Lipid compounds, lipid nanoparticles, and pharmaceutical compositions
Lipid compounds represented by Formula (I) improve the delivery of nucleic acids by enhancing cellular uptake and targeting, overcoming the inefficiencies of existing lipid nanoparticle technologies.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SHANGHAI CIRCODE BIOMED CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-30
AI Technical Summary
There is a challenge in efficiently delivering highly charged nucleic acids as therapeutic agents using lipid nanoparticles due to difficulties in reaching intracellular targets.
The development of lipid compounds represented by Formula (I) and their use in lipid nanoparticles to enhance the delivery of nucleic acids, which can include various functional groups and substituents to improve cellular uptake and targeting.
The lipid compounds enhance the efficiency of nucleic acid delivery to intracellular targets, addressing the delivery challenges faced by existing technologies.
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Figure CN2026074753_30072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LIPID COMPOUNDS, LIPID NANOPARTICLES, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS1. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThe application claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 074222, filed January 23, 2025; the disclosure of which is incorporated hererin by reference in its entirety.2. REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTINGThis application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing as an XML file entitled “TFI01359PCT-Sequence Listing” created on 1 / 23, 2026, and having a size of 74, 992 bytes.3.FIELDProvided herein are lipid compounds, and lipid nanoparticles and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.4.BACKGROUNDLipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a promising delivery vehicle for a variety of therapeutic agents, including small molecule drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids. Akinc et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 1084-87; Hou et al., Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 1078-94. The two FDA-approved COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, mRNA-1273 and BNT162b, employ lipid nanoparticles for antigen mRNA delivery. Polack et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 2603-15; Baden et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 384, 403-16. However, it remains challenging to deliver a highly charged nucleic acid as a therapeutic agent efficiently. Weng et al., Biotechnol. Adv. 2020, 40, 107534; Hou et al., Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 1078-94. To achieve therapeutic effects, for example, a highly charged nucleic acid has to reach its intracellular target. Torres-Canegas et al., Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 428; Hou et al., Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 1078-94. Therefore, there is a need for a lipid compound for the efficient delivery of a therapeutic agent.5. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSUREProvided herein is a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein:R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-40 alkyl, C1-40 heteroalkyl, C2-40 alkenyl, C2-40 heteroalkenyl, C2-40 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, heteroalkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.Also provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein:R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-10 alkylene, C1-10 heteroalkylene, C2-10 alkenylene, or C2-10 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.Additionally, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.Furthermore, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising (i) a nucleic acid and (ii) a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle that comprises (i) a nucleic acid and (ii) a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.6. ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTSA compound has the structure of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein:R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-40 alkyl, C1-40 heteroalkyl, C2-40 alkenyl, C2-40 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, C2-20 heteroalkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, heteroalkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.In the compound of paragraph
[0010] ,R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-10 alkylene, C1-10 heteroalkylene, C2-10 alkenylene, or C2-10 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.In the compound of paragraph
[0010] , L1 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of paragraph
[0010] or
[0012] , L1 is - (CR2aR2b) a-, each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and a is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0013] , L1 is - (CH2) a-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0014] , L2 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0015] , L2 is - (CR2aR2b) b-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and b is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0016] , L2 is - (CH2) b-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0017] , L3 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0018] , L3 is - (CR2aR2b) c-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and c is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0019] , L3 is - (CH2) c-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0020] , L4 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0021] , L4 is - (CR2aR2b) d-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and d is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0022] , L4 is - (CH2) d-.The compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0023] has the structure of Formula (II) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein a and b are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and c and d are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0024] , E is -OC (O) N (R1a) -.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0025] , E is -OC (O) N (H) -.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0024] , E is -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0024] and
[0027] , E is -NHC (O) N (H) -.The compound of paragraph
[0024] has the structure of Formula (III) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein U is -O- or -N (R1a) -.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0029] , A is -O-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0029] , A is -N (R1a) -.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0029] and
[0031] , A is-N(H) -.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0024] to
[0032] , U is -O-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0024] to
[0032] , U is -N (R1a) -.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0024] to
[0032] and
[0034] , U is-N(H) -.The compound of paragraph
[0024] or
[0029] has the structure of Formula (IV) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.The compound of paragraph
[0024] or
[0029] has the structure of Formula (V) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.The compound of paragraph
[0024] or
[0029] has the structure of Formula (VI) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.The compound of paragraph
[0024] or
[0029] has the structure of Formula (VII) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0013] to
[0039] , a is an integer of 2.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0016] to
[0040] , b is an integer of 2.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] , R1 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0042] , R1 is (i) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (ii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, or -S (O) 2R1a.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0043] , R1 is methyl, (E) -1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, (Z) -1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclo-butylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethyl-ureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2- (methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxy-propyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxy-imino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclo-hexyl, cycloheptyl. 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, isopropionyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, carbamimidoyl, methylamino-thiocarbonyl, dimethylaminothiocarbonyl, (E) -N'-cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N'-cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N'-methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N'-methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N'-methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N'-methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, hydroxyl, methoxy, or methylsulfonyl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0043] , R1 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0043] and
[0045] , R1 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, or 2-dimethylaminoethyl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0046] , R2 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0047] , R2 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a or-C (O) OR1a.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0048] , R2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, acetyl, or methoxycarbonyl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0049] , R2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] and
[0051] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] ,
[0051] , and
[0052] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] and
[0051] to
[0053] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] and
[0051] to
[0054] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-tert-butoxymethyl-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-dimethylaminopyridin-1-iumyl, 2, 4-dioxo-3, 4-dihydro-pyrimidin-1-yl, or 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] ,
[0051] , and
[0052] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form bicyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] ,
[0051] ,
[0052] , and, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 5-, 5, 6-, or 6, 6-fused heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] ,
[0051] ,
[0052] ,, and
[0057] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-aminopurin-9-yl or 2-amino-6-oxo-1, 9-dihydropurin-9-yl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] and
[0051] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] ,
[0051] , and
[0059] , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] ,
[0051] ,
[0059] , and, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0041] ,
[0051] , and
[0059] to, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 2-methylaziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl, 2, 5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 3, 5-dioxomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 4- (4-methoxybenzyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-hydroxethyl) piperazin-1-yl, or 1, 3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0062] , R3 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-14 aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0063] , R3 is C1-25 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0064] , R3 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0063] , R3 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0063] and
[0066] , R3 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0063] , R3 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0063] and
[0068] , R3 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0063] , R3 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0063] and
[0070] , R3 is 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0071] , R4 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-14 aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0072] , R4 is C1-25 alkyl, [optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0073] , R4 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0072] , R4 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0072] and
[0075] , R4 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9 ,12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0072] , R4 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0072] and
[0077] , R4 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0072] , R4 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0072] and
[0079] , R4 is 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.The compound of paragraph
[0010] has the structure of:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each e and f is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; each g and h is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25; each i and j is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15; each k and m is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each n is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0019] to
[0081] , c is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0022] to
[0082] , b is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0083] , X is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0084] , X is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (H) -, -C (O) S-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (H) -, -OC (O) S-, or -S-S-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0085] , Z is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-.In the compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0086] , Z is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (H) -, -C (O) S-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (H) -, -OC (O) S-, or -S-S-.The compound of paragraph
[0010] has the structure of:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.A compound is 4- ( ( (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) carbamoyl) oxy) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 1; 4- (3- (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) ureido) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 2; 4- ( ( (2- ( (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) amino) ethyl) -carbamoyl) oxy) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 3; 4- (3- (2- ( (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) amino) ethyl) -ureido) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 4; or 7- ( ( (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) carbamoyl) oxy) tridecane-1, 13-diyl bis (2-hexyldecanoate) 5; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.A compound has the structure of:or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.A lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.A pharmaceutical composition comprises a lipid nanoparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises (i) nucleic acid; (ii) a compound of any one of paragraphs
[0010] to
[0089] , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (iii) a phospholipid; and (iv) cholesterol.The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph
[0092] further comprises a conjugated lipid.In the pharmaceutical composition of paragraph
[0093] , the conjugated lipid comprises a polyethylene glycol-conjugated lipid.In the pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs
[0092] to
[0094] , the nucleic acid is a mRNA.In the pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs
[0092] to
[0095] , the nucleic acid is a circular RNA.In the pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs
[0092] to
[0096] , the pharmaceutical composition is preferentially distributed into a targeted organ of a subject in need thereof.In the pharmaceutical composition of paragraph
[0097] , the targeted organ is an eye, heart, lung, kidney, liver, or spleen of the subject.In the pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs
[0092] to
[0096] , the pharmaceutical composition is preferentially distributed into a liver cell.In the pharmaceutical composition of paragraph
[0099] , the liver cell is a hepatocyte.In the pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs
[0092] to
[0096] , the pharmaceutical composition is preferentially distributed into a spleen cell.In the pharmaceutical composition of paragraph
[0101] , wherein the spleen cell is a spleenocyte.In the pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs
[0092] to
[0102] , the nucleic acid encodes a bioactive protein or enzyme.In the pharmaceutical composition of paragraph
[0103] , the bioactive protein or enzyme is produced in or systemically excreted from a liver cell.In the pharmaceutical composition of paragraphs
