 23.5℃, at least 24℃, at least 24.5℃, or at least 25℃.
[0101] The melting curve sometimes shows multiple transitions, e.g., with a first denaturation temperature, Tm1, and a second denaturation temperature Tm2. When there is a single peak, Tm usually refers to Tm1.
[0102] In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof described herein can inhibit tumor growth, e.g., when administered in a tumor-bearing animal. In some cases, the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof has a tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) that is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof described herein has a tumor growth inhibition percentage that is less than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. The TGI%can be determined, e.g., at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 days after the treatment starts. As used herein, the tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) is calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1-Mean (Tfinal-Tinitial) / Mean (Cfinal-Cinitial) ] ×100Tfinal is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on the final day. Tinitial is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on Day 0. Cfinal is the average tumor volume in the control group on the final day. Cinitial is the average tumor volume in the control group on Day 0.
[0103] In some embodiments, the TGI%of the engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof described herein is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold greater that of a wildtype CD58 or protein construct thereof.
[0104] Methods of Making CD58 Variants
[0105] The engineered CD58 variants or protein constructs thereof described herein can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the DNA encoding a CD58 peptide or a part thereof or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino acids sequences. In some embodiments, selective cysteine mutations (e.g., any of the cysteine mutations described herein) can be introduced to one or more pairs of residues of human CD58 Ig-V domain.
[0106] Engineered CD58 variants can be derived from any species of animal, including mammals. Non-limiting examples of CD58 variants include CD58 variants derived from humans, primates, e.g., monkeys and apes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camelids (e.g., camels and llamas) , chicken, goats, and rodents (e.g., rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) .
[0107] Screening of the engineered CD58 variants can be performed by measuring their stability. For example, some engineered CD58 variants may have an increased melting temperature (Tm) determined by DSF as compared to that of a wildtype CD58 Ig-V domain. Screening of the engineered CD58 variants can also be performed by measuring their binding ability by ELISA and binding affinity by BLI. For example, some engineered CD58 variants may have an increased binding activity or binding affinity as compared to that of a wildtype CD58 Ig-V domain.
[0108] The present disclosure also provides recombinant vectors (e.g., an expression vectors) that include an isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) , host cells into which are introduced the recombinant vectors (i.e., such that the host cells contain the polynucleotide and / or a vector comprising the polynucleotide) , and the production of recombinant polypeptides or fragments by recombinant techniques.
[0109] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-Atail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest will be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector.
[0110] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0111] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing virus packaging cells.
[0112] For expression, the DNA insert comprising an antibody-encoding or polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter) , such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters are known to the skilled artisan. The expression constructs can further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs may include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
[0113] Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma, and HEK293 cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the host cells described herein are known in the art.
[0114] Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods In Molecular Biology (1986) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0115] For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide. The signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
[0116] The polypeptide (e.g., antibody) can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein (e.g., a GST-fusion) or with a histidine-tag, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to polypeptides to engender secretion or excretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, among others, are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
[0117] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0118] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0119] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, or 600 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400 amino acid residues.
[0120] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0121] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0122] The percentage of sequence homology (e.g., amino acid sequence homology or nucleic acid homology) can also be determined. How to determine percentage of sequence homology is known in the art. In some embodiments, amino acid residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties (percent homology) , e.g., leucine and isoleucine, can be used to measure sequence similarity. Families of amino acid residues having similar physicochemical properties have been defined in the art. These families include e.g., amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . The homology percentage, in many cases, is higher than the identity percentage.
[0123] Methods of Treatment
[0124] The methods described herein include methods for the treatment of various disorders, e.g., disorders associated with cancer, and disorders associated with immune system (e.g., autoimmune diseases) . Generally, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of engineered CD58 variants as described herein, to a subject who is in need of, or who has been determined to be in need of, such treatment.
