Clinical use of Anti-CCR8 antibodies
The combination of anti-CCR8 antibodies and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors addresses the limitations of existing therapies by enhancing treatment efficacy in resistant tumors, particularly MSI-H/dMMR tumors, with improved survival outcomes and reduced side effects.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- LANOVA MEDICINES LTD CO
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies are not effective in all patients, particularly for certain types of cancer like pancreatic and prostate cancer, and can cause severe immune-related adverse events, with many patients developing resistance over time.
Combination therapy using anti-CCR8 antibodies and PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors, targeting both CCR8 and PD-1 pathways with synergistic effects, particularly for patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) tumors, even in cases where previous therapies have failed.
Demonstrates superior anticancer efficacy in multiple solid tumors, including those resistant to multiple lines of therapy, with improved progression-free survival and reduced adverse events.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2026074423-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2026074423-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2026074423-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CLINICAL USE OF ANTI-CCR8 ANTIBODIESBACKGROUND
[0001] Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies have been successful in treating various types of cancer. However, significant challenges remain. First, these therapies are not effective in all patients. Also, many patients who initially respond to these therapies may eventually develop resistance, leading to disease progression. In particular, limited efficacies have been observed in certain types of cancer, such as pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer.
[0002] Moreover, anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 therapies can cause immune-related adverse events such as pneumonitis, colitis, or thyroid dysfunction, which can be severe and even life-threatening in some cases. Improved treatments that take advantage of the potential of anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 therapies are needed.
[0003] Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (CCR8) is a member of the beta chemokine receptor family, and is a seven transmembrane protein similar to G protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors are important for the migration of various cell types into the inflammatory sites. This receptor protein preferentially expresses in the thymus. The ligands of CCR8 include CCL1, CCL8, CCL16, and CCL18, among which CCL1 is the primary ligand, and CCR8 is the only known receptor of CCL1.
[0004] CCR8 is expressed principally on regulatory T cells (Treg) and is important for CCR8+ Treg-mediated immunosuppression. Recent studies have demonstrated that CCR8 is uniquely upregulated in human tumor-resident Tregs of cancer patients. It was also demonstrated that CCR8+ myeloid cells were expanded in patients with cancer.SUMMARY
[0005] The present disclosure provides combination therapies that target both CCR8 and PD-1 with synergistic effects. In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0006] In some embodiments, the subject has an unresectable or metastatic solid tumor characterized with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) . In some embodiments, the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is toripalimab.
[0007] In some embodiments, the patient has failed one or more lines of therapy. In some embodiments, the patient has failed at least a therapy comprising an anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 antibody.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 shows the waterfall plot of treatment response in patients with advanced MSI-H / dMMR solid tumors.
[0009] FIG. 2 shows the swimmer plot of treatment response in patients with advanced MSI-H / dMMR solid tumors.
[0010] FIG. 3 shows the Kaplan-Meier Curve of progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with advanced MSI-H / dMMR solid tumors.
[0011] FIG. 4 shows the waterfall plot of treatment response in MSI-H / dMMR patients with only one prior line of PD-1 / PD-L1 therapy.
[0012] FIG. 5 shows the swimmer plot of treatment response among MSI-H / dMMR patients with only one prior line of PD-1 / PD-L1 therapy.
[0013] FIG. 6 shows the progression-free survival (PFS) Kaplan-Meier Curve for MSI-H / dMMR patients with only one prior line of PD-1 / PD-L1 therapy.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONDefinitions
[0014] It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies. As such, the terms “a” (or “an” ) , “one or more, ” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0015] As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides, ” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) . The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein, ” “amino acid chain, ” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide, ” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0016] “Homology” or “identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similarity between two peptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. Homology can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the molecules are homologous at that position. A degree of homology between sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the sequences. An “unrelated” or “non-homologous” sequence shares less than 40%identity, though preferably less than 25%identity, with one of the sequences of the present disclosure.
[0017] A polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has a certain percentage (for example, 60 %, 65 %, 70 %, 75 %, 80 %, 85 %, 90 %, 95 %, 98 %or 99 %) of “sequence identity” to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences.
[0018] The term “an equivalent nucleic acid or polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence having a certain degree of homology, or sequence identity, with the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid or complement thereof. A homolog of a double stranded nucleic acid is intended to include nucleic acids having a nucleotide sequence which has a certain degree of homology with or with the complement thereof. In one aspect, homologs of nucleic acids are capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid or complement thereof. Likewise, “an equivalent polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having a certain degree of homology, or sequence identity, with the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide. In some aspects, the sequence identity is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%. In some aspects, the equivalent polypeptide or polynucleotide has one, two, three, four or five addition, deletion, substitution and their combinations thereof as compared to the reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. In some aspects, the equivalent sequence retains the activity (e.g., epitope-binding) or structure (e.g., salt-bridge) of the reference sequence.
[0019] As used herein, an “antibody” or “antigen-binding polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide or a polypeptide complex that specifically recognizes and binds to an antigen. An antibody can be a whole antibody and any antigen binding fragment or a single chain thereof. Thus the term “antibody” includes any protein or peptide containing molecule that comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule having biological activity of binding to the antigen. Examples of such include, but are not limited to a complementarity determining region (CDR) of a heavy or light chain or a ligand binding portion thereof, a heavy chain or light chain variable region, a heavy chain or light chain constant region, a framework (FR) region, or any portion thereof, or at least one portion of a binding protein.
[0020] The terms “antibody fragment” or “antigen-binding fragment” , as used herein, is a portion of an antibody such as F (ab') 2, F (ab) 2, Fab', Fab, Fv, scFv and the like. Regardless of structure, an antibody fragment binds with the same antigen that is recognized by the intact antibody. The term “antibody fragment” includes aptamers, spiegelmers, and diabodies. The term “antibody fragment” also includes any synthetic or genetically engineered protein that acts like an antibody by binding to a specific antigen to form a complex.
[0021] A “single-chain variable fragment” or “scFv” refers to a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins. In some aspects, the regions are connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. The linker can be rich in glycine for flexibility, as well as serine or threonine for solubility, and can either connect the N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa. This protein retains the specificity of the original immunoglobulin, despite removal of the constant regions and the introduction of the linker. ScFv molecules are known in the art and are described, e.g., in US patent 5,892,019.
[0022] The term antibody encompasses various broad classes of polypeptides that can be distinguished biochemically. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon (γ, μ, α, δ, ε) with some subclasses among them (e.g., γ l-γ4) . It is the nature of this chain that determines the “class” of the antibody as IgG, IgM, IgA IgG, or IgE, respectively. The immunoglobulin subclasses (isotypes) e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgG5, etc. are well characterized and are known to confer functional specialization. Modified versions of each of these classes and isotypes are readily discernable to the skilled artisan in view of the instant disclosure and, accordingly, are within the scope of the instant disclosure. All immunoglobulin classes are clearly within the scope of the present disclosure, the following discussion will generally be directed to the IgG class of immunoglobulin molecules. With regard to IgG, a standard immunoglobulin molecule comprises two identical light chain polypeptides of molecular weight approximately 23,000 Daltons, and two identical heavy chain polypeptides of molecular weight 53,000-70,000. The four chains are typically joined by disulfide bonds in a “Y” configuration wherein the light chains bracket the heavy chains starting at the mouth of the “Y” and continuing through the variable region.
[0023] Antibodies, antigen-binding polypeptides, variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, multispecific, human, humanized, primatized, or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, epitope-binding fragments, e.g., Fab, Fab' and F (ab') 2, Fd, Fvs, single-chain Fvs (scFv) , single-chain antibodies, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv) , fragments comprising either a VK or VH domain, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, and anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-Id antibodies to LIGHT antibodies disclosed herein) . Immunoglobulin or antibody molecules of the disclosure can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule.
[0024] Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda (K, λ) . Each heavy chain class may be bound with either a kappa or lambda light chain. In general, the light and heavy chains are covalently bonded to each other, and the “tail” portions of the two heavy chains are bonded to each other by covalent disulfide linkages or non-covalent linkages when the immunoglobulins are generated either by hybridomas, B cells or genetically engineered host cells. In the heavy chain, the amino acid sequences run from an N-terminus at the forked ends of the Y configuration to the C-terminus at the bottom of each chain.
[0025] Both the light and heavy chains are divided into regions of structural and functional homology. The terms “constant” and “variable” are used functionally. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the variable domains of both the light (VK) and heavy (VH) chain portions determine antigen recognition and specificity. Conversely, the constant domains of the light chain (CK) and the heavy chain (CH1, CH2 or CH3) confer important biological properties such as secretion, transplacental mobility, Fc receptor binding, complement binding, and the like. By convention the numbering of the constant region domains increases as they become more distal from the antigen-binding site or amino-terminus of the antibody. The N-terminal portion is a variable region and at the C-terminal portion is a constant region; the CH3 and CK domains actually comprise the carboxy-terminus of the heavy and light chain, respectively.
[0026] As indicated above, the variable region allows the antibody to selectively recognize and specifically bind epitopes on antigens. That is, the VK domain and VH domain, or subset of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , of an antibody combine to form the variable region that defines a three-dimensional antigen-binding site. This quaternary antibody structure forms the antigen-binding site present at the end of each arm of the Y. More specifically, the antigen-binding site is defined by three CDRs on each of the VH and VK chains (i.e. CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3, CDR-L1, CDR-L2 and CDR-L3) . In some instances, e.g., certain immunoglobulin molecules derived from camelid species or engineered based on camelid immunoglobulins, a complete immunoglobulin molecule may consist of heavy chains only, with no light chains. See, e.g., Hamers-Casterman et al., Nature 363: 446-448 (1993) .
[0027] In naturally occurring antibodies, the six “complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs” present in each antigen-binding domain are short, non-contiguous sequences of amino acids that are specifically positioned to form the antigen-binding domain as the antibody assumes its three dimensional configuration in an aqueous environment. The remainder of the amino acids in the antigen-binding domains, referred to as “framework” regions, show less inter-molecular variability. The framework regions largely adopt a β-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops which connect, and in some cases form part of, the β-sheet structure. Thus, framework regions act to form a scaffold that provides for positioning the CDRs in correct orientation by inter-chain, non-covalent interactions. The antigen-binding domain formed by the positioned CDRs defines a surface complementary to the epitope on the immunoreactive antigen. This complementary surface promotes the non-covalent binding of the antibody to its cognate epitope. The amino acids comprising the CDRs and the framework regions, respectively, can be readily identified for any given heavy or light chain variable region by one of ordinary skill in the art, since they have been precisely defined (see “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, ” Kabat, E., et al., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (1983) ; and Chothia and Lesk, J. MoI. Biol., 196: 901-917 (1987) ) .
[0028] In the case where there are two or more definitions of a term which is used and / or accepted within the art, the definition of the term as used herein is intended to include all such meanings unless explicitly stated to the contrary. A specific example is the use of the term “complementarity determining region” ( “CDR” ) to describe the non-contiguous antigen combining sites found within the variable region of both heavy and light chain polypeptides. This particular region has been described by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) and by Chothia et al., J. MoI. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987) , which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The CDR definitions according to Kabat and Chothia include overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared against each other. Nevertheless, application of either definition to refer to a CDR of an antibody or variants thereof is intended to be within the scope of the term as defined and used herein. The appropriate amino acid residues which encompass the CDRs as defined by each of the above cited references are set forth in the table below as a comparison. The exact residue numbers which encompass a particular CDR will vary depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. Those skilled in the art can routinely determine which residues comprise a particular CDR given the variable region amino acid sequence of the antibody.
[0029] Kabat et al. also defined a numbering system for variable domain sequences that is applicable to any antibody. One of ordinary skill in the art can unambiguously assign this system of “Kabat numbering” to any variable domain sequence, without reliance on any experimental data beyond the sequence itself. As used herein, “Kabat numbering” refers to the numbering system set forth by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) .