[0103] , the bioactive protein or enzyme is produced in or systemically excreted from a cell of a lung, heart, or ocular, or central nervous system.7.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1744.FIG. 2 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1749.FIG. 3 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1750.FIG. 4 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1752.FIG. 5 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound 4a in Example II-146.FIG. 6 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1755.FIG. 7 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1758.FIG. 8 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1818.FIG. 9 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1863.FIG. 10 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1903.FIG. 11 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound 4b in Example II-235.FIG. 12 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1909.FIG. 13 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound 4a in Example II-242.FIG. 14 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1920.FIG. 15 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1921.FIG. 16 shows the NMR spectrum of the compound E-1-1933.FIG. 17 shows in vitro evaluation of a luciferase-coding circular RNA for luciferase expression. The human embryonic kidney 293T cells (HEK 293T cells) , non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (A549) , human hepatoellular carcinomas (HepG2) and mouse muscle myoblast cell line (c2c12) were used in this experiment. The figure was processed by calculating the average of the corresponding expression of LNP. The relative value of the expression of LNPs divided by the average of the expression of Reference 1 for the uniformity of the data.Futher to FIG. 17, FIG. 18 shows expression with different tail types of cationic liposomes in vitro.FIGs. 19-22 show expression with four cationic liposomes liposomes in vitro.FIG. 23 shows expression with cationic liposomes in primary human T cells.FIG. 24 shows expression with different tail types of cationic liposome in vivo. The LNP-encapsulated luciferase-coding circular RNA is systemically administered to 6-8 weeks old female BALB / cJ mice by tail vein injection or intramuscular injection. 2 mice / group were injection by tail vein injection at predetermined doses. 1 mouse / group was injection by intramuscular injection of the left and right legs at predetermined doses. The mice were placed on an imaging platform at 6h and 24h. Bioluminescence imaging was performed with an IVIS Spectrum, and the data was obtained. The figure was processed by calculating the average of the corresponding expression of LNP.Futher to FIG. 24, FIG. 25 shows expression with five cationic liposomes.FIG. 26 shows expressions with cationic liposomes in spleen and liver, respectively.8.DETAILED DESCRIPTION8.1. DEFINITIONSTo facilitate understanding of the disclosure set forth herein, a number of terms are defined below.Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology described herein are those well-known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.The term “subject” refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human) , cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject. In one embodiment, the subject is a human.The terms “treat, ” “treating, ” and “treatment” are meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder, disease, or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder, disease, or condition; or alleviating or eradicating the cause (s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.The terms “prevent, ” “preventing, ” and “prevention” are meant to include a method of delaying and / or precluding the onset of a disorder, disease, or condition, and / or its attendant symptoms; barring a subject from acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject’s risk of acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition.The terms “alleviate” and “alleviating” refer to easing or reducing one or more symptoms (e.g., pain) of a disorder, disease, or condition. The terms can also refer to reducing adverse effects associated with an active ingredient. Sometimes, the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disorder, disease, or condition.The term “contacting” or “contact” is meant to refer to bringing together of a therapeutic agent and a biological molecule (e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA) , cell, or tissue such that a physiological and / or chemical effect takes place as a result of such contact. Contacting can take place in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent is contacted with a biological molecule in vitro to determine the effect of the therapeutic agent on the biological molecule. In another embodiment, a therapeutic agent is contacted with a cell in cell culture (in vitro) to determine the effect of the therapeutic agent on the cell. In yet another embodiment, the contacting of a therapeutic agent with a biological molecule, cell, or tissue includes the administration of a therapeutic agent to a subject having the biological molecule, cell, or tissue to be contacted.The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” is meant to include the amount of a compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disorder, disease, or condition being treated. The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” also refers to the amount of a compound that is sufficient to elicit a biological or medical response of a biological molecule (e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA) , cell, tissue, system, animal, or human, which is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or clinician.The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, ” “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, ” “physiologically acceptable carrier, ” or “physiologically acceptable excipient” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. In one embodiment, each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of a subject (e.g., a human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, and commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 23rd ed. ; Adejare Ed. ; Academic Press, 2020; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 9th ed. ; Sheskey et al., Eds. ; Pharmaceutical Press, 2020; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed. ; Ash and Ash Eds. ; Synapse Information Resources, 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 1st ed. ; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press, 2015.The term “about” or “approximately” means an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05%of a given value or range.The term “a” or “an, ” as used herein in the specification may mean one or more. The term “a” or “an” as used herein in the claim (s) , when used in conjunction with the term “comprising, ” may mean one or more.The term “alkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 alkyl groups are also referred as “lower alkyl. ” Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl) , butyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl) , pentyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, and tert-pentyl) , and hexyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-hexyl, isohexyl, and sec-hexyl) .The terms “alkylene” and “alkanediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkanediyl is optionally be substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 alkanediyl refers to a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkanediyl is a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 30 (C1-30) , 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 30 (C3-30) , 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 alkanediyl groups are also referred as “lower alkanediyl. ” Examples of alkanediyl groups include, but are not limited to, methanediyl, ethanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., ethane-1, 1-diyl and ethane-1, 2-diyl) , propanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., propane-1, 1-diyl, propane-1, 2-diyl, and propane-1, 3-diyl) , butanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., butane-1, 1-diyl, butane-1, 2-diyl, butane-1, 3-diyl, and butane-1, 4-diyl) , pentanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., pentane-1, 1-diyl, pentane-1, 2-diyl, pentane-1, 3-diyl, and pentane-1, 5-diyl) , and hexanediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., hexane-1, 1-diyl, hexane-1, 2-diyl, hexane-1, 3-diyl, and hexane-1, 6-diyl) . Examples of substituted alkanediyl groups include, but are not limited to, -C (O) CH2-, -C (O) (CH2) 2-, -C (O) (CH2) 3-, -C (O) (CH2) 4-, -C (O) (CH2) 5-, -C (O) (CH2) 6-, -C (O) (CH2) 7-, -C (O) (CH2) 8-, -C (O) (CH2) 9-, -C (O) (CH2) 10-, -C (O) CH2C (O) -, -C (O) (CH2) 2C (O) -, -C (O) (CH2) 3C (O) -, -C (O) (CH2) 4C (O) -, or -C (O) (CH2) 5C (O) -.The term “heteroalkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that contains one or more heteroatoms on its main chain, each independently selected from O, S, and N. The heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 heteroalkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 heteroalkyl groups are also referred as “lower heteroalkyl. ” Examples of heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -CH2OCH3, -NHCH3, -ONHCH3, -NHOCH3, -SCH3, -CH2NHCH2CH3, and -NHCH2CH2CH3. Examples of substituted heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, -CH2NHC (O) CH3 and-NHC (O) CH2CH3.The terms “heteroalkylene” and “heteroalkanediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that contains one or more heteroatoms in its main chain, each independently selected from O, S, and N. The heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 heteroalkylene refers to a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkylene is a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 heteroalkylene groups are also referred as “lower heteroalkylene. ” Examples of heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -CH2O-, - (CH2) 2O-, - (CH2) 3O-, - (CH2) 4O-, - (CH2) 5O-, - (CH2) 6O-, - (CH2) 7O-, - (CH2) 8O-, - (CH2) 9O-, - (CH2) 10O-, -CH2OCH2-, -CH2CH2O-, - (CH2CH2O) 2-, - (CH2CH2O) 3-, - (CH2CH2O) 4-, - (CH2CH2O) 5-, -CH2NH-, -CH2NHCH2-, -CH2CH2NH-, -CH2S-, -CH2SCH2-, and -CH2CH2S-. Examples of substituted heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -C (O) CH2O-, -C (O) (CH2) 2O-, -C (O) (CH2) 3O-, -C (O) (CH2) 4O-, -C (O) (CH2) 5O-, -C (O) (CH2) 6O-, -C (O) (CH2) 7O-, -C (O) (CH2) 8O-, -C (O) (CH2) 9O-, -C (O) (CH2) 10O-, -C (O) CH2OCH2CH2O-, -C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 2-, -C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 3-, -C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 4, -C (O) CH2O (CH2CH2O) 5-, -CH2NHC (O) CH2-, or -CH2CH2C (O) NH-.The term “alkenyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond (s) . The alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term “alkenyl” embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C2-6 alkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., propen-1-yl, propen-2-yl, and allyl) , and butenyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., buten-1-yl, buten-2-yl, buten-3-yl, and 2-buten-1-yl) .The terms “alkenylene” and “alkenediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond (s) . The alkenediyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term “alkenediyl” embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C2-6 alkenediyl refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenediyl is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 30 (C2-30) , 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 30 (C3-30) , 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkenediyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., ethene-1, 1-diyl and ethene-1, 2-diyl) , propenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propene-1, 1-diyl, 1-propene-1, 2-diyl, and 1-propene-1, 3-diyl) , butenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butene-1, 1-diyl, 1-butene-1, 2-diyl, and 1-butene-1, 4-diyl) , pentenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentene-1, 1-diyl, 1-pentene-1, 2-diyl, and 1-pentene-1, 5-diyl) , and hexenediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexene-1, 1-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 2-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 3-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 4-diyl, 1-hexene-1, 5-diyl, and 1-hexene-1, 6-diyl) .The term “heteroalkenyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond (s) , and which contains one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S, and N in the hydrocarbon chain. The heteroalkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term “heteroalkenyl” embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C2-6 heteroalkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms.The term “alkynyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond (s) . An alkynyl group does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C2-6 alkynyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 20 (C4-20) , 4 to 15 (C4-15) , 4 to 10 (C4-10) , or 4 to 6 (C4-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (-C≡CH) , propynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propynyl (-C≡CCH3) and propargyl (-CH2C≡CH) ) , butynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butyn-1-yl and 2-butyn-1-yl) , pentynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentyn-1-yl and 1-methyl-2-butyn-1-yl) , and hexynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexyn-1-yl and 2-hexyn-1-yl) .The terms “alkynylene” and “alkynediyl” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond (s) . An alkynylene group does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The alkynediyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C2-6 alkynediyl refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynediyl is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 30 (C2-30) , 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 30 (C4-30) , 4 to 20 (C4-20) , 4 to 15 (C4-15) , 4 to 10 (C4-10) , or 4 to 6 (C4-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkynediyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynediyl, propynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propyne-1, 3-diyl and 1-propyne-3, 3-diyl) , butynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butyne-1, 3-diyl, 1-butyne-1, 4-diyl, and 2-butyne-1, 1-diyl) , pentynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentyne-1, 3-diyl, 1-pentyne-1, 4-diyl, and 2-pentyne-1, 1-diyl) , and hexynediyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexyne-1, 3-diyl, 1-hexyne-1, 4-diyl, and 2-hexyne-1, 1-diyl) .The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is a saturated or unsaturated but non-aromatic, and / or bridged or non-bridged, and / or fused bicyclic group. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 (C3-20) , from 3 to 15 (C3-15) , from 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or from 3 to 7 (C3-7) carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is monocyclic. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is bicyclic. In yet another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is tricyclic. In still another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is polycyclic. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, bicyclo [1.1.1] pentyl, bicyclo [2.1.1] hexyl, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptyl, bicyclo [2.2.2] octyl, decalinyl, and adamantyl.The term “aryl” refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical and / or monovalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical that contain at least one aromatic carbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 20 (C6-20) , from 6 to 15 (C6-15) , or from 6 to 10 (C6-10) ring carbon atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl. The aryl also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl) . In one embodiment, the aryl is monocyclic. In another embodiment, the aryl is bicyclic. In yet another embodiment, the aryl is tricyclic. In still another embodiment, the aryl is polycyclic. In certain embodiments, the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” refers to a monovalent alkyl group substituted with one or more aryl groups. In certain embodiments, the aralkyl has from 7 to 30 (C7-30) , from 7 to 20 (C7-20) , or from 7 to 16 (C7-16) carbon atoms. Examples of aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenylethyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenylethyl) , and phenylpropyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, and 3-phenylpropyl) . In certain embodiments, the aralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic group or monovalent polycyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N, in the ring. For a heteroaryl group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heteroaryl group is not bonded to the rest of a molecule through its nonaromatic heterocyclic ring. Each ring of a heteroaryl group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and / or one to four N atoms; provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is monocyclic. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl is bicyclic. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furopyrindyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., furo [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, furo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, furo [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, furo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl, furo [3, 4-b] pyridinyl, and furo [3, 4-c] pyridinyl) , imidazopyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl, imidazo [4, 5-b] pyridinyl, and imidazo [4, 5-c] pyridinyl) , imidazothiazolyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [2, 1-b] thiazolyl and imidazo [4, 5-d] thiazolyl) , indazolyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isobenzothienyl (i.e., benzo [c] thienyl) , isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-naphthyridinyl, 1, 6-naphthyridinyl, 1, 7-naphthyridinyl, and 1, 8-naphthyridinyl) , oxazolopyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., oxazolo [4, 5-b] pyridinyl, oxazolo [4, 5-c] pyridinyl, oxazolo [5, 4-b] pyridinyl, and oxazolo [5, 4-c] pyridinyl) , phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolopyridyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, pyrrolo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, pyrrolo [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, and pyrrolo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl) , quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, thiadiazolopyrimidyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., [1, 2, 5] thiadiazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidinyl and [1, 2, 3] thiadiazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidinyl) , and thienopyridyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., thieno [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, thieno [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, thieno [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, and thieno [3, 2-c] pyridinyl) . In yet another embodiment, the heteroaryl is tricyclic. Examples of tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, benzindolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenanthridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 6-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 7-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 9-phenanthrolinyl, and 2, 10-phenanthrolinyl) , phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and xanthenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a monovalent monocyclic non-aromatic ring system or monovalent polycyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms. For a heterocyclyl group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heterocyclyl group is not bonded to the rest of a molecule through the heteroaromatic ring. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may be fused or bridged, and in which nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. Examples of heterocyclyls and heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranonyl, chromanyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzisothiazolyl, dihydrobenzisoxazinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 3] oxazinyl, 3,4-dihydrobenzo [c] [1, 2] -oxazinyl, and 3, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 2] oxazinyl) , dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydroisobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzo [c] thienyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dioxolanyl, 1, 4-dithianyl, furanonyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, indolinyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, oxazolidinonyl, oxazolidinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiochromanyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, and 1, 3, 5-trithianyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “halogen, ” “halide, ” or “halo” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and / or iodo.The term “optionally substituted” is intended to mean that a group or substituent, such as an alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group, may be substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, each of which is independently selected from, e.g., (a) deuterium (-D) , cyano (-CN) , halo, imino (=NH) , nitro (-NO2) , and oxo (=O) ; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa. As used herein, all groups that can be substituted are “optionally substituted. ”In one embodiment, each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.In certain embodiments, “optically active” and ” enantiomerically active” refer to a collection of molecules, which has an enantiomeric excess of no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 91%, no less than about 92%, no less than about 93%, no less than about 94%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.8%. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 95%or more of one enantiomer and about 5%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 98%or more of one enantiomer and about 2%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 99%or more of one enantiomer and about 1%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question.In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the compound about its chiral center (s) . The (+) and (-) are used to denote the optical rotation of the compound, that is, the direction in which a plane of polarized light is rotated by the optically active compound. The (-) prefix indicates that the compound is levorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise. The (+) prefix indicates that the compound is dextrorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the right or clockwise. However, the sign of optical rotation, (+) and (-) , is not related to the absolute configuration of the compound, R and S.The term “isotopically enriched” refers to a compound that contains an unnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms that constitute such a compound. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H) , deuterium (2H) , tritium (3H) , carbon-11 (11C) , carbon-12 (12C) , carbon-13 (13C) , carbon-14 (14C) , nitrogen-13 (13N) , nitrogen-14 (14N) , nitrogen-15 (15N) , oxygen-14 (14O) , oxygen-15 (15O) , oxygen-16 (16O) , oxygen-17 (17O) , oxygen-18 (18O) , fluorine-17 (17F) , fluorine-18 (18F) , phosphorus-31 (31P) , phosphorus-32 (32P) , phosphorus-33 (33P) , sulfur-32 (32S) , sulfur-33 (33S) , sulfur-34 (34S) , sulfur-35 (35S) , sulfur-36 (36S) , chlorine-35 (35Cl) , chlorine-36 (36Cl) , chlorine-37 (37Cl) , bromine-79 (79Br) , bromine-81 (81Br) , iodine-123 (123I) , iodine-125 (125I) , iodine-127 (127I) , iodine-129 (129I) , and iodine-131 (131I) . In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound is in a stable form, that is, non-radioactive. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H) , deuterium (2H) , carbon-12 (12C) , carbon-13 (13C) , nitrogen-14 (14N) , nitrogen-15 (15N) , oxygen-16 (16O) , oxygen-17 (17O) , oxygen-18 (18O) , fluorine-17 (17F) , phosphorus-31 (31P) , sulfur-32 (32S) , sulfur-33 (33S) , sulfur-34 (34S) , sulfur-36 (36S) , chlorine-35 (35Cl) , chlorine-37 (37Cl) , bromine-79 (79Br) , bromine-81 (81Br) , and iodine-127 (127I) . In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound is in an unstable form, that is, radioactive. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, tritium (3H) , carbon-11 (11C) , carbon-14 (14C) , nitrogen-13 (13N) , oxygen-14 (14O) , oxygen-15 (15O) , fluorine-18 (18F) , phosphorus-32 (32P) , phosphorus-33 (33P) , sulfur-35 (35S) , chlorine-36 (36Cl) , iodine-123 (123I) , iodine-125 (125I) , iodine-129 (129I) , and iodine-131 (131I) . It will be understood that, in a compound as provided herein, any hydrogen can be 2H, as example, or any carbon can be 13C, as example, or any nitrogen can be 15N, as example, or any oxygen can be 18O, as example, where feasible according to the judgment of one of ordinary skill in the art.The terms “nucleic acid, ” “polynucleotide, ” and “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer or oligomer of nucleotides of any length. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides (such as methylated, hydroxymethylated, or glycosylated) , non-natural nucleotides, non-nucleotide building blocks that exhibit similar structure and / or function as natural nucleotides (i.e., “nucleotide analogs” ) , and / or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase. The nucleic acids or polynucleotides can be heterogenous or homogenous in composition, can be isolated from naturally occurring sources, or can be artificially or synthetically produced. In addition, the nucleic acids may be DNA or RNA, or a mixture thereof, and can exist permanently or transitionally in single-stranded or double-stranded form, including homoduplex, heteroduplex, and hybrid states. Nucleic acid structures also include, for instance, a DNA / RNA helix, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) , morpholino nucleic acid (see, e.g., Braasch and Corey, Biochemistry 2002, 4, 4503-10; and US 5, 034, 506) , locked nucleic acid (LNA; see, e.g., Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97, 5633-8) , cyclohexenyl nucleic acid (see, e.g., Wang, Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8595-602) , and / or a ribozyme.As used herein, “essentially free, ” in terms of a specified component, is used herein to mean that none of the specified component has been purposefully formulated into a composition and / or is present only as a contaminant or in trace amounts. The total amount of the specified component resulting from any unintended contamination of a composition is therefore well below 0.1%, preferably below 0.05%, and more preferably below 0.01%. Most preferred is a composition in which no amount of the specified component can be detected with a standard analytical method.The terms “substantially pure” and “substantially homogeneous” mean, when referred to a substance, sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by a standard analytical method used by one of ordinary skill in the art, including, but not limited to, thin layer chromatography (TLC) , gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , gas chromatography (GC) , nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , and mass spectrometry (MS) ; or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical, chemical, biological, and / or pharmacological properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance. In certain embodiments, “substantially pure” or “substantially homogeneous” refers to a collection of molecules, wherein at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight of the molecules are a single compound, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, or a mixture of enantiomers, as determined by standard analytical methods. As used herein, when an atom at a particular position in an isotopically enriched molecule is designated as a particular less prevalent isotope, a molecule that contains other than the designated isotope at the specified position is an impurity with respect to the isotopically enriched compound. Thus, for a deuterated compound that has an atom at a particular position designated as deuterium, a compound that contains a protium at the same position is an impurity.The term “solvate” refers to a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, e.g., a compound provided herein, and one or more molecules of a solvent, which are present in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and acetic acid. In certain embodiments, the solvent is pharmaceutically acceptable. In one embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a crystalline form. In another embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a noncrystalline form. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate. Examples of hydrates include, but are not limited to, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and pentahydrate.For a divalent group described herein, no orientation is implied by the direction in which the divalent group is presented. For example, unless a particular orientation is specified, the formula -C (O) O- represents both -C (O) O- and -OC (O) -.The phrase “an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof” has the same meaning as the phrase “ (i) an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate of the compound referenced therein; or (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate of an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein. ”8.2. LIPID COMPOUNDSIn one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein:R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-40 alkyl, C1-40 heteroalkyl, C2-40 alkenyl, C2-40 heteroalkenyl, C2-40 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, heteroalkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein:R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-10 alkylene, C1-10 heteroalkylene, C2-10 alkenylene, or C2-10 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L1 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L1 is - (CR2aR2b) a-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and a is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L1 is - (CH2) a- and a is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L1 is - (CH2) a- and a is an integer of 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L1 is - (CH2) 2-.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L2 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L2 is - (CR2aR2b) b-, wherein b is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and each R2a and R2b is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L2 is - (CH2) b- and b is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L2 is - (CH2) b- and b is an integer of 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L2 is - (CH2) 2-.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L3 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L3 is - (CR2aR2b) c-, wherein c is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; and each R2a and R2b is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L3 is - (CH2) c- and c is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L3 is - (CH2) 2-. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L3 is - (CH2) 3-.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L4 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L4 is - (CR2aR2b) d-, wherein d is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; and each R2a and R2b is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L4 is - (CH2) d- and d is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L4 is - (CH2) 2-. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , L4 is - (CH2) 3-.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (II) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, A, E, X, Z, a, b, c, and d are each as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) or (II) , E is -OC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) or (II) , E is -OC (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) or (II) , E is -N (R1a) C (O) N (R1b) -, wherein R1a and R1b are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) or (II) , E is -N (H) C (O) N (H) -.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (III) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, A, U, X, Z, a, b, c, and d are each as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (III) , A is -O-. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (III) , A is -N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (III) , A is -N (H) -.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (III) , U is -O-. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (III) , U is -N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (III) , U is -N (H) -.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (IV) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, X, Z, a, b, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (V) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, X, Z, a, b, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (VI) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, X, Z, a, b, c, and d are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (VII) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, X, Z, a, b, c, and d are each as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; wherein each R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is (i) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (ii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, or-S (O) 2R1a, wherein each R1a, R1b, and R1c is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclo-heptyl, pyridinyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyethoxy, dimethyl-amino, acetamido, methylureido, dimethylureido, methylthioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxyimino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclo-heptyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, methoxycarbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, 2-hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, acetamido, 3-methylureido, 3, 3-dimethylureido, 3-methyl-thioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxyimino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methyl, cyclo-propylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2- (methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxy-butyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxyimino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, or 6-hydroxyhexyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C1-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is 1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of wherein is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclobutenyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, or 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa;or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is 4-dimethyl-aminophenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is 4-methoxy-benzyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyridinyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, or pyridin-3-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with -ORa, and Ra is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, or isopropionyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (O) OC1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methoxycarbonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is-C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methylaminocarbonyl or dimethylaminocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is carbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is-C (NCN) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is N’ -methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethyl-carbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is-C (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methylaminothiocarbonyl or dimethylaminothiocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is hydroxyl or methoxy. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is -S (O) 2R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methyl-sulfonyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methyl, (E) -1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, (Z) -1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethyl-ureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2- (methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxy-propyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxy-imino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclo-hexyl, cycloheptyl. 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, isopropionyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, carbamimidoyl, methylamino-thiocarbonyl, dimethylaminothiocarbonyl, (E) -N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N’ -methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N’-methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, hydroxyl, methoxy, or methylsulfonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, or 2-dimethylaminoethyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; wherein each R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is (i) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (ii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, or-S (O) 2R1a, wherein each R1a, R1b, and R1c is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclo-heptyl, pyridinyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyethoxy, dimethyl-amino, acetamido, methylureido, dimethylureido, methylthioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxyimino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclo-heptyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, methoxycarbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, 2-hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, acetamido, 3-methylureido, 3, 3-dimethylureido, 3-methyl-thioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxyimino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methyl, cyclo-propylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2- (methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxy-butyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxyimino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, or 6-hydroxyhexyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C1-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is 1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of wherein is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclobutenyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, or 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is 4-dimethyl-aminophenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is 4-methoxy-benzyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -SRa, or -NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyridinyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, or pyridin-3-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with -ORa, and Ra is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, or isopropionyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (O) OC1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methoxycarbonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is-C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methylaminocarbonyl or dimethylaminocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is carbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is-C (NCN) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is N’ -methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethyl-carbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is-C (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methylaminothiocarbonyl or dimethylaminothiocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is hydroxyl or methoxy. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is -S (O) 2R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methyl-sulfonyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methyl, (E) -1-(dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, (Z) -1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethyl-ureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2-(methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxy-propyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxy-imino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclo-hexyl, cycloheptyl. 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, isopropionyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, carbamimidoyl, methylamino-thiocarbonyl, dimethylaminothiocarbonyl, (E) -N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N’ -methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N’-methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, hydroxyl, methoxy, or methylsulfonyl. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R2 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, or 2-dimethylaminoethyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, pyridin-1-iumyl, or pyrimidin-1-yl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-tert-butoxymethyl-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-dimethylaminopyridin-1-iumyl, 2, 4-dioxo-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl, or 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form bicyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 5-, 5, 6-, or 6, 6-fused heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 5-fused heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 6-fused heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6, 6-fused heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form purin-9-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-aminopurin-9-yl or 2-amino-6-oxo-1, 9-dihydropurin-9-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 3-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 4-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 7-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form aziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or isoindolin-2-yl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 2-methylaziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxooxazolidin-3-yl, 2, 5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 3, 5-dioxomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 4- (4-methoxybenzyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-hydroxethyl) piperazin-1-yl, or 1, 3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , the moietyis dimethylamino, (2-cyanoethyl) (methyl) amino, (cyclopropylmethyl) (methyl) amino, (cyclobutyl-methyl) (methyl) amino, (cyclopentylmethyl) (methyl) amino, (cyclohexylmethyl) (methyl) amino, (cycloheptylmethyl) (methyl) amino, (pyridin-2-ylmethyl) (methyl) amino, (pyridin-3-ylmethyl) - (methyl) amino, (pyridin-4-ylmethyl) (methyl) amino, (dimethylaminomethyl) (methyl) amino, (ethyl) (methyl) amino, (2-hydroxyethyl) (methyl) amino, (2-acetamidoethyl) (methyl) amino, (2-guanidinoethyl) (methyl) amino, (2-methylsulfonamidoethyl) (methyl) amino, (2- (3-methylureido) -ethyl) (methyl) amino, (2- (3, 3-dimethylureido) ethyl) (methyl) amino, (2- (3-methylthioureido) -ethyl) (methyl) amino, (2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl) (methyl) amino, diethylamino, (1, 3-dihydroxyprop-2-yl) amino, (isopropyl) (methyl) amino, (R) - (2-hydroxy-propyl) (methyl) amino, (S) - (2-hydroxypropyl) (methyl) amino, (3-hydroxypropyl) (methyl) amino, (1, 3-dihydroxyprop-2-yl) (methyl) amino, (ethyl) (isopropyl) amino, diisopropylamino, (4-hydroxybutyl) (methyl) amino, (R) - (2-hydroxybutyl) (methyl) amino, (S) - (2-hydroxybutyl) - (methyl) amino, (5-hydroxypentyl) - (methyl) amino, (4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl) (methyl) amino, 4- (methoxyimino) butylamino, (4- (methoxyimino) butyl) (methyl) amino, (5-hydroxy-5-carboxypentyl) (methyl) amino, (6-hydroxy-hexyl) (methyl) amino, 1- (methylamino) -2-nitrovinylamino, (cyclopropyl) (methyl) amino, (cyclo-butyl) (methyl) amino, (cyclopentyl) (methyl) amino, (cyclohexyl) (methyl) amino, (cycloheptyl) - (methyl) amino, (2-hydroxycycloheptyl) (methyl) amino, 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclo-butenyl, (4-dimethylaminophenyl) amino, (4-methoxybenzyl) (methyl) amino, imidazol-2-yl-amino, thiazol-2-ylamino, (pyridin-2-yl) (methyl) amino, (pyridin-3-yl) (methyl) amino, methoxy-formamido, methylaminoformamido, dimethylaminoformamido, methylaminothioformamido, dimethylaminothioformamido, acetamido, N- (methyl) acetamido, N- (2-hydroxy) acetamido, N- (2-methoxy) acetamido, N- (2-benzyloxy) acetamido, propamido, isobutamido, guanidino, 2-cyano-3, 3-dimethylguanidino, 2-methoxy-3, 3-dimethylguanidino, 2-methylsulfonyl-3, 3-dimethyl-guanidino, N- (methyl) hydroxyamino, N- (methoxy) acetamido, N- (methoxy) methoxyformamido, methylsulfonamido, or N- (methoxy) (methylsulfonamido) .In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , the moietyis 1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-tert-butoxymethyl-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-dimethylaminopyridin-1-iumyl, 2, 4-dioxo-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl, 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl, 6-aminopurin-9-yl, 2-amino-6-oxo-1, 9-dihydropurin-9-yl, 2-methylaziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxooxazolidin-3-yl, 2, 5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 3, 5-dioxomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 4- (4-methoxybenzyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-hydroxethyl) piperazin-1-yl, or 1, 3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , the moietyhas the structure of: wherein each e and f is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; each k and m is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and each R1a is as defined herein; in one embodiment, each R1a is independently C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and in another embodiment, each R1a is methyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-14 aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-30 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-25 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-20 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octanyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl, tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl, nonadecanyl, eicosanyl, heneicosanyl, docosanyl, tricosanyl, tetracosanyl, or pentacosanyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, hepta-decan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-30 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C1-20 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosenyl, docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl, or pentacosenyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tri-decen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-penta-decen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -hepta-deca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, heneicosan-1-yl, 2- (dodec-1-yldisulfaneyl) ethyl, (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl, 4-pentylcyclohexyl, 4-cyclohexyl-cyclohexyl, 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is:In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is:wherein each p is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is:wherein each s and t is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R3 is:In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-14 aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-30 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-25 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-20 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octanyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl, tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl, nonadecanyl, eicosanyl, heneicosanyl, docosanyl, tricosanyl, tetracosanyl, or pentacosanyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, hepta-decan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-30 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C1-20 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosenyl, docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl, or pentacosenyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tri-decen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-penta-decen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, heneicosan-1-yl, 2- (dodec-1-yldisulfaneyl) ethyl, (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl, 4-pentylcyclohexyl, 4-cyclohexyl-cyclohexyl, 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is:In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is:wherein each p is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is:wherein each s and t is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , R4 is:In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A1:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein g and h are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25; and X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A2:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A3:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A4:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein i and j are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15; and X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A5:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A6:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A7:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A8:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A9:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A10:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A11:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A12:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A13:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A14:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A15:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A16:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A17:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A18:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A19:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A20:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A21:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A22:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A23:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A24:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A25:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A26:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A27:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A28:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A29:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A30:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A31:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A32:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A33:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A34:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A35:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A36:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A37:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A38:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A39:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A40:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A41:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A42:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A43:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A44:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A45:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A46:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A47:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A48:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A49:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A50:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A51:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A52:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A53:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula A54:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B1:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B2:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B3:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B4:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B5:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B6:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B7:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B8:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B9:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B10:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B11:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B12:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B13:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B14:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B15:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B16:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B17:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B18:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B19:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B20:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B21:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B22:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B23:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B24:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B25:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B26:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B27:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B28:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B29:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B30:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B31:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B32:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B33:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B34:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B35:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B36:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B37:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B38:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B39:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B40:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B41:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B42:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B43:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B44:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B45:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B46:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B47:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B48:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B49:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B50:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B51:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B52:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B53:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula B54:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C1:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C2:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C3:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C4:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C5:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C6:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C7:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C8:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C9:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C10:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C11:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C12:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C13:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C14:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C15:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C16:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C17:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C18:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C19:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C20:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C21:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C22:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C23:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C24:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C25:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C26:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C27:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C28:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C29:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C30:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C31:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C32:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C33:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C34:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C35:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C36:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C37:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C38:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C39:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C40:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C41:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C42:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C43:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C44:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C45:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C46:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C47:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C48:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C49:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C50:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C51:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C52:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C53:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula C54:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D1:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D2:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D3:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, and f are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D4:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D5:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D6:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, e, f, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D7:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D8:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D9:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D10:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D11:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D12:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D13:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D14:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D15:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D16:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D17:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D18:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D19:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D20:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D21:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D22:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D23:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D24:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D25:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D26:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D27:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D28:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D29:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D30:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D31:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D32:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D33:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D34:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, k, and m are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D35:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D36:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, k, and m are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D37:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D38:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D39:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D40:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D41:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D42:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D43:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D44:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D45:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D46:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, j, and n are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D47:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D48:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, h, and n are each as defined herein.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D49:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D50:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D51:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, and d are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D52:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, i, and j are each as defined herein.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D53:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula D54:or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein X, Z, c, d, g, and h are each as defined herein.In any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , A1 to A54, B1 to B54, C1 to C54, and D1 to D54, in one embodiment, X is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; in another embodiment, X is a bond; in yet another embodiment, X is -C (O) O-; in yet another embodiment, X is -C (O) N (R1a) -; in yet another embodiment, X is -C (O) N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, X is -C (O) S-; in yet another embodiment, X is -O-; in yet another embodiment, X is -OC (O) O-; in yet another embodiment, X is -OC (O) N (R1a) -; in yet another embodiment, X is -OC (O) N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, X is -OC (O) S-; in yet another embodiment, X is-N(R1a) -; in yet another embodiment, X is -N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, X is-NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -; in yet another embodiment, X is -NHC (O) N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, X is -S-; in yet another embodiment, X is -S-S-; and in still another embodiment, X is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (H) -, -C (O) S-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (H) -, -OC (O) S-, or-S-S-; wherein each R1a and R1b is as defined herein.In any one of Formulae (I) to (VII) , A1 to A54, B1 to B54, C1 to C54, and D1 to D54, in one embodiment, Z is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; in another embodiment, Z is a bond; in yet another embodiment, Z is -C (O) O-; in yet another embodiment, Z is -C (O) N (R1a) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is -C (O) N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is -C (O) S-; in yet another embodiment, Z is -O-; in yet another embodiment, Z is -OC (O) O-; in yet another embodiment, Z is -OC (O) N (R1a) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is -OC (O) N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is -OC (O) S-; in yet another embodiment, Z is-N(R1a) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is -N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is-NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is -NHC (O) N (H) -; in yet another embodiment, Z is -S-; in yet another embodiment, Z is -S-S-; and in still another embodiment, Z is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (H) -, -C (O) S-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (H) -, -OC (O) S-, or-S-S-; wherein each R1a and R1b is as defined herein.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , a is an integer of 1. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , a is an integer of 2. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , a is an integer of 3. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , a is an integer of 4. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , a is an integer of 5.In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , b is an integer of 1. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , b is an integer of 2. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , b is an integer of 3. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , b is an integer of 4. In certain embodiments, in any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , b is an integer of 5.In any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , A1 to A54, B1 to B54, C1 to C54, and D1 to D54, in one embodiment, c is an integer of 1; in another embodiment, c is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, c is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, c is an integer of 4; in yet another embodiment, c is an integer of 5; in yet another embodiment, c is an integer of 6; in yet another embodiment, c is an integer of 7; in yet another embodiment, c is an integer of 8; and in still another embodiment, c is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.In any one of Formulae (II) to (VII) , A1 to A54, B1 to B54, C1 to C54, and D1 to D54, in one embodiment, d is an integer of 1; in another embodiment, d is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, d is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, d is an integer of 4; in yet another embodiment, d is an integer of 5; in yet another embodiment, d is an integer of 6; in yet another embodiment, d is an integer of 7; in yet another embodiment, d is an integer of 8; and in still another embodiment, d is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.In any one of Formulae A1 to A6, B1 to B6, C1 to C6, and D1 to D6, in one embodiment, e is an integer of 1; in another embodiment, e is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, e is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, e is an integer of 4; and in still another embodiment, e is an integer of 5.In any one of Formulae A1 to A6, B1 to B6, C1 to C6, and D1 to D6, in one embodiment, f is an integer of 1; in another embodiment, f is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, f is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, f is an integer of 4; and in still another embodiment, f is an integer of 5.In any one of Formulae A1, A5 to A7, A11 to A13, A17 to A19, A23 to A25, A29 to A31, A35 to A37, A41 to A43, A47 to A49, A53, A54, B1, B5 to B7, B11 to B13, B17 to B19, B23 to B25, B29 to B31, B35 to B37, B41 to B43, B47 to B49, B53, B54, C1, C5 to C7, C11 to C13, C17 to C19, C23 to C25, C29 to C31, C35 to C37, C41 to C43, C47 to C49, C53, C54, D1, D5 to D7, D11 to D13, D17 to D19, D23 to D25, D29 to D31, D35 to D37, D41 to D43, D47 to D49, D53, and D54, in one embodiment, g is an integer of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20; in another embodiment, g is an integer of 1; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 4; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 5; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 6; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 7; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 8; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 9; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 10; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 11; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 12; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 13; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 14; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 15; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 16; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 17; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 18; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 19; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 20; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 21; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 22; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 23; in yet another embodiment, g is an integer of 24; and in still another embodiment, g is an integer of 25.In any one of Formulae A1, A5 to A7, A11 to A13, A17 to A19, A23 to A25, A29 to A31, A35 to A37, A41 to A43, A47 to A49, A53, A54, B1, B5 to B7, B11 to B13, B17 to B19, B23 to B25, B29 to B31, B35 to B37, B41 to B43, B47 to B49, B53, B54, C1, C5 to C7, C11 to C13, C17 to C19, C23 to C25, C29 to C31, C35 to C37, C41 to C43, C47 to C49, C53, C54, D1, D5 to D7, D11 to D13, D17 to D19, D23 to D25, D29 to D31, D35 to D37, D41 to D43, D47 to D49, D53, and D54, in one embodiment, h is an integer of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20; in another embodiment, h is an integer of 1; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 4; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 5; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 6; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 7; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 8; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 9; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 10; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 11; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 12; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 13; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 14; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 15; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 16; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 17; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 18; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 19; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 20; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 21; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 22; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 23; in yet another embodiment, h is an integer of 24; and in still another embodiment, h is an integer of 25.In any one of Formulae A4, A10, A16, A22, A28, A34, A40, A46, A52, B4, B10, B16, B22, B28, B34, B40, B46, B52, C4, C10, C16, C22, C28, C34, C40, C46, C52, D4, D10, D16, D22, D28, D34, D40, D46, and D52, in one embodiment, i is an integer of 5, 7, 9, 11, or 13; in another embodiment, i is an integer of 1; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 4; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 5; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 6; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 7; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 8; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 9; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 10; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 11; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 12; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 13; in yet another embodiment, i is an integer of 14; and in still another embodiment, i is an integer of 15.In any one of Formulae A4, A10, A16, A22, A28, A34, A40, A46, A52, B4, B10, B16, B22, B28, B34, B40, B46, B52, C4, C10, C16, C22, C28, C34, C40, C46, C52, D4, D10, D16, D22, D28, D34, D40, D46, and D52, in one embodiment, j is an integer of 5, 7, 9, 11, or 13; in another embodiment, j is an integer of 1; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 4; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 5; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 6; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 7; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 8; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 9; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 10; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 11; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 12; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 13; in yet another embodiment, j is an integer of 14; and in still another embodiment, j is an integer of 15.In any one of Formulae A31 to A36, B31 to B36, C31 to C36, and D31 to D36, in one embodiment, k is an integer of 1; in another embodiment, k is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, k is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, k is an integer of 4; and in still another embodiment, k is an integer of 5.In any one of Formulae A31 to A36, B31 to B36, C31 to C36, and D31 to D36, in one embodiment, m is an integer of 1; in another embodiment, m is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, m is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, m is an integer of 4; and in still another embodiment, m is an integer of 5.In any one of Formulae A43 to A48, B43 to B48, C43 to C48, and D43 to D48, in one embodiment, n is an integer of 1; in another embodiment, n is an integer of 2; in yet another embodiment, n is an integer of 3; in yet another embodiment, n is an integer of 4; in yet another embodiment, n is an integer of 5; and in still another embodiment, n is an integer of 6.The groups, R1, R2, R3, R4, A, E, L1, L2, L3, L4, U, X, Z, a, b, c, and d in formulae described herein, including Formulae (I) to (VII) , A1 to A54, B1 to B54, C1 to C54, and D1 to D54, are further defined in the embodiments described herein. All combinations of the embodiments provided herein for the groups in formulae described herein, including R1, R2, R3, R4, A, E, L1, L2, L3, L4, U, X, Z, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, m, n, p, s, and t, are within the scope of this disclosure.In still another embodiment, provided herein is compounds of Formula E-1-0001 to E-1-0150, E-1-0175 to E-1-0179, E-1-0181 to E-1-0183, E-1-0189, E-1-0244 to E-1-0245, E-1-0252, E-1-0256, E-1-0267 to E-1-0268, E-1-0434, E-1-0437, E-1-0439 to E-1-0441, E-1-0447, E-1-0502 to E-1-0503, E-1-0510, E-1-0514, E-1-0526, E-1-0537 to E-1-0541, E-1-0553, E-1-0557 to E-1-0559, E-1-0581 to E-1-0582, E-1-0634 to E-1-0635, E-1-0637 to E-1-0641, E-1-0649, E-1-0680 to E-1-0681, E-1-0687, E-1-0691, E-1-0717 to E-1-0719, E-1-0728, E-1-1743 to E-1-1746, E-1-1749 to E-1-1752, E-1-1755 to E-1-1758, E-1-1761 to E-1-1764, E-1-1767 to E-1-1770, E-1-1773 to E-1-1776, E-1-1779 to E-1-1782, E-1-1785 to E-1-1788, E-1-1791 to E-1-1794, E-1-1797 to E-1-1800, E-1-1803 to E-1-1806, E-1-1809 to E-1-1812, E-1-1815 to E-1-1818, E-1-1821 to E-1-1824, E-1-1827 to E-1-1830, E-1-1833 to E-1-1836, E-1-1839 to E-1-1842, E-1-1848 to E-1-1851, E-1-1854 to E-1-1857, E-1-1860 to E-1-1863, E-1-1884 to E-1-1887, E-1-1890 to E-1-1893, E-1-1896 to E-1-1899, E-1-1902 to E-1-1905, E-1-1908 to E-1-1911, E-1-1914 to E-1-1917, E-1-1920 to E-1-1923, or E-1-1926 to E-1-1929, E-1-1932 to E-1-1935, E-1-2049 to E-1-2069, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In still another embodiment, provided herein is compounds of Formula E-2-0001 to E-2-0150, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In still another embodiment, provided herein is compounds of Formula E-3-0001 to E-3-0150, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In still another embodiment, provided herein is compounds of Formula E-4-0001 to E-4-0150, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In still another embodiment, provided herein is compounds of Formula E-0-0001 to E-0-0012, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In certain embodiments, R1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R1 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or-NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, pyridinyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-ethoxy, dimethylamino, acetamido, methylureido, dimethylureido, methylthioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxy-imino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido. In certain embodiments, R1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclo-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, methoxy-carbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, 2-hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, acetamido, 3-methyl-ureido, 3, 3-dimethylureido, 3-methylthioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxy-imino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido. In certain embodiments, R1 is methyl, cyclopropyl-methyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2- (methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxy-butyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxyimino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, or 6-hydroxyhexyl.In certain embodiments, R1 is C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is 1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclobutenyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, or 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is 4-dimethylaminophenyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is 4-methoxybenzyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyridinyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, or pyridin-3-yl. In certain embodiments, R1 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with -ORa, and Ra is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, or isopropionyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (O) OC1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 is methoxycarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is methylaminocarbonyl or dimethylaminocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (O) SR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is-C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is carbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is N’ -methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (S) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (S) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -C (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is methylaminothio-carbonyl or dimethylaminothiocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is hydroxyl or methoxy. In certain embodiments, R1 is methoxy. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (O) SR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (S) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (S) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OC (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OS (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OS (O) 2R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OS (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (O) R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (O) OR1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (O) SR1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (S) R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (S) OR1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aS (O) R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is-NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -S (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is-S (O) 2R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is methylsulfonyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -S (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R1 is -S (O) 2NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein.In certain embodiments, R2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R2 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently (i) cyano, halo, or nitro; (ii) C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Qa; or (iii) -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -ORa, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, or-NRaS (O) 2Rd, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, pyridinyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-ethoxy, dimethylamino, acetamido, methylureido, dimethylureido, methylthioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxy-imino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido. In certain embodiments, R2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q, each of which is independently cyano, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, methoxycarbonyl, methylthiocarbonyl, hydroxyl, 2-hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, acetamido, 3-methylureido, 3, 3-dimethyl-ureido, 3-methylthioureido, 3, 3-dimethylthioureido, guanidino, methoxyimino, mercapto, or methylsulfonamido. In certain embodiments, R2 is methyl, cyclo-propylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2- (methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxy-butyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxyimino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, or 6-hydroxyhexyl.In certain embodiments, R2 is C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is 1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclobutenyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, or 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is 4-dimethylaminophenyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is 4-methoxybenzyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyridinyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, or pyridin-3-yl. In certain embodiments, R2 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (O) -C1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with -ORa, and Ra is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, or isopropionyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (O) OC1-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R2 is methoxycarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is methylaminocarbonyl or dimethylaminocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (O) SR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is-C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is carbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is N’ -cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is N’ -methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is N’ -methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (S) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (S) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -C (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is methylaminothio-carbonyl or dimethylaminothiocarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is hydroxyl or methoxy. In certain embodiments, R2 is methoxy. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (O) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (O) SR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (S) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (S) OR1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OC (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OS (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OS (O) 2R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OS (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (O) R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (O) OR1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (O) SR1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (S) R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (S) OR1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aS (O) R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, wherein R1a and R1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is-NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -S (O) R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is-S (O) 2R1a, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is methylsulfonyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -S (O) NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R2 is -S (O) 2NR1bR1c, wherein R1b and R1c are each as defined herein.In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, pyridin-1-iumyl, or pyrimidin-1-yl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-tert-butoxymethyl-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-dimethylaminopyridin-1-iumyl, 2, 4-dioxo-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl, or 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl.In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form bicyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 5-, 5, 6-, or 6, 6-fused heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 5-fused heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 6-fused heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6, 6-fused heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form purin-9-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-aminopurin-9-yl or 2-amino-6-oxo-1, 9-dihydropurin-9-yl.In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 3-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 4-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 7-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form aziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or isoindolin-2-yl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 2-methylaziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxooxazolidin-3-yl, 2, 5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 3, 5-dioxomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 4- (4-methoxybenzyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-hydroxethyl) piperazin-1-yl, or 1, 3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl.In certain embodiments, R3 is C1-30 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is C1-25 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is C1-20 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octanyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl, tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl, nonadecanyl, eicosanyl, heneicosanyl, docosanyl, tricosanyl, tetracosanyl, or pentacosanyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxy-carbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.In certain embodiments, R3 is C1-30 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is 2- (dodec-1-yldisulfaneyl) ethyl. In certain embodiments, R3 is C1-30 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is C1-20 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosenyl, docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl, or pentacosenyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoro-non-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.In certain embodiments, R3 is C2-30 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, R3 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is 3-pentyl-phenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl. In certain embodiments, R3 is C7-30 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R3 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, R4 is C1-30 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is C1-25 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is C1-20 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octanyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl, tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl, nonadecanyl, eicosanyl, heneicosanyl, docosanyl, tricosanyl, tetracosanyl, or pentacosanyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxy-carbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.In certain embodiments, R4 is C1-30 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is 2- (dodec-1-yldisulfaneyl) ethyl. In certain embodiments, R4 is C1-30 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is C1-20 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosenyl, docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl, or pentacosenyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoro-non-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.In certain embodiments, R4 is C2-30 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is monocyclic C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, R4 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is 3-pentyl-phenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl. In certain embodiments, R4 is C7-30 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R4 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, A is -O-. In certain embodiments, A is -N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, A is -N (H) -.In certain embodiments, E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a and U are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, E is -OC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, E is -OC (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, E is -N (R1b) C (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a and R1b are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, E is -N (H) C (O) N (H) -.In certain embodiments, L1 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CR2aR2b) a-, wherein each R2a, R2b, and a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CH2) a-, wherein a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CH2) -. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CH2) 2-. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CH2) 3-. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CH2) 4-. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CH2) 5-. In certain embodiments, L1 is - (CH2) 6-.In certain embodiments, L2 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CR2aR2b) b-, wherein each R2a, R2b, and b is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CH2) b-, wherein b is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CH2) -. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CH2) 2-. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CH2) 3-. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CH2) 4-. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CH2) 5-. In certain embodiments, L2 is - (CH2) 6-.In certain embodiments, L3 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L3 is - (CR2aR2b) c-, wherein each R2a, R2b, and c is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L3 is - (CH2) c- and c is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain embodiments, L3 is - (CH2) 2-. In certain embodiments, L3 is - (CH2) 3-. In certain embodiments, L3 is - (CH2) 4-. In certain embodiments, L3 is - (CH2) 5-. In certain embodiments, L3 is - (CH2) 6-. In certain embodiments, L3 is C1-10 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L3 is C2-10 alkenylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L3 is C2-10 alkynylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, L4 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L4 is - (CR2aR2b) d-, wherein each R2a, R2b, and d is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L4 is - (CH2) d- and d is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain embodiments, L4 is - (CH2) 2-. In certain embodiments, L4 is - (CH2) 3-. In certain embodiments, L4 is - (CH2) 4-. In certain embodiments, L4 is - (CH2) 5-. In certain embodiments, L4 is - (CH2) 6-. In certain embodiments, L4 is C1-10 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L4 is C2-10 alkenylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L4 is C2-10 alkynylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, U is -O-. In certain embodiments, U is -N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, U is -N (H) -.In certain embodiments, X is a bond. In certain embodiments, X is -C (O) O-. In certain embodiments, X is -C (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, X is -C (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, X is -C (O) S-. In certain embodiments, X is -O-. In certain embodiments, X is -OC (O) O-. In certain embodiments, X is -OC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, X is -OC (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, X is -OC (O) S-. In certain embodiments, X is -N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, X is -N (H) -. In certain embodiments, X is-NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, wherein R1a and R1b are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, X is -NHC (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, X is -S-. In certain embodiments, X is -S-S-.In certain embodiments, Z is a bond. In certain embodiments, Z is -C (O) O-. In certain embodiments, Z is -C (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z is -C (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, Z is -C (O) S-. In certain embodiments, Z is -O-. In certain embodiments, Z is -OC (O) O-. In certain embodiments, Z is -OC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z is -OC (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, Z is -OC (O) S-. In certain embodiments, Z is -N (R1a) -, wherein R1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z is -N (H) -. In certain embodiments, Z is-NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, wherein R1a and R1b are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z is -NHC (O) N (H) -. In certain embodiments, Z is -S-. In certain embodiments, Z is -S-S-.In certain embodiments, a is an integer of 1. In certain embodiments, a is an integer of 2. In certain embodiments, a is an integer of 3. In certain embodiments, a is an integer of 4. In certain embodiments, a is an integer of 5. In certain embodiments, a is an integer of 6.In certain embodiments, b is an integer of 1. In certain embodiments, b is an integer of 2. In certain embodiments, b is an integer of 3. In certain embodiments, b is an integer of 4. In certain embodiments, b is an integer of 5. In certain embodiments, b is an integer of 6.In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 1. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 2. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 3. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 4. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 5. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 6. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 7. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 8. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 9. In certain embodiments, c is an integer of 10.In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 1. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 2. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 3. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 4. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 5. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 6. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 7. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 8. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 9. In certain embodiments, d is an integer of 10.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of:4- ( ( (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) carbamoyl) oxy) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 1;4- (3- (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) ureido) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 2;4- ( ( (2- ( (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) amino) ethyl) -carbamoyl) oxy) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 3;4- (3- (2- ( (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) amino) ethyl) -ureido) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 4; or7- ( ( (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) carbamoyl) oxy) tridecane-1, 13-diyl bis (2-hexyldecanoate) 5;or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein is isolated or purified. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein has a purity of at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight.The compounds provided herein are intended to encompass all possible stereoisomers unless a particular stereochemistry is specified. Where a compound provided herein contains an alkenyl group, the compound may exist as one or mixture of geometric cis / trans (or Z / E) isomers. Where structural isomers are interconvertible, the compound may exist as a single tautomer or a mixture of tautomers. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in the compound that contains, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group; or so-called valence tautomerism in the compound that contains an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single compound may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.A compound provided herein can be enantiomerically pure, such as a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, or be stereoisomeric mixtures, such as a mixture of enantiomers, e.g., a racemic mixture of two enantiomers; or a mixture of two or more diastereomers. As such, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that administration of a compound in its (R) form is equivalent, for the compound that undergoes epimerization in vivo, to administration of the compound in its (S) form. Conventional techniques for the preparation / isolation of individual enantiomers include synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor, asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials, or resolution of an enantiomeric mixture, for example, chiral chromatography, recrystallization, resolution, diastereomeric salt formation, or derivatization into diastereomeric adducts followed by separation.When a compound provided herein contains an acidic or basic moiety, it can also be provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. See, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, 2nd ed. ; Stahl and Wermuth Eds. ; John Wiley &Sons, 2011. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound provided herein is a solvate. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound provided herein is a hydrate.Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound provided herein include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2, 2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+) -camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+) - (1S) -camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-glutamic acid, α-oxoglutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, (+) -L-lactic acid, (±) -DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, (-) -L-malic acid, malonic acid, (±) -DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tannic acid, (+) -L-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluene-sulfonic acid, undecylenic acid, and valeric acid.Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound provided herein include, but are not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including, but not limited to, L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2- (diethyl-amino) ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) -morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinuclidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, triethanolamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, 2-amino-2- (hydroxymethyl) -1, 3-propanediol, and tromethamine.Compounds share the same core structure, e.g. structure (I) , structure (II) , structure (III) , structure (IV) , structure (V) , structure (VI) , structure (VII) , E-1-0001 to E-1-0150, E-1-0175 to E-1-0179, E-1-0181 to E-1-0183, E-1-0189, E-1-0244 to E-1-0245, E-1-0252, E-1-0256, E-1-0267 to E-1-0268, E-1-0434, E-1-0437, E-1-0439 to E-1-0441, E-1-0447, E-1-0502 to E-1-0503, E-1-0510, E-1-0514, E-1-0526, E-1-0537 to E-1-0541, E-1-0553, E-1-0557 to E-1-0559, E-1-0581 to E-1-0582, E-1-0634 to E-1-0635, E-1-0637 to E-1-0641, E-1-0649, E-1-0680 to E-1-0681, E-1-0687, E-1-0691, E-1-0717 to E-1-0719, E-1-0728, E-1-1743 to E-1-1746, E-1-1749 to E-1-1752, E-1-1755 to E-1-1758, E-1-1761 to E-1-1764, E-1-1767 to E-1-1770, E-1-1773 to E-1-1776, E-1-1779 to E-1-1782, E-1-1785 to E-1-1788, E-1-1791 to E-1-1794, E-1-1797 to E-1-1800, E-1-1803 to E-1-1806, E-1-1809 to E-1-1812, E-1-1815 to E-1-1818, E-1-1821 to E-1-1824, E-1-1827 to E-1-1830, E-1-1833 to E-1-1836, E-1-1839 to E-1-1842, E-1-1848 to E-1-1851, E-1-1854 to E-1-1857, E-1-1860 to E-1-1863, E-1-1884 to E-1-1887, E-1-1890 to E-1-1893, E-1-1896 to E-1-1899, E-1-1902 to E-1-1905, E-1-1908 to E-1-1911, E-1-1914 to E-1-1917, E-1-1920 to E-1-1923, E-1-1926 to E-1-1929, E-1-1932 to E-1-1935, and E-1-2049 to E-1-2069, were synthesized according to methods listed in Examples II-1 to Examples II-293 and / or using starting materials with substituted R1, R2, R3, and R4 corresponding to the structure.8.3. LIPID NANOPARTICLESIn one embodiment, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In another embodiment, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising (i) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (ii) a phospholipid; and (iii) cholesterol.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising (i) a nucleic acid and (ii) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising (i) a nucleic acid; (ii) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (iii) a phospholipid; and (iv) cholesterol.In certain embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle provided herein further comprises a conjugated lipid. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipid comprises a polyethylene glycol (PEG) -conjugated lipid. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipid is a PEG-conjugated lipid.Thus, in one embodiment, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising (i) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (ii) a phospholipid; (iii) cholesterol; and (iv) a PEG-conjugated lipid.In another embodiment, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle comprising (i) a nucleic acid; (ii) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (iii) a phospholipid; (iv) cholesterol; and (v) a PEG-conjugated lipid.In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is a DNA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is an RNA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is an mRNA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is a circular nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is a circular RNA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is one described in US 2022 / 0177898 A1; or Int’ l Appl. No. PCT / CN2022 / 095749, filed May 27, 2022; or PCT / CN2022 / 095949, filed May 30, 2022, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is an siRNA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is an antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 29 and 33 to 36, or a nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30 to 32. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is mRNA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is mRNA having the sequence of SEQ ID NO; 36.In certain embodiments, the phospholipid is dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) , dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) , 1, 2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) , dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) , dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) , distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) , palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) , 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE) , 1, 2-dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, 1, 2-dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) , dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) , distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) , palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) , or a combination thereof.In certain embodiments, the PEG-conjugated lipid is a PEG-diacylglycerol (DAG) , a PEG-dialkyloxypropyl (DAA) , a PEG-phospholipid, a PEG-ceramide, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the PEG-conjugated lipid is 2- (polyethylene glycol) -N, N-ditetradecylacetamide (ALC-0159) , 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG) , PEG-c-DMG, PEG-DSG, PEG-DSPE, or a combination thereof.8.4. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONSIn one embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.In another embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle that comprises a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises (i) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (ii) a phospholipid; and (iii) cholesterol.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises (i) a therapeutic agent and (ii) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises (i) a therapeutic agent; (ii) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (iii) a phospholipid; and (iv) cholesterol.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises (i) a nucleic acid and (ii) a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.In still another embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises (i) a nucleic acid; (ii)...
