Method and apparatus for reliable and efficient monitoring of a signal

Abstract

This invention describes a method and apparatus for energy-efficient and reliable reception of a measurement of a signal comprising: receiving, by a first wireless device, a configuration of a first set of communication resources to monitor and comprised in a fourth set of communication sources used by a second wireless device to transmit a signal N times, with N equal or greater than 2; and determining or receiving, by the first wireless device, a first configuration, wherein the first configuration determines the monitoring mode of the first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the signal; and monitoring, by the first wireless device, the first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the signal.

Description

[0001] 2025PF00064

[0002] 1 21.01.2026

[0003] METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RELIABLE AND EFFICIENT MONITORING OF A SIGNAL

[0004] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0005] This invention relates to a method, apparatus, and system for operating a wireless device such as a user equipment to reliably and efficiently monitor a signal in a wireless system such as a cellular system, a WiFi network or the like.

[0006] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0007] In conventional cellular networks, a primary station serves a plurality of secondary stations located within a cell served by this primary station. Wireless communication from the primary station towards each secondary station is done on downlink channels. Conversely, wireless communication from each secondary towards the primary station is done on uplink channels. The wireless communication can include data traffic (sometimes referred to User Data), and control information (also referred sometimes as signalling). This control information typically comprises information to assist the primary station and / or the secondary station to exchange data traffic (e.g. resource allocation / requests, physical transmission parameters, information on the state of the respective stations).

[0008] In the context of cellular networks as standardized by 3GPP, the primary station is referred to a base station, or a gNodeB (or gNB) in 5G (NR) or an eNodeB (or eNB) in 4G (LTE). The eNB / gNB is part of the Radio Access Network RAN, which interfaces to functions in the Core Network (CN). In the same context, the secondary station corresponds to a mobile station, or a User Equipment (or a UE) in 4G / 5G, which is a wireless client device or a specific role played by such device. The term “node” is also used to denote either a UE or a gNB / eNB.

[0009] Additionally, for example, in the case of PC5 interface or Sidelink communication, it is possible to have Direct communication between secondary stations, here UEs. It is then also possible for UEs to operate as Relays to allow for example out of coverage UEs to get an inter-mediate (or indirect) connection to the eNB or gNB. To be able to work as a relay, a UE may use discovery messages to establish new connections with other UEs.

[0010] Current wireless systems have increased requirements in reliability and efficiency, e.g., in terms of energy and / or latency. For instance, low power devices may need to monitor signals transmitted by remote access devices, e.g., non-terrestrial devices. Achieving both reliability and efficiency is challenging since both design goals oppose to each other to some extent.2025PF00064

[0011] 2 21.01.2026

[0012] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] An aim of the invention is to address above problems and achieve increased reliability and efficiency by balancing the number of times that a repetitive signal needs to be monitored to achieve a given level of reliability and efficiency. The invention is summarized by means of the methods of Claims 1-19, the apparatuses of Claims 20-21, and the computer program of Claim 22.

[0014] It shall be understood that a preferred embodiment of the invention can also be any combination of the dependent claims or above embodiments with the respective independent claim.

[0015] These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

[0016] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In the following drawings:

[0018] Fig. 1 schematically represents the overall cellular system including UEs, RAN, and core network;

[0019] Fig. 2 provides a schematic representation of a UE and its components; and Fig. 3 schematically represents different entities involved in a non-terrestrial network; Fig. 4 schematically represents a random-access procedure in a wireless network;

[0020] Fig. 5 schematically represents a signalling procedure by an access device;

[0021] Fig. 6 schematically represents the periodic transmission of SSB bursts;

[0022] Fig. 7 schematically represents examples of wireless devices according to some embodiments;

[0023] Fig. 8 schematically represents the distribution of a signal in a multitude of sets of communication resources according to embodiments of the invention;

[0024] Fig. 9 schematically represents the distribution of a first signal and a second signal in a multitude of sets of communication resources according to embodiments of the invention;

[0025] Fig. 10 schematically represents the distribution of a signal in a multitude of sets of communication resources and using several communication beams according to embodiments of the invention;

[0026] Fig. 11 schematically represents the distribution of a wireless sensing signal in a multitude of sets of communication resources according to embodiments of the invention;

[0027] Fig. 12 schematically represents the first, second, third, and fourth sets of communication resources as used in different embodiments of the invention;

[0028] Fig. 13 schematically represents a configuration, signal monitoring, and measurement reporting procedure according to some embodiments of the invention; and

[0029] Fig. 14 schematically illustrates signalling for network access according to some embodiments of the invention.2025PF00064

[0030] 3 21.01.2026

[0031] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0032] Embodiments of the present invention are now described based on a cellular communication network environment, such as 5G or 6G. However, the present invention may also be used in connection with other wireless technologies.

[0033] Throughout the present disclosure, the abbreviation “gNB” (5G terminology) or “BS” (base station) or the term “access device” is intended to mean a wireless access device such as a cellular base station or a WiFi access point or a ultrawide band (UWB) personal area network (PAN) coordinator. The gNB may consist of a centralized control plane unit (gNB-CU-CP), multiple centralized user plane units (gNB-CU-UPs) and / or multiple distributed units (gNB-DUs). The gNB is part of a radio access network (RAN), which provides an interface to functions in the core network (CN). The RAN is part of a wireless communication network. It implements a radio access technology (RAT). Conceptually, it resides between a communication device such as a mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its CN. The CN is the communication network’s core part, which offers numerous services to customers who are interconnected via the RAN. More specifically, it directs communication streams over the communication network and possibly other networks.

[0034] Furthermore, the terms “base station” (BS) and “network” may be used as synonyms in this disclosure. This means for example that when it is written that the “network” performs a certain operation it may be performed by a CN function of a wireless communication network, or by one or more base stations that are part of such a wireless communication network, and vice versa. It can also mean that part of the functionality is performed by a CN function of the wireless communication network and part of the functionality by the base station.

[0035] It is further noted that throughout the present disclosure only those blocks, components and / or devices that are relevant are shown in the accompanying drawings. Other blocks have been omitted for reasons of brevity. Furthermore, blocks designated by same reference numbers are intended to have the same or at least a similar function, so that their function is not described again later.

[0036] A cellular system is a wireless communication system that consists of three main components: user equipment (UE), radio access network (RAN), and core network (CN). These components work together to provide voice and data services to mobile users over a large geographic area.

[0037] In conventional cellular networks, a primary station serves a plurality of secondary stations located within a cell served by this primary station. Wireless communication from the primary station towards each secondary station is done on downlink channels. Conversely, wireless communication from each secondary towards the primary station is done on uplink channels. The wireless communication can include data traffic (sometimes referred to User Data), and control information (also referred sometimes as signalling). This control information typically comprises information to assist the primary station and / or the secondary station to exchange data traffic (e.g. resource allocation / requests, physical transmission parameters, information on the state of the respective stations). In the context of2025PF00064

[0038] 4 21.01.2026

[0039] cellular networks as standardized by 3GPP, the primary station is referred to a base station, or a gNodeB (or gNB) in 5G (NR) or an eNodeB (or eNB) in 4G (LTE). The eNB / gNB is part of the Radio Access Network RAN, which interfaces to functions in the Core Network (CN). In the same context, the secondary station corresponds to a mobile station, or a User Equipment (or a UE) in 4G / 5G, which is a wireless client device or a specific role played by such device. The term “node” is also used to denote either a UE or a gNB / eNB.

[0040] Additionally, for example, in the case of PC5 interface or Sidelink communication, it is possible to have Direct communication between secondary stations, here UEs. It is then also possible for UEs to operate as Relays to allow for example out of coverage UEs to get an inter-mediate (or indirect) connection to the eNB or gNB. To be able to work as a relay, a UE may use discovery messages to establish new connections with other UEs. Certain UEs may communicate with each other by using device-to-device communication, also known as sidelink communication using the PC5 interface that may rely on physical sidelink (PS) broadcast channel, PS shared channel, PS control, etc. Furthermore, the role of a relay node has been introduced in 3GPP. This relay node is a wireless communication station that includes functionalities for relaying communication between a primary station, e.g. a gNB and a secondary station, e.g. a UE. This relay function for example allows to extend the coverage of a cell to an out-of-coverage (OoC) secondary station. This relay node may be a mobile station or could be a different type of device. In the specifications for 4G, the Proximity Services (ProSe) functions are defined inter alia in TS 23.303, and TS 24.334 to enable - amongst others -connectivity for the cellular User Equipment (UE) that is temporarily not in coverage of the cellular network base station (eNB) serving the cell. This particular function is called ProSe UE-to-network relay, or Relay UE for short. The Relay UE relays application and network traffic in two directions between the OoC UE and the eNB. The local communication between the Relay UE and the OoC UE is called device-to-device (D2D) communication or Sidelink (also known as PC5) communication in TS 23.303 and TS 24.334. Once the relaying relation is established, the OoC-UE is, e.g., IP -connected via the Relay UE and acts in a role of “Remote UE”. This situation means the Remote UE has an indirect network connection to selected functions of the Core Network as opposed to a direct network connection to all Core Network functions that is the normal case. Furthermore, it has been introduced the role of a UE-to-UE relay node, i.e., a relay node re-laying the communication between two UE devices. The relay node relays the communications between UE devices. UEs may connect to the core network through a base station when in-coverage. In such relay scenarios, the relay devices may receive and store some information for some time before forwarding it towards the target device. This information that may be stored and forwarded may be discovery messages received from a source UE whereby the relay UE may release them at some point of time later. This information that may be stored and forwarded may be a SIB that may contain a timestamp.

[0041] User equipment (UE) is the device that a user uses to access the cellular system, such as a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop, loT device, or a wearable device. A UE typically may contain the following components:2025PF00064

[0042] 5 21.01.2026

[0043] - A universal integrated circuit card (UICC), which stores the user's identification and authentication information, such as the subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) or credentials.

[0044] - A transceiver, which converts the digital signals from the processor into analog signals for transmission and reception over the air interface. The transceiver also performs modulation, demodulation, coding, decoding, and other signal processing functions.

[0045] - A processor, which controls the operation of the UE and executes the applications and services that the user requests. The processor also communicates with the RAN and the CN using various protocols.

[0046] - A display, which shows the user the information and feedback from the UE, such as the signal strength, the battery level, the call status, the messages, the contacts, the menu, etc.

[0047] - A microphone and a speaker, which enable the user to make and receive voice calls, as well as use other audio features, such as voice mail, voice recognition, etc.

[0048] - A keyboard and / or a touch screen, which allow the user to enter and select commands, text, numbers, etc.

[0049] - A camera and / or a video recorder, which enable the user to capture and send images and videos, as well as use other multimedia features, such as video calling, video streaming, etc.

[0050] - A memory, which stores the data and programs that the user needs, such as the phone book, the messages, the photos, the videos, the applications, etc as well as a computer program to perform the operations of the RAN and CN protocols.

[0051] - A battery, which provides the power supply for the UE.

[0052] Fig. 2 provides a schematic representation of a UE and its components, e.g., UICC (201), processor (202), transceiver (203), memory (204), input devices (205) such as camera, microphone, etc and output devices (206) such as display, speaker, etc. Fig. 7 schematically represents wireless devices that may include the capabilities of a UE and / or a STA. Fig. 7a) represents AR / VR glasses; Fig. 7b) represents a connected vehicle; and Fig. 7c) represents a mobile phone. In these devices, a reflective intelligent surface (RIS) may be embedded, e.g., by covering and / or under the whole a part of the UE surface. This may be used, e.g., to better deal with interferences or improve wireless sensing.

[0053] A UE may access the cellular network via the radio access network, as described below. Certain UEs may communicate with each other by using device-to-device communication, also known as sidelink communication using the PC5 interface that may rely on physical sidelink (PS) broadcast channel, PS shared channel, PS control channel, etc.

[0054] A UE may receive a configuration by means of different procedures:

[0055] Downlink control information (DCI) is a type of control information that is sent from the BS to the UE on the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). DCI contains various parameters that instruct the UE how / when to decode and transmit data on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), such as the resource allocation, the modulation and2025PF00064

[0056] 6 21.01.2026

[0057] coding scheme. The UE needs to monitor the PDCCH in each subframe to detect and decode the DCI that is addressed to it.

[0058] Uplink control information (UCI) is a type of control information that is sent from the UE to the BS on the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). UCI contains various feedback signals that inform the BS about the status and quality of the downlink transmission, such as the HARQ acknowledgments (ACKs), the channel state information (CSI), and the scheduling requests (SRs). The UE needs to encode and transmit the UCI according to the configuration and timing indicated by the BS.

[0059] Sidelink control information (SCI) is a type of control information that is sent from the UE to another UE on the physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) in device-to-device (D2D) communication scenarios. The main functions of SCI include resource allocation, synchronization, channel quality reporting.

[0060] Medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) is a type of control information that is sent from the BS to the UE or vice versa on the MAC layer. MAC CE contains various commands or indications that regulate the MAC layer functions, such as the buffer status report (BSR), the timing advance command (TAC), the discontinuous reception (DRX) command, etc. The UE needs to process the MAC CE according to the MAC protocol and the configuration provided by the BS.

[0061] Radio resource control (RRC) command is a type of control information that is exchanged between the BS and the UE on the RRC layer. RRC Command contains various messages that modify / configure RRC parameters and / or initiate, modify, or release the RRC connection or the radio bearers between the UE and the BS, such as the RRC connection setup, the RRC connection reconfiguration, the RRC connection release, the security mode command, the mobility from E-UTRA command, the handover from E-UTRA preparation request, etc. The UE needs to respond to the RRC Command according to the RRC protocol and the configuration provided by the BS.

[0062] Non-access stratum (NAS) messages are used for signalling between UE and core network (CN) on the non-access stratum (NAS) layer. NAS messages enable functionality such as registration, session establishment, security, and mobility management. The UE needs to respond to the NAS Command according to the NAS protocol and the configuration provided by the CN.