[0030] In addition to table above, the Kabat number system describes the CDR regions as follows: CDR-H1 begins at approximately amino acid 31 (i.e., approximately 9 residues after the first cysteine residue) , includes approximately 5-7 amino acids, and ends at the next tryptophan residue. CDR-H2 begins at the fifteenth residue after the end of CDR-H1, includes approximately 16-19 amino acids, and ends at the next arginine or lysine residue. CDR-H3 begins at approximately the thirty third amino acid residue after the end of CDR-H2;includes 3-25 amino acids; and ends at the sequence W-G-X-G, where X is any amino acid. CDR-L1 begins at approximately residue 24 (i.e., following a cysteine residue) ; includes approximately 10-17 residues; and ends at the next tryptophan residue. CDR-L2 begins at approximately the sixteenth residue after the end of CDR-L1 and includes approximately 7 residues. CDR-L3 begins at approximately the thirty third residue after the end of CDR-L2 (i.e., following a cysteine residue) ; includes approximately 7-11 residues and ends at the sequence F or W-G-X-G, where X is any amino acid.
[0031] Antibodies disclosed herein may be from any animal origin including birds and mammals. Preferably, the antibodies are human, murine, donkey, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel, llama, horse, or chicken antibodies. In another embodiment, the variable region may be condricthoid in origin (e.g., from sharks) .
[0032] As used herein, the term “heavy chain constant region” includes amino acid sequences derived from an immunoglobulin heavy chain. A polypeptide comprising a heavy chain constant region comprises at least one of: a CH1 domain, a hinge (e.g., upper, middle, and / or lower hinge region) domain, a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain, or a variant or fragment thereof. For example, an antigen-binding polypeptide for use in the disclosure may comprise a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, and a CH2 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain and a CH3 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, and a CH3 domain, or a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain. In another embodiment, a polypeptide of the disclosure comprises a polypeptide chain comprising a CH3 domain. Further, an antibody for use in the disclosure may lack at least a portion of a CH2 domain (e.g., all or part of a CH2 domain) . As set forth above, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the heavy chain constant region may be modified such that they vary in amino acid sequence from the naturally occurring immunoglobulin molecule.
[0033] The heavy chain constant region of an antibody disclosed herein may be derived from different immunoglobulin molecules. For example, a heavy chain constant region of a polypeptide may comprise a CH1 domain derived from an IgGl molecule and a hinge region derived from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain constant region can comprise a hinge region derived, in part, from an IgGl molecule and, in part, from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain portion can comprise a chimeric hinge derived, in part, from an IgGl molecule and, in part, from an IgG4 molecule.
[0034] As used herein, the term “light chain constant region” includes amino acid sequences derived from antibody light chain. Preferably, the light chain constant region comprises at least one of a constant kappa domain or constant lambda domain.
[0035] A “light chain-heavy chain pair” refers to the collection of a light chain and heavy chain that can form a dimer through a disulfide bond between the CL domain of the light chain and the CH1 domain of the heavy chain.
[0036] As previously indicated, the subunit structures and three-dimensional configuration of the constant regions of the various immunoglobulin classes are well known. As used herein, the term “VH domain” includes the amino terminal variable domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain and the term “CH1 domain” includes the first (most amino terminal) constant region domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The CH1 domain is adjacent to the VH domain and is amino terminal to the hinge region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain molecule.
[0037] As used herein the term “CH2 domain” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that extends, e.g., from about residue 244 to residue 360 of an antibody using conventional numbering schemes (residues 244 to 360, Kabat numbering system; and residues 231-340, EU numbering system; see Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) . The CH2 domain is unique in that it is not closely paired with another domain. Rather, two N-linked branched carbohydrate chains are interposed between the two CH2 domains of an intact native IgG molecule. It is also well documented that the CH3 domain extends from the CH2 domain to the C-terminal of the IgG molecule and comprises approximately 108 residues.
[0038] As used herein, the term “hinge region” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that joins the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain. This hinge region comprises approximately 25 residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminal antigen-binding regions to move independently. Hinge regions can be subdivided into three distinct domains: upper, middle, and lower hinge domains (Roux et al., J. Immunol 161: 4083 (1998) ) .
[0039] As used herein the term “disulfide bond” includes the covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms. The amino acid cysteine comprises a thiol group that can form a disulfide bond or bridge with a second thiol group. In most naturally occurring IgG molecules, the CH1 and CK regions are linked by a disulfide bond and the two heavy chains are linked by two disulfide bonds at positions corresponding to 239 and 242 using the Kabat numbering system (position 226 or 229, EU numbering system) .
[0040] As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” will be held to mean any antibody wherein the immunoreactive region or site is obtained or derived from a first species and the constant region (which may be intact, partial or modified in accordance with the instant disclosure) is obtained from a second species. In certain embodiments the target binding region or site will be from a non-human source (e.g. mouse or primate) and the constant region is human.
[0041] As used herein, “percent humanization” is calculated by determining the number of framework amino acid differences (i.e., non-CDR difference) between the humanized domain and the germline domain, subtracting that number from the total number of amino acids, and then dividing that by the total number of amino acids and multiplying by 100.
[0042] By “specifically binds” or “has specificity to, ” it is generally meant that an antibody binds to an epitope via its antigen-binding domain, and that the binding entails some complementarity between the antigen-binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, an antibody is said to “specifically bind” to an epitope when it binds to that epitope, via its antigen-binding domain more readily than it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope. The term “specificity” is used herein to qualify the relative affinity by which a certain antibody binds to a certain epitope. For example, antibody “A” may be deemed to have a higher specificity for a given epitope than antibody “B, ” or antibody “A” may be said to bind to epitope “C” with a higher specificity than it has for related epitope “D.”
[0043] As used herein, the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression of cancer. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
[0044] By “subject” or “individual” or “animal” or “patient” or “mammal, ” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired. Mammalian subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows, and so on.
[0045] As used herein, phrases such as “to a patient in need of treatment” or “asubject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from administration of an antibody or composition of the present disclosure used, e.g., for detection, for a diagnostic procedure and / or for treatment. Anti-CCR8 Therapy or Combination with Anti-PD-1 / PD-L1
[0046] The instant disclosure has demonstrated the superior anticancer efficacies of anti-CCR8 antibody LM-001 against multiple solid tumors, including those that have failed multiple lines of earlier therapies. The efficacies were established at relatively low doses, including 0.3 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, and 20 mg / kg, at dosing frequencies of Q2W and Q3W.
[0047] Moreover, combination therapies targeting two or more tumorigenesis and immune response pathways have been proposed. Many of such combinations, however, have failed to produce meaningful results. Even when the effect of the combination was better, it was frequently not better than additive effects. This shows that dual administration of an anti-CCR8 antibody and an anti-PD-1 antibody resulted in significantly higher efficacy than each agent alone.
[0048] One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antibody of the present disclosure at an effective dose of 0.1 to 24 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is capable of inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) .
[0049] In some embodiments, the effective dose is 0.3-20 mg / kg, 0.5-20 mg / kg, 1-20 mg / kg, 3-20 mg / kg, 3-15 mg / kg, 3-12 mg / kg, or 3-10 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the effective dose is about 0.1 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 12 mg / kg, 15 mg / kg, 18 mg / kg, or 20 mg / kg.
[0050] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously once every 1 or 12 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously once every 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks or 8 weeks.
[0051] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 1 mg / kg once every 2 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 3 mg / kg once every 2 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 10 mg / kg once every 2 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 20 mg / kg once every 2 weeks.
[0052] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 1 mg / kg once every 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 3 mg / kg once every 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 10 mg / kg once every 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 20 mg / kg once every 3 weeks.
[0053] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 1 mg / kg once every 6 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 3 mg / kg once every 6 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 10 mg / kg once every 6 weeks. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is administered intravenously at 20 mg / kg once every 6 weeks.
[0054] In accordance with one embodiment of the present embodiment of the present disclosure, therefore, provided is a method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and an PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor, such as an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0055] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor are administered at a mole ratio of 1: 10 to 4: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 9 to 7: 1, 1: 8 to 6: 1, 1: 7 to 5: 1, 1: 6 to 4: 1, 1: 5 to 3: 1, 1: 4 to 2: 1, 1: 3 to 3: 2, or 1: 2 to 2: 1, without limitation.
[0056] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is about 1: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 10 to 1: 2, 1: 9 to 1: 2, 1: 8 to 1: 3, 1: 7 to 1: 3, 1: 6 to 1: 4, or 1: 5.5 to 1: 4.5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.1 to 0.5, 0.15 to 0.4, 0.175 to 0.3, or 0.18 to 0.25.
[0057] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is about 3: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 5 to 2: 1, 1: 4 to 3: 2, 1: 3 to 1: 1, or 1: 2 to 4: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.2 to 1.5, 0.3 to 1.2, 0.4 to 1, 0.5 to 0.8, or 0.55 to 0.65.
[0058] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is about 2: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 2 to 8: 1, 2: 3 to 6: 1, 1: 1 to 4: 1, 3: 2 to 3: 1, or 7: 4 to 5: 2. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.5 to 8, 0.7 to 6, 1 to 4, 1.5 to 3, or 1.75 to 2.5.
[0059] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor are administered together or at similar time, such as within 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, or on the same day. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor are administered sequentially. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered before the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered after the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor.
[0060] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor are administered at the same frequency, such as once daily, once every other day, twice a week, once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once every five weeks, once every six weeks, once every seven weeks, once every eight weeks, once a month, once every two months, once every three months, once every four months, once every five months, or once every six months.
[0061] In another embodiment, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor are formulated together as a fixed dose combination. Accordingly, provided in one embodiment is a composition comprising an anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and an PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor, such as an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0062] Also provided, in another embodiment, is a kit or package comprising an anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and an PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor, such as an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. They can be packaged individually, or placed in separate compartment within the kit or package.
[0063] In the composition or the kit / package, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor can be present at a mole ratio of 1: 10 to 4: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 9 to 7: 1, 1: 8 to 6: 1, 1: 7 to 5: 1, 1: 6 to 4: 1, 1: 5 to 3: 1, 1: 4 to 2: 1, 1: 3 to 3: 2, or 1: 2 to 2: 1, without limitation. In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is about 1: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 10 to 1: 2, 1: 9 to 1: 2, 1: 8 to 1: 3, 1: 7 to 1: 3, 1: 6 to 1: 4, or 1: 5.5 to 1: 4.5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.1 to 0.5, 0.15 to 0.4, 0.175 to 0.3, or 0.18 to 0.25. In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is about 3: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 5 to 2: 1, 1: 4 to 3: 2, 1: 3 to 1: 1, or 1: 2 to 4: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.2 to 1.5, 0.3 to 1.2, 0.4 to 1, 0.5 to 0.8, or 0.55 to 0.65. In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor is about 2: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 2 to 8: 1, 2: 3 to 6: 1, 1: 1 to 4: 1, 3: 2 to 3: 1, or 7: 4 to 5: 2. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.5 to 8, 0.7 to 6, 1 to 4, 1.5 to 3, or 1.75 to 2.5.
[0064] In some embodiments, the subject has an unresectable or metastatic solid tumor characterized with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) .
[0065] MSI-H Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) is a condition characterized by the presence of numerous mutations within microsatellite regions of the DNA.
[0066] Microsatellites are short, repetitive sequences of DNA, typically 1-6 base pairs in length, scattered throughout the genome. They are prone to errors during DNA replication due to their repetitive nature. Microsatellite Instability (MSI) refers to the condition where these microsatellite sequences become unstable and accumulate mutations. It results from the failure of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, which normally corrects errors that occur during DNA replication. MSI-High (MSI-H) is a classification used in cancer diagnosis and refers to tumors with significant microsatellite instability. In some examples, microsatellite testing that shows mutations in 30%or more microsatellites is called microsatellite instability-high.
[0067] Non-limiting examples of cancers include bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, blood cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, bone cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and kidney cancer.
[0068] In some embodiments, the tumors being treated are those that are particularly challenging to treat with conventional immuno-oncological therapies, such as with antibodies targeting immune checkpoints (ICPs) . Sometimes, such tumors are referred to as “cold tumors” or “nonimmunogenic tumors. ” In some embodiments, accordingly, the present disclosure provides methods and uses for treating cold tumors with multi-specific antibodies disclosed herein.