[0125] As used in this context, to “treat” means to ameliorate at least one symptom of the disorder, and / or halt, slow, delay, or inhibit progression of the disorder. Often, cancer results in death; thus, a treatment can result in an increased life expectancy (e.g., by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, or by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years) . Administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent described herein for the treatment of a condition associated with cancer will result in decreased number of cancer cells and / or alleviated symptoms.
[0126] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.
[0127] In one aspect, the disclosure also provides methods for treating a cancer in a subject, methods of reducing the rate of the increase of volume of a tumor in a subject over time, methods of reducing the risk of developing a metastasis, or methods of reducing the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0128] In one aspect, the disclosure features methods that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of engineered CD58 variants and protein constructs disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof, e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer, e.g., the cancer is HER2-positive cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, brain tumor, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, bronchial tumor, Burkitt Lymphoma, carcinoma of unknown primary origin, cardiac tumor, cervical cancer, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, ductal carcinoma, embryonal tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, fibrous histiocytoma, Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer, germ cell tumor, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, gestational trophoblastic disease, glioma, head and neck cancer, hairy cell leukemia, hepatocellular cancer, histiocytosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumor, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lobular carcinoma in situ, lung cancer, lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary, midline tract carcinoma involving NUT gene, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndrome, myelodysplastic / myeloproliferative neoplasm, nasal cavity and para-nasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillomatosis, paraganglioma, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytomas, pituitary tumor, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis and ureter cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdoid tumor, salivary gland cancer, Sezary syndrome, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, spinal cord tumor, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, teratoid tumor, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, or Wilms tumor.
[0129] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated by the present invention. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0130] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for treatment of patients at risk for a cancer. Patients with cancer can be identified with various methods known in the art.
[0131] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of developing disorders associated with an abnormal or unwanted immune response, e.g., an autoimmune disorder, e.g., by affecting the functional properties of the immune cells. These autoimmune disorders include, but are not limited to, Alopecia areata, lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, Meniere's disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, autoimmune Addison's disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune hepatitis, pemphigus vulgaris, Behcet's disease, pernicious anemia, bullous pemphigoid, polyarthritis nodosa, cardiomyopathy, polychondritis, celiac sprue-dermatitis, polyglandular syndromes, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFIDS) , polymyalgia rheumatica, chronic inflammatory demyelinating, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy, primary agammaglobulinemia, Churg-Strauss syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, cicatricial pemphigoid, psoriasis, CREST syndrome, Raynaud's phenomenon, cold agglutinin disease, Reiter's syndrome, Crohn's disease, Rheumatic fever, discoid lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Cryoglobulinemia sarcoidosis, fibromyalgia, scleroderma, Grave's disease, syndrome, Guillain-Barre, stiff-man syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Takayasu arteritis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, temporal arteritis / giant cell arteritis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) , ulcerative colitis, IgA nephropathy, uveitis, diabetes (e.g., Type I) , vasculitis, lichen planus, and vitiligo. The engineered CD58 variants and protein constructs disclosed herein can also be administered to a subject to treat, prevent, or reduce the risk of developing disorders associated with an abnormal or unwanted immune response associated with cell, tissue or organ transplantation, e.g., renal, hepatic, and cardiac transplantation, e.g., graft versus host disease (GVHD) , or to prevent allograft rejection. In some embodiments, the subject has Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, Grave’s disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s Disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis) , rheumatoid arthritis, syndrome, autoimmune nephritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus.
[0132] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of developing inflammatory diseases or disorders, e.g., various forms of arthritis, allograft rejections, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease) , and various dermatological conditions (e.g., psoriasis) .
[0133] As used herein, by an “effective amount” is meant an amount or dosage sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including halting, slowing, retarding, or inhibiting progression of a disease, e.g., a cancer or autoimmune disease. An effective amount will vary depending upon, e.g., an age and a body weight of a subject to which the antibody, antigen binding fragment, antigen-binding molecules, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotide, vector comprising the polynucleotide, and / or compositions thereof is to be administered, a severity of symptoms and a route of administration, and thus administration can be determined on an individual basis.
