Masked multifunctional proteins
Masked interferon fusion proteins with a masking moiety and cleavable linker enable targeted delivery and activation of interferon activity, addressing the challenges of off-target effects in cancer therapies and enhancing therapeutic efficacy against cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- TJ BIOPHARMA (HANGZHOU) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
Current cancer therapies using interferon-alpha proteins face challenges in effectively targeting malignant cells while minimizing off-target effects and maintaining therapeutic efficacy.
Development of masked interferon fusion proteins comprising an interferon masking moiety, an IFN polypeptide with type 1 interferon activity, an immunoglobulin Fc region, and a cleavable linker, which reduces binding to IFNAR receptors until activated by proteases, allowing targeted delivery and release of interferon activity.
The masked interferon fusion proteins provide targeted delivery and activation, enhancing therapeutic efficacy against cancers and autoimmune diseases by minimizing off-target effects and maximizing interferon activity in specific cellular environments.
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Figure CN2026074434_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MASKED MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROTEINSBACKGROUND
[0001] The type I interferon (IFN) system involves a single form of IFNβ, several variants of IFNα and other less well-characterized IFNs, all of which signal via a heterodimeric IFNα / β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) -IFNAR2 receptor to transactivate IFN-stimulated genes. Type I IFNs regulate many important physiological processes such as maintaining the hematopoietic stem cell niche, maintaining synaptic plasticity and cognitive function, sustaining microbiota-driven optima antiviral immunity, and regulating bone remodeling. Another important regulatory function of the type I IFNs is the induction of antiviral state, such as inhibiting viral protein synthesis, degrading viral RNA and trapping viral components. Type I IFNs are expressed rapidly after infection and participate in and function as a linker between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune responses in defense against pathogens.
[0002] The interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) family of proteins has proven to be useful in treatment of a variety of diseases. For example, interferons alpha 2a and 2b (trade names Roferon and Intron A, respectively) have been used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, C and D (life-threatening viral diseases of the liver) , condylomata acuminata (genital warts) , AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, multiple myeloma, renal cell carcinoma, herpes I and II, varicella herpes zoster, and mycosis fungoides. The efficacy of treatment regimes containing interferon-alpha for prostate cancer and chronic myelogenous leukemia have also been studied. It is reported that the IFN-alpha induces malignant cells apoptosis via the caspase pathways. There is a need for potential cancer targeting IFN therapy.SUMMARY
[0003] The present disclosure provides masked interferon fusion proteins comprising an interferon masking moiety that binds to type 1 interferon (IFN) , an IFN polypeptide that retains type 1 interferon activity when not engaged by said masking moiety, an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc region, and a cleavable linker connecting the masking moiety and the IFN polypeptide, wherein the IFN polypeptide is linked to said Ig Fc region. These masked interferon fusion proteins are useful in the treatment of diseases and conditions such as cancers, autoimmune disease or inflammatory conditions.
[0004] One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a fusion protein comprising, (a) an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc fragment having two Fc chains; (b) a type I interferon (IFN) fused to the C-terminus of at least one of the Fc chains; and (c) a masking peptide having at least 55%sequence identity to an interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2 domain 1 (IFNAR2-D1) and capable of binding the type I IFN, fused to the C-terminus of the IFN, through (l) a cleavable linker between the (b) and (c) , wherein the fusion protein does not include the entire sequence of IFNAR2 domain 2 (IFNAR2-D2) .
[0005] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a second linker between (a) and (b) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein does not include at least 50%of IFNAR2-D2, or does not include at least 80%of IFNAR2-D2.
[0006] In some embodiments, the masking peptide has at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41-49. In some embodiments, the masking peptide has at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47, 48 or 49, or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47, 48 or 49. In some embodiments, the IFNAR2-D1 has at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41-46, or comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41-46.
[0007] In some embodiments, the masking peptide comprises an IFN binding loop 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of YTIMSKPEDLK (SEQ ID NO: 71) , an IFN binding loop 2 comprising the amino acid sequence of STHEAYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 72) , STQEIYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 74) or STDEAYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 75) , and an IFN binding loop 3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SHNFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 73) or SHEFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 76) .
[0008] In some embodiments, the masking peptide comprises at least one intra-peptide disulfide bond. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker contains a protease cleavage site. In some embodiments, the protease is selected from the group consisting of a thrombin, a neutrophil elastase, a cysteine protease, FAPa, Cathepsin B, legumain, a serine protease, such as a matriptase or a urokinase (uPA) , and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , such as MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, and MMP17.
[0009] In some embodiments, the protease cleavage site has at least 80%or 90%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9-14 or comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9-14.
[0010] In some embodiments, there are from 10 to 50 amino acid residues between the C-terminus of (b) and the N-terminus of (c) . In some embodiments, there are from 30 to 50 amino acid residues between the C-terminus of (b) and the N-terminus of (c) , or from 35 to 50 amino acid residues between the C-terminus of (b) and the N-terminus of (c)
[0011] In some embodiments, the IFN is selected from the group consisting of IFN-α1, -α2, -α4, -α5, -α6, -α7, -α8, -α10, -α13, -α14, -α16, -α17 and -α21, IFN-β, IFN-κ, IFN-ε, or IFN-ωand an amino acid sequence having at least 75%sequence identity thereof. In some embodiments, the IFN comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 75%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the IFN comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of S152C, R12A, R149A, S152A, N65A, L80A, Q90A, R120A, Y89A, Q124A, L80E, K121E, F64A+N65A, N65A+Y89A, N65A+K121A, and combinations thereof, relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the IFN comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 21-35.
[0012] In some embodiments, the Fc fragment is of an isotype of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. In some embodiments, the Fc fragment comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 3 and 51-65.
[0013] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a (b) fused to each of the two chains of (a) , and a (c) fused to each of the two (b) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a single (b) fused to only one of the two chains of (a) , and a (c) fused to the single (b) .
[0014] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 102-106, comprises any one of SEQ ID NO: 102-106.
[0015] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises (d) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof fused to the N-terminus of at least one of chains of the Fc fragment.
[0016] Also provided, in one embodiment, is a fusion protein comprising (a) a type I interferon (IFN) having a first terminus and a second terminus; (b) an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc fragment having two Fc chains, at least one of which is fused to a first terminus of the IFN; (c) a masking peptide having at least 55%sequence identity to an interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2 domain 1 (IFNAR2-D1) and capable of binding the type I IFN, fused to the second terminus of the IFN through a (l) cleavable linker, and (d) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the fusion protein does not include the entire sequence of IFNAR2 domain 2 (IFNAR2-D2) .
[0017] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises, from the N-terminus of the C-terminus, a configuration of: (c) – (l) – (a) – (b) – (d) ; (c) – (l) – (a) – (d) – (b) ; (d) – (b) – (a) – (l) – (c) ; or (b) – (d) – (a) – (l) – (c) .
[0018] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises an (a) fused to each of the two chains of (b) , and a (c) fused to each of the two (a) , or (ii) a single (a) fused to one of the two chains of (b) and a single (c) fused to the (a) .
[0019] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to an immune checkpoint inhibitor or a tumor associated antigen. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to PD-L1.
[0020] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a single domain antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is Fab fragment comprising the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the light chain variable region of atezolizumab.
[0021] Also provided, in one embodiment, is a mutant type I interferon (IFN) , comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of S152C, R12A, R149A, S152A, N65A, L80A, Q90A, R120A, Y89A, Q124A, L80E, K121E, F64A+N65A, N65A+Y89A, N65A+K121A, and combinations thereof, relative to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0022] In some embodiments, the IFN comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21-35. In some embodiments, the mutant IFN further comprises an Fc fragment fused to the mutant IFN. In some embodiments, the Fc fragment is of an isotype of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. In some embodiments, the Fc fragment comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 3 and 51-65.
[0023] In some embodiments, the mutant IFN comprises a mutant IFN fused to each of two chains of the Fc fragment. In some embodiments, the mutant IFN comprises a single mutant IFN fused to one of two chains of the Fc fragment. In some embodiments, the mutant IFN further comprise an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof fused to at least one of chains of the Fc fragment.
[0024] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to an immune checkpoint inhibitor or a tumor associated antigen. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to PD-L1. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a single domain antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is Fab fragment comprising the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the light chain variable region of atezolizumab.
[0025] Also provided, in one embodiment, is a fusion protein, comprising a first protein chain, optionally a second protein chain and optionally a third protein chain, selected from:
[0026] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient the fusion protein provided herein, the composition provided herein, the cell provided herein, or the polynucleotide provided herein. In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer.