[0069] In some embodiments, a nonimmunogenic tumor is one that is not infiltrated with T cells, or that is deficient in T cell filtration, in antigen presenting cells (APCs) , or in T cell activation, or has deficit in T cell homing into the tumor bed. All of prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and leukemia are nonimmunogenic. The vast majority of breast cancer (95%) , colorectal cancer (95%) , gastric cancer (87%) , head and neck cancer (84%) , liver cancer (83%) , esophageal cancer (86%) , cervical cancer (87%) , and thyroid cancer (87%) are also nonimmunogenic. In addition, 83%of lung cancer, 79%of bladder cancer, 77%of kidney cancer, 70%uterus cancer, and 66%melanoma are also nonimmunogenic.
[0070] Identification of nonimmunogenic, or cold tumors can also be made with measurements of type, density and location of immune cells within the tumors. For instance, Galon and Bruni (Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume 18, pages 197–218 (2019) ) describes a standardized scoring system, Immunoscore, based on the quantification of two lymphocyte populations (CD3 and CD8) , e.g., in resected tissues, for guided stratification of hot and cold tumors. The Immunoscore ranges from Immunoscore 0 (I0, for low densities, such as absence of both cell types in both regions) to I4 (high immune cell densities in both locations) . By classifying cancers according to their immune infiltration, the scoring system provides an immune-based classification of tumors, including a definition of “hot” (highly infiltrated, Immunoscore I4) and “cold” (non-infiltrated, Immunoscore I0) tumors.
[0071] In some embodiments, the tumor is resistant to a treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-L1 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, CTLA-4 inhibitors, or the combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cancer is prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, or leukemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, or thyroid cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, uterus cancer, or melanoma.
[0072] In some embodiments, the patient has failed one or more lines of therapies. In some embodiments, the patient has failed two or more lines of therapies. In some embodiments, the patient has failed three or more lines of therapies. In some embodiments, at least one of the failed therapies is an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy (e.g., with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody as a monotherapy or combination therapy) .
[0073] In some embodiments, the cancer is Biliary Tract Cancer -Cholangiocarcinoma (BTC-CCA) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Colorectal Cancer with Microsatellite Instability (Mismatch Repair Deficiency) (CRC MMRd) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Colorectal Cancer with High Microsatellite Instability (CRC MSI-H) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Gastric Cancer (GC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Gastric Cancer -Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (GC-EAC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Gastric Cancer with Microsatellite Instability (Mismatch Repair Deficiency) (GC-MMRd) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Gastric Cancer with High Microsatellite Instability (GC-MSI-H) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Skin Cancer -Melanoma (Melanoma) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Non-Squamous (NSCLC-NSQ) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Non-Squamous with EGFR mutation (NSCLC-NSQ EGFRm) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Squamous (NSCLC-SQ) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) . In some embodiments, the cancer is Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) .
[0074] Additional diseases or conditions associated with increased cell survival, that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed and / or prognosed with the antibodies or variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, progression, and / or metastases of malignancies and related disorders such as leukemia (including acute leukemias (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (including myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleukemia) ) and chronic leukemias (e.g., chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia) ) , polycythemia vera, lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s disease) , multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and solid tumors including, but not limited to, sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing’s tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyo sarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, endometrial cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm’s tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma.
[0075] A specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the particular antibodies, variant or derivative thereof used, the patient’s age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet, and the time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular disease being treated. Judgment of such factors by medical caregivers is within the ordinary skill in the art. The amount will also depend on the individual patient to be treated, the route of administration, the type of formulation, the characteristics of the compound used, the severity of the disease, and the desired effect. The amount used can be determined by pharmacological and pharmacokinetic principles well known in the art.
[0076] Methods of administration of the antibodies, variants or include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The antigen-binding polypeptides or compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc. ) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions containing the antigen-binding polypeptides of the disclosure may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch) , bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
[0077] The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intra-articular injection and infusion.
[0078] Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the antibodies of the disclosure into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
[0079] It may be desirable to administer the antibodies polypeptides or compositions of the disclosure locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction, with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when administering a protein, including an antibody, of the disclosure, care must be taken to use materials to which the protein does not absorb. CCR8 Antibodies and Fragments
[0080] Anti-CCR8 antibodies and fragments thereof suitable for the combination therapy can be any known ones currently in development. In one embodiment, the anti-CCR8 antibodies and fragments are those disclosed herein, such as LM-001.
[0081] In one embodiment, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH includes a VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3, and the VL includes a VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3. In some embodiments, the VH CDR1 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the VH CDR2 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the VH CDR3 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, the VL CDR1 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the VL CDR2 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and the VL CDR3 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0082] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes a VH including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and a VL including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0083] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody includes an Fc fragment that is ADCC-enhanced and / or ADCP-enhanced. Example mutations at the IgG1 Fc to enhance ADCC / ADCP functions include Fc-DLE (S239D / A330L / I332E) and Fc-DE (S239D / I332E) (EU numbering) .
[0084] In some embodiments, the CDR sequences may also encompass sequence variants, such as through amino acid addition, deletion, or substitution. In some embodiments, each CDR may be mutated at one of the amino acids with a conservative mutation. PD-1 Inhibitors
[0085] A PD-1 inhibitor is a molecule that binds to and inhibits the biological activity of the PD-1 protein. Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279) , is a protein on the surface of cells that has a role in regulating the immune system's response to the cells of the human body by down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. Examples are anti-PD-1 antibodies and fragments thereof, such as those described below.
[0086] Pembrolizumab (formerly MK-3475 or lambrolizumab, Keytruda) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Merck and first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2014 for the treatment of melanoma. It was later approved for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
[0087] Nivolumab (Opdivo) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and first approved by the FDA in 2014 for the treatment of melanoma. It was later approved for squamous cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
[0088] Cemiplimab (Libtayo) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and first approved by the FDA in 2018 for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) or locally advanced CSCC who are not candidates for curative surgery or curative radiation.
[0089] Spartalizumab (PDR001) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Novartis to treat both solid tumors and lymphomas.
[0090] Camrelizumab (SHR1210) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody introduced by Jiangsu HengRui Medicine Co., Ltd. that recently received conditional approval in China for the treatment of relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
[0091] Sintilimab (IBI308) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Innovent and Eli Lilly for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) .
[0092] Tislelizumab (BGB-A317) is a humanized IgG4 anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by BeiGene for solid tumors and hematologic cancers.
[0093] Dostarlimab (TSR-042, WBP-285) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against PD-1 under investigation by GlaxoSmithKline.
[0094] Toripalimab (Loqtorzi) is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of melanoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It has been approved in China for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma that has failed previous systemic therapy and in the US for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent, locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma when used with cisplatin and gemcitabine.
[0095] INCMGA00012 (MGA012) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody developed by Incyte and MacroGenics.
[0096] AMP-224 is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody by AstraZeneca / MedImmune and GlaxoSmithKline.
[0097] AMP-514 (MEDI0680) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody by AstraZeneca.
[0098] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is LM-001, and the anti-PD-1 antibody is pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the pembrolizumab are administered at a mole ratio of 1: 10 to 4: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 9 to 7: 1, 1: 8 to 6: 1, 1: 7 to 5: 1, 1: 6 to 4: 1, 1: 5 to 3: 1, 1: 4 to 2: 1, 1: 3 to 3: 2, or 1: 2 to 2: 1, without limitation.
[0099] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the pembrolizumab is about 1: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 10 to 1: 2, 1: 9 to 1: 2, 1: 8 to 1: 3, 1: 7 to 1: 3, 1: 6 to 1: 4, or 1: 5.5 to 1: 4.5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.1 to 0.5, 0.15 to 0.4, 0.175 to 0.3, or 0.18 to 0.25.
[0100] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the pembrolizumab is about 3: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 5 to 2: 1, 1: 4 to 3: 2, 1: 3 to 1: 1, or 1: 2 to 4: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.2 to 1.5, 0.3 to 1.2, 0.4 to 1, 0.5 to 0.8, or 0.55 to 0.65.
[0101] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the pembrolizumab is about 2: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 2 to 8: 1, 2: 3 to 6: 1, 1: 1 to 4: 1, 3: 2 to 3: 1, or 7: 4 to 5: 2. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.5 to 8, 0.7 to 6, 1 to 4, 1.5 to 3, or 1.75 to 2.5.
[0102] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.1 to 20 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 20 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 2 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 2 to 4 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 4 to 6 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 5 to 7 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg.
[0103] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 6 to 8 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 7 to 9 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 10 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 12 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 9 to 11 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg.
[0104] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.1 to 20 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 20 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 2 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 2 to 4 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 4 to 6 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 5 to 7 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg.
[0105] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 6 to 8 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 7 to 9 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 10 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 12 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 9 to 11 mg / kg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg.
[0106] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 7 to 1400 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 1400 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0107] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 150 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 50 to 120 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0108] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 150 to 250 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 180 to 220 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0109] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 400 to 1000 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 500 to 800 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0110] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 150 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 50 to 120 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0111] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 150 to 250 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 180 to 220 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0112] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 400 to 1000 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 500 to 800 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0113] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 150 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 50 to 120 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0114] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 150 to 250 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 180 to 220 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0115] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 400 to 1000 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 500 to 800 mg and the pembrolizumab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0116] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody is LM-001, and the anti-PD-1 antibody is toripalimab. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the toripalimab are administered at a mole ratio of 1: 10 to 4: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 9 to 7: 1, 1: 8 to 6: 1, 1: 7 to 5: 1, 1: 6 to 4: 1, 1: 5 to 3: 1, 1: 4 to 2: 1, 1: 3 to 3: 2, or 1: 2 to 2: 1, without limitation.
[0117] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the toripalimab is about 1: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 10 to 1: 2, 1: 9 to 1: 2, 1: 8 to 1: 3, 1: 7 to 1: 3, 1: 6 to 1: 4, or 1: 5.5 to 1: 4.5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.1 to 0.5, 0.15 to 0.4, 0.175 to 0.3, or 0.18 to 0.25.
[0118] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the toripalimab is about 3: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 5 to 2: 1, 1: 4 to 3: 2, 1: 3 to 1: 1, or 1: 2 to 4: 5. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.2 to 1.5, 0.3 to 1.2, 0.4 to 1, 0.5 to 0.8, or 0.55 to 0.65.
[0119] In some embodiments, the mole ratio between the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the toripalimab is about 2: 1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 1: 2 to 8: 1, 2: 3 to 6: 1, 1: 1 to 4: 1, 3: 2 to 3: 1, or 7: 4 to 5: 2. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is 0.5 to 8, 0.7 to 6, 1 to 4, 1.5 to 3, or 1.75 to 2.5.
[0120] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.1 to 20 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 20 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 2 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 2 to 4 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 4 to 6 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 5 to 7 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg.
[0121] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 6 to 8 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 7 to 9 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 10 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 12 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 9 to 11 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2 to 8 mg / kg.
[0122] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.1 to 20 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 20 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 0.5 to 2 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 2 to 4 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 4 to 6 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 5 to 7 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg.
[0123] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 6 to 8 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 7 to 9 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 10 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 8 to 12 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 9 to 11 mg / kg and the toripalimab is administered at 2.5 to 6 mg / kg.
[0124] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 7 to 1400 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 1400 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0125] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 150 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 50 to 120 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0126] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 150 to 250 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 180 to 220 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0127] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 400 to 1000 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 500 to 800 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 100 to 500 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0128] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 150 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 50 to 120 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0129] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 150 to 250 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 180 to 220 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0130] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 400 to 1000 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 500 to 800 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 350 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0131] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 35 to 150 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 50 to 120 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0132] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 150 to 250 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 180 to 220 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months.
[0133] In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 400 to 1000 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the LM-001 or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at a dose of 500 to 800 mg and the toripalimab is administered at 50 to 150 mg, twice every week, or once every week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, or once every month, once every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months or every 6 months. PD-L1 Inhibitors
[0134] A PD-L1 inhibitor is a molecule that binds to and inhibits the biological activity of the PD-L1 protein. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene. Examples are anti-PD-L1 antibodies and fragments thereof, such as those described below.