[0063] UE parameter update (UPU) is a procedure between the UE and the home network that enables the home network to update configuration parameters in mobile phones and / or USIM using the UDM control plane procedure (TS 23.502). The UE can receive Parameters Update Data from the UDM after the UE has registered in the 5G network.

[0064] Steering of Roaming (SoR) enables the home network to guide the user equipment (UE) when registering on a visited network. For detailed information about the interfaces and registration in the 5G System, refer to 3GPP TS.23.501 (Release 15) and 3GPP TS 24.501 (Release 15). The 5G CP-SORis activated during or after registration to update the UE's "Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access2025PF00064

[0065] 7 21.01.2026

[0066] Technology" list via secure NAS messages, as directed by the home PLMN based on specific operator policies, such as preferred networks or UE location.

[0067] UE configuration update (UCU) is used to update configuration parameters as per TS 23.502 that may include Access and Mobility Management related parameters decided and provided by the AMF, UE Policy provided by the PCF. When AMF wants to change the UE configuration for access and mobility management related parameters the AMF initiates the procedure defined in clause 4.2.4.2. When the PCF wants to change or provide new UE Policies in the UE, the PCF initiates the procedure defined in clause 4.2.4.3. If the UE Configuration Update procedure requires the UE to initiate a Registration procedure, the AMF indicates this to the UE explicitly. The procedure in clause 4.2.4.2 may be triggered also when the AAA Server that performed Network Slice-Specific Authentication and Authorization for an S-NSSAI revokes the authorization.

[0068] Radio access network (RAN) is the part of the cellular system that connects the UEs to the CN via the air interface. The RAN consists of base stations (BSs). A base station (BS) is a fixed or mobile transceiver that covers a certain geographic area, called a cell. In 5G, a BS is also called a gNB (next generation node B). A BS can serve multiple UEs simultaneously within its cell, by using different frequencies, time slots, codes, or beams. A BS also performs functions such as power control, handover control, channel allocation, interference management, etc. A base station can be divided into two units: a central unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU). The CU performs the higher layer functions, such as RLC, PDCP, RRC, etc. The DU performs the lower layer functions, such as PHY and MAC. The CU and the DU can be co-located or separated, depending on the network architecture and deployment. In cellular systems, a base station may be denoted, based on context, as a cell, or gNB.

[0069] The cell may also refer to the coverage area of a base station. A BS may have different coverage areas such as a macro cell (e.g. several kilometres wide), a pico cell (e.g., for a given location such as a stadium) or a femto cell for a small location (e.g., a home or part of it).

[0070] A base station may communicate with the core network. Since there can be base stations for different cellular systems, different interfaces are required. For instance, a base station, eNB, in a 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) system (also known as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)) may interface with the 4G CN known as EPC through the corresponding interface. For instance, a base station, gNB, in a 5G system (i.e., 5G New Radio or Next Generation RAN) may communicate with the 5GC through a different interface. 4G and 5G base stations may communicate with each other directly or through their corresponding core networks.

[0071] The main protocols used between the UEs and the RAN are:

[0072] - The physical layer (PHY), which defines the characteristics of the air interface, such as the frequency bands, the modulation schemes, the coding rates, the frame structure, the synchronization, etc.2025PF00064

[0073] 8 21.01.2026

[0074] - The medium access control (MAC) layer, which regulates the access of the UEs to the shared radio channel, by using techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), time division duplex (TDD), frequency division duplex (FDD), etc.

[0075] - The radio link control (RLC) layer, which provides reliable data transmission over the radio channel, by using techniques such as segmentation, reassembly, error detection, error correction, retransmission, etc.

[0076] - The packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, which compresses and decompresses the headers of the data packets, encrypts and decrypts the data, and performs data integrity protection.

[0077] - The radio resource control (RRC) layer, which establishes, maintains, and releases the radio bearers between the UEs and the RAN, as well as exchanges the signalling messages for functions such as connection setup, handover, measurement reporting, security activation, etc.

[0078] A transmission / reception communication unit or transceiver may be used by BS and UE to transmit / receive data. Control data may be required for a physical broadcast channel, physical downlink control channel, etc. Data may be for the physical downlink shared channel.

[0079] Data may be encoded by the UE and / or BS to obtain data symbols and / or control symbols that may be exchanged over the wireless interface. The conversion from digital data into analog symbols may be done by the transmission / reception communication unit.

[0080] A medium access control control-element (MAC-CE) is a MAC layer communication element that is used to control the communication between wireless devices. A MAC-CE may be exchanged in a shared channel, e.g., the physical downlink / uplink / sidelink shared channel.

[0081] The communication between a UE and a base station or the communication between UEs (when sidelink is used) may involve the exchange of reference signals. Reference signals may include primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a physical broadcast channel demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). Core network (CN) is the part of the cellular system that connects the RAN to other networks, such as the Internet, or other cellular systems. The CN consists of two main (control / user) domains. The control domain is responsible for providing signalling and control functions for the UEs, such as authentication, authorization, mobility management, session management, etc. The control plane consists of several network functions (NFs), such as the access and mobility management function (AMF), the session management function (SMF), the unified data management (UDM), the policy control function (PCF), the network exposure function (NEF), and the authentication server function (AUSF). The access and mobility management function (AMF) is a NF that handles the registration, deregistration, connection management, and mobility management for the UEs. The session management function (SMF) is a NF that handles the establishment, modification, and release of the sessions for the UEs. The SMF also communicates with the user plane devices to perform functions such as IP address allocation, tunneling, QoS, etc. The unified data management (UDM) is a NF that stores and manages the user data, such as the2025PF00064

[0082] 9 21.01.2026

[0083] SUPI, the service profile, the subscription status, etc. The policy control function (PCF) is a NF that provides the policy rules and charging information for the UEs, such as the access type, the service level, the data rate, the quota, etc. The network exposure function (NEF) is a NF that exposes the network capabilities and services to external applications and devices, such as the IMS, the Internet of Things (loT), etc. The authentication server function (AUSF) is a NF that performs the primary authentication with the by using credentials and the SUPI. The user domain is responsible for providing data and multimedia services to the UEs, by using packets and IP addresses. The user plane consists of two main functions: the user plane function (UPF) and the data network (DN). The user plane function (UPF) is a device that forwards the data packets between the UEs and the DNs, as well as performs functions such as tunneling, firewall, QoS, charging, etc. The data network (DN) is a network that provides access to the services and applications that the UEs request, such as the Internet, the IMS, etc.

[0084] A residential gateway (RG) is a device that connects a home network to an external network, such as the Internet or a cellular system. An RG typically provides functions such as routing, switching, firewall, NAT, DHCP, DNS, VPN, etc. An RG can also support various types of interfaces, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB, etc. A cellular-capable RG is an RG that has a cellular interface, such as a UICC slot, a cellular modem, or an antenna, that enables it to access the cellular system as a backup or an alternative to the wired or wireless broadband connection. A cellular-capable RG can provide benefits such as: (1) Enhanced reliability, by switching to the cellular connection in case of a failure or a degradation of the broadband connection; (2) Increased bandwidth, by aggregating the cellular connection and the broadband connection to achieve higher data rates or QoS.

[0085] A multi-SIM subscription is a subscription that allows a user to have multiple SIMs (or eSIMs) that are linked to the same account and service profile. A user can use the multi-SIM subscription to access the cellular system from different devices, such as a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop, or a wearable device, without having to switch the SIM card or the device.

[0086] Overall system: Fig. 1 provides an overall description of a wireless system wherein devices 100, 102, and 128 can play the role of UEs. Device 102 is part of a cellular-capable RG providing connectivity to a home network 129 e.g., by means of a local area network and / or wireless local area network. Device 102 is served by base station 104.

[0087] The RAN 127 comprises base station 103 and serves UE 128. UE 128 may also be a UE to Network relay given access to remote UE 136 that is out of coverage of base station 103. UEs 134 and 136 also communicate with each other via a UE-to-UE relay 135. UE to UE communication via relays is enabled by means of side link communication / PC5 interface.

[0088] Within the RAN, the range of base station 103 is extended via smart repeater 137 and reflective intelligent surface (RIS) 138. Smart repeater 137 and RIS 138 give access to UE 142.

[0089] The RAN 143 includes base station 104 tand serves as wireless access infrastructure for the home network. Base station 104 also serves a mobile access device and / or UE as a UAV 139. UAV 139 may provide connectivity to remote UE 136.2025PF00064

[0090] 10 21.01.2026

[0091] Furthermore, a satellite gateway 141 is shown that connects to satellite 140 and may provide connectivity services to remote UE 136 or UE 100.

[0092] In Fig. 1, the 5G core network 133 may include one or more an AMF 121, SMF 123, UPF 122, AUSF 124, UDM 125, PCF 131, NEF 132 and allows the connection to a data network 130.

[0093] In Fig. 1, a second core network 142, e.g., a legacy core network as a 4G core network, is also shown that may interface with the 5G core network 133, interface with base stations denoted eNB in 4G, and provide a connection to the data network 130. The legacy 4G core network is denoted EPC and may include one or more mobility management entities (MME), a serving gateway, a multimedia broadcast multicast service gateway, a broadcast multicast service center, a packet data network gateway, etc. The mobility management entity may handle the signalling between UE and the 4G CN and may interact with the home subscriber server (HSS) in charge of the storage and management of subscriber data and secrets. The MME may provide connection management, similar to the AMF in 5G. The serving gateway may be used to exchange user internet protocol messages whereby the serving gateway may interact with the packet data network gateway that is connected to IP services. Multiple protocols in 4G and 5G have similar features. For example, the 5G network registration and 4G attach registration message are initially sent by the UE to establish a connection between the UE and the CN, which involves sending an initial request from the UE with its identity and capabilities, receiving an authentication request from the CN with a challenge, sending an authentication response from the UE with a response, receiving an authentication result from the CN with an indication of success or failure, and sending a security mode command from the CN with the selected security algorithms. As a result of this connection establishment procedure, NAS and AS keys are derived from the K_AMF (5G) and K_ASME (4G) where K_AMF is managed by the AMF and K_ASME is managed by the MME. A UE may connect to a serving network or serving Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). A UE may have a subscription with a home PLMN, and during the registration procedure, the (AMF of the) serving PLMN may forward the registration request to the (AUSF of the) home PLMN that may perform an initial authentication procedure between home PLMN and UE. If the authentication procedure is successful, keys are derived and the home PLMN may share derived credentials with the serving PLMN, including K_SEAF, that may be used to derive K_AMF, from which NAS keys and AS keys are derived. The registration request sent by the UE includes an identifier that can be used by the home PLMN to identify the UE. To prevent privacy vulnerabilities, the long-term subscriber’s identifier known as Subscriber Permanent Identifier (SUPI) may not be exchanged in the clear, but instead, either a Subscription Concealed Identifier (SUCI) or a pseudonym known as GUTI are exchanged with the AMF of the serving PLMN. The AMF of the PLMN may then forward the SUCI to the home PLMN so that the home PLMN decrypts / verifies it.

[0094] Satellite access: Fig. 1 depicts satellite 140 providing access to one or more UEs.

[0095] Satellite access can be performed by means of non-terrestrial devices at different altitudes such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) or Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit (GEO) satellites. Other types of non-terrestrial devices may include high-altitude platform station (HAPS) or unmanned2025PF00064

[0096] 11 21.01.2026

[0097] aerial vehicle (UAVs) that may comprise a base station. Fig. 3 illustrates different elements including a GEO satellite 302, a MEO satellite 303, a LEO satellites 304 and 304’, a UAV 305, all of them potential non-terrestrial mobile access devices giving coverage to wireless device (e.g., a UE) 301. GEO satellite 302 remains static over a given earth position while MEO and LEO satellites move. MEO satellites 303 have a slower moving vector 306 in relation to the earth compared with LEO satellites 304 / 304’ that have a faster moving vector 307 / 307’ . A non-terrestrial gateway 308 is included that provides connectivity to the mobile access device via a feeder link 310. A mobile access device provides service to the wireless device via a service link 311. Two mobile access devices in the same orbit may communicate with each other via an intra-orbit-satellite link 312 while two mobile access devices in different orbits may communicate with each other via an inter-orbit-satellite link 313. Fig. 3 finally also includes a terrestrial access device 309 that may also provide connectivity to wireless device 301. The terrestrial access device 309, the wireless device 301, and non-terrestrial gateway are on the earth surface 314.