[0027] Further provided is a method for treating an autoimmune disease or inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient the fusion protein or mutant IFN, related composition, polynucleotides or cells of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] FIG. 1 presents diagrams of masked IFNs. (A) is a diagram of N-terminal masked IFN-Fc.(B) is another molecule format where the masking peptide is at the C-terminus of the Fc-IFN dimers, while the masking peptide is fused to the IFN by the cleavable linker. (C) is an illustration of activation of masked IFN-Fc, the MMP protease recognizes the cleavable linkers, leading to masking peptide removal and IFN activity restoration. (D) is an illustration of activation of masked Fc-IFN, the MMP protease recognizes the cleavable linkers, leading to masking peptide removal and IFN activity restoration. The masking peptide is represented by an ellipse filled with vertical stripe.
[0029] FIG. 2 shows that inclusion of the N-terminal masks (M-140, M-83 and M-89) attenuated the binding activity of the masked Fc-IFN fusion to IFNAR2 and the removal thereof effectively restored such binding.
[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates the configurations of fourteen different formats of fusion proteins in masked (A-N) and un-masked (A’ -N’ ) versions. The masking peptide is represented by an ellipse filled with vertical stripe.
[0031] FIG. 4 shows the IFNAR2 binding activity and IFN stimulation activity of tested fusion proteins with different masking moieties.
[0032] FIG. 5 illustrates the structures of fusion proteins with or without IFN mutations and the IFN stimulation activity of the tested fusion proteins.
[0033] FIG. 6 shows the IFNAR2 binding activity and IFN stimulation activity of tested fusion proteins with IFN mutation and / or different masking moieties.
[0034] FIG. 7 shows the IFN stimulation activity of tested fusion proteins with linkers of different lengths.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONDefinitions
[0035] It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a polypeptide, ” is understood to represent one or more polypeptides. As such, the terms “a” (or “an” ) , “one or more, ” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0036] The term “CH2 region” or “CH2 domain” as used herein is intended to refer the CH2 region of an immunoglobulin, including the portion of a heavy chain molecule that extends, e.g., from about residue 244 to residue 360 of an antibody using conventional numbering schemes (residues 244 to 360, Kabat numbering system; and residues 231-340, EU numbering system; see Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) . CH2 region of a human IgG1 antibody, for example, corresponds to amino acids 228-340 according to the EU numbering system. However, the CH2 region may also be any of the other subtypes as described herein.
[0037] The term “CH3 region” or “CH3 domain” as used herein is intended to refer the CH3 region of an immunoglobulin. Thus, for example the CH3 region of a human IgG1 antibody corresponds to amino acids 341-447 according to the EU numbering system. However, the CH3 region may also be any of the other subtypes as described herein.
[0038] As used herein, the term “hinge region” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that joins the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain. This hinge region comprises approximately 25 residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminal antigen-binding regions to move independently. Hinge regions can be subdivided into three distinct domains: upper, middle, and lower hinge domains (Roux et al., J. Immunol 161: 4083 (1998) ) .
[0039] The term “immunoglobulin” or “Ig” refers to a class of structurally related glycoproteins consisting of two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L) low molecular weight chains and one pair of heavy (H) chains, all four potentially inter-connected by disulfide bonds. The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized. See for instance Fundamental Immunology Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989) ) . Briefly, each heavy chain typically is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region typically is comprised of three domains, CH I, CH2, and CH3. The heavy chains are inter-connected via disulfide bonds in the so-called “hinge region” . Each light chain typically is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region typically is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions may be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminal to carboxy-terminal in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196, 901 917 (1987) ) . Unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context, the amino acids of the constant region sequences are herein numbered according to the EU-index (described in Kabat, E. A. et al., Sequences of proteins of immunological interest. 5th Edition –US Department of Health and Human Services, NIH publication No. 91-3242, pp 662,680,689 (1991) ) .
[0040] The terms “inhibit” or “inhibition of” as used herein means to reduce by a measurable amount, or to prevent entirely.
[0041] The term “interferon” as used herein means a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses. IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens.
[0042] The term “mask” or “masking” in referring to a masking moiety of IFN means for purposes of the present disclosure, any polypeptide or protein that blocks cytokine interaction and / or activation between the IFN (s) and the IFNARs. It is within the scope of the invention that “mask” can be modified by recombinant means. The modification in amino acids includes deletions, additions, and substitutions of amino acids.
[0043] The term “masked IFN” or “engaged IFN” as used herein means a type I interferon in which a polypeptide is attached or engaged to the IFN thereby reducing IFN’s ability to bind the IFNARs.
[0044] As used herein, the term “affinity” is the strength of binding of one molecule, e. g . a polypeptide, to another, e.g. a target or ligand, at a single site, such as the monovalent binding of the individual target site of a masking moiety to the IFN polypeptide.
[0045] As used herein, the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression of cancer. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
[0046] By “subject” or “individual” or “animal” or “patient” or “mammal, ” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired. Mammalian subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows, and so on.
[0047] As used herein, phrases such as “to a patient in need of treatment” or “asubject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from administration of a polypeptide or composition of the present disclosure used, e.g., for detection, for a diagnostic procedure and / or for treatment.
[0048] “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a non-toxic, inert, and / or composition that is physiologically compatible with humans or other mammals. Type 1 interferons and IFN-α / β receptor (IFNAR)
[0049] The term “Type 1 interferon” or “Type I interferon” as used herein means a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system. Human type I IFNs belong to a multigene family consisting of 13 IFN-α subtypes (IFN-α1 (Uniprot No. P01562) , -α2 (Uniprot No. P01563) , -α4 (Uniprot No. P05014) , -α5 (Uniprot No. P01569) , -α6 (Uniprot No. P05013) , -α7 (Uniprot No. P01567) , -α8 (Uniprot No. P32881) , -α10 (Uniprot No. P01566) , -α13 (Uniprot No. P01562) , -α14 (Uniprot No. P01570) , -α16 (Uniprot No. P05015) , -α17 (Uniprot No. P05017) and -α21 (Uniprot No. P01568) ) but only one IFN-β (Uniprot No. P01574) , IFN-ε (Uniprot No. Q86WN2) , IFN-κ (Uniprot No. Q9P0W0) , and IFN-ω (Uniprot No. P05000) . All type I IFNs have similarities in structure, and their protein sequences are highly conserved (75%–99%amino acid sequence identity) . All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-areceptor (IFNAR) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that type 1 IFN (s) can be modified using recombinant means. The modification in amino acids includes deletions, additions, and substitutions of amino acids.
[0050] IFN-α and IFN-β are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes (NK cells, B-cells and T-cells) , macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. They stimulate both macrophages and NK cells to elicit an anti-viral response, and are also active against tumors. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been identified as the most potent producers of type I IFNs in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural IFN producing cells. Current study findings suggest that by forcing IFN-α expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages, it is possible to elicit a more effective dendritic cell activation and immune effector cell cytotoxicity.
[0051] In certain embodiments, a type 1 IFN (s) of the present disclosure may be the native IFN proteins from humans or animals, or may be recombinant IFN from transformed cells. Preferably, a recombinant human IFN is prepared using transformed E. coli. Unless their biological activity significantly deviates from that of the wild-type, mutants formed by substitution, deletion or insertion of amino acids are also included within the scope of the interferon alpha.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the human type 1 IFN comprises IFN-α subtypes, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, or IFN-ω or any an amino acid sequence having at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof. In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN comprises IFN-α2β or any an amino acid sequence having at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof. In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN of the present disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or any an amino acid sequence having at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof. Examples of modified type 1 IFNs, without limitation, include those presented in Table A, such as SEQ ID NO: 21-35, and any an amino acid sequence having at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof.
[0053] The interferon-α / β receptor (IFNAR) is a receptor which binds type I interferons. It is a heteromeric cell surface receptor composed of one chain with two subunits referred to as IFNAR1 (Homo sapiens, Uniprot No. P17181) and IFNAR2 (Homo sapiens, Uniprot No. P48551) . Upon binding of type I IFNs, IFNAR activates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Interferon stimulation classically results in an anti-viral immune response.
[0054] A model of the human IFNAR2 expressed in E. coli reveals a predominantly hydrophobic patch on the receptor that interacts with a matching hydrophobic surface on IFN-α. An adjacent motif of charged side chains then guides the proteins into a tight complex. The binding interface may account for cross reactivity and ligand specificity of the receptor. The high affinity IFNAR2 chain adopts a two-domain D1 / D2 receptor structure, whereas D1 contributes to most of the binding affinity. Masked interferon fusion protein
[0055] As demonstrated in the experimental examples, numerous masked IFN fusion proteins designed and prepared herein showed greatly reduced binding affinity to the human IFNAR. Upon removal of the masking moiety, however, the released IFN-Fc protein retained excellent binding affinity to the human IFNAR and efficiently blocked the Daudi cell proliferation.
[0056] Removal of the masking moiety, in some embodiments, is enabled by protease cleavage of a protease recognition site in a cleavable linker. Various linkers have been tested in the examples, including L25, L25’ , L30, L30’ , L30” and L35 (Table A) . As shown in FIG. 2, longer linkers (e.g., L30 having 30 amino acids and L35 having 35 amino acids) tended to be associated with higher cleavage efficiency, resulting in higher activity restoration.