[0135] Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) is a humanized anti-PD-L1 IgG1 antibody developed by Roche Genentech. It has been approved by the FDA for urothelial carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer.
[0136] Avelumab (Bavencio) is a human anti-PD-L1 IgG1 antibody developed by Merck Serono and Pfizer. Avelumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic merkel-cell carcinoma.
[0137] Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is a human anti-PD-L1 IgG1 antibody developed by AstraZeneca. Durvalumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma and unresectable non-small cell lung cancer after chemoradiation.
[0138] KN035 is an anti-PD-L1 antibody with subcutaneous formulation currently under clinical evaluations in the US, China, and Japan.
[0139] CK-301 is an anti-PD-L1 antibody being developed by Checkpoint Therapeutics.
[0140] Some small peptide and small molecule inhibitors are also being developed. Examples are shown below.
[0141] AUNP12 is a 29-mer peptide as the first peptic PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor developed by Aurigene and Laboratoires Pierre Fabre that is being evaluated in clinical trial, following promising in vitro results.
[0028]
[0142] CA-170, discovered by Aurigene / Curis as the PD-L1 and VISTA antagonist, was indicted as a potent small molecule inhibitor in vitro. The compound is currently under phase I clinical trial over mesothelioma patients.
[0143] BMS-986189 is a macrocyclic peptide discovered by Bristol-Myers Squibb of which the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability is currently being studied on healthy subjects. Bispecific Antibodies
[0144] Bispecific antibodies are also described that target both the CCR8 and the PD-1 proteins. The bispecific antibodies may include an anti-CCR8 fragment and an anti-PD-1 fragment.
[0145] In one embodiment, the anti-CCR8 fragment includes a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH includes a VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3, and the VL includes a VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 VH CDR1 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the VH CDR2 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the VH CDR3 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, the VL CDR1 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the VL CDR2 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and the VL CDR3 includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0146] In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 fragment includes a VH including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and a VL including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0147] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 fragment is an antigen-binding fragment from Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Cemiplimab, Spartalizumab, Camrelizumab, Sintilimab, Tislelizumab, , Dostarlimab, INCMGA00012, AMP-224 or AMP-514.
[0148] In some embodiments, the CDR sequences may also encompass sequence variants, such as through amino acid addition, deletion, or substitution. In some embodiments, each CDR may be mutated at one of the amino acids with a conservative mutation.
[0149] The bispecific antibody, in some embodiments, has increased effector function. Such effector function may comprise ADCP, ADCC or CDC. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes mutations of In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody includes DLE (S239D / A330L / I332E) or DE (S239D / I332E) in the human IgG1 Fc region, with numbering according to EU index.
[0150] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody may adopt a format that includes a Fab fragment for the anti-CCR8 portion and a single-chain fragment variable (scFv) fragment for the anti-PD-1 portion. Any other suitable bispecific format can also be used, without limitation. Combination with Other Therapeutics
[0151] In a further embodiment, the treatment (e.g., LM-001 monotherapy or in combination with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody) is further used in combination with another antineoplastic agent. Any of these agents known in the art may be administered in the compositions of the current disclosure.
[0152] In some embodiments, the antineoplastic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent. Chemotherapeutic agents that may be administered with the compositions of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, antibiotic derivatives (e.g., doxorubicin, bleomycin, daunorubicin, and dactinomycin) ; antiestrogens (e.g., tamoxifen) ; antimetabolites (e.g., fluorouracil, 5-FU, methotrexate, floxuridine, interferon alpha-2b, glutamic acid, plicamycin, mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine) ; cytotoxic agents (e.g., carmustine, BCNU, lomustine, CCNU, cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, estramustine, hydroxyurea, procarbazine, mitomycin, busulfan, cis-platin, and vincristine sulfate) ; hormones (e.g., medroxyprogesterone, estramustine phosphate sodium, ethinyl estradiol, estradiol, megestrol acetate, methyltestosterone, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, chlorotrianisene, and testolactone) ; nitrogen mustard derivatives (e.g., mephalen, chorambucil, mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) and thiotepa) ; steroids and combinations (e.g., bethamethasone sodium phosphate) ; and others (e.g., dicarbazine, asparaginase, mitotane, vincristine sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, and etoposide) .
[0153] Chemotherapeutic agents may be categorized by their mechanism of action into, for example, the following groups: - anti-metabolites / anti-cancer agents such as pyrimidine analogs floxuridine, capecitabine, and cytarabine; - purine analogs, folate antagonists, and related inhibitors; - antiproliferative / antimitotic agents including natural products such as vinca alkaloid (vinblastine, vincristine) and microtubule such as taxane (paclitaxel, docetaxel) , vinblastin, nocodazole, epothilones, vinorelbine and epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide) ; - DNA damaging agents such as actinomycin, amsacrine, busulfan, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, iphosphamide, melphalan, merchlorethamine, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nitrosourea, procarbazine, taxol, taxotere, teniposide, etoposide, and triethylenethiophosphoramide; - antibiotics such as dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins, plicamycin (mithramycin) , and mitomycin; - enzymes such as L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes L-asparagine and deprives cells which do not have the capacity to synthesize their own asparagine; - antiplatelet agents; - antiproliferative / antimitotic alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards cyclophosphamide and analogs (melphalan, chlorambucil, hexamethylmelamine, and thiotepa) , alkyl nitrosoureas (carmustine) and analogs, streptozocin, and triazenes (dacarbazine) ; - antiproliferative / antimitotic antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs (methotrexate) ; - platinum coordination complexes (cisplatin, oxiloplatinim, and carboplatin) , procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, and aminoglutethimide; - hormones, hormone analogs (estrogen, tamoxifen, goserelin, bicalutamide, and nilutamide) , and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole and anastrozole) ; - anticoagulants such as heparin, synthetic heparin salts, and other inhibitors of thrombin; - fibrinolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, urokinase, aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, and clopidogrel; - antimigratory agents; - antisecretory agents (breveldin) ; - immunosuppressives tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine, and mycophenolate; - compounds (TNP-470, genistein) and growth factor inhibitors (vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors and fibroblast growth factor inhibitors) ; - angiotensin receptor blockers, nitric oxide donors; - anti-sense oligonucleotides; - antibodies such as trastuzumab and rituximab; - cell cycle inhibitors and differentiation inducers such as tretinoin; - inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, eniposide, epirubicin, etoposide, idarubicin, irinotecan, mitoxantrone, topotecan, and irinotecan) , and corticosteroids (cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, and prednisolone) ; - growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors; - dysfunction inducers; - toxins such as Cholera toxin, ricin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, diphtheria toxin, and caspase activators; - and chromatin.
[0154] Further examples of chemotherapeutic agents include: - alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclophosphamide - alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan, and piposulfan; - aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; - emylerumines and memylamelamines including alfretamine, triemylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphoramide, and trimemylolomelamine; - acetogenins, especially bullatacin and bullatacinone; - a camptothecin, including synthetic analog topotecan; - bryostatin; - callystatin; - CC-1065, including its adozelesin, carzelesin, and bizelesin synthetic analogs; - cryptophycins, particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8; - dolastatin; - duocarmycin, including the synthetic analogs KW-2189 and CBI-TMI; - eleutherobin; - pancratistatin; - a sarcodictyin; - spongistatin; - nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cyclophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, and uracil mustard; - nitrosoureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, foremustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimustine; - antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gammaII and calicheamicin phiI1) , dynemicin including dynemicin A, bisphosphonates such as clodronate, an esperamicin, neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromomophores, aclacinomycins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carrninomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin, and deoxydoxorubicin) , epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, porfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, and zorubicin; - anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) ; - folic acid analogs such as demopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, and trimetrexate; - purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, and thioguanine; - pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, and floxuridine; - androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, and testolactone; - anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, and trilostane; - folic acid replinishers such as frolinic acid; - trichothecenes, especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A, and anguidine; - taxoids such as paclitaxel and docetaxel - platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; - aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; hestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformthine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; leucovorin; lonidamine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; fluoropyrimidine; folinic acid; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; polysaccharide-K (PSK) ; razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2, 2', 2” -tricUorotriemylamine; urethane; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside ( "Ara-C" ) ; cyclophosphamide; thiopeta; chlorambucil; gemcitabine 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16) ; ifosfamide; mitroxantrone; vancristine; vinorelbine novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeoloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) ; retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine; FOLFIRI (fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan) ; - and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids, or derivatives of any of the above.
[0155] Also included in the definition of “chemotherapeutic agent” are anti-hormonal agents such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) , inhibitors of the enzyme aromatase, anti-androgens, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors.
[0156] Examples of anti-estrogens and SERMs include, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEXTM) , raloxifene, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene
[0157] Inhibitors of the enzyme aromatase regulate estrogen production in the adrenal glands. Examples include 4 (5) -imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, megestrol acetate exemestane, formestane, fadrozole, vorozole letrozole and anastrozole
[0158] Examples of anti-androgens include flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprohde, and goserelin.
[0159] Examples of chemotherapeutic agents also include anti-angiogenic agents including, but are not limited to, retinoid acid and derivatives thereof, 2-methoxyestradiol, suramin, squalamine, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen activator inbibitor-2, cartilage-derived inhibitor, paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) , platelet factor 4, protamine sulphate (clupeine) , sulphated chitin derivatives (prepared from queen crab shells) , sulphated polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex (sp-pg) , staurosporine, modulators of matrix metabolism including proline analogs ( (l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (LACA) ) , cishydroxyproline, d, I-3, 4-dehydroproline, thiaproline, α, α'-dipyridyl, beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate, 4-propyl-5- (4-pyridinyl) -2 (3h) -oxazolone, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, heparin, interferons, 2 macroglobulin-serum, chicken inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (ChIMP-3) , chymostatin, beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate, eponemycin, fumagillin, gold sodium thiomalate, d-penicillamine, beta-1-anticollagenase-serum, alpha-2-antiplasmin, bisantrene, lobenzarit disodium, n-2-carboxyphenyl-4-chloroanthronilic acid disodium or “CCA” , thalidomide, angiostatic steroid, carboxy aminoimidazole, and metalloproteinase inhibitors such as BB-94. Other anti-angiogenesis agents include antibodies, preferably monoclonal antibodies against these angiogenic growth factors: beta-FGF, alpha-FGF, FGF-5, VEGF isoforms, VEGF-C, HGF / SF, and Ang-1 / Ang-2.
[0160] Examples of chemotherapeutic agents also include anti-fibrotic agents including, but are not limited to, the compounds such as beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) , as well as the compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent No. : 4,965,288 (Palfreyman, et al. ) relating to inhibitors of lysyl oxidase and their use in the treatment of diseases and conditions associated with the abnormal deposition of collagen and U.S. Patent No. : 4,997,854 (Kagan et al. ) relating to compounds which inhibit LOX for the treatment of various pathological fibrotic states, which are herein incorporated by reference. Further exemplary inhibitors are described in U.S. Patent No. : 4,943,593 (Palfreyman et al. ) relating to compounds such as 2-isobutyl-3-fluoro-, chloro-, or bromo-allylamine, U.S. Patent Nos. : 5,021,456 (Palfreyman et al. ) , 5,059,714 (Palfreyman et al. ) , 5,120,764 (Mccarthy et al. ) , 5,182,297 (Palfreyman et al. ) , 5,252,608 (Palfreyman et al. ) relating to 2- (1-naphthyloxymemyl) -3-fluoroallylamine, and U.S. Pub. No.: 2004 / 0248871 (Farjanel et al. ) , which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0161] In some embodiments, the antineoplastic agent is one or more cytokines. Cytokines that may be administered with the compositions of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, anti-CD40, CD40L, and TNF-α.