[0098] Non-terrestrial devices such as satellites distribute system information in specific SIBs, in particular, SIB31 in 4G and SIB19 in 5G. S19 information element as defined in TS 38.331 18.2.0. - ASN1 START

[0099] - TAG-SIB 19-START

[0100] SIB 19-rl7 ::= SEQUENCE {

[0101] ntn-Config-rl7 NTN-Config-rl7

[0102]

[0103] - Need R

[0104] t-Service-r 17 INTEGER (0..549755813887) OPTIONAL, - Need R

[0105] reference Location-r 17 ReferenceLocation-r 17 OPTIONAL, - Need R distanceThresh-rl7 INTEGER(0..65525) OPTIONAL, - Need R

[0106] ntn-NeighCellConfigList-rl7 NTN-NeighCellCo

[0107]

[0108] dst-rl7 OPTIONAL, - Need R lateNonCriticalExtension OCTET STRING OPTIONAL,

[0109] [[

[0110] ntn-NeighCellConfigListExt-vl720 NTN-NeighCellConfigList-rl7 OPTIONAL — Need R ]],

[0111] [[

[0112] movingReference Location-r 18 ReferenceLocation-r 17 OPTIONAL, — Need R ntnCovEnh-rl8 NTN-CovEnh-rl8 OPTIONAL, - Need R satSwitchWithReSync-rl8 SatSwitchWithReSync-rl8 OPTIONAL — Need R

[0113] ]]

[0114] }

[0115] NTN-NeighCellConfigList-rl7 ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE(l..maxCellNTN-rl7)) OF NTN- NeighCellConfig-rl72025PF00064

[0116] 21.01.2026

[0117] NTN-NeighCellConfig-rl7 ::= SEQUENCE {

[0118] ntn-Config-rl7 NTN-Config-rl7 OPTIONAL, - Need R

[0119] carrierFreq-rl7 ARFCN-ValueNR OPTIONAL, - Need R

[0120] physCellId-rl7 PhysCellld OPTIONAL - Need R

[0121] NTN-CovEnh-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE {

[0122] numberOfMsg4HARQ-ACK-Repetitions-rl8 BIT STRING (SIZE(4)),

[0123] rsrp-ThresholdMsg4HARQ-ACK-r!8 RSRP-Range OPTIONAL - Need R

[0124] SatSwitchWithReSync-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE {

[0125] ntn-Config -r 18 NTN-Config-rl7,

[0126] t-ServiceStart-rl8 INTEGER (0..549755813887) OPTIONAL, - Need R ssb-TimeOffset-r!8 INTEGER (0 .159) OPTIONAL - Need R

[0127] - TAG-SIB 19-STOP

[0128] - ASN1STOP

[0129]

[0130] 2025PF00064

[0131] 13 21.01.2026

[0132]

[0133]

[0134] 2025PF00064

[0135] 21.01.2026

[0136]

[0137]

[0138] A UE in a cellular system performs an initial random-access procedure to connect an access device. The 5G random access procedure is illustrated by means of Fig. 4 wherein 401 represents a user equipment and 402 represents an access device. The access device distributes signals 402. Signals 402 can be distributed periodically or on demand. Signals 402 may comprise the Master Information Block (MIB) transmitted together with / in the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) and the synchronization signals. The MIB comprises:

[0139] MIB ::= SEQUENCE {

[0140] systemFrameNumber BIT STRING (SIZE (6)),

[0141] subCarrierSpacingCommon ENUMERATED {scsl5or60, scs30orl20},

[0142] ssb-SubcarrierOffset INTEGER (0..15),

[0143] dmrs-TypeA-Position ENUMERATED {pos2, pos3},

[0144] pdcch-ConfigSIB 1 INTEGER (0..255),

[0145] cellBarred ENUMERATED {barred, notBarred},

[0146] intraFreqReselection ENUMERATED {allowed, notAllowed},

[0147] spare BIT STRING (SIZE (1))

[0148] MIB and PBCH are transmitted as part of a Synchronization Signal Block, and the access device may transmit multiple SSBs through different beams, allowing the user equipment to determine2025PF00064

[0149] 15 21.01.2026

[0150] the preferred beam, and once the preferred beam is obtained, retrieve the MIB, and use the information in the MIB to attempt to retrieve System Information Block 1 (SIB1) that may also be distributed periodically. The UE can use the information in SIB1 to perform the random -access procedure selecting a preamble to indicate its intention to access the cell by means of message 404, e.g., preamble transmission. This message may be used to derive a random -access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI). Upon reception of message 404, access device 402 replies with message 405, e.g., a random access response. This message may include a time advance field to adapt the transmission timing, a value matching the preamble used by wireless device 401, and a grant (communication resources) for the wireless device. The access device also assigns a temporary cell radio network temporary identifier (TC-RNTI). Prior to this message 405, the access device may send a PDCCH DCI message assigning resources (a communication grant). This message may be addressed using the RA-RNTI. Upon reception of message 405, wireless device uses the initial grant received in the previous message and the RA-RNTI to transmit a subsequent message 406, e.g, an RRCSetupRequest or PHY layer. This message may include a Contention Resolution Identifier (CRI). This message may be sent in the PUSCH. As a response, access device replies with message 407, e.g., RRCSetup, that includes / repeats the received CRI confirming that the access device has identified the access device. This message includes a Cell RNTI (C-RNTI). Next, wireless device replies with message 408, e.g., an RRCSetupComplete that includes the RegistrationRequest message, and UE capabilities.

[0151] MIB and PBCH are transmitted as part of a Synchronization Signal Block, and the access device may transmit multiple SSBs through different beams. Multiple SSBs transmitted through multiple beams form an SSB burst. The multiple SSBs in an SSB burst are transmitted sequentially in the first part of a frame. SSB bursts are transmitted periodically, typically every 20 ms, or more.

[0152] Fig. 5 schematically illustrates an access device 500 transmitting four beams, each of them transmitting an SSB, namely 501, 502, 503, and 504. A wireless device 505 can measure the signal strength, i.e., RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power), of the beams. This is illustrated by means of the graph in Fig. 5 where 501’, 502’, 503’, and 504’ represent the RSRP of beams 501, 502, 503, and 504, respectively, as measured by wireless device 505. Wireless device 505 can use this information to determine which one of the beams is the preferred beam for further communication, e.g., to perform the random access procedure.

[0153] Fig. 6 further schematically illustrates SSB bursts transmitted periodically. In this case, each SSB burst comprises four SSBs transmitted in the first part / half of every second frame. In this figure, frames are denoted as f, f+1, f+2, f+3,...A frame has atypical duration of 10 ms.

[0154] Resource grid: in a cellular network, such as a 5G network, the resource grid is a structured framework used to allocate and manage communication resources efficiently. It is characterized by a time-frequency matrix where each element, known as a resource element, is defined by its position in both time and frequency domains. The vertical axis represents frequency, segmented into subcarriers, which are spaced at intervals. The subcarrier spacing can vary depending on the deployment2025PF00064

[0155] 16 21.01.2026

[0156] scenario, with common spacings being 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz, and 480 kHz (corresponding to mu equal to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). The horizontal axis of the grid represents time and is divided into frames, subframes, and slots, each frame has a duration of 10 ms and each subframe has a duration of 1 millisecond. Within these subframes, the time is further divided into slots. For mu, there are 2Amu slotsper subframe. Each slot typically spans 14 OFDM symbols. Each resource element in the grid, defined by the intersection of a time symbol and a frequency subcarrier, can carry a small portion of data, control information, or reference signals. These resource elements are grouped into larger units called Resource Blocks (RBs), which span 12 subcarriers in frequency and one slot in time. The allocation of these RBs is dynamically managed.

[0157] Reflective intelligent surfaces (RIS): may be used as part of the wireless infrastructure or as part of the wireless devices. RIS, often referred to as metasurfaces, are advanced materials engineered with sub-wavelength structures that can manipulate electromagnetic waves in a controlled manner. These surfaces consist of an array of unit cells, each capable of adjusting its electromagnetic response through electronic control, thus enabling dynamic alteration of the wavefront of the incident signal. The wireless device can utilize the RIS to fine-tune the reflection properties of the wireless sensing signal, such as phase, amplitude, and polarization. By dynamically adjusting these parameters, the RIS can enhance signal strength, directivity, and overall signal quality. For instance, the RIS can focus the reflected signal towards the transmitter, significantly improving signal reception. This capability is particularly advantageous in urban environments where obstacles and interference are prevalent.

[0158] Technical details of the RIS involve the implementation of tunable elements, such as varactor diodes or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), in each unit cell. These elements allow real-time reconfiguration of the surface's electromagnetic properties in response to control signals from the wireless device. The control signals can be generated based on real-time analysis of the received signal's quality and contextual parameters, ensuring optimal reflection under varying conditions. The RIS can operate in various frequency bands, including sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies, making it versatile for different wireless applications. Additionally, the RIS can incorporate sensing capabilities to monitor the environment and further refine the reflection parameters. For example, integrated sensors can detect changes in temperature, humidity, or the presence of obstacles, and adjust the reflection properties accordingly to maintain high signal quality.

[0159] Quality of Service: a wireless system may be used to transport data belonging to different types of applications such as Machine Type Communication (MTC), Critical Machine Type Communication (CMTC), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (EMB), or Fixed Wireless Access (FWA). MTC (e.g., smart meters, tracking,...) requires low bandwidth and non-latency critical, CMTC (e.g., industrial applications) has strict throughput, latency, and availability needs, EMB (VR / AR, 4K UDH, ...) and FWA (e.g., in the home) require high data rate, with low latency, and low end-to-end response time. In wireless network such as 5G the Quality of Service has to accommodate different applications such as EMB, MTC, ultra-reliable low latency communications. QoS is influenced by the entities involved in the2025PF00064

[0160] 17 21.01.2026

[0161] communication, UE, RAN, UPF, and DN. Data exchanges between UE and DN are mapped to QoS flows, and each QoS flow is mapped to a 5G QoS Identifier (5QI) in TS 23.501 (Table 5.7.4-1) that describes resource types, priority, packet delay budget, packet error rate, maximum data burst volume. Network is configured to configure RAN and core network interfaces to achieve the requirements of a 5QI. QoS is applied to a data stream from the wireless physical layer to the core network. Between RAN and UPF, QoS is applied in terms of a QoS flow. QoS in the RAN is managed by means of Data Radio Bearers (DRB). A QoS flow on core network side is created by means of a PDU session establishment accept. The mapping between a QoS flow and a DRB is done by means of SDAP configuration in an RRC message (RRCSetup or RRCReconfiguration) The indication or identifier that connects the whole QoS pipe is called QoS flow identifier. Downlink traffic requires mapping IP messages and the QoS pipe, and this is done by the UPF. For each IP message or packet, the UPF checks (by means of a packet QoS assignment / detection rule) the packet information (source / destination / protocol / type of service / ...) and directs the IP packet to a QoS flow. The packet QoS assignment / detection rule is provided by SMF interacting with PCF. In the uplink, the UE performs a similar task by applying QoS rules provided in NAS messages (e.g., PDU session establishment) by the SMF or are pre-configured / derived by the UE.

[0162] Discontinuous reception (DRX) in cellular networks such as 5G is in two types, Idle mode DRX and Connected mode DRX. In Idle mode DRX, the UE wakes up to monitor for paging messages. If no paging message is detected, it sleeps further. In Connected DRX mode, the UE enters in sleep mode periodically and during the sleep period the UE is not required to monitor the Physical Download Control Channel. The access device configures the UE device with C-DRX parameters.

[0163] Connected DRX approach reduces energy consumption of the device because it does not require monitoring the PDCCH periodically and it also reduces the transmissions of CSI or SRS signals, that also has a positive effect in the network / access devices load. There are two types of DRX cycles, long and short. A long DRX cycle consists of an on period and an off period. The on duration is in terms of milliseconds. The long DRC cycle may be configured or the long DRX cycle and short DRX cycles may be configured. The access device can configure the time (drx-onDurationTimer) during which the UE is awake and goes back to sleep if there is no PDCCH received. The access device can also configure a given drx-LongCycleStartOffiset to start to awake period at a subframe boundary and / or drx-SlotOffset relative to the subframe boundary. If there is activity in an awake period, the UE may remain awake some more time determined by the drx-InactivityTimer. Furthermore, the access device can configure long DRX cycle together with additional DRX cycle which is shorter than long DRX cycle. Configurable parameters include the drx-ShortCycle (duration of the short cycle) and drx-ShortCycleTImer that determines how many short cycles before the device should apply.

[0164] Data scheduling in a cellular network such as a 5G cellular network may be performed by means of a scheduler wherein the scheduler takes as input information such as measurements of UE / network, buffer status report, QoS requirements, associated radio bearers, or a scheduling request. In the downlink, data scheduling may be performed by means of dynamic scheduling and semi persistent2025PF00064

[0165] 18 21.01.2026

[0166] scheduling (SPS). In dynamic scheduling, every data exchange in the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) is scheduled by means of a downlink control information (DCI) message in the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). In SPS, the scheduling is done by means of an RRC message. In the uplink, scheduling can be performed by means of dynamic scheduling and configured scheduling (CS). In dynamic scheduling each Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) is scheduled over DCI. In CS, the PUSCH transmission is scheduled via RRC message. Furthermore, a Scheduling Request message may be sent over the PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) or in an Uplink Control Information (UCI) in the PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel). An SR may be sent by a UE device when it has data to transmit. Upon reception, the access device can allocate resources (Uplink Grant by means of the Physical Downlink Control Channel. Upon resource allocation, the UE device can transmit data in the Physical Uplink Shared Channel.

[0167] Wireless sensing and integrated wireless sensing and communication: wireless systems are evolving to include wireless sensing capabilities. These wireless sensing capabilities may be implemented e.g. by a radar functionality in wireless communication involving one or more access devices (e.g., base stations (BS)) and / or one or more terminal devices (e.g., UEs). As an example, Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) mmWave radar systems can measure range, velocity, and angle of arrival (if two receivers are available) of objects in the scene which reflect radio waves. Such radar systems emit a chirp signal, e.g., a sine wave that increases in frequency over time. The chirp signal (e.g., a continuous wave pulse) has a bandwidth and a frequency increase rate. Generally, a continuous series of such chirps are emitted. The transmitted and received analogue chirp signals are mixed to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) signal which corresponds to the difference in frequencies of the two signals (outbound and inbound) and whose output phase corresponds to the difference in the phases of the two signals. Each surface of a scene or environment will therefore produce a constant frequency IF signal whose frequency relates to the distance to the surface (i.e., a first distance from the transmitter of the chirp signal to the surface plus a second distance from the surface to the receiver of the chirp signal). To resolve two surfaces at different distances, the two IF signals can be frequency resolved. A longer time window of the IF signal results in greater resolution. As the chirp time is related to its bandwidth (with constant chirp frequency change) the resolution of the radar is related to the chirp bandwidth. The IF signal may then be band pass filtered (to remove signals below some minimal range and frequencies above the maximum frequency for a subsequent analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)) and digitized prior to further processing. The upper frequency sensing range of the bandpass filter and ADC sets the maximum range that can be detected (i.e., IF frequencies increase with range). To detect vibrations, the phase of the IF signal is important, since the phase (i.e., the difference in phases of the transmitted and received chirp signals) is a sensitive measure of small changes in the distance of a surface. Small distance changes can be detected in the phase signal but may be indiscernible in the frequency signal. Moreover, phase difference measures between two consecutive chirp signals can be used to determine the velocity of the surface. As an example, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing can be performed across multiple2025PF00064

[0168] 19 21.01.2026

[0169] chirp signals to enable separation of objects with the same range but moving at different velocities. A Fourier transform converts a signal from a space or time domain into the frequency domain. In the frequency domain the signal is represented by a weighted sum of sine and cosine waves. A discrete digital signal with N samples can be represented exactly by a sum of N waves. FFT provides a faster way of computing a discrete Fourier transform by using the symmetry and repetition of waves to combine samples and reuse partial results. This method can save a huge amount of processing time, especially with real -world signals that can have many thousands or even millions of samples. As a further example, angle estimation can be performed by using the phase difference between the received chirp signal at two separated receivers.