[0057] The IFN / Fc fusion proteins can further include an anti-PL-L1 unit to take advantage of an anti-PD-L1 / IFN dual functionality. Four different formats have been tested, as illustrated in FIG. 3A-D (masked versions) , in which one or two IFN were fused to the N-terminus of the anti-PD-L1 antibodies / fragments and Fc fusions. Among them, formats F3 and F4 included just a single copy of IFN and were heterodimers. Testing showed that the C-terminal masks that protected the IFN did not inhibit the activity of the anti-PD-L1 antibodies, supporting the validity of these formats.
[0058] In certain situations, the activity of IFN needs to be attenuated in the unmasked / exposed form. A number of attenuating IFN mutations and mutation combinations (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21-35) have been tested in Fc-IFN and Anti-PD-L1-Fc-IFN fusions and it was shown that they have varying ability to reduce the target binding and IFN activities (FIG. 5-7) . Along with different masking moieties and linkers, the present technology provides a platform of masked IFN fusion proteins for therapeutic uses in different settings.
[0059] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, provided a fusion protein that includes (a) an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc fragment having two Fc chains, (b) a type I interferon (IFN) fused to the C-terminus of at least one of the Fc chains and (c) a masking peptide fused to the C-terminus of the IFN, through (l) a cleavable linker between the (b) and (c) .
[0060] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further includes (d) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof fused to the N-terminus of at least one of chains of the Fc fragment. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to an immune checkpoint inhibitor, such as PD1 or PD-L1, or a tumor associated antigen. Masking peptides / moieties
[0061] In a preferred embodiment, the masking peptide has binding specificity to the human type I IFN and can efficiently block the binding between the human type I IFN and INFAR. In certain embodiments, the IFNAR includes IFNAR1 and IFNAR2.
[0062] In order to be conferred with a “masking” function to the type 1 IFN, in some embodiments, the IFN masking moiety needs to maintain high binding affinity to the type 1 IFN. The IFNAR2 Domain 1 (IFNAR2-D1) , which interacts with type 1 IFN via its three binding loops, is observed to contribute to most of the binding affinity with type 1 IFN. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a masking moiety of the present disclosure includes the IFNAR2-D1 or a derivative (such as the mutants described below) and does not include some or all of the remaining sequence of IFNAR2. In one embodiment, the masking moiety does not include all of IFNAR2-D2 (residues 112 to 205 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , or does not include at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 95%of IFNAR2-D2 (residues 112 to 205 of SEQ ID NO: 2) .
[0063] In some embodiments, the IFNAR2-D1 is mutated to provide better masking activity or to assist with expression or stability. With mutations in the binding loops, in some embodiments, the binding affinity of IFNAR2-D1 can be improved, thus enhancing the masking activity. The amino acid sequences of the three binding loops within the IFNAR2-D1 that form the binding interfaces with the type 1 IFNs are shown in SEQ ID NO: 71-73.
[0064] In some embodiments, the IFN binding loops 1-3 have the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 71-73, respectively. In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises IFN binding loop 1: YTIMSKPEDLK (SEQ ID NO: 71) , IFN binding loop 2: STHEAYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 72) , and IFN binding loop 3: SHNFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 73) . In some embodiments, at least one, or two, or three of the IFN binding loops 1-3 of the above are modified by one, two or three amino acid additions, deletions, substitutions, or the combinations thereof.
[0065] The tool for redesigning the polypeptide can be a Machine Learning (ML) tool or other artificial intelligence (AI) -based computational tools in mutagenesis-based protein engineering, enabling the de novo design of a variant library containing proteins with a desired function that never exist before in nature ( (Saito et al., ACS Catal., 11, 14615–14624 (2021) ; Eisenstein, Nature biotechnology., 41, 303–305 (2023) ) .
[0066] With the assistance of the ML or AI-based computational tools, mutations can be made within the binding loops to improve the IFN-IFNAR2-D1 binding affinity and subsequently enhance the masking efficiency and / or peptide expression. Some redesigned sequences of the binding loops are provided in SEQ ID NO: 74 and 75 (for loop 2) and 76 (for loop 3) .
[0067] In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises IFN binding loop 1: YTIMSKPEDLK (SEQ ID NO: 71) , IFN binding loop 2: STQEIYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 74) , and IFN binding loop 3: SHNFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 73) . In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises IFN binding loop 1: YTIMSKPEDLK (SEQ ID NO: 71) , IFN binding loop 2: STQEIYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 74) , and IFN binding loop 3: SHEFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 76) . In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises IFN binding loop 1: YTIMSKPEDLK (SEQ ID NO: 71) , IFN binding loop 2: STDEAYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 75) , and IFN binding loop3: SHNFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 73) . In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises IFN binding loop 1: YTIMSKPEDLK (SEQ ID NO: 71) , IFN binding loop 2: STHEAYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 72) , and IFN binding loop 3: SHEFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 76) .
[0068] The IFNAR2-D1 framework region can be redesigned by ML or AI-based computational tools to improve the spatial structure stability of the polypeptide. The “IFNAR2-D1 framework” as used herein refers to the structure supporting regions of IFNAR2-D1 within which the IFN binding loops are interspersed, and the IFNAR2-D1 framework regions are not engaged in the binding with the type 1 IFNs. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the type 1 IFN masking moiety provided herein are IFNAR2-D1 framework redesigned based on the structure of IFNAR2-D1 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 (entire D1) or 46 (core of D1) .
[0069] In certain embodiments, the redesigned type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 55% (or at least 56%, at least 57%, at least 58%, at least 59%, at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41 or 46 and is still capable of binding to type 1 IFN.
[0070] In certain embodiments, one or more disulfide bonds are introduced into the type 1 IFN masking moiety polypeptide to stabilize the polypeptide. As used herein the term “disulfide bond” includes the covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms with the structure R-S-S-R. The amino acid cysteine comprises a thiol group that can form a disulfide bond or bridge with a second thiol group from another cysteine residue. Incorporation of disulfide bonds into proteins is one of nature's ways of improving protein stability; a correlation between the abundance of disulfide bonds and the maximum growth temperature among thermophilic organisms has been found, implicating the importance of disulfide bonds in protein stabilization in high temperature environments (Mallick P, et al, 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 9679-9684. ; Ladenstein R, et al, 2006, FEBS J., 273, 4170-4185) .
[0071] The number of disulfide bonds in a protein can be readily determined by accurate intact mass measurements. The disulfide bonds connectivity can be verified (determined) by standard techniques known in the art, such as peptide mapping.
[0072] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a cystine pair is introduced with amino acid substitutions at R20C and E109C corresponding to the positions in SEQ ID NO: 41 to form a disulfide bond. Accordingly, an example masking moiety derived from D1 is M-140 (SEQ ID NO: 42) , which includes an intrachain disulfide bond introduced by mutations R20C and E109C into the wild-type D1 (SEQ ID NO: 41) . A second example is M-153 (SEQ ID NO: 43) which, relative to M-140, includes a further mutation of N99E. A third example is M-159 (SEQ ID NO: 44) which, relative to M-140, further includes mutations F22G, M106T, P110S and P111S. A fourth example is M-1593 (SEQ ID NO: 45) which, relative to M-159, further includes the mutation N99E.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, 44, or 45. In some embodiments, the masking moiety includes a peptide having at least 55% (or at least 56%, at least 57%, at least 58%, at least 59%, at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%) sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, 44, or 45. In some embodiments, such an amino acid sequence retains one or more of the original or mutated IFN binding loops 1, 2 and / or 3. In some embodiments, such an amino acid sequence retains one or two or more, or all of the mutations in the reference sequence (e.g., R20C) .
[0074] Additional mutations have also been tested. In certain embodiments, a type 1 IFN masking moiety include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 with one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of (1) L19: S, Q, E, or R; (2) F22: G, N, or D; (3) I46R; (4) M47: I or F; (5) S48: N, Y, or Q; (6) K49Q; (7) H77: Y, Q or D; (8) A79: D, I, V, E or N; (9) V81: I or F; (10) V83: F, I or K; (11) N99: E, D or W; (12) W101: M or F; (13) L102: M or I; (14) I104: F or W; (15) M106: A, T, L, or E; (16) F108: N, Y, T, or E; (17) P110: S or E; (18) P111: S or E; and (19) combinations thereof.
[0075] In certain embodiments, a type 1 IFN masking moiety includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42 with amino acid substitutions of: (1) R20C, M47I, H77Q, A79I and E109C; (2) R20C, H77D, A79I, N99E and E109C; (3) R20C, H77D and E109C; (4) R20C, N99E and E109C; (5) L19S, R20C, F22G, M106A, F108N, E109C, P110S and P111S; (6) L19Q, R20C, F22N, M106T, F108Y and E109C; (7) L19E, R20C, F22G, M106L, F108T, E109C, P110S and P111S; (8) L19R, R20C, F22D, F108E and E109C; (9) L19R, R20C, F22N, M106E, E109C, P110S and P111S; (10) R20C, F22G, M106T, E109C, P110S and P111S; (11) L19S, R20C, F22N, M106L, F108E and E109C; (12) L19E, R20C, F22G and E109C; (13) R20C, F22N, F108T, E109C, P110S and P111S; or (14) R20C, F22G, F108N and E109C.