[0134] An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. By way of example, an effective amount of a CD58 variant, a protein construct thereof, a conjugate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof disclosed herein is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, inhibit, slow and / or delay progression of a cancer in a patient or is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, slow and / or delay proliferation of a cell (e.g., a biopsied cell, any of the cancer cells described herein, or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell line) ) in vitro. As is understood in the art, an effective amount may vary, depending on, inter alia, patient history as well as other factors such as the type (and / or dosage) of the agent used.
[0135] Effective amounts and schedules for administering the engineered CD58 variants, protein constructs thereof, conjugates thereof, and / or pharmaceutical compositions thereof disclosed herein may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art.
[0136] A typical dosage of an effective amount of an engineered CD58 variant is 0.01 μg / kg to 100 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is 0.01 μg / kg to 10 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is 0.1 μg / kg to 1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be less than 100 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be greater than 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, or 0.01 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is about 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.9 mg / kg, 0.8 mg / kg, 0.7 mg / kg, 0.6 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.4 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg.
[0137] In any of the methods described herein, the at least one engineered CD58 variant, a protein construct thereof, a conjugate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof (e.g., any of the engineered CD58 variants, protein constructs thereof, conjugates thereof, and / or pharmaceutical compositions thereof disclosed herein) and, optionally, at least one additional therapeutic agent can be administered to the subject at least once a week (e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once a day, twice a day, or three times a day) .
[0138] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of Trabectedin, nab-paclitaxel, Trebananib, Pazopanib, Cediranib, Palbociclib, everolimus, fluoropyrimidine, IFL, regorafenib, Reolysin, Alimta, Zykadia, Sutent, temsirolimus, axitinib, everolimus, sorafenib, Votrient, Pazopanib, IMA-901, AGS-003, cabozantinib, Vinflunine, an Hsp90 inhibitor, Ad-GM-CSF, Temazolomide, IL-2, IFN-α, vinblastine, Thalomid, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, azacytidine, lenalidomide, bortezomid, amrubicine, carfilzomib, pralatrexate, and enzastaurin.
[0139] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of an adjuvant, a TLR agonist, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-1, HMGB1, an IL-10 antagonist, an IL-4 antagonist, an IL-13 antagonist, an IL-17 antagonist, an HVEM antagonist, an ICOS agonist, a treatment targeting CX3CL1, a treatment targeting CXCL9, a treatment targeting CXCL10, a treatment targeting CCL5, an LFA-1 agonist, an ICAM1 agonist, and a Selectin agonist.
[0140] In some embodiments, carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, FOLFOX, or FOLFIRI are administered to the subject.
[0141] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, an anti-TIGIT antibody, an anti-BTLA antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or an anti-GITR antibody.
[0142] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration
[0143] Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) . The compositions can include a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811) . Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the antibody, antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding molecule can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceutical, Inc. ) .
[0144] Compositions containing one or more of any of engineered CD58 variants, protein constructs thereof, conjugates thereof, and / or pharmaceutical compositions thereof disclosed herein can be formulated for parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) .
[0145] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals (e.g., monkeys) . One can determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50%of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%of the population) : the therapeutic index being the ratio of LD50: ED50. Agents that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Where an agent exhibits an undesirable side effect, care should be taken to minimize potential damage (i.e., reduce unwanted side effects) . Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by other standard pharmaceutical procedures.
[0146] Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating an appropriate dosage of any given agent for use in a subject (e.g., a human) . A therapeutically effective amount of the one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or four) antibodies, antigen-binding fragments thereof, or antigen-binding molecules (e.g., any of the antibodies, antibody fragments, or antigen-binding molecules described herein) will be an amount that treats the disease in a subject (e.g., kills cancer cells ) in a subject (e.g., a human subject identified as having cancer) , or a subject identified as being at risk of developing the disease (e.g., a subject who has previously developed cancer but now has been cured) , decreases the severity, frequency, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . The effectiveness and dosing of any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, or antigen-binding molecules described herein can be determined by a health care professional or veterinary professional using methods known in the art, as well as by the observation of one or more symptoms of disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . Certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject (e.g., the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and / or age of the subject, and the presence of other diseases) .