[0170] As another option, a channel state information (CSI) can be used, which is a measure of the phases and amplitudes of many frequencies detected at a receiver, thereby forming a complex ‘map’ of the radio environment, including effects of objects within that environment. CSI characterizes how wireless signals propagate from the transmitter to the receiver at certain carrier frequencies. CSI amplitude and phase are impacted by multi-path effects including amplitude attenuation and phase shift, e.g., by the displacements and movements of the transmitter, receiver, and surrounding objects and humans. In other words, CSI captures the wireless characteristics of the nearby environment. These characteristics, assisted by mathematical modeling or machine learning algorithms, can be used for different sensing applications. A radio channel may be divided into multiple subcarriers, as is done e.g. in 5G communication systems (using e.g. orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)). To measure CSI, the transmitter may send long training symbols (LTFs), which contain pre-defined symbols for each subcarrier, e.g., in a packet preamble. When those LTFs are received, the receiver can estimate a CSI matrix using the received signals and the original LTFs. For each subcarrier, the channel can be modeled by y = Hx + n, where y is the received signal, x is the transmitted signal, H is the CSI matrix, and n is the noise vector. The receiver estimates the CSI matrix H using a pre-defined signal x and the received signal y after signal processing such as removing cyclic prefix, de-mapping and demodulation. The estimated CSI is then a three-dimensional matrix of complex values and this matrix represents an ‘image’ of the radio environment at that time. By processing a time series of such ‘images’ information on movements, locations and vibrations of objects can be extracted. Such a processing of a CSI matrix can be used for vital signs monitoring, presence detection, and human movement recognition. As an example, neural network like recognition techniques can be used to process the CSI matrix to perform such kinds of recognition.

[0171] It is noted that systems using channel state information (CSI) are somehow related to systems with FMCW mmWave radar. In a CSI-based system, the input signal X may be defined and the receiver may use the received signal Y to obtain H, i.e., as H = (Y - N) / X . In a FMCW mmWave radar, the transmitted signal Chirp X may also be predefined, and the receiver may uses the received signal Y to obtain a transfer function as H = Y / X . This last step is in fact somehow related to multiplying the locally computed chirp signal and the received chirp signal and applying a bandpass filter. According to2025PF00064

[0172] 20 21.01.2026

[0173] various embodiments in this invention, the above-described wireless sensing techniques are implemented in a mobile communication system (e.g. 5G or 6G or other cellular or WiFi communication systems), while the functional coexistence of radar and communication operating in the same frequency bands is configured to avoid interference bandwidths. Thereby, radio sensing can be integrated into large-scale mobile networks to create perceptive mobile networks.

[0174] As another example, the sensing signal may consist of a number of pulses sent, e.g., at specific frequencies and timing (sensing signal parameter information) by a sensing transmitter. The sensing receiver may include a number of bandpass filters that allow identifying the sensing signal parameter information, e.g, timing and frequency of the received pulses. In particular, if the transmitter determines a given pseudo-random sequence of frequency / timing pulses and beams it, e.g., by means of beamforming, in a specific direction, and if the transmitter communicates to the receiver the timing / frequency, in general, the sensing signal parameter information, of the transmitted sensing signal, the receiver can use its bandpass filters to identify the reception of the same transmitted pulses, i.e., sensing signal, based on the received sensing signal parameter information.

[0175] The wireless sensing signal may be part of the synchronization signal block. For instance, the wireless sensing signal may be a reference signal included in the primary synchronization signal or in the secondary synchronization signal. It may consist of a number of reference signals and / or it may be a wide band signal. This wireless sensing signal can allow the access devices to determine the presence of a wireless device. The wireless device may also use this wireless sensing signal to determine the access device that is more suitable to (re-)select.

[0176] Wireless local area network technologies such as Wi-Fi allow devices to connect to the Internet or to each other without using cables. Wi-Fi is based on radio waves that are transmitted and received by a device called a wireless access point (AP). The AP acts as a hub that connects Wi-Fi enabled devices, such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, etc., to a wired network, such as a local area network (LAN) or the Internet.

[0177] The term Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, an industry association that certifies products that comply with the IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs). These standards define the physical and data link layers of the communication protocol, such as the frequency bands, modulation schemes, encryption methods, authentication mechanisms, and data rates used by WiFi devices. The most common Wi-Fi standards are 802. Ila, 802.1 lb, 802.11g, 802.1 In, 802.1 lac, and 802.1 lax, which operate in different frequency bands (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, or both) and offer different levels of performance and compatibility.

[0178] To use Wi-Fi, a device needs to have a wireless network interface card (NIC) that can send and receive radio signals. The NIC scans the available wireless channels and detects the presence of nearby APs. The device then selects an AP to connect to, based on factors such as signal strength, security settings, and network name (SSID). The device and the AP exchange information, such as the MAC address, IP address, encryption key, and password, to establish a connection. This process is called2025PF00064

[0179] 21 21.01.2026

[0180] association. After the connection is established, the device can communicate with the AP and other devices on the same network, or access the Internet through the AP.

[0181] IEEE 802.1 In (Wi-Fi 4) provided new features such as MIMO and frame aggregation to increase throughput. IEEE 802.1 lac (Wi-Fi 5) introduced wider bandwidth and MU-MIMO. IEEE 802.11 ax (Wi-Fi-6) included OFDMA and BSS color or spatial reuse to use spectrum resources more efficiently. IEEE 802.11 ah introduced target wake time (TWT) to support low power loT applications by allowing STAs to go into sleep when not in a wake period after negotiation with AP. IEEE 802.1 Ibe (Wi-Fi 7) aims at improving throughput and latency operating in unlicensed bands between 1GHz and 7.125 GHz. Wi-Fi 7 increases bandwidths up to 320 MHz, 4096 QAM modulation, and supporting up to 16 spatial streams in MU-MIMO with an improved sounding procedure. Wi-FI 7 also enables multiple resource units to be assigned to a single device. Furthermore, it includes an enhanced preamble with a universal SIG filed indicating the PHY version. It also extends the negotiated ack buffer size to 1024 bits. It also enables multilink operation (MLO) enabling multiple links between a station and an access point, for instance an AP can have two radios 2.4 and 5 GHz and use both of them for simultaneous transmission and / or reception with a multi-link capable device (MLD) capable station. Wi-Fi 7 also includes a restricted TWT providing predictable latency by assigning STAs to different rTWT types and making sure that other STAs do not transmit if they do not belong to a given rTWT type. Wi-Fi 7 also include multi-AP coordination performing, e.g., coordinated transmission, beamforming, or joint transmission.

[0182] For instance, in references to Fig. 1, devices 100, 101 and 102 can be Wi-FI access points and device 106 can be a wireless station. Station 106 and access point 101 are MLD and communicate with two links 126. Device 102 is a cellular capable residential gateway.

[0183] Section: efficient transmission and reception of a signal

[0184] This invention is illustrated in the context of the efficient and reliable transmission and reception of a signal. Signals maybe may transmitted for multiple purposes, e.g., to wake up a device, to synchronize a device, to indicate the device about the reception of data, to perform wireless sensing. In all those cases, it is of paramount importance to perform the measurement of the signal in a reliable and (energy) efficient manner. To this end:

[0185] In an embodiment for energy-efficient and reliable reception of a signal and / or (perform) a signal measurement in a wireless system, a first wireless device, which may be a User Equipment (UE) or a station (STA), may receive a configuration of a set of communication resources (e.g., a set of communication resources may refer to one or more first bandwidth parts / frequency ranges to be monitored during one or more time intervals) to be monitored from a second wireless device. The second wireless device, which may be an access point (AP) or a base station (BS), may transmit the signal once or multiple times. When multiple times, it should be at least two transmissions. The first wireless device may determine or receive a configuration that specifies how to monitor (e.g., a mode of monitoring) the set of communication resources to obtain the signal measurement. The first wireless device may then obtain the measurement of the signal. As described in other embodiments, the measurement of the signal2025PF00064

[0186] 22 21.01.2026

[0187] may refer to measurements of the signal such as signal strength, etc or to the reception of a message included / encoded in the signal. This embodiment can be combined with other embodiments or used independently.

[0188] It is to be noted that some embodiments of this invention may be described, e.g., in the context of a wireless procedure such as initial access, e.g., initial access by transmitting preambles through one or more beams to one or more access devices. In this context, the transmission of preambles (also denoted as second messages in some embodiments) may be subject to repetition, and, e.g., the repetition of those preambles, RAR, etc may be benefit of embodiments related to the energy-efficient and reliable reception of a signal.

[0189] It is to be noted that the mode of monitoring may refer to the process to receive the signal / perform the signal measurement. For instance, in some embodiments of the invention the mode of monitoring may refer to the process in which certain signals are monitored or not monitored. For example, the mode of monitoring may specify whether the wireless device may monitor all repetitions of a signal or only a subset of them, such as the first M repetitions out of N, or a subset identified by means of a bitmap or codebook. The mode of monitoring may further define whether the monitoring follows a sequential approach — where the wireless device continues to monitor communication resources until a decoding criterion is met — or an alternating approach — where different communication resources, beams, or frequency ranges are monitored in an interleaved manner to mitigate interference or improve robustness. In some examples, the mode of monitoring may indicate that monitoring of subsequent communication occasions is conditional, e.g., only performed if the measurement quality in a first communication occasion does not meet a minimum threshold or if certain message parts (e.g., a preamble) can be decoded correctly. The mode of monitoring may also determine how measurement results are combined across multiple communication resources, for example by maximum-ratio combining of analog samples, majority voting of decoded messages, selection of the strongest received instance, or early termination of monitoring once a valid signal is obtained. Additionally, the mode of monitoring may define which communication parameters — such as SNR, RSSI, error vector magnitude, or CRC results — are evaluated to decide whether additional communication resources need to be monitored. The mode of monitoring may be determined by means of the first configuration, that may be, e.g., received, or retrieved for memory, etc.

[0190] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the wireless device may use the information in all communication resources in the first set of communication resources to receive the signal, e.g., by combining (adding the received signals) to reduce the noise, e.g., by maximum ratio combining, e.g., by only decoding the message / signal in the resource with the highest signal strength (e.g., when resources are in different beams), e.g., by decoding the messages in each of the measured signals, followed by majority voting, i.e., selecting the most frequent decoding result, by selecting the first signal whose CRC is verified correctly, etc. When combining the analog signals, the output of the antenna may be passed to a cascade of delay circuits.2025PF00064

[0191] 23 21.01.2026

[0192] When the signal is repeated M times, the first received signal goes through M-l delay circuits, the second received signal through M-2 circuits and so on. The output of the delay circuits and the output of the antenna can be “combined” in this manner.

[0193] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the second wireless device may be a UE / STA that may have been configured by a third access device (e.g., a primary base station) with communication resources to transmit a signal once or multiple times. The second wireless device may then transmit the signal in those communication resources, and the signal transmitted in those resources may be received by the first access device (e.g., secondary base station) that may determine or receive a configuration specifying how to monitor the set of communication resources. This embodiment may be advantageous when transmitting a wake-up signal to first access device, i.e., secondary base station.

[0194] In some cases, the third access device may be a source access device, and the first access device may be a target access device, e.g., during a handover procedure.

[0195] In some cases, the third access device may be a primary access device, and the first access device may be a secondary access device, e.g., during a dual connectivity procedure.

[0196] In some cases, the third access device may be a first transmission and reception point and the first access device may be a second transmission and reception point, e.g., in a cell-free system, and the wake-up signal may be transmitted to wake up the second transmission and reception point.

[0197] In an embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the signal may be transmitted multiple times in a set of communication sources. The wireless device, which may be a User Equipment (UE) or a station (STA), may receive this signal from another wireless device, which may be an access point (AP) or a base station (BS). The signal may be transmitted in several messages where:

[0198] - each message may comprise the exact same signal to ensure redundancy and increase the probability of successful reception.

[0199] - each message may comprise a related signal, e.g., repetitions of synchronization signals (PSS / SSS) transmitted at different instant of times and / or through different beams; and / or

[0200] - each message may comprise the exact same signal subject to a transformation, e.g., a cyclic bit shift, to ensure redundancy and increase the probability of successful reception.

[0201] - each message may include the exact signal as pay load but with a different header to differentiate between transmissions and facilitate error detection and correction.

[0202] - each message may include the exact signal as payload but with a different header, wherein some of the fields may be transmitted implicitly.

[0203] - the signal may include a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for error-checking purposes. - each message may incorporate a message-specific CRC to further enhance error detection capabilities.

[0204] - the signal and / or message may include a preamble and / or postamble.2025PF00064

[0205] 24 21.01.2026

[0206] - messages may be transmited according to a regular patern of communication occasions (e.g., random access occasions), which helps in synchronization and efficient resource allocation.

[0207] - the communication occasions may be scheduled in a manner that allows the first wireless device to reliably detect and decode at least one transmission of the signal.