Claims
1.A compound of Formula (I) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein:R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-40 alkyl, C1-40 heteroalkyl, C2-40 alkenyl, C2-40 heteroalkenyl, C2-40 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-20 alkylene, C1-20 heteroalkylene, C2-20 alkenylene, or C2-20 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, heteroalkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein:R1 and R2 are each independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c; or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C2-30 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-30 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;L1 and L2 are each independently C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene;L3 and L4 are each independently C1-10 alkylene, C1-10 heteroalkylene, C2-10 alkenylene, or C2-10 alkynylene;A is -O- or -N (R1a) -;E is -UC (O) N (R1a) -, wherein U is -O- or -N (R1b) -;X and Z are each independently a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-; andeach R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;wherein each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) -C (O) Ra, -C (O) ORa, -C (O) NRbRc, -C (O) SRa, -C (NRa) NRbRc, -C (S) Ra, -C (S) ORa, -C (S) NRbRc, -ORa, -OC (O) Ra, -OC (O) ORa, -OC (O) NRbRc, -OC (O) SRa, -OC (NRa) NRbRc, -OC (S) Ra, -OC (S) ORa, -OC (S) NRbRc, -OP (O) (ORb) ORc, -OS (O) Ra, -OS (O) 2Ra, -OS (O) NRbRc, -OS (O) 2NRbRc, -NRbRc, -NRaC (O) Rd, -NRaC (O) ORd, -NRaC (O) NRbRc, -NRaC (O) SRd, -NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, -NRaC (S) Rd, -NRaC (S) ORd, -NRaC (S) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) Rd, -NRaS (O) 2Rd, -NRaS (O) NRbRc, -NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, =NORa, -SRa, -S (O) Ra, -S (O) 2Ra, -S (O) NRbRc, and -S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C (O) Re, -C (O) ORe, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) SRe, -C (NRe) NRfRg, -C (S) Re, -C (S) ORe, -C (S) NRfRg, -ORe, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORe, -OC (O) NRfRg, -OC (O) SRe, -OC (NRe) NRfRg, -OC (S) Re, -OC (S) ORe, -OC (S) NRfRg, -OP (O) (ORf) ORg, -OS (O) Re, -OS (O) 2Re, -OS (O) NRfRg, -OS (O) 2NRfRg, -NRfRg, -NReC (O) Rh, -NReC (O) ORf, -NReC (O) NRfRg, -NReC (O) SRf, -NReC (NRh) NRfRg, -NReC (S) Rh, -NReC (S) ORf, -NReC (S) NRfRg, -NReS (O) Rh, -NReS (O) 2Rh, -NReS (O) NRfRg, -NReS (O) 2NRfRg, =NORe, -SRe, -S (O) Re, -S (O) 2Re, -S (O) NRfRg, and -S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.3.The compound of claim 1, wherein L1 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.4.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein L1 is - (CR2aR2b) a-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and a is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.5.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein L1 is - (CH2) a-.6.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein L2 is C1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.7.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein L2 is - (CR2aR2b) b-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and b is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.8.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein L2 is - (CH2) b-.9.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein L3 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.10.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein L3 is - (CR2aR2b) c-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and c is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.11.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein L3 is - (CH2) c-.12.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein L4 is C1-10 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.13.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein L4 is - (CR2aR2b) d-, wherein each R2a and R2b is independently (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or R2a and R2b together with the C atom to which they are attached form C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; and d is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.14.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein L4 is - (CH2) d-.15.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 14, having the structure of Formula (II) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein a and b are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and c and d are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.16.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein E is -OC (O) N (R1a) -.17.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein E is -OC (O) N (H) -.18.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein E is -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -.19.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 15 and 18, wherein E is -NHC (O) N (H) -.20.The compound of claim 15, having the structure of Formula (III) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein U is -O- or -N (R1a) -.21.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein A is -O-.22.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein A is -N (R1a) -.23.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 20 and 22, wherein A is -N (H) -.24.The compound of any one of claims 15 to 23, wherein U is -O-.25.The compound of any one of claims 15 to 23, wherein U is -N (R1a) -.26.The compound of any one of claims 15 to 23 and 25, wherein U is -N (H) -.27.The compound of claim 15 or 20, having the structure of Formula (IV) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.28.The compound of claim 15 or 20, having the structure of Formula (V) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.29.The compound of claim 15 or 20, having the structure of Formula (VI) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.30.The compound of claim 15 or 20, having the structure of Formula (VII) : or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.31.The compound of any one of claims 4 to 30, wherein a is an integer of 2.32.The compound of any one of claims 7 to 31, wherein b is an integer of 2.33.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein R1 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c.34.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein R1 is (i) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (ii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, or -S (O) 2R1a.35.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein R1 is methyl, (E) -1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, (Z) -1- (dimethylamino) -2-nitrovinyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-acetamidoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2- (3-methylureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethyl-ureido) ethyl, 2- (3-methylthioureido) ethyl, 2- (3, 3-dimethylthioureido) ethyl, 2-guanidinoethyl, 2- (methylsulfonamido) ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxy-propyl, (R) -2-hydroxypropyl, (S) -2-hydroxy-propyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propyl, 2-methylpropoyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, (R) -2-hydroxybutyl, (S) -2-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) butyl, (E) -4- (methoxy-imino) butyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclo-hexyl, cycloheptyl. 2-hydroxycycloheptyl, 2-dimethylamino-3, 4-dioxo-1-cyclobutenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, imidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, acetyl, hydroxyacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzyloxyacetyl, propionyl, isopropionyl, methoxycarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, carbamimidoyl, methylamino-thiocarbonyl, dimethylaminothiocarbonyl, (E) -N'-cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N'-cyano-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N'-methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N'-methoxy-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (E) -N'-methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, (Z) -N'-methylsulfonyl-N, N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl, hydroxyl, methoxy, or methylsulfonyl.36.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein R1 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.37.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 34 and 36, wherein R1 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, or 2-dimethylaminoethyl.38.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein R2 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a, -C (O) OR1a, -C (O) NR1bR1c, -C (O) SR1a, -C (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NCN) NR1bR1c, -C (NOR1a) NR1bR1c, -C (NS (O2) R1a) NR1bR1c, -C (S) R1a, -C (S) OR1a, -C (S) NR1bR1c, -OR1a, -OC (O) R1a, -OC (O) OR1a, -OC (O) NR1bR1c, -OC (O) SR1a, -OC (NR1a) NR1bR1c, -OC (S) R1a, -OC (S) OR1a, -OC (S) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) R1a, -OS (O) 2R1a, -OS (O) NR1bR1c, -OS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) R1d, -NR1aC (O) OR1d, -NR1aC (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (O) SR1d, -NR1aC (NR1d) NR1bR1c, -NR1aC (S) R1d, -NR1aC (S) OR1d, -NR1aC (S) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) R1d, -NR1aS (O) 2R1d, -NR1aS (O) NR1bR1c, -NR1aS (O) 2NR1bR1c, -S (O) R1a, -S (O) 2R1a, -S (O) NR1bR1c, or -S (O) 2NR1bR1c.39.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein R2 is (i) hydrogen; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) -C (O) R1a or -C (O) OR1a.40.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein R2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, acetyl, or methoxycarbonyl.41.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 40, wherein R2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl.42.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.43.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32 and 42, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.44.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, 42, and 43, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.45.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32 and 42 to 44, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.46.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32 and 42 to 45, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-tert-butoxymethyl-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl, 4-dimethylaminopyridin-1-iumyl, 2, 4-dioxo-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl, or 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl.47.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, 42, and 43, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form bicyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.48.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, 42, and 43, and 47, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5, 5-, 5, 6-, or 6, 6-fused heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.49.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, 42, 43, 47, and 48, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 6-aminopurin-9-yl or 2-amino-6-oxo-1, 9-dihydropurin-9-yl.50.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32 and 42, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.51.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, 42, and 50, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.52.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, 42, 50, and 51, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.53.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, 42, and 50 to 52, wherein R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached form 2-methylaziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxooxazolidin-3-yl, 2, 5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 3, 5-dioxomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 4- (4-methoxybenzyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-hydroxethyl) piperazin-1-yl, or 1, 3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl.54.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 53, wherein R3 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-14 aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.55.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein R3 is C1-25 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.56.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 55, wherein R3 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.57.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein R3 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.58.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 54 and 57, wherein R3 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.59.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein R3 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.60.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 54 and 59, wherein R3 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl.61.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein R3 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.62.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 54 and 61, wherein R3 is 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.63.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein R4 is C1-30 alkyl, C1-30 heteroalkyl, C2-30 alkenyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or C6-14 aryl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.64.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein R4 is C1-25 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.65.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 64, wherein R4 is prop-1-yl, pent-1-yl, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhex-1-yl, hept-1-yl, octan-1-yl, octan-3-yl, 3, 7-dimethyloctan-1-yl, 8-methoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, 8-trifluoromethoxycarbonyloctan-1-yl, non-1-yl, 8-methylnon-1-yl, 2-methoxynon-1-yl, decan-1-yl, undecan-1-yl, dodec-1-yl, 2-hydroxydodec-1-yl, tridecan-1-yl, pentadecan-1-yl, pentadecan-7-yl, heptadecan-1-yl, heptadecan-9-yl, nonadecan-1-yl, decan-2-yl, or heneicosan-1-yl.66.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein R4 is C1-25 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.67.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63 and 66, wherein R4 is (Z) -2-hexen-1-yl, (Z) -2-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -2-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -2-tridecen-1-yl, (Z) -3-octen-1-yl, (E) -3-methyloct-6-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-nonen-1-yl, (Z) -4, 4-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -5, 5-difluoronon-3-en-1-yl, (Z) -3-decen-2-yl, (Z) -3-undecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-pentadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heptadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-nonadecen-1-yl, (Z) -8-heneicosen-1-yl, (8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-8, 11-dien-1-yl, (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl, (5Z, 8Z, 11Z) -heptadeca-5, 8, 11-trien-1-yl, or (8Z, 11Z, 14Z) -heptadeca-8, 11, 14-trien-1-yl.68.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein R4 is C3-10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.69.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63 and 68, wherein R4 is 4-pentylcyclohexyl or 4-cyclohexylcyclohexyl.70.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein R4 is C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.71.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 63 and 70, wherein R4 is 3-pentylphenyl, 4-pentylphenyl, or 3, 4-dipentylphenyl.72.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of: or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; wherein each e and f is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; each g and h is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25; each i and j is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15; each k and m is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each n is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.73.The compound of any one of claims 10 to 72, wherein c is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.74.The compound of any one of claims 13 to 73, wherein b is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.75.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 74, wherein X is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-.76.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 75, wherein X is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (H) -, -C (O) S-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (H) -, -OC (O) S-, or -S-S-.77.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 76, wherein Z is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R1a) -, -C (O) S-, -O-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (R1a) -, -OC (O) S-, -N (R1a) -, -NR1aC (O) N (R1b) -, -S-, or -S-S-.78.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 77, wherein Z is a bond, -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (H) -, -C (O) S-, -OC (O) O-, -OC (O) N (H) -, -OC (O) S-, or -S-S-.79.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is: or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.80.A compound of:4- ( ( (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) carbamoyl) oxy) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 1;4- (3- (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) ureido) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 2;4- ( ( (2- ( (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) amino) ethyl) -carbamoyl) oxy) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 3;4- (3- (2- ( (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) amino) ethyl) -ureido) heptane-1, 7-diyl dihexanoate 4; or7- ( ( (2- (2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy) ethyl) carbamoyl) oxy) tridecane-1, 13-diyl bis (2-hexyldecanoate) 5;or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.81.A lipid nanoparticle comprising a compound of any one of claims 1 to 0, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof.82.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises (i) nucleic acid; (ii) a compound of any one of claims 1 to 0, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof; (iii) a phospholipid; and (iv) cholesterol.83.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 82, further comprising a conjugated lipid.84.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 83, wherein the conjugated lipid comprises a polyethylene glycol-conjugated lipid.85.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 82 to 84, wherein the nucleic acid is a mRNA.86.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 82 to 85, wherein the nucleic acid is a circular RNA.87.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 82 to 86, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is preferentially distributed into a targeted organ of a subject in need thereof.88.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 87, wherein the targeted organ is an eye, heart, lung, kidney, liver, or spleen of the subject.89.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 82 to 86, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is preferentially distributed into a liver cell.90.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 89, wherein the liver cell is a hepatocyte.91.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 82 to 86, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is preferentially distributed into a spleen cell.92.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 91, wherein the spleen cell is a spleenocyte.93.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 82 to 92, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a bioactive protein or enzyme.94.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 93, wherein the bioactive protein or enzyme is produced in or systemically excreted from a liver cell.95.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 93, wherein the bioactive protein or enzyme is produced in or systemically excreted from a cell of a lung, heart, or ocular, or central nervous system.96.The compound of claim 79, wherein the compound is: 97.The compound of claim 79, wherein the compound is: 98.The compound of claim 79, wherein the compound is: 99.The compound of claim 79, wherein the compound is: