Energy module, system, and method for operating the same

Abstract

The disclosure pertains to an energy module, comprising: a chargeable battery; one or more sensors configured to sense one or more operating parameters of the energy module; and a controller configured to update a block chain associated with the energy module based on the operating parameters, to report the update of the block chain to one or more charging nodes, and to establish a communicative session with a charging node upon request for charging or discharging the rechargeable battery, said authorizing based on verifying integrity of the block chain with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node. The disclosure also relates to a method of operating such an energy module.

Description

[0001] G50065W0

[0002] Danielle Varela

[0003] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0004] Energy module, System, and method for operating the same

[0005] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0006] The invention described herein relates to an energy module, a system comprising an energy module, a method of operating the same, a computer program product for performing the method, and a computer-readable medium comprising instructions for performing the method.

[0007] BACKGROUND

[0008] US 2013 / 0078839 Ai discloses a vehicle charge inlet integrated into a port assembly surface. The charge inlet includes an inlet housing with a perimeter that is curvilinear, non-cylindrical and shaped to that only a single orientation of a complementary sized and shaped electrical connector may be inserted into the inlet. A plurality of electrical contacts, a latching mechanism and a divider are also integrated into the charge inlet housing, the divider extending from the bottom surface of the inlet housing and configured to fit within a complementary slot of the charge connector, the divider providing further electrical isolation between the electrical contacts. A funneling surface connects the open end of the inlet housing to the port assembly surface.

[0009] The present invention is directed to the problem of making electric vehicle charging and portable energy charging safer and more efficient.

[0010] SUMMARY

[0011] A definition of the invention is set out in the appended claims.G50065W0

[0012] Danielle Varela

[0013] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0014] A first aspect relates to an energy module, comprising: a chargeable battery; one or more sensors configured to sense one or more operating parameters of the energy module; and a controller configured to update a block chain associated with the energy module based on the operating parameters, to report the update of the block chain to one or more charging nodes, and to establish a communicative session with a charging node upon request for charging or discharging the rechargeable battery, said authorizing based on verifying integrity of the block chain with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node.

[0015] A second aspect relates to a system, comprising: an energy module according to the first aspect; and a charging node configured to establish a communicative session with the energy module upon request from the energy module, wherein the communicative session comprises steps to authorize charging of the energy module, said authorizing based on verifying integrity of a block chain stored in the energy module with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node.

[0016] A third aspect relates to a method of operating an energy module according to the first aspect, the method comprising: sensing, by the one or more sensors, operating parameters of the energy module; and updating, by the controller, a block chain associated with the energy module based on the operating parameters, reporting the update of the block chain to one or more charging nodes, and establishing a communicative session with a charging node upon request for charging or discharging the rechargeable battery, said authorizing based on verifying integrity of the block chain with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node.

[0017] A fourth aspect relates to a computer program product comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, perform the method according to the third aspect.

[0018] A fifth aspect relates to a computer-readable medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, perform the method according to the third aspect.

[0019] Embodiments of the invention create the technical effect of establishing a distributed secure charging infrastructure enabling energy modules to be verified based on blockG50065W0

[0020] Danielle Varela

[0021] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0022] chains associated with these. Block chains are updated using operating parameters of the energy modules. The same operating parameters are also observed to decide if charging is technically possible or not, and charging may be stalled if the operating parameters suggest that charging would incur technical issues. The operating parameters are hence used for the double purpose of verifying and authorizing energy modules, as well as ensuring technical protection of the charging process. Further properties, features and advantages of the disclosure will become clear below by means of a description of aspects or preferred embodiments of the disclosure with reference to the accompanying exemplary drawings.

[0023] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0024] Figure 1 illustrates an energy module according to embodiments of the invention.

[0025] Figure 2 illustrates a system according to embodiments of the invention.

[0026] Figure 3 illustrates a method according to embodiments of the invention.

[0027] The features disclosed in the above description, the figures and the claims may be significant both individually and in any combination for the realization of the disclosure in the different configurations. Reference signs in the figures each refer to the same elements.

[0028] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Embodiments of the invention relate to an energy module for use in electric vehicles. The energy module may also be used as a standalone device for other purposes than in vehicle operations.