[0208] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the transmited signal may refer to one or more of:

[0209] - a wake-up signal transmited to a wireless device,

[0210] - preambles transmited during random access,

[0211] - preambles transmited to wake up an access device,

[0212] - reference signals such as a positioning or wireless sensing signal,

[0213] - DCI messages,

[0214] - UCI messages,

[0215] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the second wireless device may transmit multiple signals, e.g., a first signal and a second signal, each signal once or multiple times, e.g., at least Ml times the first signal and at least M2 times the second signal. The first wireless device may also be interested in monitoring the first signal and the second signal. The wireless device may determine or receive a configurating specifying how to monitor (monitoring mode) the communication resources allocated to the transmission of the first signal and second signal so that the first signal and second signal can be determined / obtained, e.g., in the best possible manner. In particular, repetitions of the first and second signals may be monitored in different manners:

[0216] Altematingly i.e. the monitoring of the first and second signals is interleaved This may be preferred to reduce the chances of being subject to interferences, Sequentially, i.e., monitor first the first signal till reception and then monitor the second signal till reception.

[0217] Alternatively or sequentially may refer to the monitoring of time resources, frequency resources, beam resources, code resources, etc as per other embodiments.

[0218] For instance, the first signal may be, e.g., a low power synchronization signal or a wake up signal, and the second signal may be, e.g., a normal synchronization signal or a paging message, etc.

[0219] In another embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the first set of communication resources may comprise communication resources used by the second wireless device to transmit the signal in at least a first communication occasion, and the communication resources of at least a reference communication occasion may use a communication configuration different than the communication configuration of the first communication occasion. The reference communication occasion may be, e.g., a guard-band.2025PF00064

[0220] 25 21.01.2026

[0221] This can allow the receiving device to determine whether a signal is present in the at least first communication occasion or not, e.g., by comparing the signal / measurement in the at least first communication occasion with the measurement in the reference communication occasion.

[0222] In another embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the first set of communication resources may comprise communication resources used by a wireless device that may be an access point (AP) or a base station (BS) to transmit the signal in at least a first communication occasion, and the communication resources used for at least a reference communication occasion may use a communication configuration different than the communication configuration of the first communication occasion. The reference communication occasion may be used to transmit a reference message using a specific (reference) communication configuration. The communication configuration may refer to various parameters such as the type of signal transmitted, the signal strength, modulation and coding schemes, frequency bands, and time division duplexing (TDD) configurations.

[0223] In another embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the wireless device may monitor and compare the communication configurations estimated and / or measured in, e.g., the first and reference communication occasions. For example, the wireless device may compare at least one measured communication parameter of the first communication occasion with at least one measured communication parameter in the reference communication occasion. These communication parameters may include signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received signal strength indicator (RS SI), or error vector magnitude (EVM).

[0224] In an example, the comparison may be performed between different parts of the communication occasions. The wireless device may compare at least one measured communication parameter of a first part in the first communication occasion with a corresponding measured communication parameter of a second part in the same occasion. For instance, the device may measure and compare the preamble, or a part of the preamble, and the payload signal quality.

[0225] In another example, the wireless device may compare at least one measured communication parameter of a first message part transmitted in the first communication occasion with a second message part within the same occasion. The message parts may include different segments of a data packet where each segment may carry different levels of importance or redundancy.

[0226] In an example, the wireless device may also compare the measured communication parameter of the first communication occasion with a configured threshold value. The threshold value may be a numerical value representing a specific signal quality / quantity metric that must be met or exceeded for successful communication, e.g., signal strength, signal quality, 1 -error rate, etc. This ensures that the wireless device maintains a reliable connection even in varying network conditions.

[0227] In an example, the embodiment may include determining that at least a first message part transmitted in the first communication occasion can be decoded correctly, e.g., the preamble. This2025PF00064

[0228] 26 21.01.2026

[0229] determination may involve complex signal processing techniques such as sequence matching, error detection and correction algorithms, which may use CRCs or other error-checking methods.

[0230] In an embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the first set of communication resources may comprise communication resources used by a wireless device that may be an access point (AP) or a base station (BS) to transmit the signal at least in a first communication occasion and in a second communication occasion. The first configuration may require monitoring the second communication occasion if a wireless device that may be a User Equipment (UE) or a station (STA) determines the presence of the transmission of the signal in the first communication occasion and the measurement of the signal does not achieve a minimum quality.

[0231] This embodiment may include the optional step of evaluating one or more communication parameters, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or received signal strength indicator (RSSI), in the first communication occasion before deciding to monitor the second communication occasion. Additionally, the wireless device may be configured to use advanced signal processing techniques such as error vector magnitude (EVM) analysis to determine signal quality. If the signal quality in the first communication occasion is below the configured threshold value, the wireless device may then proceed to monitor the second communication occasion to ensure a reliable connection. This can allow reducing the energy consumption of the receiver since a receiver may only need to monitor the second communication occasion when the reception was not sufficient, e.g., below a threshold.

[0232] In an embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the wireless device that may be a User Equipment (UE) or a station (STA) may undertake one or more of the following actions:

[0233] - receive a second set of communication resources and a third set of communication resources to monitor: The second and third sets of communication resources may be subsets of the first set of communication resources. This can include or refer to frequency bands, time slots, and spatial channels that the wireless device, i.e., UE or STA, needs to monitor. By receiving these resources, the device can ensure it has all the necessary information to maintain a robust connection and optimize its performance in varying network conditions, thereby enhancing overall communication reliability.

[0234] - obtain a second intermediate signal measurement by monitoring the second set of communication resources: This step may involve gathering detailed metrics such as signal strength, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), error vector magnitude (EVM), and other relevant parameters. These measurements are crucial for understanding the quality of the signal received from the second set of communication resources. Accurate signal measurement allows the device to make informed decisions about future communication strategies, leading to improved signal integrity and reduced transmission errors.

[0235] - determine or receive a second configuration comprising criteria to evaluate the second intermediate signal measurements: The second configuration may include specific threshold values for various signal quality metrics, such as minimum acceptable SNR or maximum allowable error rates. By2025PF00064

[0236] 27 21.01.2026

[0237] evaluating these criteria, the device can decide whether it needs to monitor the third set of communication resources. This evaluation process ensures that the device only engages in further monitoring when necessary, conserving resources and enhancing efficiency. For instance, the device may only monitor the third set of communication resources if it has a clear indication that a signal is being transmitted in the second set of communication resources. For instance, the device may only monitor the third set of communication resources if it cannot receive the signal properly based on the second intermediate signal measurement.

[0238] - monitor the third set of communication resources to obtain third intermediate signal measurements: If the criteria of the second configuration are met, the device may proceed to monitor the third set of communication resources. This monitoring may involve advanced techniques such as crossband and temporal analysis, which help in understanding the signal quality across different dimensions and / or set of communication resources. The data from the second and third intermediate signal measurements can be combined to form a comprehensive assessment of the signal, e.g., to reduce the signal to noise ratio. Combination may be done by adding all or part of the measurements, e.g., those parts carrying the same signal. This thorough monitoring ensures that the device can maintain high-quality communication links, adapt to changing conditions, and minimize the likelihood of connection drops.

[0239] In an example of previous embodiment, the first set of communication resources may comprise the communication resources to monitor a low power (LP) signal, e.g., the low power signal in Fig. 9 that comprises the LP synchronization signal (LP SS) and the LP WUS. The second set of communication resources may refer to the transmission occasions of the LP SS. The third set of communication resources may refer to the communication resources of the LP WUS. The wireless device may monitor the LP SS in the second set of communication resources and may only monitor only the third set of communication resources (corresponding to the LP WUS) when the LP SS is received properly according to the second configuration, e.g., signal quality metrics, such as minimum acceptable SNR or maximum allowable error rates.

[0240] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the first configuration and / or the second configuration comprise one or more of:

[0241] - Communication resources used by the first, second, or third set of communication resources,

[0242] - Condition to monitor the signal M times, with M less or equal than N, and which signal / occasions should be monitored. This condition may specify how often the signal should be monitored, the frequency of monitoring the signal to ensure it meets the required quality standards. For example, if M is set to 3, the device will monitor the signal three times within a specified period to gather enough data for accurate quality assessment. For instance, if a signal is repeated N = 8 times, the wireless device may be instructed to monitor the signal M = 4 times that may correspond to the first 4 signal repetitions, or alternating signal repetitions, e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, or a subset of them. Which signal repetitions need to be2025PF00064

[0243] 28 21.01.2026

[0244] monitored may be signaled by means of a codebook, or by means of a bitmap. By setting M < N, where N is a predefined maximum value, the system ensures that resources are not overutilized, thereby maintaining efficiency while guaranteeing reliable communication.

[0245] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the communication resources may include various types of resources required for signal transmission and reception. For example,

[0246] - Time resources: Specific time slots allocated for transmitting or receiving data to avoid collisions and ensure synchronization in a time-division multiplexing system.

[0247] - Frequency resources: Distinct frequency bands assigned to different communication signals to minimize interference and maximize bandwidth in frequency-division multiplexing systems.

[0248] - Code resources: Unique codes used in code-division multiple access (CDMA) to differentiate between multiple signals sharing the same frequency band.

[0249] - Spatial resources: Different spatial paths utilized in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to increase data throughput and reliability.

[0250] - Beam resources: Directional beams formed using advanced antenna techniques to enhance signal strength and reduce interference in beamforming technologies.

[0251] - 0AM mode: Orbital Angular Momentum modes used in advanced communication systems to encode additional information by manipulating the phase of electromagnetic waves.

[0252] - Time resources: In time-division multiplexing (TDM), time slots are allocated to different users or data streams. Each slot represents a specific duration during which the user or data stream has exclusive access to the communication channel. This allocation helps avoid data collisions and ensures that all users or streams can transmit their data without interference.

[0253] - Frequency resources: In frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), the available bandwidth is divided into multiple frequency bands, each assigned to a different communication signal. This division allows multiple signals to coexist on the same communication medium without interfering with each other, thus optimizing the use of available bandwidth.

[0254] - Code resources: In code-division multiple access (CDMA), each user is assigned a unique code sequence that modulates their signal. These codes are orthogonal, meaning that they do not interfere with each other, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously. The receiver uses the same code to demodulate the signal, separating it from other signals.

[0255] - Spatial resources: In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, multiple antennas are used at both the transmitter and receiver ends. These antennas create multiple spatial paths for the signal, increasing the data throughput and reliability of the communication link. By exploiting the spatial diversity, MIMO systems can achieve higher data rates and better performance in challenging environments.

[0256] - Beam resources: Beamforming is a technique used in advanced antenna systems to focus the signal in a specific direction. By controlling the phase and amplitude of the signal at each2025PF00064

[0257] 29 21.01.2026

[0258] antenna element, the system can create a directional beam that enhances the signal strength and reduces interference from other sources. This technique is particularly useful in dense urban environments and for long-range communications.

[0259] - 0AM mode: Orbital Angular Momentum (0AM) modes involve manipulating the phase of electromagnetic waves to create helical wavefronts. These wavefronts carry additional information, allowing for higher data rates and more efficient use of the communication spectrum. 0AM modes are being explored for various applications, including high-capacity wireless communications and optical fiber networks.

[0260] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, a wireless device, e.g., a UE, may be configured (e.g., by an access device) with communication resources determining when / how a signal is transmitted through at least two beams. The wireless device may then receive the signal, e.g., a wake-up signal (WUS) and / or synchronization signal, through the two or more beams. Allocated communication resources in different beams may have different periodicity, this may allow reducing the energy consumption on the device since it may need to monitor less communication resources, while still allowing to monitor multiple beams. The wireless device may use signals measurements obtained from / through both beams to receive / obtain the signal. The wireless device may perform measurements of the signal, e.g., WUS, to determine the preferred beam. The wireless device may report the measurements and / or preferred beam. The wireless device may use the preferred beam to contact the network, e.g., an access device. The network may use the preferred beam to distribute another type of signal, e.g., wake up signal. The measurements that are transmitted may be compressed, e.g., if a signal is repeated 4 times, the absolute value of the first measurement (e.g., signal strength) is transmitted and for the remaining 3 measurements, only the differential value is transmitted.

[0261] Some embodiments are illustrated by means of Fig. 13 that represents the signaling between a first wireless device 1300 and a second wireless device 1301. Not all the steps may be required. Steps may be repeated and may also be executed in different order. In step 1302, the second wireless device 1301 may provide the first wireless device with a configuration of the first set of communication resources. In step 1303, the second wireless device 1301 may provide the first wireless device 1300 with a first configuration containing the monitoring mode and / or the first wireless device may determine such a first configuration. In step 1304, the second wireless device may distribute signals according to a fourth set of communication resources comprising the first set of communication resources configured in the first wireless device. The first wireless device may perform monitoring activities to obtain measurements of the transmitted signal as described in other embodiments. In step 1305, the first wireless device may report measurements to the second wireless device.

[0262] Fig. 12 schematically represents the first, second, third, and fourth set of communication resources. The fourth set of communication resources 1200 comprises the first set of communication2025PF00064

[0263] 30 21.01.2026

[0264] resources 1201. The first set of communication resources comprises the second set of communication resources 1202 and the third set of communication resources 1203.

[0265] Some embodiments are illustrated by means of Fig. 10 wherein the time distribution of signals is illustrated through a first, second, and third beam. The signals distributed through each beam are indicated as 1000, 1001, and 1002, respectively. The signals 1001 transmitted through a second beam are distributed more frequently than signals 1000 and 1002 distributed through a first and third beams. The timing of the signals in different beams may be aligned so that a wireless device may monitor multiple signals transmitted through multiple beams. For instance, the six signals within the dashed square 1003 are time-aligned so that communication resources used to transmit signals do not overlap. The timing of the communication resources used to transmit a signal through the same beam may depend on the number of beams also transmitting the same signal. For instance, signals 1001’ transmitted through the second beam when the first / third beams do not transmit any signals are repeated faster (communication resources are allocated shortly after each other) compared with signals 1001 transmitted through the second beam when the first / third beams do transmit signals 1000 and 1002, respectively. For instance, the second beam used to distribute signals 1001 may be a wide beam, or a beam wider than the first and third beams used to distribute signals 1000 and 1002. This can allow a wireless device receiving the signals (e.g., UE) to rapidly determine the reception of signals (because signals 1001 are distributed with a shorter period and using a wide beam, while the wireless device transmitting the signals (e.g., base station) can reduce the energy consumption.