[0162] In some embodiments, the antineoplastic agent is radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the antineoplastic agent is an anti-fibrotic agent. Exemplary anti-fibrotic agents also include the primary amines reacting with the carbonyl group of the active site of the lysyl oxidases, and more particularly those which produce, after binding with the carbonyl, a product stabilized by resonance, such as the following primary amines: emylenemamine, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, and their derivatives; semicarbazide and urea derivatives; aminonitriles such as BAPN or 2-nitroethylamine; unsaturated or saturated haloamines such as 2-bromo-ethylamine, 2-chloroethylamine, 2-trifluoroethylamine, 3-bromopropylamine, and p-halobenzylamines; and selenohomocysteine lactone.
[0163] Other anti-fibrotic agents are copper chelating agents penetrating or not penetrating the cells. Exemplary compounds include indirect inhibitors which block the aldehyde derivatives originating from the oxidative deamination of the lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues by the lysyl oxidases. Examples include the thiolamines, particularly D-penicillamine, and its analogs such as 2-amino-5-mercapto-5-methylhexanoic acid, D-2-amino-3-methyl-3- ( (2-acetamidoethyl) dithio) butanoic acid, p-2-amino-3-methyl-3- ( (2-aminoethyl) dithio) butanoic acid, sodium-4- ( (p-1-dimethyl-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) dithio) butane sulphurate, 2-acetamidoethyl-2-acetamidoethanethiol sulphanate, and sodium-4-mercaptobutanesulphinate trihydrate.
[0164] Examples of chemotherapeutic agents also include immunotherapeutic agents including and are not limited to therapeutic antibodies suitable for treating patients. Some examples of therapeutic antibodies include simtuzumab, abagovomab, adecatumumab, afutuzumab, alemtuzumab, altumomab, amatuximab, anatumomab, arcitumomab, bavituximab, bectumomab, bevacizumab, bivatuzumab, blinatumomab, brentuximab, cantuzumab, catumaxomab, cetuximab, citatuzumab, cixutumumab, clivatuzumab, conatumumab, daratumumab, drozitumab, duligotumab, dusigitumab, detumomab, dacetuzumab, dalotuzumab, ecromeximab, elotuzumab, ensituximab, ertumaxomab, etaracizumab, farletuzumab, ficlatuzumab, figitumumab, flanvotumab, futuximab, ganitumab, gemtuzumab, girentuximab, glembatumumab, ibritumomab, igovomab, imgatuzumab, indatuximab, inotuzumab, intetumumab, ipilimumab, iratumumab, labetuzumab, lexatumumab, lintuzumab, lorvotuzumab, lucatumumab, mapatumumab, matuzumab, milatuzumab, minretumomab, mitumomab, moxetumomab, narnatumab, naptumomab, necitumumab, , nimotuzumab, nofetumomab, ocaratuzumab, ofatumumab, olaratumab, onartuzumab, oportuzumab, oregovomab, panitumumab, parsatuzumab, patritumab, pemtumomab, pertuzumab, pintumomab, pritumumab, racotumomab, radretumab, rilotumumab, rituximab, robatumumab, satumomab, sibrotuzumab, siltuximab, solitomab, tacatuzumab, taplitumomab, tenatumomab, teprotumumab, tigatuzumab, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tucotuzumab, ublituximab, veltuzumab, vorsetuzumab, votumumab, zalutumumab, CC49, and 3F8. Rituximab can be used for treating indolent B-cell cancers, including marginal-zone lymphoma, WM, CLL and small lymphocytic lymphoma. A combination of Rituximab and chemotherapy agents is especially effective.
[0165] The exemplified therapeutic antibodies may be further labeled or combined with a radioisotope particle such as indium-111, yttrium-90, or iodine-131.
[0166] In a one embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent. Nonlimiting examples of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents include chlorambucil.
[0167] In one embodiment, the compounds and compositions described herein may be used or combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents. The one or more therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, an inhibitor of Abl, activated CDC kinase (ACK) , adenosine A2B receptor (A2B) , apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) , Auroa kinase, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) , BET-bromodomain (BRD) such as BRD4, c-Kit, c-Met, CDK-activating kinase (CAK) , calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) , cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) , casein kinase (CK) , discoidin domain receptor (DDR) , epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) , focal adhesion kinase (FAK) , Flt-3, FYN, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) , HCK, histone deacetylase (HDAC) , IKK such as IKKβε, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) such as IDH1, Janus kinase (JAK) , KDR, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) , lysyl oxidase protein, lysyl oxidase-like protein (LOXL) , LYN, matrix metalloprotease (MMP) , MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) , NEK9, NPM-ALK, p38 kinase, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , phosphorylase kinase (PK) , polo-like kinase (PLK) , phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) , protein kinase (PK) such as protein kinase A, B, and / or C, PYK, spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) , serine / threonine kinase TPL2, serine / threonine kinase STK, signal transduction and transcription (STAT) , SRC, serine / threonine-protein kinase (TBK) such as TBK1, TIE, tyrosine kinase (TK) , vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) , YES, or any combination thereof.
[0168] ASK inhibitors include ASK1 inhibitors. Examples of ASK1 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in WO 2011 / 008709 (Gilead Sciences) and WO 2013 / 112741 (Gilead Sciences) .
[0169] Examples of BTK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ibrutinib, HM71224, ONO-4059, and CC-292.
[0170] DDR inhibitors include inhibitors of DDR1 and / or DDR2. Examples of DDR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in WO 2014 / 047624 (Gilead Sciences) , US 2009 / 0142345 (Takeda Pharmaceutical) , US 2011 / 0287011 (Oncomed Pharmaceuticals) , WO 2013 / 027802 (Chugai Pharmaceutical) , and WO 2013 / 034933 (Imperial Innovations) .
[0171] Examples of HDAC inhibitors include, but are not limited to, pracinostat and panobinostat.
[0172] JAK inhibitors inhibit JAK1, JAK2, and / or JAK3. Examples of JAK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, filgotinib, ruxolitinib, fedratinib, tofacitinib, baricitinib, lestaurtinib, pacritinib, XL019, AZD1480, INCB039110, LY2784544, BMS911543, and NS018.
[0173] LOXL inhibitors include inhibitors of LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4, and / or LOXL5. Examples of LOXL inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the antibodies described in WO 2009 / 017833 (Arresto Biosciences) .
[0174] Examples of LOXL2 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the antibodies described in WO 2009 / 017833 (Arresto Biosciences) , WO 2009 / 035791 (Arresto Biosciences) , and WO 2011 / 097513 (Gilead Biologics) .
[0175] MMP inhibitors include inhibitors of MMP1 through 10. Examples of MMP9 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, marimastat (BB-2516) , cipemastat (Ro 32-3555) , and those described in WO 2012 / 027721 (Gilead Biologics) .
[0176] PI3K inhibitors include inhibitors of PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3Kα, and / or pan-PI3K. Examples of PI3K inhibitors include, but are not limited to, wortmannin, BKM120, CH5132799, XL756, and GDC-0980.
[0177] Examples of PI3Kγ inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ZSTK474, AS252424, LY294002, and TG100115.
[0178] Examples of PI3Kδ inhibitors include, but are not limited to, PI3K II, TGR-1202, AMG-319, GSK2269557, X-339, X-414, RP5090, KAR4141, XL499, OXY111A, IPI-145, IPI-443, and the compounds described in WO 2005 / 113556 (ICOS) , WO 2013 / 052699 (Gilead Calistoga) , WO 2013 / 116562 (Gilead Calistoga) , WO 2014 / 100765 (Gilead Calistoga) , WO 2014 / 100767 (Gilead Calistoga) , and WO 2014 / 201409 (Gilead Sciences) .
[0179] Examples of PI3Kβ inhibitors include, but are not limited to, GSK2636771, BAY 10824391, and TGX221.
[0180] Examples of PI3Kα inhibitors include, but are not limited to, buparlisib, BAY 80-6946, BYL719, PX-866, RG7604, MLN1117, WX-037, AEZA-129, and PA799.
[0181] Examples of pan-PI3K inhibitors include, but are not limited to, LY294002, BEZ235, XL147 (SAR245408) , and GDC-0941.
[0182] Examples of SYK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tamatinib (R406) , fostamatinib (R788) , PRT062607, BAY-61-3606, NVP-QAB 205 AA, R112, R343, and those described in US Patent No. : 8, 450, 321 (Gilead Connecticut) .
[0183] TKIs may target epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and receptors for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) , platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) . Examples of TKIs that target EGFR include, but are not limited to, gefitinib and erlotinib. Sunitinib is a non-limiting example of a TKI that targets receptors for FGF, PDGF, and VEGF.
[0184] In some embodiments, the antineoplastic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Immune checkpoints are molecules in the immune system that either turn up a signal (co-stimulatory molecules) or turn down a signal (co-inhibitory molecules) . Many cancers protect themselves from the immune system by inhibiting the T cell signal through agonist for co-inhibitory molecules or antagonist for co-stimulatory molecules. An immune checkpoint agonist or antagonist can help stop such a protective mechanism by the cell cells. An immune checkpoint agonist or antagonistmay target any one or more of the following checkpoint molecules, PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3 (also known as CD223) , CD28, CD122, 4-1BB (also known as CD137) , TIM3, OX-40 / OX40L, CD40 / CD40L, LIGHT, ICOS / ICOSL, GITR / GITRL, TIGIT, CD27, VISTA, B7H3, B7H4, HEVM or BTLA (also known as CD272) .
[0185] CTLA-4 is a protein receptor that downregulates the immune system. Non-limiting examples of CTLA-4 inhibitors include ipilimumab (Yervoy) (also known as BMS-734016, MDX-010, MDX-101) and tremelimumab (formerly ticilimumab, CP-675, 206) .
[0186] Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor on the cell surface works to suppress an immune response by action to Tregs as well as direct effects on CD8+ T cells. LAG-3 inhibitors include, without limitation, LAG525 and BMS-986016.
[0187] CD28 is constitutively expressed on almost all human CD4+ T cells and on around half of all CD8 T cells. prompts T cell expansion. Non-limiting examples of CD28 inhibitors include TGN1412.
[0188] CD122 increases the proliferation of CD8+ effector T cells. Non-limiting examples include NKTR-214.
[0189] 4-1BB (also known as CD137) is involved in T-cell proliferation. CD137-mediated signaling is also known to protect T cells, and in particular, CD8+ T cells from activation-induced cell death. PF-05082566, Urelumab (BMS-663513) and lipocalin are example CD137 inhibitors. Pharmaceutical compositions and combinations
[0190] As provided, a pharmaceutical composition is described that includes an anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and an PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor, such as an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. Also provided is a composition that includes a bispecific antibody of the present disclosure and a carrier or excipient.
[0191] Such a composition may be suitable for oral, parenteral, topical administration or for administration by inhalation. Accordingly, a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure may be administered parenterally, such as intravenously, or intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. Alternatively, an antibody of the invention may be administered via a non-parenteral route, such as per-orally or topically. In a preferred embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure is administered intravenously or subcutaneously.
[0192] In particular, an antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure may be used in combination with one or more pharmaceutically active compounds that are or can be used for the prevention and / or treatment of the diseases in which a target antigen of interest is involved, as a result of which a synergistic effect may or may not be obtained. Examples of such compounds, as well as routes, methods and pharmaceutical formulations or compositions for administering them will be clear to the clinician.
[0193] In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure for use in the prevention and / or treatment of a disease. In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure for the use as a medicament. In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure for use in the prevention and / or treatment of an autoimmune disease and / or inflammatory disease and / or cancer.
[0194] In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for the treatment of an autoimmune disease and / or inflammatory disease and / or cancer in a subject in need thereof using a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure.
[0195] Further provided is a method of producing an antibody or antibody fragment according to the present disclosure in a form suitable for administration in vivo, the method comprising (a) obtaining an antibody or antibody fragment by a method according to the present disclosure, and (b) formulating said antibody or antibody fragment with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, whereby a preparation of antibody or antibody fragment is formulated for administration in vivo. Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present disclosure comprise a therapeutically effective amount of one or more antibodies or antibody fragments according to the present disclosure dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
[0196] Also provided are synergistic combinations that are useful for medical uses. In one embodiment, a combination is provided comprising an anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof for use in the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof are present at a mole ratio of 1.5: 1 to 6: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 11, and a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 12, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0197] The two agents here may be combined into a single composition for use. Nevertheless, in some embodiments, they are administered separately to the same patient. EXAMPLES Example 1: In vivo Anti-Tumor Effects of LM001
[0198] LM-001 is a humanized anti-CCR8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) with engineered IgG1 that enhances antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) . This example shows the strong anti-tumor activity of LM-001 as a single agent by depleting tumor infiltrated Tregs. In addition, LM-001 synergized with a PD-1 antibody in a PD-1 resistance model with long anti-tumor memory.