[0076] A number of “redesigns” of D1 masks have been tested, including M-60 (SEQ ID NO: 47) , M-83 (SEQ ID NO: 48) and M-89 (SEQ ID NO: 49) , based on the D1 core (SEQ ID NO: 46) . In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN masking moiety comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47, 48 or 49. In some embodiments, the masking moiety includes a peptide having at least 55% (or at least 56%, at least 57%, at least 58%, at least 59%, at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%) sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 47, 48 or 49. In some embodiments, such an amino acid sequence retains one or more of the original or mutated IFN binding loops 1, 2 and / or 3. Table A. Sequences Linkers
[0077] Linkers within the scope of the present disclosure are characterized in terms of amino acid content, length, rigidity and secondary structure. Linkers within the scope of the present disclosure separate the type 1 interferon and another functional polypeptide (such as a masking moiety or an Ig Fc region) and allow proper folding and functioning of each domain. In this manner, a linker can be tailored to the particular type 1 interferon and the other functional polypeptide. According to one aspect, functional independence of the structural (i.e., type 1 interferon) and fused (heterologous) domains is maximized by a suitable linker to limit steric interference between domains during the export and assembly processes of the bacterial cell or CHO mammalian expression cell.
[0078] Linkers within the scope of the present disclosure facilitate functioning of the type 1 interferon domain and the other functional polypeptide. Linkers within the scope of the present disclosure allow efficient protein processing and export through the bacterial curli or mammalian expression cell secretion machinery as well as provide the proper spatial and physicochemical separation of the type 1 interferon and the other functional polypeptide to retain their respective functions.
[0079] Linkers within the scope of the present disclosure include a cleavage site. Cleavage sites and enzymes for cleavage are known to those of skill in the art. According to this embodiment, the cleavable linker is cleaved by the enzyme within a tumor microenvironment in the patient. A “tumor microenvironment” as used herein refers to a "complex network" of different cell types, soluble factors, signaling molecules and extracellular matrix components, which orchestrate the fate of tumor progression. The proteases that are expressed by cell in the tumor microenvironment (e.g., tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages) and thus are tumor-abundant cleave the linkers on the cleavage sites and release the functional polypeptide from the linker into the surrounding environment, for example for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
[0080] Proteinases are a class of enzymes that are involved in the cleavage or hydrolysis of a variety of proteins. The proteinase is tumor-abundant proteinase, such as matrix cathepsins, caspases, and metalloproteinases. Exemplary enzymes include those from the family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , which have their own recognition sequences, a thrombin, a neutrophil elastase, a cysteine protease, FAPa, Cathepsin B, legumain, a serine protease, such as a matriptase or a urokinase (uPA) , or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , such as MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, or MMP17. Other enzymes are proteases secreted by pathogens such as CD2830 from C. difficile. The cleavage site sequence (s) of tumor-abundant MMPs include, among others: SEQ ID NO: 301-361.
[0081] According to one aspect, the linker length can be any length which may be expressed from a cell, such as a bacterial cell or CHO mammalian expression cell when linking a type 1 interferon protein and a functional polypeptide. According to one aspect, the functional polypeptide length can be any length which may be expressed from a cell, such as a bacterial cell or CHO mammalian expression cell when linked to a type 1 interferon protein by a linker.
[0082] According to one aspect, a linker sequence is a polypeptide sequence of at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 48 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 3 amino acids to about 100 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 5 amino acids to about 90 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 10 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 15 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 20 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 25 amino acids to about 80 amino acids.
[0083] In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 30 amino acids to about 100 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 35 amino acids to about 90 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 40 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 45 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker sequence comprises from about 50 amino acids to about 80 amino acids.
[0084] In some embodiments, the linker is the only connection between the masking moiety and the IFN. In other words, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN equals the length of the linker. According to one aspect, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 48 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 3 amino acids to about 100 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 5 amino acids to about 90 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 10 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 15 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 20 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 25 amino acids to about 80 amino acids.
[0085] In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 30 amino acids to about 100 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 35 amino acids to about 90 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 40 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 45 amino acids to about 80 amino acids. In some embodiments, the distance between the masking moiety and the IFN is from about 50 amino acids to about 80 amino acids.
[0086] One or more amino acids can be added to either or both sides of the protease site to provide the needed length of the linker. Such amino acids, for instance, may be glycine or serine. Such filler fragments, for instance, may be a flexible polypeptide, e.g. a polypeptide not having a rigid secondary and / or tertiary structure. In some embodiments, the filler fragment includes glycine and serine residues. In some embodiments at least 50%of the amino acids comprised by the filler fragments are glycine or serine residues, e.g. at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or more are glycine or serine residues. In some embodiments, the filler fragments consist of glycine and serine residues. Example filler fragments include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 371-374.
[0087] Example linker sequences include SEQ ID NO: 9-14 and their variants, such as ones having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98%sequence identity to each of SEQ ID NO: 9-14. Modified IFNs
[0088] Examples of modified type 1 IFNs, without limitation, include those presented in Table A, such as SEQ ID NO: 21-35, and any an amino acid sequence having at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof.
[0089] An example modified IFN, IFM1 (SEQ ID NO: 21) has a point mutation of S152C relative to the wild-type IFN protein (SEQ ID NO: 1) . Other examples, namely IFM2-IFM12, include point mutations R12A, R149A, S152A, N65A, L80A, Q90A, R120A, Y89A, Q124A, IF L80E, and K121E, respectively. IFM13 includes a combination of N65A and F64A, IFM14 includes a combination of N65A and Y89A, and IFM15 includes a combination of N65A and K121A.
[0090] In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21 and retains the S152C mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:22 and retains the R12A mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and retains the R149A mutation.
[0091] In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24 and retains the S152A mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:25 and retains the N65A mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26 and retains the L80A mutation.
[0092] In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27 and retains the Q90A mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28 and retains the R120A mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29 and retains theY89A mutation.
[0093] In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and retains the Q124A mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31 and retains the L80E mutation. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32 and retains the K121E mutation.
[0094] In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33 and retains the N65A and F64A mutations. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34 and retains the N65A and Y89A mutations. In one embodiment, a modified IFN has at least at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35 and retains the N65A and K121A mutations.
[0095] Also provided is a fusion protein that includes one or two of a modified IFN fused to an Fc, examples of which are provided herein. Immunoglobulin Fc region
[0096] The masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure contains an immunoglobulin Fc region. As used herein, the term “immunoglobulin Fc region” refers to an immunoglobulin fragment that is devoid of the variable regions of light and heavy chains, the constant region 1 of the heavy chain (CH1) , and the constant region 1 of the light chain (CL1) , that is, a fragment comprised of the constant regions 2 and 3 of the heavy chain (CH2 and CH3) . Optionally, the immunoglobulin Fc region may further comprise a hinge region. Also, the immunoglobulin Fc region of the present disclosure may be an extended Fc region which comprises a part of or the entirety of the constant region 1 of the heavy chain (CH1) and / or the constant region 1 of the light chain (CL1) in addition to the constant regions 2 and 3 of the heavy chain (CH2 and CH3) so long as it shows effects substantially identical or superior to those of the classical Fc region. Further, the immunoglobulin Fc region of the present disclosure may be comprised of CH2 and / or CH3 that lacks a significant part of the amino acid sequence.
[0097] Further, an amino acid sequence mutant of the wild-type Fc may be included within the scope of the immunoglobulin Fc region of the present disclosure. The term “amino acid sequence mutant, ” as used herein, refers to an amino acid sequence that is different from the wild-type as a result of deletion, insertion, conserved or non-conserved substitution of one or more amino acid residues, or a combination thereof. For instance, amino acid residues at positions 214 to 238, 297 to 299, 318 to 322, or 327 to 331 in IgG Fc, known to be important for linkage, may be used as the sites suitable for modification.
[0098] Various derivatives, such as those prepared by removing the sites of disulfide bonds, removing several N-terminal amino acids from native Fc, or adding methionine to the N-terminus of native Fc, may be used in the present disclosure. In addition, complement fixation sites, e.g., C1q fixation sites, or ADCC sites may be eliminated to remove the effector function from the native Fc region. The techniques of preparing amino acid sequence mutants of the immunoglobulin Fc region are disclosed in International Patent Publication Nos. WO 97 / 34631 and WO 96 / 32478.
[0099] The above-described Fc derivatives exhibit the same biological activity as that of the wild-type, but are improved in structural stability to heat and pH.
[0100] The type 1 interferon of the present disclosure is fused to the Fc region to improve its biological properties, such as increased solubility, prolonged serum half-life and increased binding affinity to the target cells (when not engaged with a masking moiety) , such as cells of target organs, and receptors such as IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, over the non-fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the type 1 IFN is fused to the Ig Fc region directly or via a linker as described above. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the C-terminus of the type 1 IFN is fused to the N-terminus of the Fc region.