[0266] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the reference communication occasion, which may be adjacent to , e.g., the first communication occasion (i.e., in resources such as time resources or frequency resources that are next to the resources of the first communication occasion), or at a known position, e.g., relative to, e.g., the first communication occasion, or a part of the first communication occasion or a part of the message transmitted in the first communication occasion, first set of communication resources, etc, may need to be configured. The reference communication occasion may be used to transmit / receive a low power synchronization signal, e.g., as in Fig. 9. This configuration ensures that the reference communication occasion is optimally scheduled and aligned with the overall communication strategy. The configuration process may involve defining specific time slots, frequency bands, message parts, or code sequences that the reference communication occasion will use. These parameters are typically determined based on the network requirements, the quality of service (QoS) criteria, and the specific application needs. The configuration may be done by means of a configuration message (e.g., RRC message). The configuration may be done using absolute values or relative to the first communication occasion. The reference communication occasion can be a dedicated time slot within a time-division multiplexing (TDM) framework, a particular frequency band in a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) system, or a unique code in a code-division multiple access (CDMA) environment. The goal is to allocate these resources in a2025PF00064

[0267] 31 21.01.2026

[0268] way that maximizes efficiency and reliability while minimizing interference and ensuring seamless integration with other communication occasions.

[0269] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the first wireless device, e.g., a UE or STA, may transmit to the second wireless device measurements and / or selected parameters used by the first wireless device to monitor the first set of communication resources when obtaining the measurement of the signal. This embodiment is advantageous because it may allow the second wireless device to select more suitable parameters for the first wireless device, e.g., in a subsequent communication round. For instance, alternative parameters of a subsequent first configuration.

[0270] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the first configuration and / or the second configuration may be valid during a given amount of time, i.e., they may have a “validity time”. In general, the first and / or second configurations may be valid depending on a context, e.g., location, mobility pattern, handover procedure, state (CONNECTED and / or IDLE and / or INACTIVE), etc. The wireless device may verify whether the first configuration and / or second configuration are valid according to the current state of the wireless device.

[0271] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, a second wireless device such as a base station or an access point, may transmit a configuration of a first set of communication resources to monitor by a first wireless device such as a UE or STA, where the first set of communication resources may be transmitted within a fourth set of communication sources used by a wireless device to transmit the signal two or more times; and transmit, a first configuration determining how the first wireless device (e.g., UE / STA) may monitor the first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the signal.

[0272] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the signal may be a reference signal, e.g., synchronization signals, and the measurement of the signal is the measurement of the reference signal. The reference signal may be transmitted multiple N times and a wireless device may be provided with a configuration to monitor all N times or a subset of M of these times, depending on its capabilities. A wireless device may determine based on the configurations whether it is required to monitor all M reference signals or only a subset.

[0273] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, a signal such as a wake up signal or a low power synchronization signal may contain an identifier, e.g., a group identifier. The group identifier may be used to wake-up multiple wireless devices simultaneously, e.g., when multiple wireless devices are supposed to receive a common signal, e.g., a broadcast message, e.g., a SIB, e.g., an emergency message, a public warning system (PWS) message or an ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System), or a CMAS (Commercial Mobile Alert System) message.

[0274] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, a wake-up signal may be transmitted , e.g., prior to a paging occasion. A group identifier2025PF00064

[0275] 32 21.01.2026

[0276] may be determined according to the location, e.g., area that needs to receive the wake-up signal. The identifier itself may relate to the geographic location that requires receiving the wake-up signal, e.g., it may be the center of a circle (determined by the latitude and longitude) and the radius of the circle. Any wireless device within the area may be required to wake up. This approach may allow, e.g., for the specific distribution of emergency messages without requiring the pre-configuration of many groups and this may be more specific than using a common WUS group to wake up all wireless devices monitoring the same WUS / communication resources. This approach may be more accurate. For instance, all or a subset of UEs may be required to monitor some communication resources, e.g., WUS resource, and react when they determine that their / its location falls within the area determined by the group ID transmitted in the communication resource, where the group ID encoded in the transmitted signal represents / encodes / indicates the area. Since this approach may allow addressing / waking up millions of devices simultaneously, devices may be configured to not accept certain group IDs, e.g., group IDs encoding an area larger than a threshold. Additionally or alternatively, wireless devices may be configured with communication resources, e.g., WUS resources, to monitor and identifiers according to the area where they were located. Wireless devices in that area may then wake up when such a WUS is received and may monitor a subsequent message, e.g., the paging message. The paging message may indicate the type of emergency message and may include information about the area that is affected. The paging message may include information to receive the emergency message directly without requiring the acquisition of SIB1. Wireless devices accepting the paging message may then receive the emergency message that may further specify which devices are affected.

[0277] In an embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, a (group) wake up signal ((G) WUS) may be used not only in the most recent cell where the wireless device went into inactive / idle state but also in other cells. For instance, if a wireless device goes in inactive / idle state when boarding a boat and going towards the sea, and then an emergency happens, the wireless device may not be able to receive an emergency message. Thus, wake up signals may also need to be monitored from other cells, e.g., NTN cells. For instance, the wireless device may receive a message, e.g., an RRCConnectionRelease, indicating the communication resources, e.g., WUS parameters, it has to monitor. This may be beneficial because a wireless device in inactive / idle mode may not be able to connect to a cell first to obtain SIB(l) including the wake up signal configuration.

[0278] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the wake-up signal and a low power synchronization signal may be transmitted following a similar common schedule, wherein the wake-up signals fill in gaps in between the low power synchronization signals. This may be advantageous because it allows a receiver to keep synchronized knowing that the synchronization signals occur with a period T_SS, and in between, the receiver may only need to monitor the UP -WUS transmitted with period T WUP, and if no signal is determined go back to sleep. The period T WUP and T_SS may be related, e.g., be a fixed or configurable multiple. The communication resources (or repetitions) to transmit a first signal (e.g., synchronization signal) may be2025PF00064

[0279] 33 21.01.2026

[0280] related to the communication resources (or repetitions) to transmit a second signal (e.g., wake-up signal). The communication resources allocated to a first signal may be implicitly indicated / determined given the communication resources allocated to a second signal, wherein, e.g., an access device may perform the allocation / configuration of the resources to, e.g., a wireless device.

[0281] The above embodiment as well as other embodiments may be illustrated by means of Fig.

[0282] 9 wherein the regular distribution of a first type of signals 900, e.g., low-power synchronization signals is depicted, wherein the first signal is distributed in this specific / illustrative example with period T_SS and each signal is transmitted twice (and thus, communication resources for the transmission of two signals may be allocated). A second type of signal 901, e.g., wake up signal is transmitted with period T_WUS. Communication resources are allocated to a wireless device for monitoring this second type of signal. In this example, this second type of signal are transmitted four times, and a wireless device may be configured to monitor the second type of signal up to four times and the wireless device may determine locally how many times it needs to monitor the signal to obtain / receive it (e.g., as per other embodiments). It is also possible to see that the second type of signal 902 may be transmitted during / after the first type of signal as 900.

[0283] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the signal may be a low power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) and the measurement of the signal is the measurement of one of a low power wake-up signal. For instance, K LP-WUS monitoring occasions (MOs) may be allocated for a beam, and may be divided into X (X>=1) groups of R LP-WUS MOs. A wireless device may monitor all or some of the MO(s) within the K LP-WUS MOs. For each group of R LP-WUS MOs, the same LP-WUS information may be transmitted as in other embodiments. Different LP-WUS information may be transmitted in different groups of R LP-WUS MOs. Signals transmitted in a group of R LP-WUS MOs may be monitored according to some embodiments.

[0284] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the measurement of the signal is the measurement of one of :

[0285] - a low power synchronization signal, e.g., a LP-SS transmitted with a low frequency, e.g., every T = 320 ms or more and that is transmitted in short bursts, e.g., every T seconds N LP-SS are transmitted and a wireless device is configured to monitor up to M out of them.

[0286] - an emergency message, e.g., transmitted from an (NTN) access device N times to ensure its reliable transmission and a wireless device is configured up to monitor up to M transmission occasions;

[0287] - similar to the emergency message, it may be a paging early indication, and / or a paging message, and / or a downlink message;

[0288] - an uplink message, e.g., a Wake-up signal transmitted from a wireless device to an NTN access device. In this case, a first access device (e.g., primary cell) may have configured the wireless device with a number of communication resources to transmit the WUS up to N times and a second2025PF00064

[0289] 34 21.01.2026

[0290] access device (e.g., a secondary cell) may be configured (e.g., by the first access device) to monitor up to M messages / WUS.

[0291] In a related embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the signal may be a wireless sensing signal and the measurement of the signal may be the measurement of the reflection of the wireless sensing signal. The wireless sensing signal may be, e.g., a chirp signal, and the chirp signal of duration T between frequencies fO and fl may be repeated N times, the wireless sensing signal may be an OFDM-based wireless sensing reference signal that may also be repeated multiple times. The wireless sensing signal may be distributed by the second wireless device. The first wireless device may receive the reflection of the wireless sensing signal and may be configured to monitor up to M chirps (in general, repetitions of a basic wireless sensing signal). The wireless device may determine whether an object is being sensed depending, e.g., on the signal strength detected in a first monitoring occasion, e.g., in a first time slot used for wireless sensing. This may be a second set of communication resources. Only if an object is being sensed in such a second set of communication resources and / or the sensing measurement is not of sufficient quality, the wireless device may attempt to perform further wireless sensing in subsequent communication resources (which in this case may be called sensing resources), e.g., a third set of communication resources. Similarly, the wireless device may determine to stop monitoring chirps (sensing signals), e.g., to save energy. It may take the decision to stop monitoring chirps (sensing signals) when the wireless sensing measurement fulfils certain criteria, e.g., if the measurements in the second set of communication resources are sufficient, the wireless device may stop further measurements and may skip further monitoring. When a wireless sensing signal is repeated up to M times, e.g., a chirp, the wireless device receiving the reflection of the wireless sensing signal may aggregate some of the repetitions, e.g., in groups of S wireless sensing signals.

[0292] The wireless device receiving the wireless sensing signal may extract one or more parameters associated with the reflection characteristics of the sensed environment and / or detected objects. Such parameters may include, for example, delay / range, Doppler shift or velocity, angle (e.g., horizontal and / or vertical components of 3D angle), received power, and optionally one or more confidence metrics associated with each measurement.

[0293] In some examples, the wireless device may further derive parameters at different measurement levels, such as raw-data-level quantities (e.g., amplitude and phase samples), partial raw-data profiles in delay, Doppler shift, and / or angle domains, or higher-level per-path or per-point features extracted from the sensing signal.

[0294] In some configurations, multiple detected points (of a targets / objects) sharing the same delay and Doppler shift but different 3D angles may correspond to a single detected path, for example when angular ambiguity occurs at the access device (e.g., TRP / gNB). Similarly, multiple detected points may correspond to distinct scattering features of the same physical object, and the device may optionally associate these measurements across multiple sensing occasions.2025PF00064

[0295] 35 21.01.2026

[0296] Depending on the configuration, the wireless device may also compute higher-level object / target measurements, such as estimating one or more position-velocity pairs in a global coordinate system. These measurements may be reported individually or may include associations across consecutive sensing timestamps when supported.

[0297] This embodiment may be illustrated by means of Fig. 11, wherein the (wireless sensing) signal transmitted by a second wireless device is illustrated. This signal may comprise a first signal 1100 and / or a second signal 1101 and / or a third signal 1102 and / or a sixth signal 1103. The first signal may comprise a chirp (in general, a wireless sensing signal since it does not need to be limited to a chirp type of signal) 1100-1 and / or a block of information (communication signal 1100-2). The chirp 1100-1 may span from frequencies fO to fl and last T1 seconds. The block of information may contain, e.g., an identifier. The second signal 1101 may include Ml repetitions of a wireless sensing signal, e.g., a chirp. In this case, 3 repetitions are depicted. The third signal 1102 may include M2 repetitions of a wireless sensing signal, e.g., a chirp. In this case, 3 repetitions are depicted. There may be a fourth and a fifth, etc signal similar to the second and third signals. Finally, a sixth signal may be transmitted, e.g., similar to signal 1100. The block of information 1103-2 may signal that the overall signal has finished. A wireless device may be configured to monitor communication resources (or sensing resources) used to transmit, e.g., 1100, 1101, 1102, and 1103. As per other embodiments, 1101 and / or 1102 may not need to be monitored if, e.g., 1100 is not received. 1102 may not need to be monitored if the quality obtained from the signal measurements of 1100 and / or 1101 is sufficient. As per other embodiments, the signal (e.g., chirp) repetitions in, e.g., signal 1101, may be combined to improve the signal quality.

[0298] In an embodiment of the invention that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the wireless device may determine a monitoring mode for the wireless sensing signal, wherein the wireless device needs to monitor and / or measure the (repetitions) of the (reflected) wireless sensing signal until one or more conditions are met, e.g., until the quality / confidence level in the detection of a target is higher than a first threshold, e.g., until certain measurements remain stable up to a second threshold, etc. Additional parameters may further determine whether the wireless sensing signal is measured with sufficient quality. For instance, the wireless device may evaluate one or more physical-layer metrics associated with the reflected signal, such as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), the received signal strength indicator (RSSI), the error vector magnitude (EVM), or the error variance of estimated sensing parameters. Stability of phase measurements over multiple repetitions, consistency of Doppler shift estimates, or convergence of range estimates to within an allowable error margin may also be used as criteria. Furthermore, the wireless device may assess confidence metrics derived from detection algorithms, e.g., correlation peak sharpness, matched-filter output power, likelihood ratios, or the variance of peak positions across consecutive sensing occasions. If any of these parameters indicate that the sensing quality remains below a configured threshold — such as large fluctuations in measured range, excessive phase jitter, wide Doppler spread, or inconsistent angle -of-arrival estimates — the wireless device may continue monitoring additional2025PF00064

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[0300] repetitions. Conversely, if the measured parameters satisfy predefined stability or accuracy criteria, the wireless device may determine that additional monitoring is unnecessary and may suspend further sensing operations to save energy.