[0199] The VH and VL sequences of LM-001 are shown in the tables below. Table 1. LM-001 Sequences
[0200] Human CCR8 ki mice were purchased from BIOCYTOGEN. Each hCCR8 ki mouse was inoculated subcutaneously at the right axillary (lateral) with MC38 tumor cell (1×106) in 0.1 ml of PBS for tumor development. The animals were randomly grouped on the third day after cell inoculation, then treatment started for the efficacy study. LM-001 at dose of 10 mg / kg was administrated via introperitoneal (i.p.) at day 0, day 3, day 7, day 10. The experiment was terminated when average tumor volume of control group reached more than 2000 mm3.
[0201] Tumor sizes were measured three times weekly in two dimensions using a caliper and the volume was expressed in mm3 using the formula: V = 0.5 a x b2 where a and b were the long and short diameters of the tumor, respectively. The tumor sizes were then used for the calculations of T / C (%) values. T / C (%) was calculated using the formula: T / C %= (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ×100 , Ti was the average tumor volume of a treatment group on a given day, T0 was the average tumor volume of the treatment group on the first day of treatment, Vi was the average tumor volume of the vehicle control group on the same day with Ti, and V0 was the average tumor volume of the vehicle group on the first day of treatment. TGI was calculated for each group using the formula: TGI (%) = [100-T / C] . Data points represent group (n=8) mean, error bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM) . p value was calculated based on tumor size by t-test, compared with Vehicle Control.
[0202] LM-001 showed potent tumor inhibitory effects. TILs (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) were analyzed after treatment with LM-001. Treg cells were significantly reduced, whereas CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells were significant elevated in TILs.
[0203] This example, therefore, demonstrates that LM-001 exhibited potent anti-tumor activity through depleting tumor associated Tregs. Example 2. Clinical Testing
[0204] This example describes the results and observations of a few clinical trials for LM-001.
[0205] LM-001-01-103 is an ongoing phase I / II, dose escalation and expansion study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of LM-001 as a single agent or in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody (toripalimab) in patients with advanced solid tumors, in China. Response was assessed by RECIST v1.1 criteria.
[0206] Out of 248 patients that have been enrolled in this study, 33 were dosed the LM-001 single agent (12 with 3mg / kg Q3W, 17 with 10mg / kg Q3W and 4 with 20mg / kg Q3W) and 215 were dosed LM-001 in combination with toripalimab (all with LM-001 10mg / kg Q3W and toripalimab 240mg Q3W) . The median ages of the patients were 62 (34-75) for the single agent group and 59 (32-80) for the combination group. In the combination group, 87 / 211 (41.2%) had 1 prior treatment, 66 / 211 (31.3%) had 2 prior treatments and 36 (17.1%) had ≥3 prior treatments; 141 / 211 (66.8%) had anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 therapy.
[0207] In the single agent group, no dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) had been observed for all dose escalation levels. The most common treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) of any grade were anemia (39.4%) , proteinuria (36.4%) , fever (33.3%) , weakness (33.3%) , hypoalbuminemia (30.3%) , CRP elevation (27.3%) , AST elevation (21.2%) , anorexia (21.2%) . Grade 3+ TEAEs occurring in ≥5%patients are anemia (6.1%) , CRP elevation (6.1%) , dyspnea (6.1%) , lung inflammation (6.1%) . 3 patients have had Grade 5 AE, one was considered related to LM-001 (cardiac failure) and the other two were considered not related to LM-001 (dyspnea and lung inflammation) .
[0208] In the combination group, the most common TEAEs of any grade were anemia (37.0%) , AST elevation (21.8%) , hyponatremia (20.4%) . Grade 3+ TEAEs occurring in ≥5%patients were anemia (5.2%) . 8 patients have had Grade 5 AE, three were considered related to LM-001 and toripalimab (ir-hepatitis, cardiac sudden death and lung inflammation) , the other five were considered not related to LM-001 and toripalimab (COVID-19 infection, pneumonia, dyspnea, vomiting and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage) .
[0209] Twenty three percent ORR (CR+PR) and 60%DCR (CR+PR+SD) were achieved in the combination group. The ORRs were 30.8%for gastric cancer, 15.8%for esophageal cancer, 6.3%for pancreatic cancer, 3.4%for NSCLC and 14.1%for other types of advanced solid tumors. Importantly, CRs and PRs occurred in patients who failed multiple lines of therapies, including anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 antibody therapies and various chemotherapies. The median duration of response for all types of advanced solid tumors were not reached at the cut-off date.
[0210] LM-001-01-102 is an ongoing a first-in-human, multicenter, open-label, phase 1 / 2 study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of LM-001 as a single agent or in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody (pembrolizumab) in patients with advanced solid tumors, in the United States. Response was assessed by RECIST v1.1 criteria. For monotherapy, LM-001 was administered intravenously Q3W at dose levels of 0.3 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, and 20 mg / kg as per traditional 3+3 design. The combination therapy was evaluated at a dose level of 10 mg / kg of LM-001 combined with 200 mg pembrolizumab Q3W.
[0211] Twenty four patients (21 from monotherapy and 3 from combination therapy) have been enrolled. No DLT was observed at all dose levels in the monotherapy or combination therapy. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached. The most frequent adverse events (AEs) related to the study drug were rash (8 / 24, Grade 1-2) and diarrhea (3 / 24, including 1 Grade 3) . Out of 19 patients from the monotherapy, 1 patient achieved partial response (PR) and 11 patients achieved stable disease (SD) with a disease control rate of 63%. One patient achieved PR and one patient achieved SD out of 2 evaluable patients from the combination group. The two PR patients had duration of response over 6 months.
[0212] LM-001-01-101 is an ongoing a phase I / II, dose escalation and expansion study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of LM-001 as a single agent or in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody (pembrolizumab) in patients with advanced solid tumors, in Australia. Responses were assessed by RECIST v1.1 criteria.
[0213] Out of 56 patients (26 from monotherapy and 30 from combination therapy) that have been enrolled, no DLT was observed at all dose levels in monotherapy or combination therapy. MTD was not reached. In the monotherapy group, 2 PDAC patients achieved partial responses (PRs, 1 at 10 mg / kg Q2W and 1 at 3 mg / kg Q3W) and 1 PDAC patient achieved complete response (CR) at 20 mg / kg Q2W dose level. Out of 30 patients from combination therapy, 10 patients (2 GCs, 2 EACs, 1 HCC, 1 BTC, 2 PDAC, 1 melanoma, 1 primary unknown) achieved PRs at 3 mg / kg Q2W plus pembrolizumab 400 mg Q6W and 1 patient (melanoma) achieved PR at 10 mg / kg Q2W plus pembrolizumab 400 mg Q6W.
[0214] Representative data for each tumor type and treatment are shown in Table 2. As shown in the table, the treatments were effective against a large panel of tumors, including Biliary Tract Cancer -Cholangiocarcinoma (BTC-CCA) , Colorectal Cancer with Microsatellite Instability (Mismatch Repair Deficiency) (CRC MMRd) , Colorectal Cancer with High Microsatellite Instability (CRC MSI-H) , Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) , Gastric Cancer (GC) , Gastric Cancer -Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (GC-EAC) , Gastric Cancer with Microsatellite Instability (Mismatch Repair Deficiency) (GC-MMRd) , Gastric Cancer with High Microsatellite Instability (GC-MSI-H) , Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) , Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) , Skin Cancer -Melanoma (Melanoma) , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) , Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Non-Squamous (NSCLC-NSQ) , Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Non-Squamous with EGFR mutation (NSCLC-NSQ EGFRm) , Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Squamous (NSCLC-SQ) , Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) , Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) , and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) . Table 2. Summary of antitumor efficacies BTC-CCA: Biliary Tract Cancer -Cholangiocarcinoma CRC MMRd: Colorectal Cancer with Microsatellite Instability (Mismatch Repair Deficiency) CRC MSI-H: Colorectal Cancer with High Microsatellite Instability ESCC: Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma GC: Gastric Cancer GC-EAC: Gastric Cancer -Esophageal Adenocarcinoma GC-MMRd: Gastric Cancer with Microsatellite Instability (Mismatch Repair Deficiency) GC-MSI-H: Gastric Cancer with High Microsatellite Instability HCC: Hepatocellular Carcinoma HNSCC: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma NPC: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma NSCLC: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer NSCLC-NSQ: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Non-Squamous NSCLC-NSQ EGFRm: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Non-Squamous with EGFR mutation NSCLC-SQ: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -Squamous PDAC: Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Primary UK: Primary Unknown SCLC: Small Cell Lung Cancer TNBC: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
[0215] I. Efficacy of LM-001 in the clinical trials LM-001-01-101, LM-001-01-102 and LM-001-01-103
[0216] Preliminary clinical studies of LM-001 have shown that both LM-001 monotherapy and combination therapy with PD-1 inhibitors demonstrate initial anti-tumor activity across a variety of tumor types. As of July 30, 2024, a total of 80 patients with advanced solid tumors have received varying doses of LM-001 monotherapy and completed at least one post-baseline tumor assessment in three Phase I / II studies in Australia, the United States, and China. The study expanded to pancreatic cancer based on early signals of efficacy, with 19 pancreatic cancer patients enrolled. The median number of prior treatment lines was 2. Among all patients, the overall response rate (ORR) was 6.3% (1 complete response [CR] , 4 partial responses [PR] ) , and the disease control rate (DCR) was 48.8%. In the pancreatic cancer subgroup, the ORR was 21.1% (1 CR, 3 PR) , and DCR was 47.4%. Patients who achieved CR or PR maintained treatment for more than 8 months, with one CR patient continuing treatment for up to 17.8 months, indicating immune-mediated anti-tumor activity for LM-001 monotherapy in advanced solid tumors.
[0217] Based on prior safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) , and preliminary efficacy data of LM-001 monotherapy, combination studies with PD-1 inhibitors were expanded in multiple solid tumor types. Across three Phase I / II studies, a total of 289 patients received various doses of LM-001 in combination with PD-1 inhibitors and completed at least one post-baseline tumor assessment. Anti-tumor activity was observed in tumors such as gastric cancer with previous PD- (L) 1 treatment failure, MSI-H / dMMR advanced solid tumors, esophageal cancer, small cell lung cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and liver cancer. Taking into account the safety, clinical efficacy, and exposure-response analysis, 10 mg / kg Q3W was selected as the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) for LM-001 combination therapy.
[0218] For patients with advanced second-line gastric cancer who had failed prior PD- (L) 1 therapy or had PD-L1 CPS <5, 27 evaluable patients received LM-001 at 10 mg / kg Q3W in combination with toripalimab, resulting in an ORR of 29.6%and a DCR of 59.2%. Among the 11 patients with high CCR8 expression, the ORR reached 54.5%and the DCR was 72.7%, showing potential to overcome immune resistance and activate immune responses.
[0219] For 38 patients with advanced second-line pancreatic cancer treated with LM-001 10 mg / kg Q3W plus toripalimab, the ORR was 18.4%and the DCR was 63.2%; among the 9 patients with high CCR8 expression, the ORR reached 33.3%and the DCR was 66.7%, demonstrating potential to improve the immune microenvironment in so-called "immune cold" tumors.
[0220] II. Summary of Clinical Pharmacology Data
[0221] As of April 25, 2024, three LM-001-related studies have been included in the clinical pharmacology analysis: LM-001-01-101 (Australia) , LM-001-01-102 (USA) , and LM-001-01-103 (China) .