[0147] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of any of the engineered CD58 variants, protein constructs thereof, conjugates thereof, and / or pharmaceutical compositions thereof disclosed herein per kilogram of the subject’s weight (e.g., about 0.01 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 1 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 5 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg; or about 1 μg / kg to about 50 μg / kg) . While these doses cover a broad range, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that therapeutic agents, including antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, vary in their potency, and effective amounts can be determined by methods known in the art. Typically, relatively low doses are administered at first, and the attending health care professional or veterinary professional (in the case of therapeutic application) or a researcher (when still working at the development stage) can subsequently and gradually increase the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and the half-life of the antibody, antibody fragment, or antigen-binding molecules in vivo.
[0148] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the antibodies, antigen binding fragments thereof, or antigen-binding molecules for various uses as described herein.
[0149] EXAMPLES
[0150] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0151] Unless otherwise stated, temperatures are in degrees Celsius and pressures are at or near atmospheric pressure. Standard abbreviations may be used, such as bp for base pairs; kb for kilobase pair; pL for picoliter; s for second; min for minute; h or hr for hour; aa for amino acid; nt for nucleotide; i. m. for intramuscular injection; i. p. for intraperitoneal injection; s. c. for subcutaneous injection, MPK for milligrams per kilograms, etc.
[0152] Example 1. Recombinant protein expression and purification
[0153] To evaluate the biophysical characteristics of human CD58 recombinant proteins, the proteins were transiently expressed from 293F suspension cells and purified. Specifically, the protein-encoding sequences were codon-optimized for mammalian cell expression. The 293F suspension cells were transiently transfected in the presence of PEI (polyethyleneimine) . After expression, the proteins were purified by Protein A (Cytiva, Cat#: 10324729) and Nickel-NTA (Cytiva, Cat#: 17371201) , and further purified by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) .
[0154] The CD58 recombinant proteins, e.g., CD58 extracellular domain (CD58-ECD; SEQ ID NO: 2) , CD58 extracellular Ig-V domain (CD58-ECD (Ig-V) or CD58-IgV (SEQ ID NO: 26) , and CD58-ECD variants were expressed with a C-terminal 8× His tag (SEQ ID NO: 1) . Human and Cynomolgus monkey CD2 extracellular domains were each encoded by a sequence cloned into the pCDNA3.1 vector, which also encodes the ENLYFQS sequence (SEQ ID NO: 33) and an Fc-His tag (SEQ ID NO: 34) . After expression and purification, the obtained proteins were named hCD2 (25-209) -TEV-Fc-His (SEQ ID NO: 31) and cCD2 (25-209) -TEV-Fc-His (SEQ ID NO: 32) , respectively. They were then digested with the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease (NEB, Cat#: P8112S) to remove the ENLYFQS sequence and Fc-His tag. The digested proteins were named hCD2 (25-209) and cCD2 (25-209) , respectively. hCD2 (25-209) corresponds to the extracellular domain (e.g., amino acids 25-209) of human CD2 (SEQ ID NO: 38; NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_001758.2) , with amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. cCD2 (25-209) corresponds to the extracellular domain (e.g., amino acids 25-209) of Cynomolgus monkey CD2 (SEQ ID NO: 39; NCBI Reference Sequence: AAR15883.1) , with amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0155] Human CD58 (SEQ ID NO: 37; UniProt ID: P19256; NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_001770.1) contains a signal peptide (corresponding to amino acids 1-28 of SEQ ID NO: 37) , an extracellular region (corresponding to amino acids 29-215 of SEQ ID NO: 37) , a transmembrane region (corresponding to amino acids 216-238 of SEQ ID NO: 37) , and a cytoplasmic region (corresponding to amino acids 239-250 of SEQ ID NO: 37) . The extracellular region further includes an Ig-V domain (corresponding to amino acids 29-123 of SEQ ID NO: 37) and an Ig-C domain. In particular, CD58 interacts with CD2 with its Ig-V domain. However, the stability of the Ig-V domain of CD58 is poor. To improve its stability, CD58-IgV (SEQ ID NO: 26) was engineered by replacing two wildtype non-cysteine residues to cysteines, thereby forming a non-native disulfide bond to stabilize the structure when expressed. Based on the crystal structure of CD58 and CD2, key residues responsible for the CD58 / CD2 interaction were not selected for mutagenesis. More than twenty pairs of wildtype non-cysteine residues were selectively replaced with cysteines.