[0101] The masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure has increased solubility and prolonged serum half-life over the masked IFN that is not fused to a Fc region. When the masking moiety is cleaved, the fused interferon and Fc region may have increased binding affinity to the target cells, such as cells of target organs, and receptors such as IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, over the non-fused interferon.
[0102] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the IFN masking moiety is fused to the Fc region. The fused IFN masking moiety has improved biological properties, such as increased solubility, prolonged serum half-life and increased binding affinity to its ligand, such as the interferons. In certain embodiments, the interferon comprises human type 1 IFN.
[0103] The immunoglobulin Fc region useful in the present disclosure may be glycosylated to the same extent as or to a higher or lesser extent than the native form or may be deglycosylated or aglycosylated. Increased or decreased glycosylation or deglycosylation of the immunoglobulin region may be achieved by typical methods, for example, by using a chemical method, an enzymatic method, or a genetic engineering method. Herein, when deglycosylated, an immunoglobulin Fc region is significantly decreased in complement (C1q) binding force and has reduced or no antibody-dependent cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity, so that it does not induce unnecessary immune responses in vivo.
[0104] The term “deglycosylation, ” as used herein, is intended to mean the enzymatic removal of sugars from an Fc region. The term “aglycosylation, ” when used in conjunction with an Fc region, means an Fc region free of sugars, expressed from prokaryotes, preferably from E. coli.
[0105] For use in the present disclosure, the immunoglobulin Fc region has an amino acid sequence of human immunoglobulin Fc regions or their closely related analogues. The Fc regions may be obtained from native forms isolated from animals including cows, goats, swine, mice, rabbits, hamsters, rats and guinea pigs. In addition, the immunoglobulin Fc region may be an Fc region that is derived from IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM, or that is made by combinations thereof or hybrids thereof. Preferably, it is derived from IgG or IgM, which is among the proteins that are the most abundant in human blood, and most preferably from IgG, which is known to enhance the serum half-life of the ligand-binding proteins. Herein, the immunoglobulin Fc may be obtained from a native immunoglobulin by isolating whole immunoglobulin from human or animal organisms and treating them with a proteolytic enzyme or it may be recombinants or derivatives thereof, obtained from transformed animal cells or microorganisms. Preferable is recombinant human immunoglobulin Fc produced by CHO mammalian protein expressing cell.
[0106] Among the four IgG subclasses, IgG1 and IgG3 induce the strongest Fc-effector functions. However, since IgG1 has the longest half-life and is more stable than IgG3, most therapeutic antibodies with Fc-mediated functions are of IgG1 isotype. IgG2 and IgG4 isotypes have significantly lower binding affinity to FcγRs. Recent evidence suggests that the IgG2 isotype is not completely devoid of effector function, whereas the IgG4 isotype can undergo in vivo Fab arm exchange leading to bispecific antibody and off-target effects.
[0107] In certain embodiments, the Fc region is of an IgG1 Fc region. In certain embodiments, the IgG1 Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence with a mutations C5A (or C220A according to EU numbering) , as compared with a wild type human IgG1 Fc region, which prevents CH1 and CL interaction.
[0108] In certain embodiments, the IgG1 Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or any an amino acid sequence having at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof.
[0109] In certain embodiments, the Fc includes one or more mutations such as C220A, N297A, M428L, N434S, L234A, and L235A. In some embodiments, the Fc includes a knob in one of the chains and a hole in the other. In certain embodiments, the Fc includes a chain having the amino sequence of one of SEQ ID NO: 51-65, or any an amino acid sequence having at least 75% (or at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof.
[0110] In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin Fc regions form a dimer that contains two identical Fc polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin Fc regions form a dimer that contain two Fc polypeptides with different modifications. The term “dimer” as used herein refers to an associated structure formed by two molecules, such as polypeptides or proteins, via covalent or non-covalent interactions. A homodimer or homodimerization is formed by two identical molecules, and a heterodimer or heterodimerization is formed by two different molecules. Anti-PD-1 or Anti-PD-L1 antibodies
[0111] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further includes (d) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof fused to the N-terminus of at least one of chains of the Fc fragment. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to an immune checkpoint inhibitor, such as PD1 or PD-L1, or a tumor associated antigen.
[0112] Nevertheless, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, in some embodiments, can be integrated into the fusion protein in other manners. For instance, when the masked IFN is fused to the C-terminus of the Fc fragment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can be fused to the N-terminus of the Fc fragment (as described above) , or be disposed between the Fc and the IFN.
[0113] In some embodiments, when the masked IFN is fused to the N-terminus of the Fc fragment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can be fused to the C-terminus of the Fc fragment, or be disposed between the Fc and the IFN.
[0114] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, therefore, provided is a fusion protein comprising (a) a type I interferon (IFN) having a first terminus and a second terminus; (b) an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc fragment having two Fc chains, at least one of which is fused to a first terminus of the IFN; (c) a masking peptide (as described herein) fused to the second terminus of the IFN through a (l) cleavable linker, and (d) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the fusion protein does not include the entire sequence of IFNAR2 domain 2 (IFNAR2-D2) .
[0115] In one embodiment, the fusion protein has a configuration of (d) – (b) – (a) – (l) – (c) , in which the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is disposed at the N-terminal side of the Fc fragment, which can be an Fab fragment or one or two single chain antibody (e.g., scFv) or one or two single domain antibodies (e.g., VHH) .
[0116] In one embodiment, the fusion protein has a configuration of (c) – (l) – (a) – (b) – (d) , in which the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is disposed at the C-terminal side of the Fc fragment, which can be an Fab fragment or one or two single chain antibody (e.g., scFv) or one or two single domain antibodies (e.g., VHH) .
[0117] In one embodiment, the fusion protein has a configuration of (b) – (d) – (a) – (l) – (c) , in which the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is disposed between the N-terminal Fc fragment and the C-terminal IFN, which can be an Fab fragment or one or two single chain antibody (e.g., scFv) or one or two single domain antibodies (e.g., VHH) .
[0118] In one embodiment, the fusion protein has a configuration of (c) – (l) – (a) – (d) – (b) , in which the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is disposed between the C-terminal IFN and the N-terminal Fc fragment, which can be an Fab fragment or one or two single chain antibody (e.g., scFv) or one or two single domain antibodies (e.g., VHH) .
[0119] In some embodiments, the fusion protein includes an (a) fused to each of the two chains of (b) , and a (c) fused to each of the two (a) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein includes a single (a) fused to one of the two chains of (b) and a single (c) fused to the (a) .
[0120] Examples of anti-PD-1 / anti-PD-L1 antibodies and fragments thereof are described below. Pembrolizumab (formerly MK-3475 or lambrolizumab, Keytruda) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Merck and first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2014 for the treatment of melanoma. It was later approved for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
[0121] Nivolumab (Opdivo) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and first approved by the FDA in 2014 for the treatment of melanoma. It was later approved for squamous cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cemiplimab (Libtayo) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and first approved by the FDA in 2018 for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) or locally advanced CSCC who are not candidates for curative surgery or curative radiation.
[0122] Spartalizumab (PDR001) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Novartis to treat both solid tumors and lymphomas. Camrelizumab (SHR1210) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody introduced by Jiangsu HengRui Medicine Co., Ltd. that recently received conditional approval in China for the treatment of relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Sintilimab (IBI308) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Innovent and Eli Lilly for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) . Tislelizumab (BGB-A317) is a humanized IgG4 anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by BeiGene for solid tumors and hematologic cancers.
[0123] Dostarlimab (TSR-042, WBP-285) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against PD-1 under investigation by GlaxoSmithKline. INCMGA00012 (MGA012) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody developed by Incyte and MacroGenics. AMP-224 is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody by AstraZeneca / MedImmune and GlaxoSmithKline. AMP-514 (MEDI0680) is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody by AstraZeneca.
[0124] Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) is a humanized anti-PD-L1 IgG1 antibody developed by Roche Genentech. It has been approved by the FDA for urothelial carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer. The VH and VL sequences of atezolizumab are provided in SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8, respectively.
[0125] Avelumab (Bavencio) is a human anti-PD-L1 IgG1 antibody developed by Merck Serono and Pfizer. Avelumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic merkel-cell carcinoma. Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is a human anti-PD-L1 IgG1 antibody developed by AstraZeneca. Durvalumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma and unresectable non-small cell lung cancer after chemoradiation.