[0222] A total of 432 subjects received the study drug across these studies (84 subjects received LM-001 monotherapy; 293 received LM-001 combined with toripalimab; 32 received LM-001 combined with pembrolizumab; 23 received LM-001 combined with other anti-tumor treatments) , with 78 in Australia, 24 in the USA, and 330 in China.
[0223] This material summarizes the non-compartmental analysis (NCA) of LM-001 monotherapy and combination with PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (pembrolizumab or toripalimab) in patients with advanced solid tumors.
[0224] In addition, LM-001’s population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) and exposure-response (E-R) analyses were conducted based on the LM-001-01-101, LM-001-01-102, and LM-001-01-103 studies.
[0225] PK Characteristics in Advanced Solid Tumors
[0226] For single doses of 0.3–20 mg / kg and multiple Q3W doses of 0.3–10 mg / kg LM-001 injection, in advanced solid tumor patients, serum exposure (Cmax and AUC) increased with dosage. After five consecutive Q3W doses, LM-001 concentrations approached steady state, and after four doses, the mean accumulation ratio was less than 1.5, with no significant accumulation observed.
[0227] Based on NCA, in the LM-001-01-102 and LM-001-01-103 studies, after monotherapy with 10 mg / kg LM-001 Q3W, the mean steady state Cmax, ss was 349 μg / mL and 228 μg / mL, respectively, and the mean AUC0-tau during the steady-state dosing interval was 2794 μg·day / mL and 1457 μg·day / mL, respectively. After 10 mg / kg LM-001 combined with PD-1 monoclonal antibody (pembrolizumab or toripalimab) Q3W dosing, the average Cmax, ss was 298 μg / mL and 216 μg / mL; the mean steady-state AUC0-tau was 2460 μg·day / mL and 1250 μg·day / mL.
[0228] Distribution
[0229] According to NCA, within the 0.3–20 mg / kg dose range, the average distribution volume (Vz) after first administration of LM-001 monotherapy was 3.22–6.20 L. For 10 mg / kg LM-001 Q3W monotherapy, the initial and steady-state mean Vz were 3.62–5.33 L and 5.19–5.83 L, respectively. In the combination 10 mg / kg LM-001 Q3W group, the initial and steady-state average Vz were 5.06–5.15 L and 4.47–4.60 L, respectively.
[0230] Elimination
[0231] After first administration of LM-001 monotherapy across 0.3–20 mg / kg, the mean clearance (CL) was 0.295–0.562 L / day, and the mean elimination half-life (t1 / 2) was 5.50–11.9 days. The low-dose group (0.3 mg / kg) had faster terminal elimination than other dose groups.
[0232] For 10 mg / kg LM-001 Q3W monotherapy, the mean initial and steady-state CL were 0.295–0.404 L / day and 0.347–0.486 L / day, with mean t1 / 2 of about 8.53–11.9 days and 9.60–11.5 days, respectively. For 10 mg / kg LM-001 combined with PD-1 monoclonal antibody Q3W, the mean single and steady-state CL were 0.393–0.467 L / day and 0.311–0.563 L / day, with mean t1 / 2 values of about 8.28–10.5 days and 7.06–11.1 days, respectively.
[0233] Population Pharmacokinetic (PopPK) Analysis
[0234] A two-compartment model with linear elimination described the PK characteristics of LM-001 in late-stage solid tumor patients in Australia (n=55) , USA (n=24) , and China (n=298) in the 0.3–20 mg / kg dose range (total N=377) . Of the 377 included subjects, 83 received LM-001 monotherapy, 263 received LM-001 plus toripalimab, and 31 received LM-001 plus pembrolizumab.
[0235] Covariate analysis showed that body weight, albumin, creatinine clearance, and baseline tumor burden were significant covariates for CL; weight, sex, and total protein were significant covariates for central volume (V1) ; and weight was also a significant covariate for inter-compartmental clearance (Q) and peripheral volume (V2) .
[0236] Other covariates explored showed no significant effect on PK, including age, BMI, ALT, ALP, AST, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, GFR, γ-GT, ethnicity, anti-drug antibodies, performance status, tumor type, or PD-1 co-treatment.
[0237] For a typical subject (62.0 kg male, albumin 41.7 g / L, creatinine clearance 93.0 mL / min, baseline tumor burden 55.1 mm, total protein 70.7 g / L) , CL was 0.0162 L / h, V1 3.21 L, Q 0.0331 L / h, and V2 1.86 L. Interindividual variabilities for CL, V1, and V2 were 23.5%, 16.7%, and 51.1%respectively.
[0238] Based on the final PopPK model, for continuous covariates (10–90th percentiles) and females (categorical) , the steady-state exposures (AUCss, Cmax, ss, and Ctrough, ss) at 10 mg / kg Q3W (2-hour IV infusion) were calculated as a percentage of the typical subject’s exposure. These changes, from -23.45%to +23.49%, are not expected to significantly impact efficacy or safety.
[0239] Special Populations
[0240] Hepatic impairment: PopPK indicated no significant difference in LM-001 exposure among patients with moderate (n=1) , mild (n=56) , and normal (n=318) liver function.
[0241] Renal impairment: No significant difference in exposure among severe (n=1) , moderate (n=19) , mild (n=131) , and normal (n=226) renal function groups.
[0242] Elderly: PopPK analysis of 144 patients ≥65 years old (age range 20–86) showed no significant difference in LM-001 exposure in elderly patients.
[0243] Exposure-Effect Relationship
[0244] As of April 25, 2024, based on individual parameter simulations from the three studies with continuous dosing to 24 weeks, the mean drug concentration (Cavg, ss) from week 19–24, peak concentration (Cmax, ss) , and week-24 trough concentration (Cmin, ss) were calculated. The relationship between steady-state exposure and safety and efficacy endpoints was analyzed.
[0245] Safety endpoints included: ≥Grade 3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) , ≥Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) , rash / maculopapular rash, AST increase, ALT increase, lipase increase, diarrhea, immune-related adverse events, amylase increase, and anemia.
[0246] Efficacy endpoints included: unconfirmed objective response rate (ORR) , unconfirmed disease control rate (DCR) , overall survival (OS) , and progression-free survival (PFS) .
[0247] Exposure-Safety Analysis (N=377, LM001-01-101, LM001-01-102 and LM001-01-103) :
[0248] For LM-001 monotherapy (n=83) : Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss had a positive correlation trend with ≥Grade 3 TRAEs; Cmax, ss, Cavg, ss, and Cmin, ss positively correlated with rash / maculopapular rash; Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss positively correlated with immune-related adverse events.
[0249] For LM-001 + PD-1 antibody (pembrolizumab [n=31] or toripalimab [n=263] ) : Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss positively correlated with rash / maculopapular rash; Cmin, ss positively correlated with immune-related adverse events.
[0250] No positive correlation was observed between LM-001 exposure and other safety endpoints (≥Grade 3 TEAE, ALT, AST, lipase, diarrhea, amylase, anemia) .
[0251] Exposure-Efficacy Analysis:
[0252] For LM-001 combined with PD-1 antibody:
[0253] GC / GEJ advanced gastric / GEJ cancer (n=58) : No positive correlation was observed between LM-001 exposure (Cavg, ss, Cmax, ss, Cmin, ss) and ORR, DCR, or OS; but a clear positive correlation was seen between Cavg, ss / Cmin, ss and PFS: Median PFS for Cavg, ss < median vs. ≥median was 2.69 vs. 4.27 months, and median PFS for Cmin, ss < median vs. ≥ median was 2.69 vs. 4.27 months.
[0254] MSI-H advanced solid tumors (n=15) : No significant correlation found for exposure with ORR or DCR owing to limited sample size. MSI-H and GC / GEJ cases were combined for further analysis as 9 / 15 MSI-H were GC / GEJ.
[0255] GC / GEJ / MSI-H (n=64) : No positive correlation with ORR, DCR, OS. Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss were clearly positively correlated with PFS: For Cavg, ss < C median vs. Cavg, ss ≥ C median, median PFS was 2.73 vs. 4.21 months; for Cmin, ss < C median vs. Cmin, ss ≥ C median, median PFS was 2.69 vs. 4.27 months.
[0256] Using C-C chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) expression as a variable, the PFS-Cavg, ss analysis set was divided into four groups: CCR8 ≤ median + Cavg, ss ≤ Cmedian CCR8 ≤ median + Cavg, ss > Cmedian CCR8 > median + Cavg, ss ≤ Cmedian CCR8 > median + Cavg, ss > Cmedian
[0257] The median PFS for these four groups was 1.43, 2.79, 4.27, and 6.9 months, respectively. Similarly, the PFS-Cmin, ss analysis set was divided into four groups: CCR8 ≤ median + Cmin, ss ≤ Cmedian CCR8 ≤ median + Cmin, ss > Cmedian CCR8 > median + Cmin, ss ≤ Cmedian CCR8 > median + Cmin, ss > Cmedian
[0258] The median PFS for these four groups was 1.68, 2.79, 2.66, and 7.33 months, respectively. These results suggest that when CCR8 expression is greater than the median (1.71) and LM-001 exposure (Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss) is also above the median, the median PFS in subjects increases significantly. In the group receiving the combination dose of LM-001 at 10 mg / kg Q3W, the median values of Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss were both above the median.
[0259] Dose Selection Rationale
[0260] For LM-001 injections in single doses of 0.3–20 mg / kg and multiple Q3W doses of 0.3–10 mg / kg, serum exposure increased with dose. At steady state, 10 mg / kg Q3W monotherapy and combination with PD-1 antibody had similar exposures: Cmax 228–349 and 216–298 μg / mL, Cmin 27.5–58.6 and 26.5–52.3 μg / mL, and AUC0-tau 1457–2794 and 1250–2460 μg·day / mL, respectively.
[0261] Efficacy: As of April 25, 2024, 4 patients with GC / GEJ / MSI-H received LM-001 monotherapy (3 at 10 mg / kg Q3W and 1 at 10 mg / kg Q2W) ; among 3 evaluable cases, ORR and DCR were 0 and 33.3%. 64 patients (across all three studies) with GC / GEJ / MSI-H received combination treatment, spread across 3 mg / kg Q3W (n=6) , 3 mg / kg Q2W (n=2) , 10 mg / kg Q6W (n=1) , 6 mg / kg Q3W (n=8) , and 10 mg / kg Q3W (n=47) ; 57 were evaluable. Group DCR ranged from 60%to 100%, ORR ranged from 0 to 100%; the 10 mg / kg Q3W group showed robust efficacy.
[0262] Based on E–R analysis, when both LM-001 exposure (Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss) and CCR8 expression were above median (1.71) , median PFS was significantly increased. PopPK modeling showed median Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss among PFS patients (n=64) were 69.9 μg / mL and 28 μg / mL, and for 10 mg / kg Q3W group, 73 μg / mL and 31.7 μg / mL, both above median. Thus, 10 mg / kg Q3W is expected to result in better PFS.
[0263] From a safety perspective, as of March 15, 2024, the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) for patients receiving monotherapy and combination therapy with PD-1 inhibitors in the three studies was 95.1% (78 / 82) and 94.6% (278 / 294) , respectively. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) associated with the study drug was 73.2% (60 / 82) for monotherapy and 88.4% (260 / 294) for combination therapy. Among these, the incidence of CTCAE grade ≥3 TRAEs related to LM-001 was 14.6% (12 / 82) in the monotherapy group and 38.4% (113 / 294) in the combination group.
[0264] The incidence of TRAEs by monotherapy dose group was: ---0.3 mg / kg Q3W: 25% (1 / 4) ---1 mg / kg Q3W: 40% (2 / 5) ---3 mg / kg Q3W: 77.8% (14 / 18) ---10 mg / kg Q3W: 90.3% (28 / 31) ---20 mg / kg Q3W: 57.1% (4 / 7) ---10 mg / kg Q2W: 57.1% (8 / 14) ---20 mg / kg Q2W: 100% (3 / 3) .
[0265] The incidence of TRAEs by combination therapy group was: ---3 mg / kg Q3W: 75% (12 / 16) ---3 mg / kg Q2W: 95.5% (21 / 22) ---6 mg / kg Q3W: 100% (12 / 12) ---10 mg / kg Q3W: 88.8% (207 / 233) ---10 mg / kg Q2W: 100% (4 / 4) ---10 mg / kg Q6W: 57.1% (4 / 7) .