[0156] Sequences of the CD58-IgV variants are shown in the table below.
[0157] Table 1
[0158] The positions corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 37 are referred to in Table 1. For example, CD58-IgV variant V1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) contains a cysteine corresponding to position 71 (Ala71 or A71) of SEQ ID NO: 37, and a cysteine corresponding to position 83 (Val83 or V83) of SEQ ID NO: 37. Specifically, V25, V26, V27 and V28 are control variants. Positions of the replaced non-cysteine residues in these four variants are described in U. S. Patent No. 12, 037, 378, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0159] Example 2. Determination of CD2-binding of recombinant CD58 variants by ELISA
[0160] The biological activities of the recombinant CD58 variants were evaluated by ELISA. Specifically, human and Cynomolgus monkey CD2 proteins digested by the TEV protease, i.e., hCD2 (25-209) and cCD2 (25-209) , were coated on an ELISA plate at 1 μg / ml (as antigens) . Serially diluted recombinant CD58 variants (highest concentration: 20 μg / ml; 5-fold gradient dilution with a total of 8 concentrations) were used as the primary antibody, and an anti-His-HRP antibody was used as the secondary antibody. TMB (3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine) was used for color development, and HCl (hydrochloric acid) was used to terminate the color development. Signals were detected using an ELISA plate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm.
[0161] The human CD2-binding results are shown in Tables 2-4, and FIGS. 1A-1D.
[0162] Table 2. Binding of the recombinant CD58 variants to human CD2 (Part 1 / 3)
[0163] Table 3. Binding of the recombinant CD58 variants to human CD2 (Part 2 / 3)
[0164] Table 4. Binding of the recombinant CD58 variants to human CD2 (Part 3 / 3)
[0165] As shown in Tables 2-4 and FIGS. 1A-1D, as compared with CD58-ECD, CD58-IgV has a weaker binding to human CD2. After protein engineering, the binding activities of CD58-IgV variants V2, V12, V14, V17, V20 and V24 were significantly stronger than that of CD58-ECD; and the binding activity of V16 was comparable to that of CD58-ECD. The binding activity of V18 was slightly weaker than that of CD58-ECD, but stronger than that of CD58-IgV. The binding activities of V8, V11, and V13 were comparable to that of CD58-IgV. The binding activities of the control variants are as follows: V25, V27 > CD58-ECD >V26, V28 ≈ CD58-IgV. The binding activities of V2, V12, V14, and V20 were comparable to those of V25 and V27. Among all the tested variants, V17 exhibited the strongest binding activity to human CD2.
[0166] The Cynomolgus monkey CD2-binding results are shown in Tables 5-7, and FIGS. 2A-2D.