[0030] Energy ModuleG50065W0

[0031] Danielle Varela

[0032] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0033] Conventionally, electric vehicles rely on a charging infrastructure comprising charging nodes, also referred to as base stations, for charging a battery contained in the energy modules. In addition to a chargeable battery, an energy module according to the invention comprises one or more sensors configured to sense one or more operating parameters of the energy module. The energy module further comprises a controller configured to update a block chain associated with the energy module based on the operating parameters, to report the update of the block chain to one or more charging nodes, and to establish a communicative session with a charging node upon request for charging or discharging the rechargeable battery, said authorizing based on verifying integrity of the block chain with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node.

[0034] While energy module is preferably fixed in an electric vehicle, the energy module can be portable. For example, rather than charging the battery of the energy module while the energy module is seated in a vehicle, the energy module can be removed from the vehicle and replaced with a different energy module.

[0035] The controller of the energy module may be configured to monitor the operating parameters and to limit or interrupt a charging mode or discharging mode of the rechargeable battery if the operating parameters satisfy a predefined condition. The charging mode generally refers to a mode of operation of the energy module while being charged. This mode is preferably entered when the vehicle is stationary and connected to a charging node but may also be entered while the vehicle is driving and obtaining energy from other sources than a charging node to charge the battery of the energy module. The discharging mode refers to a mode of operation of the energy module while being discharged. This mode is preferably entered while the vehicle is driving, being powered by the energy module, but may also be entered while the vehicle is stationary, or even if the vehicle is not in operation at all, such as to power an external device connected to the vehicle.

[0036] The operating parameters may comprise a temperature-related parameters, such as a temperature T of a contact in the energy module. This contact may be a coupling coil, discussed below, a contact of the rechargeable battery, or a contact of a photovoltaic panel of the energy module, also discussed below.G50065W0

[0037] Danielle Varela

[0038] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0039] In particular, the operating parameters may comprise a temperature rise-rate T = dT / dt of said temperature T, and the predefined condition comprises T > Tmax or | T | > Tmax, wherein Tmaxand Tmaxare thresholds stored in a memory of the energy module. The thresholds Tmaxand Tmaxmay continuously be adapted based on previous values of the temperature T, such as whenever a new value for T is measured, or whenever a predefined period has lapsed. The temperature rise-rate T maybe computed over a time window, such as a window of 5 to 15 seconds. Each update to the block chain may include the temperature T, the temperature rise-rate T, or a thermal field (T, T) comprising both of these. As an alternative or in addition, the update may comprise min or max {T, T}. The latter effectively binds a thermal state of the energy module to evidence of an amount of charge having transferred, in case that the amount of charge is part of the update.

[0040] If temperature rise-rate T exceeds a predetermined temperature, such as 0.5 to 1.0 °C over a predetermined sliding window, such as a window of 5 to 15 seconds, a hard cutoff may be applied at a contact temperature limit Tcut, such as a predetermined temperature limit within 80 to 95°C, and charging is resumed only after temperature T < T2for a given time period, wherein T2is a predetermined temperature, such as a temperature in the range of 75 to 82°C, and the time period maybe in the range of 20 to 40 seconds. The mechanism is also referred to as derivative-based derating.

[0041] The aforementioned thresholds may be defined and stored by the controller of the energy module or by separate safety logic. The controller or safety logic may also be responsible for triggering protective actions when one or more of the thresholds is reached, such as stalling a charging process. Still further, the controller or safety logic maybe responsible for adapting the thresholds over time based on historical sequences of the observed operating parameters. In one example, thresholds maybe adapted based on an age of the contacts that were measured. For example, the age may correspond to a time having passed since a first update to the block chain was made, and the threshold may be decreased with progressing age, thereby taking account of the observation that older contacts may be more likely to be subject to malfunction at higher temperatures. As an alternative to age, thresholds may be adapted based on an observed number of charging processes or an observed accumulated amount of charging power received at a contact since a first charging process was performed.G50065W0

[0042] Danielle Varela

[0043] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0044] The energy module may further comprise a wireless energy transfer interface selected from an inductive or magnetic coupling coil for inductive coupling, said wireless energy transfer interface configured to transfer power between the energy module and the charging node. The inductive or magnetic coupling coil may serve to connect the energy module for charging the energy module from a charging node, and maybe self-aligning. The energy module may further comprise a control unit configured to select among charging, discharging and standby modes for the rechargeable battery. In a standby mode, the battery is neither charged nor discharged. This mode may be entered to interrupt a current charging or discharging mode, such as in order to allow replacing the energy module or to temporarily save energy. The standby mode may be entered upon manual control of a user or automatic control of the wireless energy transfer interface from the control unit.