[0301] In an embodiment of the invention that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, the monitoring mode when monitoring a wireless sensing signal may also refer to the procedure to detect and / or measure one or more objects and / or targets. This may limit, e.g., the number of (beam) directions that need to be monitored, and / or time instants of monitoring based on, e.g., the position (direction / distance) between the wireless device receiving the reflected wireless sensing signal and the target / object.

[0302] Reliability and resilience are important goals when distributing some messages or signals, e.g., emergency messages, e.g., from a NTN devices, and thus, in an embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments or used independently, a first wireless device may be configured with a plurality of occurrences (communication resources) when the different messages / signals (e.g., first message and / or second message) may be distributed. For instance, a first message (e.g., wake up signal and / or paging message and / or emergency message) may be distributed N times in a given set of communication resources, e.g., a period of time T. For instance, N repetitions distributed in time, or N repetitions distributed in different frequencies, or N repetitions using different codes, or N repetitions in time / using different frequencies / using different codes. This can be advantageous since there are devices with different clock accuracies, devices with different radio capabilities, devices with different radio communication links (e.g., line of sight vs non-light of sight) that may not be able to receive a message properly if it is sent a single time. However, forcing the devices to monitor all N repetitions may be energy consuming. Wireless devices may be given a configuration to monitor certain (e.g., a subset M of) resources, e.g., a time window TW within T, or a subset of frequencies, etc to monitor those messages. The configured resources to monitor, e.g., the time window TW, may also be different for different (types of) wireless devices, e.g., depending on how many times a message may need to be received to ensure a certain level of reliability and resilience for a specific device, depending on the type of device, location, energy budget, etc. For instance, the first message (e.g., paging message or wake up signal) may be a configuration provided by the network when the wireless device connects to it, e.g., by means of an RRC message. For instance, the first message may carry the configuration for the reception of a second message / emergency message. A wireless device may then be required to monitor the configured communication resources knowing that they carry the relevant message. The wireless device may use multiple measurements of multiple messages to aggregate the signal / message, and improve the reliability when retrieving the corresponding message, e.g., first message and / or emergency message.

[0303] In an embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments (e.g., the previous one) or used independently, the resources used to transmit the messages may be limited by, e.g., nontransmission periods, e.g., a non-transmission period before and after a transmission or in the surrounding frequencies. If a wireless device determines that the configured resources used to receive the first and / or2025PF00064

[0304] 37 21.01.2026

[0305] emergency messages have a lower signal strength, in general, better fulfil a given criterion, than the resources, e.g. reference signals, surrounding it, the wireless device may be configured (e.g., based on a policy / configuration) to monitor other configured resources. This additional monitoring may be done even if the wireless device is not capable of decoding the signal properly. In general, the criterion may be configurable and may determine the communication features to consider (e.g., signal strength and / or quality of the decoded signal / message and / or whether parts of the message can be decoded, etc), signal strength difference between the configured resources used to receive a signal and surrounding resources triggering further monitoring, whether part or whole of the signal needs to be decodable to trigger further monitoring, etc. If further monitoring is performed or required in a second set of resources, the wireless device may combine the messages / signals obtained from the first set of resources and second set of resources to obtain a signal of better quality (e.g., better Signal to Noise ratio). This embodiment is advantageous because it allows a wireless device to monitor a first set of resources only, and only if a potential signal is suspected, one or more second set of resources needs to be monitored. This approach provides a good trade-off between energy requirements of the wireless device and reliability when receiving communication signals.

[0306] The above embodiments and other embodiments may be illustrated by means of Fig. 8 that schematically represents a set of resources (e.g., time / frequency) resources and the signaling used to transmit a signal (e.g., wake up signal, paging message, emergency message) in a reliable manner while keeping into account energy consumption of wireless devices. An access device may be configured to transmit a signal of interest, e.g., first message, e.g., paging message or wake up signal, in a set of resources (e.g., at times tl, t2, and t3 using frequencies fl and f2). Furthermore, the resources around some of the selected resources may be kept “empty”, i.e., non-signal, i.e., zero signal (ZS) (in general, this resources may refer to a reference signal). This may allow a wireless device to better determine whether there is a signal being transmitted in the selected resources. A wireless device may be provided with a policy / configuration determining the set of resources to monitor, e.g., frequencies fl at times tl, t2, and t3, whereby some of the monitoring may only be performed if an event occurs, e.g., when there is an indication that, e.g., some of the resources (e.g., at a first frequency fl and a first time tl) may carry a signal, and this indication may be obtained by comparing one or more communication features, such as, e.g., the signal strength, of the signal in such a first / time resources with the one or more communication features of surrounding frequencies / times. For instance, a wireless device may monitor usually only resources tl / fl unless it is determined that the signal strength in tl / fl fulfils some criteria (e.g., is lower or higher) than in the surrounding resources ,e.g., in reference positions. In this case, the wireless device is required to further monitor fl at t2 and t3 and use that information in all communication resources to receive the messages, e.g., to improve the quality of the received signal. The wireless device may use the information in all communication resources to receive the message, e.g., by combining (adding the received signals) to reduce the noise, e.g., by maximum ratio combining, e.g., by only decoding the message in the resource with the highest signal strength, e.g., by decoding the messages in each of the2025PF00064

[0307] 38 21.01.2026

[0308] measured signals followed by majority voting, i.e., selecting the most frequent decoding result , etc. The procedure in Fig. 8 may be used, e.g., to make the reception of wake-up signals / paging messages / early paging / emergency messages more efficient / reliable.

[0309] Section: initial access in 6G

[0310] In ongoing 6G developments, it is wished to reduce the energy consumption of the network infrastructure (e.g., access devices) by reducing the frequency of the synchronization signals, e.g., increase the periodicity with which synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) are distributed from 20 ms to 160 ms. The SSBs distributed with a lower frequency may be broadcasted (in block) together with other reference signals, e.g., SIB1, or other signaling messages (e.g., paging messages). To improve the reception, multiple SSB blocks may be transmitted and received shortly after each other, e.g., each beam may comprise N repetitions of the synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal and a secondary synchronization signal), and these N repetitions of the synchronization signals may be followed by SIB1 and / or a paging message and / or a wake-up signal.

[0311] However, this affects the performance of wireless devices since it may take longer for them to perform network access. It is therefore required a procedure to perform network access in an efficient manner without hampering the performance of wireless device.

[0312] To this end, embodiments of this invention may be applied:

[0313] In an embodiment that may be combined with other embodiments, or used independently, an access device (e.g., base station) distributing synchronization signals, reference signals, and / or other signaling (e.g., wake-up signal, sensing signals) may take advantage of embodiments in this invention. Similarly, a wireless device (e.g., UE) receiving those signals may also use embodiments of this invention, e.g.:

[0314] In an example, the access device may send one or more signals such as, e.g., a sensing signal and / or synchronization signal more frequently through one or more first beams. This allows the access device to sense targets around the access device, provides the wireless devices with a higher frequency synchronization signal, and uses one or more first beam for this task. This may be conceptually similar to the first beam indicated in Fig. 10 and signals 1001 in Fig. 10.

[0315] In an example, the access device may send one or more signals such as additional synchronization signals less frequently and / or on-demand through one or more second beams. This allows the access device to sense targets around the access device in a directional manner, provides the wireless devices with additional synchronization signals / reference signals in a focused and energy efficient manner. The access device may use multiple second beams for this task.

[0316] In an example, the one or more first beams may be in a first frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR3), while the one or more second beams may be in a second frequency range, e.g., FR3 or FR2.

[0317] In an example, the first beam may be wider than the second beams. This means that a lower number of first beams are required to cover a given area / cell surrounding the access device2025PF00064

[0318] 39 21.01.2026

[0319] compared with the number of second beams required to cover the same area. The second beams may only be activated sporadically (e.g., every 160 ms or on demand).

[0320] In an example, the signals used and / or transmitted via the one or more first beams are low power (synchronization signals) that may require lower transmission requirements by the access device, e.g., an OFDM-based low power synchronization signal.

[0321] In an example, the access device switches on and / or uses one or more second beams -used to transmit signals through them - on demand, e.g., when a target is detected via a wireless sensing signal transmitted and received through one or more of the first beams. If the object / target is detected, the access device may then enable one or more second beams, e.g., one or more second beams covering the same area / direction as the first beam.

[0322] In an example, if a wireless device determines / measures one or more signals (e.g., synchronization signals) transmitted through one or more first beams (a first set of communication resources), the wireless device may be configured to monitor one or more second beams (a second set of communication resources).

[0323] Fig. 14-A, Fig. 14-B, Fig. 14-C, and Fig. 14-D schematically illustrate the distribution of one or more signals, including repetitive signals through one or more beams according to previous examples, as required to perform different wireless procedures such as random access, handovers, etc. In these figures, and without lost of generality:

[0324] Entity 1407 represents an access device transmitting and receiving one or more signals (or reflected signals),

[0325] Entity 1408 represents a wireless device receiving one or more signals, 1404 refers to a first beam, e.g., a wide beam wider than beams 1405 and / or 1406, 1405 and 1406 represent two second beams, e.g., two narrow beams narrower than wide beam 1404,

[0326] 1403 represents a group of signals transmitted through different beams 1404, 1405, and 1406,

[0327] 1401 and 1401’ represent a high or higher frequency signal (e.g., synchronization signal or sensing signal) distributed through beam 1404 that may allow the base station 1407 to detect target 1408 and may allow wireless device 1408 to determine the access device and start the synchronization procedure. 1401 and 1401’ may comprise, e.g., primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS) transmitted in the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) via the wider beam 1404 with a higher frequency. 1401 and 1401’ may comprise, e.g., a low power synchronization signal transmitted with high frequency. The detection of the signals 1401 and / o 1401’ may trigger wireless device 1408 to monitor signals 1400 and / or 1402,

[0328] 1400 and / or 1402 are synchronization signals distributed through beams 1405 and / or 1406 with a lower periodicity. Wireless device 1408 is triggered (after detection of synchronization signal 1401 - 1401'), to monitor communication resources used to transmit signals 1402 and 1400.2025PF00064

[0329] 40 21.01.2026

[0330] Each group of signals 1400 (similarly for 1402) (included Fig. 14-B and detailed in Fig.

[0331] 14-C) may include one or more (synchronization signals, one or more reference signals, system information (e.g., SIB1), and / or other signaling (e.g., paging message). In this example, a group of signals 1400 comprises two repetitions of a synchronization signal (e.g., primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS) transmitted in the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). These repetitions are denoted as 1400-1 and 1400-2. These repetitions may be followed by one or more of SIB1 or a paging message, or a channel-state reference signal, e.g., 1400-3.

[0332] In reference to Fig. 14-B, it represents the access device 1407 using a first beam 1404 and two second beams 1405 and 1406 to communicate with wireless device 1408.

[0333] In reference to Fig. 14-A, it represents the signaling transmitted via the three beams 1404, 1405, and 1406, wherein the horizontal arrows indicate the time axis, wherein time increases from left to right. It is possible to observe that signal 1401 and 1401’ are transmitted with a higher frequency (shorter period T_SS_S). It is possible to observe that the transmission of signal 1401 triggers the transmission of other signals through second beams 1405 and 1406. The burst of signals transmitted through multiple beams is denoted as 1403 and detailed in Fig. 14-C. The burst of signals are repeated with a period of T_SS_L.

[0334] In reference to Fig. 14-C, it represents a burst of signals 1403 that may comprise: one or more synchronization signals in a first beam (1401), and / or

[0335] one or more synchronization signals in a second beam (1400-1, 1400-2), and / or One block of signals for one or more purposes, e.g., distribute system information, distribute a reference signal,..., (1400-3), and / or

[0336] The block of signals transmitted through a second block is identified as 1402.

[0337] In reference to Fig. 14-D, it represents a procedure for initial access in which access device 1407 distributes signals 1403 / 1401’ illustrated by means of arrows to wireless device 1408. In this case, the time axis is the vertical axis with the time increasing from the top to the bottom. After the second transmission of signal 1403 (burst of signals), Fig. 14-D shows wireless device 1408 transmitting message 1409, e.g., Msg 1 in a random access procedure (e.g., a preamble), and access device 1407 replying with message 1410, e.g., Msg 2 in a random access procedure (e.g., a random access response).

[0338] In some examples, one or more first beams may be transmitted by one or more first access devices (or first transmission reception points (first TRPs)) and one or more second beams may be transmitted by one or more second access devices (or second TRPs). First and second TRPs may be centrally controlled forming a cell-free system.

[0339] In an example, signal 1401 may indicate the identities of the beams 1405 and 1406 through which signals 1400 and 1402 are transmitted, so that wireless device can monitor the corresponding signals.

[0340] In an example, second beams related to a first beam may indicate the identity of the first beam. For instance, if there are four first beams, each with index 00, 01, 10, and 11, the second beams2025PF00064

[0341] 41 21.01.2026

[0342] related to, e.g., first beam XY may have an identity that start with XY. For instance, if there are 16 second beams per first beam, the identity of a second beam associated to primary beam XY may be XYabcd where X, Y, a, b, c, d are binary digits.

[0343] In an example, the number of primary beams and secondary beams may be configurable, e.g., indicating the number of bits used to identify them. For instance, XYZabc may indicate 8 primary beams (because XYZ is a 3 bitstring used to identify each primary beam) and abc is a 3 bitstring used to identify each secondary beam.

[0344] In an example, one or more configurations (e.g., as the previous one) may be indicated via RRC signaling or SIB 1.

[0345] In an example, only secondary beams are used for network access, while primary beams are used mainly for synchronization, low power wake up of wireless devices, etc.