[0266] These results indicate that for monotherapy dose groups at 3 mg / kg and above, and for combination therapy groups with PD-1 inhibitors, there was no clear dose-response relationship in the incidence of adverse events.
[0267] Based on the exposure-safety analysis results: For patients receiving LM-001 monotherapy (n=83) , there was a positive correlation between LM-001 exposure (Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss) and the incidence of Grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) . There was also a positive correlation between Cmax, ss, Cavg, ss, and Cmin, ss and the occurrence of rash / maculopapular rash; and a positive correlation between Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss and immune-related adverse events. For patients receiving LM-001 in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor (pembrolizumab [n=31] or toripalimab [n=263] ) , Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss were positively correlated with the occurrence of rash / maculopapular rash, and Cmin, ss was positively correlated with immune-related adverse events. No positive correlation was observed between LM-001 exposure and other safety endpoints (including Grade ≥3 TEAEs, elevated ALT, elevated AST, elevated lipase, diarrhea, elevated amylase, or anemia) .
[0268] In conclusion, considering PK, efficacy, safety, and E–R analysis, LM-001 exposure (Cavg, ss and Cmin, ss) greater than median results in improved PFS; in GC / GEJ / MSI-H, combination therapy with 10 mg / kg Q3W achieves higher DCR and ORR than monotherapy at the same dose, although monotherapy sample size was small. Therefore, LM-001 10 mg / kg Q3W combined with PD-1 antibody is selected as the key dosing regimen for pivotal single-arm phase II studies in MSI-H advanced solid tumor patients to maximize clinical benefit. Example 3. Evaluation of LM-001 monoclonal antibody injection in combination with toripalimab monoclonal antibody injection for unresectable or metastatic microsatellite high instability (MSI-H) who have failed prior treatment with anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 drugs or with advanced malignant solid tumors with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)
[0269] This example describes a clinical trial, which is a single-arm, multicenter, open-label phase II clinical trial with unresectable or metastatic MSI-H that has failed treatment with anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 drugs. The trial evaluates the efficacy and safety of LM-001 in combination with toripalimab.
[0270] This trial is planned to include 84 patients with unresectable or metastatic MSI-H / dMMR advanced malignant solid tumors with measurable lesions at baseline and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1 who have failed prior treatment with anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 drugs. Eligible patients will be treated with a fixed dose of LM-001 10 mg / kg in combination with toripalimab monoclonal antibody 240 mg once every three weeks after enrollment.
[0271] During the study treatment period, tumor imaging evaluation will be performed, with the first evaluation being 9 weeks (±7 days) from the start of the first treatment, and the subsequent tumor imaging evaluation cycle was every 6 weeks (±7 days) for 48 weeks after the first dose, and every 12 weeks (±7 days) from week 49. Patients should also complete appropriate safety checks and imaging evaluations before the end of study treatment.
[0272] All participants will receive LM-001 in combination with other anti-tumor therapy continuously until disease progression as assessed by imaging, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of informed consent, need to discontinue study treatment as assessed by the investigator, loss to follow-up, death, or occurrence of other conditions requiring termination of treatment as specified in the protocol (whichever occurs first) . The maximum treatment period from the first dose in this study is 24 months.
[0273] All participants undergoes the last dose visit examination (EOT) within 7 days of the last dose. If the participant has already had relevant laboratory tests at the time of the visit within 7 days prior to EOT, these tests do not need to be repeated at the time of EOT.
[0274] After EOT, all participants will be followed for safety and survival. Safety follow-up begins after the last dose of study treatment and is followed up every 30 days (± 7 days) until 90 days after the last dose of study treatment. The first safety visit (30 days ± 7 days) should be visited at the research center to complete the assessment specified in the protocol; The second (60 days±7 days) and third (90 days±7 days) safety follow-up visits can collect survival information and record adverse events through effective methods such as telephone visits. After the end of the safety follow-up period, the participant entered survival follow-up until the participant's death, loss of follow-up, withdrawal of informed consent, or termination of the study by the sponsor, during which 1 survival visit was conducted every 60 days (±7 days) through effective visits such as telephone follow-up, and survival information and follow-up treatment information were collected (if the participant started a new anti-tumor therapy, the treatment regimen and start and end time should be recorded) .
[0275] The safety evaluation of this study includes the evaluation of AEs, SAEs, vital signs and physical examinations, 12-lead ECG, and laboratory tests. The observed AEs are evaluated with reference to NCI-CTCAE v5.0, including type, incidence, severity, occurrence and end time, whether they were serious adverse events, correlation with the study drug, and prognosis.
[0276] LM-001 (1 cycle=21 days) is administered on Day 1 of each cycle, Q3W, until criteria for termination of treatment or withdrawal from the study are met, whichever occurs first. LM-001 intravenous infusion time is 120 minutes (± 10 minutes) .
[0277] Toripalimab, at 240 mg intravenous infusion, Q3W (1 cycle=21 days) , will be administered on the 1st day of each cycle until the criteria for termination of treatment or withdrawal from the study are met. The first infusion of toripalimab monoclonal antibody is given for at least 60 minutes ± 5 minutes. For each treatment, an intravenous infusion of LM-001 is required, followed by observation for at least 60 minutes (±5 minutes) before intravenous infusion of toripalimab monoclonal antibody.
[0278] Prior to the administration of each study drug on Day 1, the participant's hematological, hepatic and renal functions must meet the dosing requirements, and all toxic reactions related to the study drug must have been resolved to NCI-CTCAE v5.0 grade 0~1 level or baseline level (except grade 2 alopecia, grade 2 fatigue, grade 2 hypertension, grade 2 decreased appetite, grade 2 anemia (excluding hemolytic anemia) , grade 2 peripheral neurotoxicity, grade 2 weight loss, and grade 2 asymptomatic abnormal laboratory tests) . If there are specific recommendations for dose adjustment below, use them as a reference.
[0279] All investigational drugs should be administered at the planned dose and timing to the greatest extent possible. All medications adjusted and managed should be documented in the original medical record and electronic case report form (eCRF) .
[0280] Because an investigational drug is suspended or permanently discontinued because of an investigational drug-related toxicity, other investigational drugs are allowed to continue if they are eligible for administration.
[0281] The general principles of dose adjustment are as follows:
[0282] When severe toxicity of varying severity occurs at the same time, dose adjustment should be based on the highest grade observed.
[0283] Concomitant conditions that have already occurred at baseline, if deemed appropriate by the investigator, adjust the dose according to the corresponding changes in the toxicity grade. For example, a participant with Grade 1 fatigue at baseline and elevation to Grade 2 during treatment will result in a Grade 1 change that will be considered Grade 1 toxicity at dose adjustment.
[0284] Treatment should be discontinued if more than 12 weeks have elapsed since dose suspension due to an investigational drug-related AE; If the dosing is suspended for more than 21 days due to an AE not related to the study drug, and other discontinuation criteria are not met, the decision will be made based on the judgment of the investigator and after communication with the sponsor.
[0285] Because an investigational drug is suspended or permanently discontinued because of an investigational drug-related toxicity, other investigational drugs are allowed to continue if they are eligible for administration.
[0286] Participants are allowed to suspend medication due to other medical, or surgical, or unexpected events unrelated to study treatment, unless otherwise resolved by discussion between the investigator and the sponsor. The reason for the suspension of treatment must be documented. If it is not possible to administer the drug on the original dosing date due to special circumstances such as holidays, you can choose the convenient time closest to the original dosing date. The date of the next treatment cycle will be calculated based on the actual dosing date of this time.
[0287] As of April 25, 2024, among 25 patients with MSI-H / dMMR advanced solid tumors treated with LM-001 10 mg / kg Q3W in combination with toripalimab, 22 patients (88.0%) experienced treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) associated with the study drug. TRAEs with an incidence of ≥10%included: anemia (40.0%) , decreased white blood cell count (40.0%) , increased lipase (32.0%) , increased ALT (28.0%) , increased amylase (28.0%) , rash (28.0%) , increased AST (24.0%) , decreased neutrophil count (24.0%) , elevated creatine kinase (20.0%) , decreased appetite (20.0%) , asthenia (20.0%) , increased conjugated bilirubin (16.0%) , increased total bilirubin (16.0%) , hypoalbuminemia (16.0%) , diarrhea (16.0%) , fever (12.0%) , and proteinuria (12.0%) . Eight patients (32.0%) experienced CTCAE grade ≥3 TRAEs, including: increased lipase in 3 cases (12.0%) ; anemia in 2 cases (8.0%) ; immune-mediated pancreatitis in 2 cases (8.0%) ; and the following, each in 1 case (4.0%) : increased AST, increased amylase, decreased platelet count, increased conjugated bilirubin, increased total bilirubin, decreased fibrinogen, increased ALT, hyperglycemia, hemolytic anemia, asthenia, vomiting, immune-mediated enterocolitis, endocrine toxicity, and immune-mediated hepatitis.
[0288] Among patients with MSI-H / dMMR advanced solid tumors, a total of 31 received LM-001 10 mg / kg Q3W plus toripalimab 240 mg Q3W combination therapy; 24 completed at least one tumor evaluation after baseline (including 11 cases of gastric cancer, 6 colorectal cancer, 2 endometrial cancer, 1 ovarian cancer, 1 breast cancer, 1 small intestine adenocarcinoma, 1 pancreatic cancer, and 1 hepatocellular carcinoma; efficacy data updated to July 30, 2024) . The median number of prior lines of anti-tumor therapy was 2, and all subjects had previously received PD- (L) 1 treatment. Among the 24 patients with confirmed efficacy results, the overall ORR was 25.0% (95%CI: 9.8%–46.7%) , the DCR was 70.8% (95%CI: 48.9%–87.4%) , the median duration of response (DOR) had not yet been reached (95%CI: 7.33–NA months) , the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.33 months (95%CI: 1.38–NA months) , and the median overall survival (OS) had not yet been reached (see Table 3, waterfall plot in FIG. 1, swimmer plot in FIG. 2, and progression-free survival curve in FIG. 3) .
[0289] For patients with only one prior line of PD- (L) 1 therapy (that is, only one systemic treatment regimen containing a PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor) , the ORR was 54.5% (95%CI: 23.4%–83.3%) and the DCR was 81.8% (95%CI: 48.2%–97.7%) . The median duration of response (DOR) was not reached (95%CI: 7.33–NA months) , median progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.51 months (95%CI: 1.22–NA months) , and median overall survival (OS) was not reached (see Table 3, waterfall plot in FIG. 4, swimmer plot in FIG. 5, and PFS curve in FIG. 6) .
[0290] For patients with two or more prior lines of PD- (L) 1 therapy (that is, at least two systemic treatment regimens containing a PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor) , the ORR was 0 (95%CI: 0–24.7%) , the DCR was 61.5% (95%CI: 31.6%–86.1%) , median PFS was 4.30 months (95%CI: 1.35–NA months) , and median OS was not reached (see Table 3) . Table 3. Summary of Efficacy in MSI-H / dMMR Patients *Including one case (09020) where PR could not be confirmed; overall assessment was SD. ***
[0291] The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
[0292] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Claims
1.A method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and toripalimab, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprisinga VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1,a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, anda VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprisinga VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4,a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6,wherein the subject has an unresectable or metastatic solid tumor characterized with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) .2.The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) .3.The method of claim 2, wherein the VH and the VL of the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8, respectively.4.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at 4 to 20 mg / kg per dose, and the toripalimab is administered at 120 mg to 480 mg per dose.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at 8-12 mg / kg per dose, and the toripalimab is administered at 180 to 300 mg per dose.6.The method of claim 4, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered at 10 mg / kg per dose, and the toripalimab is administered at 240 mg per dose.7.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and toripalimab each is administered once every 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the anti-CCR8 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and toripalimab each is administered once every 3 weeks.9.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the subject has failed a prior treatment with an anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 therapy.10.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, blood cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, bone cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and kidney cancer.11.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the cancer is a cold tumor.