[0167] Table 5. Binding of the recombinant CD58 variants to Cynomolgus monkey CD2 (Part 1 / 3)
[0168] Table 6. Binding of the recombinant CD58 variants to Cynomolgus monkey CD2 (Part 2 / 3)
[0169] Table 7. Binding of the recombinant CD58 variants to Cynomolgus monkey CD2 (Part 3 / 3)
[0170] As shown in Tables 5-7 and FIGS. 2A-2D, CD58-ECD and CD58-IgV showed similar binding activities to Cynomolgus monkey CD2. After protein engineering, the binding activities of CD58-IgV variants V2, V12, V14, V16, V17, V18, and V20 were significantly enhanced, among which V17 showed the strongest activity. The binding activities of V13 and V19 were comparable to that of CD58-IgV. The binding activities of the control variants are as follows: V27 > V25 > V26, V28 ≈ CD58-IgV. Specifically, the binding activities of V2, V12, V14, V16, V17 and V20 were slightly stronger than that of V27.
[0171] Example 3. Detection of thermal stability of recombinant CD58 variants The thermal stability of recombinant CD58 variants was detected by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) . Specifically, 19 μL of recombinant CD58 variants (5 μM) was thoroughly mixed with 1 μL of 200× SYPROTM orange dye (ThermoFisher, Cat#: S6650) , and the mixture was added to a 96-well plate (Applied Biosystems, Cat#: N8010560K) . PBS was used as a blank control. Four replicates of each mixture were prepared and the plate was sealed with a sealing film. The temperature was raised from 25℃ to 95℃ at a rate of 0.05℃per minute. At the same time, a qPCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, QuantStudioTM 5) was used to detect real-time fluorescence signal intensity. After the experiment, the real-time melting curve was analyzed using Protein Thermal Shift software and the melting temperature (Tm) value was obtained. The average Tm results are shown in Table 8.
[0172] Table 8. The Tm values of recombinant CD58 variants detected by DSF
[0173] Note: *: Tm was not detected if less than 50℃.
[0174] The Tm value of CD58-ECD was 53.33℃, and the Tm value of CD58-IgV was too low to be detected (less than 50℃) . After protein engineering, the Tm values of V2, V11, V12, V17, V18 and V20 were greater than 53℃, and the Tm value of V19 was about 50℃, indicating that the addition of a non-native disulfide bond significantly enhanced the thermal stability of the CD58-IgV variants. The Tm values of the control variants V26 and V27 were both greater than 53℃, and the Tm value of V26 was higher. The Tm value of V18 was slightly lower than that of V26, but higher than that of V27. In particular, the Tm value of V14 was 74.12℃, indicating that V14 had the highest thermal stability among all the variants.
[0175] Example 4. Detection of binding affinity between recombinant CD58 variants and CD2 by BLI
[0176] The Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) method was used to detect the binding affinity of the recombinant CD58 variants with human CD2 protein (ACRO systems, Cat#: CD2-H5258) and Cynomolgus monkey CD2 protein (SinoBiological, Cat#: 90300-C02H) . Briefly, human and Cynomolgus monkey CD2 proteins were first diluted to 5 μg / mL and then coupled to the AHC2 biosensor surface (Sartorius) . Then, the biosensor was placed in solutions containing serially diluted recombinant CD58 variants (highest concentration: highest concentration: 1000 nM; 2-fold gradient dilution with a total of 3 concentrations) for 100 seconds. The biosensor was then transferred to a 0.02%PBST (PBS supplemented with 0.02% 20) solution for dissociation for 200 seconds. Finally, kinetic association rates (kon) and dissociation rates (koff) were obtained simultaneously by fitting the data globally to a 1: 1 Langmuir binding model (Karlsson, R. Roos, H. Fagerstam, L. Petersson, B., 1994. Methods Enzymology 6.99-110) using Data Analysis HT 12 software (Sartorius, Cat#: 50-5029) . Affinities were deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . The response and affinity of the recombinant CD58 variants are shown in Table 9 and Tables 10-11, respectively.