[0346] In an example, primary beams may be used for network access by certain types of devices, e.g.:

[0347] Resource constrained wireless devices;

[0348] Devices with lower capabilities;

[0349] Devices in emergency status;

[0350] In an example, the identities of the beams 1405 and 1406 may indicate the communication resources used to transmit the signals (1400 / 1402) transmitted through them.

[0351] In an example, the identity of beam 1404 and / or signal 1400 may indicate second beams 1405 and / or 1406 as well as signals 1400 / 1402 transmitted through them.

[0352] In an example, the number of repetitions of synchronization signals 1400-1 and 1400-2 may be configurable.

[0353] In an example, this solution allows for energy savings since the (transmission / reception via) the second beams are switched off most of the time, and only one or more of the first beams are active.

[0354] In an example, the access device may be able to receive a wake-up signal (e.g., transmitted by a wireless device) through one or more of the first beams or through a network interface with another access device. The wake-up signal may wake up activation of one or more of second beams and / or the transmission / reception of one or more signals through one or more of the second beams.

[0355] In an example, the synchronization signals 1400-1 and 1400-2 may be transmitted one after each other (first in time), and then synchronization signals 1402-1 and 1402-2 may be transmitted (second instant in time).

[0356] In an example, the wireless device only monitors signals 1400 and / or 1402 upon successful reception of one or more signals 1401.

[0357] In an example, if the access device detects an object via beam 1404 / transmission of signals 1401, the access device may then transmit further signals 1400 / 1402 via beams 1405 and / or 1406, and only then monitor those communication resources.2025PF00064

[0358] 42 21.01.2026

[0359] In an example, if the wireless device detects signal 1401 via beam 1404, the wireless device may monitor further signals 1400 / 1402 via beams 1405 and / or 1406.

[0360] In an example, Fig. 14-C illustrates a time-ordered sequence of communication occasions, labeled to to t?, during which different signals ( 1400- 1 / -2 / -3 and 1402- 1 / -2 / -3) and a trigger signal (1401) are transmitted across multiple beams (1404, 1405, 1406). These time instants represent non-overlapping scheduling points used to coordinate multi -beam transmissions.

[0361] In an example, to corresponds to the instant where the wireless device detects signal 1401, transmitted on the wide beam (1404). This instant may be aligned with a frame boundary. This is the activation point: reception of 1401 informs the device which narrow beams (1405, 1406) may be monitored next and causes the device to start observing subsequent sensing / synchronization signals. It serves as the synchronizing reference for the sequence that follows (1401 shown in Fig. 14-C).

[0362] In an example, t2, t4, t7 may refer to transmission instants of different signal in the group of signals 1400 (beam 1405).

[0363] In an example, t3, t5, t7 may refer to transmission instants of different signals in the group of signals 1402 (beam 1406).

[0364] In an example, some signals in group of signals 1400 and some signals in group 1402 may be transmitted without overlap, e.g., synchronization signals, to, e.g., facilitate determining which of the beams is stronger and / or a better candidate for further communication. For instance, signal 1400-1 is transmitted first, signal 1402-1 is transmitted second. This allows the wireless device to measure which of the signals (transmitted via different beams) is received with a higher quality / signal strength (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ). For instance, signal 1400-2 is transmitted next, signal 1402-2 is transmitted next. This allows the wireless device to measure repetitions of the synchronization signals, improving the measurements of RSRP / RSRQ and improving the synchronization level.

[0365] For instance, some signals in group of signals 1400 and some signals in group 1402 may be transmitted simultaneously, e.g., 1400-3 and 1402-3. This signal may be, e.g., SIB1. This combined transmission through multiple (second and / or first) beams may improve the reception of the signal at the wireless device(s), and / or may reduce the amount of resources required for the transmission.

[0366] In an example, block 1400-3 or 1402-3, may represent one or more of SIB I, CS-RS, paging message, etc. Which signal(s) are transmitted, e.g., after a signal 1401 transmitted through a first beam and / or signals 1400-1, 1400-2 (repetition of synchronization signals) transmitted through a second beam may be indicated in those signals themselves. In some cases, two or more of those signals may be transmitted in a single block (e.g., 1400-3 or 1402-3). However, in some cases, the length of those combined may be longer than available within a burst of signals, and thus, one of those signals may be scheduled at a later point of time, e.g., after the burst of signals, or in a later burst of signals. A burst of signals may indicate whether additional signals are transmitted after it or in a later burst of signals.

[0367] In an example, different burst of signals may carry different types of signals. If burst of signals are aligned with the system frame number and have a period of T, e.g., 160 ms, bursts of signals2025PF00064

[0368] 43 21.01.2026

[0369] transmited at time 0, kT, 2kT, 3kT,... e.g., with k=3 may carry SIB1, while bursts of signals transmited at time T+kT,T+2kT, T+3kT may carry a CS-RS, and bursts of signals transmited at time 2T+kT,2T+2kT, 2T+3kT may carry paging messages.

[0370] In an example, upon reception of SIB1 (e.g., 1402-3), a wireless device may perform network access by selecting one or more beams, e.g., one or more primary beams and / or secondary beams.

[0371] In an example, system information such as SIB1 may also be transmited through a primary beam, e.g., to allow wireless device of limited capabilities to perform network access through a primary beam.

[0372] In general, it is proposed a method performed by a wireless device for network access comprising:

[0373] monitoring, a first synchronization signal transmited via a first beam by an access device, determining, by the wireless device, the reception of the first synchronization signal, the determining of the first synchronization signal reception triggering the monitoring, by the wireless device, of one or more second synchronization signals transmited via one or more second beams by an access device,

[0374] synchronizing, by the wireless device, with the one or more second synchronization signals,

[0375] the synchronization triggering one or more of:

[0376] - performing beam selection, and / or

[0377] - receiving a SIB 1 and / or

[0378] - transmiting a random -access preamble.

[0379] Furthermore, this invention can be applied to various types of UEs or terminal devices, such as mobile phone, vital signs monitoring / telemetry devices, smartwatches, detectors, vehicles (for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication or more general vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication), V2X devices, Internet of Things (loT) hubs, loT devices, including low-power medical sensors for health monitoring, medical (emergency) diagnosis and treatment devices, for hospital use or first-responder use, virtual reality (VR) headsets, etc.

[0380] Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfil the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. The foregoing description details certain embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated, however, that no mater how detailed the foregoing appears in the text, the invention may be practiced in many ways, and is therefore not limited to the embodiments disclosed. It should be noted that2025PF00064

[0381] 44 21.01.2026

[0382] the use of particular terminology when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being re-defined herein to be restricted to include any specific characteristics of the features or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. Additionally, the expression “at least one of A, B, and C” is to be understood as disjunctive, i.e., as “A and / or B and / or C” The same applies to the expressions “A or B” and “at least one of A or B”, i.e., they may indicate all possible combinations of the listed items.

[0383] A single unit or device may fulfil the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

[0384] The described operations like those indicated in the above embodiments may be implemented as program code means of a computer program and / or as dedicated hardware of the related network device or function, respectively. The computer program may be stored and / or distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium, supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

Claims

2025PF0006445 21.01.2026CLAIMS:

1. A method performed by a first wireless device for energy-efficient and reliable reception of a measurement of a signal comprising:receiving, by a first wireless device, a configuration of a first set of communication resources to be monitored and contained in a fourth set of communication resources used by a second wireless device to transmit a signal N times, with N equal to or greater than 2; anddetermining and / or receiving, by the first wireless device, a first configuration determining a monitoring mode of the first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the signal; andmonitoring, by the first wireless device, the first set of communication resources according to the first configuration to obtain the measurement of the signal.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the signal transmitted N times in the fourth set of communication sources is transmitted in N messages, wherein:each message comprises the exact signal; and / oreach message comprises a related signal; and / oreach message comprises the exact signal as payload and a different header; and / or the signal includes a CRC; and / oreach message includes a message specific CRC; and / ormessages are transmitted according to a known pattern of communication occasions; and / or the signal and / or message includes a preamble and / or postamble.

3. The method of previous claims, further comprising:receiving, by the first wireless device, a further configuration of a further first set of communication resources to be monitored and comprised in a further fourth set of communication resources used by a second wireless device to transmit a further signal L times, with L equal or greater than 2;determining or receiving, by the first wireless device, a further first configuration , wherein the further first configuration determines the monitoring mode of the further first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the further signal; andmonitoring, by the first wireless device, the further first set of communication resources according to the further first configuration to obtain the measurement of the further signal.2025PF0006446 21.01.20264. The method of claim 3,wherein the first configuration indicates a monitoring mode of the first set of communication resources, andwherein the further first configuration indicates a monitoring mode of the further first set of communication resources, wherein the monitoring mode comprises one of:- sequential, wherein the first set of communication resources is monitored first, and the further first set of communication resources is monitored afterwards and- alternating, wherein the first set of communication resources and further first set of communication resources are monitored in an interleaved manner.

5. The method of any of the previous claims 1 and 2,wherein the first set of communication resources comprises:(1) communication resources used by the second wireless device to transmit the signal in at least a first communication occasion, and(2) communication resources of at least a reference communication occasion using a communication configuration different than the communication configuration of the first communication occasion.

6. The method of claim 5, comprising the first wireless device determining the presence of the transmission of the signal in the first communication occasion by one or more of:- comparing at least one measured communication parameter of the first communication occasion and at least one measured communication parameter of the reference communication occasion;- comparing at least one measured communication parameter of a first part in the first communication occasion and at least one measured communication parameter of a second part in the first communication occasion;- comparing at least one measured communication parameter of a first message part transmitted in the first communication occasion and at least one measured communication parameter of a second message part in the first communication occasion;- comparing at least one measured communication parameter of the first communication occasion and a configured threshold value in the first configuration; and- determining that at least a first message part transmitted in the first communication occasion can be decoded correctly.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein comparing comprises determining whether the measured communication parameters are greater or less than a threshold value.2025PF0006447 21.01.20268. The method of any of the previous claims, wherein the first set of communication resources comprises communication resources used by the second wireless device to transmit the signal at least in a first communication occasion and in a second communication occasion, and wherein the first configuration requires monitoring the second communication occasion if the first wireless device determines the presence of the transmission of the signal in the first communication occasion and the measurement of the signal does achieves at least a minimum quality above a defined quality threshold.

9. The method of any of the previous claims 1 to 2, wherein the method further comprises:receiving, by the first wireless device, a second set of communication resources and a third set of communication resources to be monitored, wherein the second and third set of communication resources are comprised in the first set of communication resources,obtaining, by the first wireless device, second intermediate signal measurements by monitoring the second set of communication resources,determining or receiving, by the first wireless device, a second configuration comprising criteria to evaluate the second intermediate signal measurements and determining whether the third set of communication resources needs to be monitored based on a result of the evaluation;monitoring, by the first wireless device, the third set of communication resources to obtain third intermediate signal measurements when the criteria of the second configuration are fulfilled; andusing the second intermediate signal measurements and / or third intermediate signal measurements to determine the measurement of the signal.

10. The method of any of the previous claims, wherein the first configuration and / or the second configuration comprise one or more of:- a description of which communication resources are used in the first, second, and / or third set of communication resources;- the condition to monitor the signal M times, with M less than or equal to N; or- the method or monitoring mode for obtaining the signal and / or signal measurement out of the monitoring of the first and / or second and / or third communication resources.

11. The method of any of the previous claims, wherein the communication resources are one or more or a combination of:- time resources;- frequency resources;- code resources;- spatial resources;- beam resources; and2025PF0006448 21.01.2026- OAM mode resources.

12. The method of any of claims 5 - 11, where the reference communication occasion is adjacent to the first communication occasion and / or at known communication resources and / or at known communication resources with respect to the first communication occasion.

13. The method of any of the previous claims, comprising transmitting, by the first wireless device, to the second wireless device measurements and selected parameters used by the first wireless device for monitoring the first set of communication resources and / or for obtaining the measurement of the signal.

14. A method performed by a second wireless device for energy-efficient and reliable transmission of a signal comprising:transmitting, by a second wireless device, a configuration of a first set of communication resources to be monitored by a first wireless device, wherein the first set of communication resources are comprised in a fourth set of communication sources used by the second wireless device to transmit the signal two or more times; andtransmitting, by the second wireless device, a first configuration to the first wireless device, wherein the first configuration determines a monitoring mode of the first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the signal.

15. The method of any of the previous claims, wherein the signal is a reference signal and the measurement of the signal is the measurement of the reference signal:

16. The method of any of claims 1 - 14, wherein the measurement of the signal is the measurement of one of a low power wake-up signal.

17. The method of any of claims 1 - 14, wherein the measurement of the signal is the measurement of one of :- a low power synchronization signal;- a paging early indication;- a paging message;- an emergency message;- a downlink message;- an uplink message.2025PF0006449 21.01.202618. The method of any of claims 1 - 14, wherein the signal is a wireless sensing signal and the measurement of the signal is the measurement of the reflection of the wireless sensing signal on an object or target.

19. An apparatus for energy-efficient and reliable reception of a measurement of a signal comprising:a receiver, anda processor,wherein the apparatus is adapted to:receiving a configuration of a first set of communication resources to be monitored and comprised in a fourth set of communication resources used by a second wireless device to transmit a signal N times, with N equal to or greater than 2;determining or receiving a first configuration determining a monitoring mode of the first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the signal; andmonitoring the first set of communication resources according to the first configuration to obtain the measurement of the signal.

20. An apparatus for energy-efficient and reliable transmission a signal comprising:a transmitter, anda processor,wherein the apparatus is adapted to:transmitting a configuration of a first set of communication resources to be monitored and comprised in a fourth set of communication resources used by the second wireless device to transmit the signal two or more times; andtransmitting a first configuration determining a monitoring mode of the first set of communication resources to obtain the measurement of the signal.

21. A computer program for energy-efficient and reliable reception of a measurement of a signal comprising computer instructions to perform the steps in the methods of any of claims 1 to 18.

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