[0126] KN035 is an anti-PD-L1 antibody with subcutaneous formulation currently under clinical evaluations in the US, China, and Japan. CK-301 is an anti-PD-L1 antibody being developed by Checkpoint Therapeutics. Some small peptide and small molecule inhibitors are also being developed. Examples are shown below. AUNP12 is a 29-mer peptide as the first peptic PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor developed by Aurigene and Laboratoires Pierre Fabre that is being evaluated in clinical trial, following promising in vitro results. CA-170, discovered by Aurigene / Curis as the PD-L1 and VISTA antagonist, was indicted as a potent small molecule inhibitor in vitro. The compound is under phase I clinical trial over mesothelioma patients. BMS-986189 is a macrocyclic peptide discovered by Bristol-Myers Squibb of which the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability is currently being studied on healthy subjects.
[0127] An example single domain antibody against PD-L1 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0128] In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment is provided as a Fab fragment attached to the N-terminus of the Fc fragment. In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment is provided as one or two copies of a single domain antibody, such as SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0129] In one embodiment, two fusion proteins may associate, either covalently, for example, by a disulfide bond, a polypeptide bond or a crosslinking agent, or non-covalently, to produce a dimeric protein. In a preferred embodiment, the two fusion proteins are associated covalently by means of at least one and more preferably two interchain disulfide bonds via cysteine residues, preferably located within immunoglobulin hinge regions disposed within the immunoglobulin Fc regions of each chain.
[0130] Sequences of example fusion proteins are provided in Table B, which can include one chain sequence (e.g., homodimer) , two chains (e.g., heterodimer) or three chains (heterodimer with identical light chains) . Table B. Example fusion protein configurations
[0131] In one aspect, the masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure may be prepared using commonly known genetic engineering techniques in the art and the resulting fusion protein preferably is synthesized in a cell that glycosylates the Fc region at normal glycosylation sites, i.e., which usually exist in template antibodies. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of producing a masked IFN fusion protein comprising a masking moiety, a cleavable linker, a type I IFN, an immunoglobulin Fc region and optionally a second linker interposed between the type I IFN and the immunoglobulin Fc region. The method comprises the steps of (a) providing a mammalian cell containing a DNA molecule encoding such a fusion protein, either with or without a signal sequence, and (b) culturing the mammalian cell to produce the fusion protein. The resulting fusion protein can then be harvested, refolded, if necessary, and purified using conventional purification techniques well known and used in the art.
[0132] The amino acid sequence of the masked IFN fusion protein can be substituted at one or more residues. Such substitutions, in some embodiments, are conservative substitutions. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . Thus, a nonessential amino acid residue in an immunoglobulin polypeptide is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. In another embodiment, a string of amino acids can be replaced with a structurally similar string that differs in order and / or composition of side chain family members.
[0133] Non-limiting examples of conservative amino acid substitutions are provided in the table below, where a similarity score of 0 or higher indicates conservative substitution between the two amino acids. Amino Acid Similarity Matrix Conservative Amino Acid Substitutions
[0134] It will also be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the masked IFN fusion proteins as disclosed herein may be modified such that they vary in amino acid sequence from the naturally occurring binding polypeptide from which they were derived. For example, a polypeptide or amino acid sequence derived from a designated protein may be similar, e.g., have a certain percent identity to the starting sequence, e.g., it may be 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%identical to the starting sequence.
[0135] In certain embodiments, the masked IFN fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence or one or more moieties. For example, the masked IFN fusion proteins of the present disclosure may comprise a further flexible linker sequence, or may be modified to add an extra functional moiety (e.g., PEG, a drug, a toxin, or a label) . In some embodiments, the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety may be conjugated to therapeutic agents, prodrugs, peptides, proteins, enzymes, viruses, lipids, biological response modifiers, pharmaceutical agents, or PEG.
[0136] The masked IFN fusion proteins or the IFN masking moieties, variants, or derivatives thereof of the present disclosure include derivatives that are modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the polypeptide such that covalent attachment does not prevent the polypeptide’s function. For example, but not by way of limitation, the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety can be modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known techniques, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Additionally, the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety may contain one or more non-classical amino acids.
[0137] The masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure may be conjugated or fused to a therapeutic agent, which may include detectable labels such as radioactive labels, an immunomodulator, a hormone, an enzyme, an oligonucleotide, a photoactive therapeutic or diagnostic agent, a cytotoxic agent, which may be a drug or a toxin, an ultrasound enhancing agent, a non-radioactive label, a combination thereof and other such agents known in the art. Polynucleotides Encoding the polypeptide and Methods of Preparing the polypeptide
[0138] The present disclosure also provides isolated polynucleotides or nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptide (such as the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure) , variants or derivatives thereof of the disclosure.
[0139] DNA encoding the polypeptide is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g. by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the polypeptide) . The encoding DNA may also be obtained by synthetic methods.
[0140] The present disclosure provides vectors (e.g. expression vectors) comprising the isolated polynucleotide provided herein. A vector may be used to transform, transduce, or transfect a host cell so as to bring about expression of the genetic element it carries within the host cell. A vector may contain a variety of elements for controlling expression, including promoter sequences, transcription initiation sequences, enhancer sequences, selectable elements, and reporter genes. In addition, the vector may contain an origin of replication. A vector may also include materials to aid in its entry into the cell, including but not limited to a viral particle, a liposome, or a protein coating. A vector can be an expression vector or a cloning vector.
[0141] In certain embodiments, an expression vector provided herein comprises the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide provided herein, at least one promoter (e.g. SV40, CMV, EF-1α) operably linked to the polynucleotide sequence, and at least one selection marker.
[0142] Vectors comprising the polynucleotide sequence encoding the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety can be introduced to a host cell for cloning or gene expression. Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein are the prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells described above. Examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are CHO, BHK, NS0, 293 and their derivatives.
[0143] Host cells are transformed with the above-described expression or cloning vectors for polypeptide production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences. In another embodiment, the polypeptide may be produced by homologous recombination known in the art.
[0144] The host cells used to produce the polypeptides provided herein may be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media such as Ham's F10 (Sigma) , Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) , RPMI-1640 (Sigma) , and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) , Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells with addition of necessary hormones and / or other growth factors, salts, buffers, nucleotides, antibiotics, trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range) , and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
[0145] When using recombinant techniques, the polypeptides can be produced intracellularly, in the periplasmic space, or directly secreted into the medium. If the polypeptide is produced intracellularly, as a first step, the particulate debris, either host cells or lysed fragments, is removed, for example, by centrifugation or ultrafiltration. The polypeptide prepared from the cells can then be purified using any suitable purification technique known to the art. Treatment and Diagnostic Methods
[0146] As described herein, the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety, variants or derivatives of the present disclosure may be used in certain treatment and diagnostic methods.
[0147] The present disclosure is further directed to polypeptide-based therapies which involve administering the masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure to a patient such as an animal, a mammal, and a human for treating one or more of the disorders or conditions described herein. Therapeutic compounds of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, the masked IFN fusion protein of the disclosure (including variants and derivatives thereof as described herein) and nucleic acids or polynucleotides encoding the masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure (including variants and derivatives thereof as described herein) .
[0148] The present disclosure is further directed to polypeptide-based therapies which involve administering the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure to a patient such as an animal, a mammal, and a human for treating one or more of the disorders or conditions described herein. Therapeutic compounds of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, the IFN masking moiety of the disclosure (including variants and derivatives thereof as described herein) and nucleic acids or polynucleotides encoding the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure (including variants and derivatives thereof as described herein) .
[0149] In some embodiments, provided are methods for treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof. The method, in one embodiment, entails administering to the patient an effective amount of the masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure.
[0150] In some embodiments, provided are uses of the masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof.
[0151] In some embodiments, provided are the masked IFN fusion protein of the present disclosure for use in the treatment of a cancer in a patient in need thereof.
[0152] Non-limiting examples of cancers include bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer.
[0153] Additional diseases or conditions associated with increased cell survival, that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed and / or prognosed with the polypeptides or variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, progression, and / or metastases of malignancies and related disorders such as leukemia (including acute leukemias (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (including myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleukemia) ) and chronic leukemias (e.g., chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia) ) , polycythemia vera, lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s disease) , multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and solid tumors including, but not limited to, sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing’s tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyo sarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm’s tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma.
[0154] A specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the particular polypeptide, variant or derivative thereof used, the patient’s age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet, and the time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular disease being treated. Judgment of such factors by medical caregivers is within the ordinary skill in the art. The amount will also depend on the individual patient to be treated, the route of administration, the type of formulation, the characteristics of the compound used, the severity of the disease, and the desired effect. The amount used can be determined by pharmacological and pharmacokinetic principles well known in the art.
[0155] Methods of administration of the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The antigen-binding polypeptides or compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc. ) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions containing the antigen-binding polypeptides of the disclosure may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch) , bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
[0156] The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intra-articular injection and infusion.
[0157] Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the polypeptides or compositions of the present disclosure into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
[0158] It may be desirable to administer the masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety or compositions of the present disclosure locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction, with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when administering a protein, including an masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety, of the disclosure, care must be taken to use materials to which the protein does not absorb.