[0177] Table 9. BLI detection of recombinant CD58 variants binding to human or Cynomolgus monkey CD2 antigen (T = 30℃)
[0178] Table 10. Binding affinity of recombinant CD58 variants with human CD2 (T = 30℃)
[0179] Table 11. Binding affinity of recombinant CD58 variants with Cynomolgus monkey CD2 (T= 30℃)
[0180] As shown in the tables above, all tested recombinant CD58 variants exhibited a high binding affinity to human and Cynomolgus monkey CD2 proteins, except V16 and V28. Specifically, the binding affinity for human CD2 ranged from 130 nM to 617 nM; whereas the binding affinity for Cynomolgus monkey CD2 ranged from 17.7 nM to 1.21 μM.
[0181] Example 5. Determination of CD2-binding of CD58 recombinant variants by ELISA after -80℃ storage
[0182] After the CD58 recombinant variants were stored at -80℃ for one month, their biological activity and thermal stability were evaluated by ELISA. Specifically, the recombinant CD58 variants were coated on a 96-well ELISA plate at 5 μg / ml (as antigens) . Serially diluted human or Cynomolgus monkey CD2 proteins , i.e., hCD2 (25-209) -TEV-Fc-His and cCD2 (25-209) -TEV-Fc-His (highest concentration: 20 μg / ml; 4-fold gradient dilution with a total of 8 concentrations) , were used as the primary antibody, and an anti-Fc-HRP antibody was used as the secondary antibody. TMB was used for color development, and HCl (hydrochloric acid) was used to terminate the color development. Signals were detected using an ELISA plate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm.
[0183] The human CD2-binding results are shown in FIGS. 3A-3C. The Cynomolgus monkey CD2-binding results are shown in FIGS. 4A-4C. The EC50 values of some recombinant CD58 variants are shown in Table 12.
[0184] Table 12. EC50 values of the recombinant CD58 variants binding to CD2
[0185] Note: *: EC50 was not determinable due to a weak binding activity to CD2.
[0186] As shown in FIGS. 3A-3C, after one month of storage at -80℃, the binding of CD58-IgV to human CD2 was significantly weaker . After protein engineering, the newly designed recombinant CD58 variants can be divided into three categories based on the OD value of binding to human CD2: (1) V11, V12 and V14, which exhibited the strongest binding activities, with OD values > 2.0; (2) V2, V17, V18, V19 and V20, which exhibited relatively strong activities, with OD values > 1.0; and (3) V8, V13, V16, and V24, which exhibited relatively weak activities, with OD values < 1.0. As shown in FIGS. 4A-4C, after one month of storage at -80℃, the binding of CD58-IgV to Cynomolgus monkey CD2 was significantly weaker . After protein engineering, the newly designed recombinant CD58 variants can be divided into three categories based on the OD value of binding to Cynomolgus monkey CD2: (1) V11, V12 and V14, which exhibited the strongest binding activities, with OD values > 2.0; (2) V2, V17, V18 and V19, which exhibited relatively strong activities, with OD values > 1.0; and (3) V8, V13, V16, and V20, which exhibited relatively weak activities, with OD values < 1.0.
[0187] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0188] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.A CD2-binding polypeptide comprisinga variant CD58 domain having a pair of cysteine substitutions, wherein the cysteine substitutions are selected from:(1) a A73C substitution and a V81C substitution;(2) a E106C substitution and a T113C substitution;(3) a L51C substitution and a G88C substitution;(4) a L51C substitution and a N109C substitution;(5) a L66C substitution and a T85C substitution;(6) a N40C substitution and a Y93C substitution;(7) a P50C substitution and a V86C substitution;(8) a Q32C substitution and a F117C substitution; or(9) a S47C substitution and a S87C substitution,wherein the position is determined relative to SEQ ID NO: 37.2.The CD2-binding polypeptide of claim 1, wherein(1) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3;(2) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4;(3) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 13;(4) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14;(5) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 16;(6) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 19;(7) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 20;(8) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 21; or(9) the variant CD58 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to a CD2-binding polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 22.3.The CD2-binding polypeptide of claim 1 or 2, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits increased thermostability as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions.4.The CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits at least a 10%increase, at least a 20%increase, at least a 30%increase, at least a 40%increase, or at least a 50%increase in its melting temperature (Tm) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions.5.The CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits an increase of at least 1℃, at least 2℃, at least 3℃, at least 4℃, at least 5℃, at least 6℃, at least 7℃, at least 8℃, at least 9℃, at least 10℃, at least 11℃, at least 12℃, at least 13℃, at least 14℃, at least 15℃, at least 16℃, at least 17℃, at least 18℃, at least 19℃, at least 20℃, at least 21℃, at least 22℃, at least 23℃, at least 24℃, or at least 25℃ in its melting temperature (Tm) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions.6.The CD2-binding polypeptide of claim 4 or 5, wherein the Tm is measured by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) .7.The CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits increased binding activity as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions, optionally the CD2 is human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2.8.The CD2-binding polypeptide of claim 7, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits at least a 5%increase, at least a 10%increase, at least a 20%increase, at least a 30%increase, at least a 40%increase, at least a 50%increase, or at least a 60%increase in its binding activity (e.g., at least a 5%decrease, at least a 10%decrease, at least a 20%decrease, at least a 30%decrease, at least a 40%decrease, at least a 50%decrease, or at least a 60%decrease in its EC50 value) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions.9.The CD2-binding polypeptide of claim 7 or 8, wherein the binding activity is measured by ELISA.10.The CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide exhibits increased binding affinity (e.g., at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 60%) as compared to the corresponding CD2-binding polypeptide without the cysteine substitutions, optionally the CD2 is human CD2 or Cynomolgus monkey CD2.11.The CD2-binding polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide has a KD value of less than 1 × 10-6 M, less than 9 × 10-7 M, less than 8 × 10-7 M, less than 7 × 10-7 M, less than 6 × 10-7 M, less than 5 × 10-7 M, less than 4 × 10-7 M, less than 3 × 10-7 M, less than 2 × 10-7 M, or less than 1 × 10-7 M.12.The CD2-binding polypeptide of claim 10 or 11, wherein the binding affinity is measured by BLI.13.The CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the CD2-binding polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide.14.A conjugate comprising the CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-13, and an agent.15.The conjugate of claim 14, wherein the agent is a therapeutic agent, a diagnostic agent, a masking moiety, a cleavable moiety, a stabilizing moiety or any combination thereof.16.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-13, or the conjugate of claim 14 or 15, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.17.A method of treating an immune or inflammatory disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-13 or the conjugate of claim 14 or 15.18.A method of treating a subject with cancer, comprising administering to the subject suffering from cancer an effective amount of the CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-13 or the conjugate of claim 14 or 15.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the cancer is HER2-positive cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, brain tumor, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, bronchial tumor, Burkitt Lymphoma, carcinoma of unknown primary origin, cardiac tumor, cervical cancer, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, ductal carcinoma, embryonal tumor, endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, fibrous histiocytoma, Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer, germ cell tumor, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, gestational trophoblastic disease, glioma, head and neck cancer, hairy cell leukemia, hepatocellular cancer, histiocytosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumor, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lobular carcinoma in situ, lung cancer, lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary, midline tract carcinoma involving NUT gene, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndrome, myelodysplastic / myeloproliferative neoplasm, nasal cavity and para-nasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillomatosis, paraganglioma, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytomas, pituitary tumor, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis and ureter cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdoid tumor, salivary gland cancer, Sezary syndrome, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, spinal cord tumor, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, teratoid tumor, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, or Wilms tumor.20.A nucleic acid or plurality of nucleic acids encoding the CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-13.21.A cell engineered to express the CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-13.22.A cell comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the CD2-binding polypeptide of any one of claims 1-13 under the control of one or more promoters.23.A method of producing a CD2-binding polypeptide, comprising:(a) culturing the cell of claim 21 or 22 in conditions under which the CD2-binding polypeptide is expressed; and(b) recovering the CD2-binding polypeptide from the cell culture.