[0159] Methods of in vivo / ex vivo detecting expression of a human type 1 IFN target cells, such as cells of target organs, and receptors such as IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in a subject are also provided, in some embodiments, comprising administering the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure to the subject or contacting the ex vivo sample with the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure, and detecting the binding which indicates expression of type 1 IFN target cells or receptors thereof in the sample.
[0160] Methods of detecting expression of a human type 1 IFN protein in a sample are also provided, in some embodiments, comprising contacting the sample with the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure, and detecting the binding which indicates expression of type 1 IFN in the sample.
[0161] In certain embodiments, provided are uses of the IFN masking moiety of the present disclosure in the manufacture of a kit for detecting expression of a human type 1 IFN protein in a sample. Compositions
[0162] The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions comprise an effective amount of masked IFN fusion protein or the IFN masking moiety, and an acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition further includes a second anticancer agent (e.g., an immune checkpoint inhibitor) .
[0163] The term “pharmaceutically effective amount, ” as used herein, is intended to refer to a sufficient amount of the pharmaceutical composition to treat a disease, at a reasonable benefit / risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. The effective amount may vary depending on various factors including the severity and type of the disease being treated, the patient’s age and sex, drug activity, sensitivity to drugs, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, the length of the treatment period, the co-administration with other drugs, and other parameters well known in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields.
[0164] In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. Further, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” will generally be a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
[0165] The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents such as acetates, citrates or phosphates. Antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose are also envisioned. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences by E.W. Martin, incorporated herein by reference. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the antigen-binding polypeptide, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration. The parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
[0166] In an embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachets indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
[0167] The compounds of the disclosure can be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc. EXAMPLES Example 1. IFNAR2 Domain 1-Derived Mask Effectively Inhibited IFN Activity
[0168] This example shows the design, preparation and testing of IFNAR2 Domain 1-based masking moieties on type I interferon (IFN) .
[0169] Three masking moieties were tested, based on the D1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 41) of IFNAR2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) . The first masking moiety, referred to as M-140 (SEQ ID NO: 42) , introduced an intro-peptide disulfide bond with two cysteines at positions 20 and 109 (R20C+E109C) . The second, referred to as M-83 (SEQ ID NO: 48) , was designed with artificial intelligence (AI) from the core of D1 (SEQ ID NO: 46) . The third, referred to as M-89 (SEQ ID NO:49) , is another AI-designed derivative of the D1 core.
[0170] Two configurations of fusion proteins with masking moieties were tested in this example. In a first configuration, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, a masking moiety was fused to the N-terminus of each of a type I interferon (IFN) that is fused to the N-terminus of an IgG1 Fc fragment. A cleavable linker is placed between the masking moiety and the IFN. In a second configuration, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, the masking moiety is fused, through a cleavable linker, to the C-terminus of an IFN that is fused to the C-terminus of the Fc fragment. In each configuration, upon digestion of the cleavable linker, the masking moiety is removed from the fusion protein (FIG. 1C, D) , exposing the IFN.
[0171] A total of seven fusion proteins were prepared and tested, along with their linker-removed counterparts (Table 1) . Three types of linkers were used here, including L25 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , L30 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and L35 (SEQ ID NO: 14) . Each of the linkers included a core protease cleavage site recognizable by MMP with additional glycine and serine residues to form a linker of a particular length (25, 30 or 35 residues) . Table 1. Tested fusion proteins
[0172] The binding of each of these proteins to IFNAR2 was examined with ELISA. The results are presented in FIG. 2A-B. The C-terminal masked Fc-IFN (with M-140) , with linkers of variable lengths, all showed greatly attenuated IFNAR2 binding ability. Upon removal of the masks with incubation with MMP, the binding ability of these Fc-IFN fusions was recovered (FIG. 2A) . Interestingly, longer linkers (e.g., L35 and L30) were correlated with slightly improved digestion efficiency than the shorter one (e.g., L25) .
[0173] Similarly, removal of the making moieties M-83 and M-89 also led to restoration of the binding ability of the Fc-IFN fusion proteins, but the restoration appeared to be less complete (FIG. 2B) , suggesting that M-83 and M-89 inhibited the protease digestion of the linker (L25) and longer linkers (e.g., L30 and L35) would be needed to improve the digestion efficiency. Example 2. Masked IFN fusion with PD-L1 Antibodies
[0174] This example shows the design, preparation and testing of masked Fc-IFN fusions that further contain an anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment.
[0175] Two different anti-PD-L1 antibodies were tested here, including atezolizumab (brand name VH in SEQ ID NO: 7 and VL in SEQ ID NO: 8) and a single-domain antibody (SEQ ID NO: 6) . The former was provided as a Fab format, fused to the N-terminus of the Fc fragment (together constituting a full-size antibody) and the latter provided, in two copies, fused to the N-terminus of the Fc fragment. A total of 8 formats were created here (FIG. 3A-H) . Formats F1-M (masked) and F3-M (masked) contained the atezolizumab, and F2-M (masked) and F4-M (masked) contained two copies of the VHH, and formats F5-M, F8-M contained two copies of scFv antibody, formats F6-M and F8-M contained two copies of antigen binding moiety; formats F1-M, F2-M, F5-M and F6-M included two copies of masked IFN and format F3-M, F4-M, F7-M and F8-M included a single copy of masked IFN. For N-terminal masked IFN-Fc fused antibody or antigen binding domain fusions, a total of 6 formats were created here (FIG. 3I-N) . Formats F9-M (masked) and F12-M (masked) contained two copies of VHH antibody, and F11-M (masked) and F14-M (masked) contained two copies of the antigen binding moieties; formats F9-M, F10-M and F11-M included two copies of masked IFN and format F12-M, F13-M and F14-M included a single copy of masked IFN. FIG. 3A’ -N’ illustrate the un-masked (UM) counterparts of the above formats. When a single copy of IFN (masked or un-masked) was included, the Fc fragments incorporated knob-into-hole mutations to prevent / inhibit mispairing.
[0176] The configurations and sequences of a few tested proteins are shown in Table 2, which adopted either the F3 format or the F4 format. A few elements were included in some of these fusions. Like M-83 and M-89, M-60 (SEQ ID NO: 47) is another D1 redesign by artificial intelligence. The M-153 mask (SEQ ID NO: 43) included an additional N99E mutation relative to M-140 (R20C+E109C) . The M-159 mask (SEQ ID NO: 44) included the following mutations in the D1 domain: R20C+F22G+ M106T+E109C+P110S+P111S.
[0177] A new pair of knob-into-hole Fc chains were also included, including an Fc knob chain with a C220A mutation (or C5A within the chain) (SEQ ID NO: 55) , and an Fc hole also with a C220A mutation (SEQ ID NO: 57) . Table 2. Tested fusion proteins
[0178] Cell surface binding activity and antagonist activities of these fusion proteins were measured with FACS and RGA assay, using corresponding PD-L1 mAb and unmasked antibody-IFN fusion as controls. All of the fusion proteins, whether masked or un-masked, exhibited potent anti-PD-L1 binding and antagonist activity.
[0179] The IFNAR2 binding activity and IFN stimulation activity of these fusion proteins were also measured, and the results are shown in FIG. 4A-B (IFNAR2 binding) and FIG. 4C-D (IFNα stimulation) .
[0180] As shown in the figures, all three masks, M-60, M-153 and M-159, greatly reduced IFN arm binding and activity in the masked fusion proteins, as compared to the un-masked counterparts (L1-F3-UM) or Fc-IFN. These results, therefore, demonstrate that the various masks were still effective in Fc-IFN fusions that contained a further anti-PD-L1 unit, whose binding to PD-L1 was not impacted by these masks. Example 3. Attenuating Mutations in IFN
[0181] This example shows the design and testing of IFN fusion proteins with mutations in the IFN that reduced its binding to IFNAR1.
[0182] Three fusion structures were designed, as illustrated in FIG. 5A. IFN-Fc is the control with a Fc fused to the C-terminus of two wild-type IFN proteins; IFM-Fc, relative to IFN-Fc, includes one of a listing of potentially attenuating mutations (Table 3) ; F4-IFMx-UM included a mutated IFN fused to the C-terminus of the Fc which further was fused to two anti-PD-L1 VHH. The configurations and sequences of the tested fusion proteins are shown in Table 4. Table 3. Tested IFN mutations Table 4. Tested fusion proteins
[0183] FIG. 5B-D shows that the IFN mutations led to decreased IFN stimulation potency of the fusion proteins to various degrees. Their relative IFN stimulation potency can be ranked as follows: IFN > IFM7 ~ IFM6 > IFM2 ~ IFM5 ~ IFM4 > IFM1 > IFM3 > IFM8. IFM8 exhibited no visible IFN stimulation activity. Similarly, in the F3-IFM-UM format, the mutations were ranked as: IFN ~ IFM10 > IFM5 > IFM9; IFN ~ IFM12 ~ IFM15 > IFM13 ~ IFM14. Depending on the clinical need, therefore, different IFN mutations can be incorporated to obtain optimal IFN activities. Example 4. Elements in Anti-PD-L1 / Fc / IFN Fusions
[0184] Based on the preceding testing, this example designed a few anti-PD-L1 / Fc / IFN fusions to evaluate the impact of variations in each element to the overall fusion protein.
[0185] In a first batch of fusion proteins, IFN mutant IFM5 and masking moieties (M-60, M-89, and M-159) were employed in various configurations (Table 5) . Table 5. Tested fusion proteins
[0186] As shown in FIG. 6A-D, both the IFM5 mutation and the masks (M60, M89, and M159) decreased IFN potency. In the L1-F3-Mx format, addition of the IFM5 mutation did not change the IFNAR2 binding ability (FIG. 6A) , since the attenuation is to decrease IFNAR1 binding, however, its inclusion further decreased the IFN stimulation activity of L1-F3-M60, 89 and 159 (FIG. 6C) . In the L1-F4-Mx format, additional site mutation showed the same attenuation efficacy (FIG. 6B and 6D) .
[0187] In a second batch of fusion proteins, the length of the cleavable linker was changed and its impact was evaluated. The linkers were L25’ , L30’ and L35 (Table 6) . Table 6. Fusion proteins of different linkers
[0188] All three tested linkers, L25’ (SEQ ID NO: 10, 25AA) , L30’ (SEQ ID NO: 12, 30 AA) and L35 (SEQ ID NO: 14, 35AA) containing masked IFN greatly attenuated IFN activity in both the IFN reporter assay (FIG. 7A) and the Daudi proliferation inhibition assay (FIG. 7B) . Therefore, the lengths of the linkers did not appear to affect masking efficacy markedly.
[0189] In a third batch of fusion proteins, a variety of mutant Fc sequences (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 58-65) were tested, which have been commonly used for altering effector function or glycosylation, or extending half-life. The results showed the anti-PDL1 fused masked IFN with different Fc mutants all greatly attenuated IFN activity in either IFN reporter assay or the Daudi proliferation inhibition assay. The different Fc mutations did not affect masking efficacy, and thus can be employed for their purposes. ***
[0190] The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
[0191] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Claims
1.A fusion protein comprising:(a) an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc fragment having two Fc chains;(b) a type I interferon (IFN) fused to the C-terminus of at least one of the Fc chains; and(c) a masking peptide having at least 55%sequence identity to an interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2 domain 1 (IFNAR2-D1) and capable of binding the type I IFN, fused to the C-terminus of the IFN, through (l) a cleavable linker,wherein the fusion protein does not include the entire sequence of IFNAR2 domain 2 (IFNAR2-D2) .2.The fusion protein of claim 1, further comprising a second linker between (a) and (b) .3.The fusion protein of claim 1 or 2, which does not include at least 50%of IFNAR2-D2, or does not include at least 80%of IFNAR2-D2.4.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the masking peptide has at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41-49.5.The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein the masking peptide has at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47, 48 or 49, or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47, 48 or 49.6.The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein the IFNAR2-D1 has at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41-46, or comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41-46.7.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the masking peptide comprises an IFN binding loop 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of YTIMSKPEDLK (SEQ ID NO: 71) , an IFN binding loop 2 comprising the amino acid sequence of STHEAYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 72) , STQEIYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 74) or STDEAYVTVL (SEQ ID NO: 75) , and an IFN binding loop 3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SHNFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 73) or SHEFWLAID (SEQ ID NO: 76) .8.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the masking peptide comprises at least one intra-peptide disulfide bond.9.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the cleavable linker contains a protease cleavage site.10.The fusion protein of claim 9, wherein the protease is selected from the group consisting of a thrombin, a neutrophil elastase, a cysteine protease, FAPa, Cathepsin B, legumain, a serine protease, such as a matriptase or a urokinase (uPA) , and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , such as MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, and MMP17.11.The fusion protein of claim 9, wherein the protease cleavage site has at least 80%or 90%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9-14 or comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9-14.12.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein there are from 10 to 50 amino acid residues between the C-terminus of (b) and the N-terminus of (c) .13.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein there are from 30 to 50 amino acid residues between the C-terminus of (b) and the N-terminus of (c) , or from 35 to 50 amino acid residues between the C-terminus of (b) and the N-terminus of (c) .14.The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the IFN is selected from the group consisting of IFN-α1, -α2, -α4, -α5, -α6, -α7, -α8, -α10, -α13, -α14, -α16, -α17 and -α21, IFN-β, IFN-κ, IFN-ε, or IFN-ω and an amino acid sequence having at least 75%sequence identity thereof.15.The fusion protein of claim 14, wherein the IFN comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 75%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.16.The fusion protein of claim 14, wherein the IFN comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of S152C, R12A, R149A, S152A, N65A, L80A, Q90A, R120A, Y89A, Q124A, L80E, K121E, F64A+N65A, N65A+Y89A, N65A+K121A, and combinations thereof, relative to SEQ ID NO: 1.17.The fusion protein of claim 14, wherein the IFN comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 21-35.18.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the Fc fragment is of an isotype of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4.19.The fusion protein of claim 18, wherein the Fc fragment comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 3 and 51-65.20.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, comprising (i) a (b) fused to each of the two chains of (a) , and a (c) fused to each of the two (b) , or (ii) a single (b) fused to one of the two chains of (a) and a single (c) fused to the (b) .21.The fusion protein of claim 1, which comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 102-106, comprises any one of SEQ ID NO: 102-106.22.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, further comprising (d) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof fused to the N-terminus of at least one of chains of the Fc fragment.23.A fusion protein comprising:(a) a type I interferon (IFN) having a first terminus and a second terminus;(b) an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc fragment having two Fc chains, at least one of which is fused to a first terminus of the IFN;(c) a masking peptide having at least 55%sequence identity to an interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2 domain 1 (IFNAR2-D1) and capable of binding the type I IFN, fused to the second terminus of the IFN through a (l) cleavable linker, and(d) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof,wherein the fusion protein does not include the entire sequence of IFNAR2 domain 2 (IFNAR2-D2) .24.The fusion protein of claim 22 or 23, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to an immune checkpoint inhibitor or a tumor associated antigen.25.The fusion protein of claim 22 or 23, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to PD-L1.26.The fusion protein of claim 25, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a single domain antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.27.The fusion protein of claim 25, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is Fab fragment comprising the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the light chain variable region of atezolizumab.28.The fusion protein of any one of claims 23-27, which comprises, from the N-terminus of the C-terminus, a configuration of:(c) – (l) – (a) – (b) – (d) ;(c) – (l) – (a) – (d) – (b) ;(d) – (b) – (a) – (l) – (c) ; or(b) – (d) – (a) – (l) – (c) .29.The fusion protein of any one of claims 23-28, which comprises an (a) fused to each of the two chains of (b) , and a (c) fused to each of the two (a) , or (ii) a single (a) fused to one of the two chains of (b) and a single (c) fused to the (a) .30.A mutant type I interferon (IFN) , comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of S152C, R12A, R149A, S152A, N65A, L80A, Q90A, R120A, Y89A, Q124A, L80E, K121E, F64A+N65A, N65A+Y89A, N65A+K121A, and combinations thereof, relative to SEQ ID NO: 1.31.The mutant IFN of claim 30, wherein the IFN comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21-35.32.The mutant IFN of claim 30 or 31, further comprising an Fc fragment fused to the mutant IFN.33.The mutant IFN of claim 32, wherein the Fc fragment is of an isotype of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4.34.The mutant IFN of claim 33, wherein the Fc fragment comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 3 and 51-65.35.The mutant IFN of any one of claims 32-34, comprising a mutant IFN fused to each of two chains of the Fc fragment or a single mutant IFN fused to one of the two chains of the Fc fragment.36.The mutant IFN of any one of claims 32-35, further comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof fused to at least one of chains of the Fc fragment.37.The mutant IFN of claim 36, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to an immune checkpoint inhibitor or a tumor associated antigen.38.The mutant IFN of claim 36, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has specificity to PD-L1.39.The mutant IFN of claim 38, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a single domain antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.40.The mutant IFN of claim 38, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is Fab fragment comprising the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the light chain variable region of atezolizumab.41.A fusion protein, comprising a first protein chain, optionally a second protein chain and optionally a third protein chain, selected from: 42.A composition comprising the protein or mutant IFN of any one of claims 1-41, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.43.One or more polynucleotides encoding the fusion protein or mutant IFN of any one of claims 1-41.44.An isolated cell comprising the one or more polynucleotides of claim 43.45.A method of treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient the fusion protein or mutant IFN of any one of claims 1-41, the composition of claim 42, the one or more polynucleotides of claim 43, or the cell of claim 44.46.The method of claim 45, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer.47.A method for treating an autoimmune disease or inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient the fusion protein or mutant IFN of any one of claims 1-41, the composition of claim 42, the one or more polynucleotides of claim 43, or the cell of claim 44.