[0045] Updating the block chain may be based on a monotonic counter, one or more timestamps, an energy level of the rechargeable battery, a mode of the rechargeable battery, or combinations of one or more of these, in addition to the updating being based on the operating parameters. The monotonic counter may be set to a default value such as zero in factory settings, and may be incremented for each connection of the energy module to a charging node to count the number of charging operations, or may be incremented for each first connection of the energy module to a charging node to count the number of different charging nodes visited. The timestamp may simply be the current time and / or date. The energy level may relate to the energy level of the rechargeable battery when connecting to or disconnecting from the charging node. The mode of the rechargeable battery may correspond to the charging mode, discharging mode or standby mode. Updating the block chain may be performed in response to the energy module connecting to or disconnecting from the charging node or may be performed while the energy module is charging. Updating the block chain produces chained blocks that include information on the aforementioned operating parameters, also referred to herein as “MeterProofs”. The energy module may thus also be regarded as an oracle providing data to the block chain.

[0046] Authorizing and verifying integrity may include authenticating the energy module to the charging node, and vice versa (two-of-two quorum). In one embodiment, authorization comprises authenticating the energy module and / or the charging node based on a zero-G50065W0

[0047] Danielle Varela

[0048] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0049] knowledge proof based on a cached certificate revocation list with signed delta updates, maintained on either one or both of the energy module and the charging node. In addition to authentication, the mechanism also ensures freshness of the block chain associated with the energy module and maintained both in the energy module and the charging node.

[0050] Verifying integrity of the block chain, such as during authorizing charging the charging module, further comprises that a quorum-signed finality of a state S* is at least k-deep relative to a fork-choice rule, wherein a safe-open timeout is tightened when either an oracle freshness At or the finality depth k falls below a predefined threshold. Put differently, verifying integrity may include verifying the integrity of a ledger client provided by the charging module, and may in particular include verifying whether the transactions required for a charging process are present in the block chain and are at least k-deep. Verifying may further include determining whether a last trusted oracle update, such as a time anchor, is fresh, as is reflected by At. When ledger finality is high and the oracle is fresh (low At, low J), the energy module will proceed with a charging process and block chain updating. Otherwise, when finality degrades or oracle freshness is poor (long At, high J), the energy module may progressively tighten a safe-open bound, reducing permitted power or shortening the allowed time in an open state (see smart contract, discussed below) before falling back to a safe state.

[0051] The controller of the energy module may further be configured to verify that the block chain stored in the charging node has been used to perform a minimum number of transactions, in particular wherein the transactions comprise transitions comprising authentication, charging, monetaiy settlement, and logging. If the condition is not met, the controller may deny any charging operations involving the energy module and the charging node. A strict security measure is thereby imposed to avoid charging operations with untrusted charging nodes.

[0052] Updating the block chain may comprise batch anchoring to a distributed ledger, based on a ledger client in the energy module, discussed below. The charging node acts as another ledger client of the same block chain or ledger network.G50065W0

[0053] Danielle Varela

[0054] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0055] Verifying integrity of the block chain may comprise verifying that a monotonically increasing index of batch anchoring has not regressed. If the condition is not met, the controller may deny any charging operations involving the energy module and the charging node.

[0056] The operating parameters of the energy module may comprise a temperature T of a contact of the rechargeable battery and / or the charging node. The contact may be a wireless contact, such as the magnetic or coupling coils described herein. The temperature may be measured by the sensors of the energy module at regular intervals while the energy module is in discharging mode or while the energy module is not connected to a charging node. In response to connecting or in response to entering charging mode, temperature may be measured regardless of whether a next measurement is due based on said intervals. Measurements continue in charging mode and may be continued in regular intervals. These intervals may be shorter than during discharging mode. A measurement may also be made, of the battery contact only, in response to the energy module disconnecting from the charging node or in response to leaving charging mode. In one example, the intervals are in a range between 10 and 120 seconds.

[0057] As already described, the energy module maybe installed in a vehicle, either permanently or in a manner allowing replacement of the energy module. The vehicle may further comprise a charge-inlet module including a plurality of power contacts and a communication interface. Each of these contacts may serve as one of the contacts already described. The vehicle may further comprise a module configured to switch between power from the rechargeable battery and the charge-inlet module. Put differently, at least part of the vehicle’s components may be configured to be powered by the battery or the charge-inlet module. For example, power obtained through the charge-inlet module during charging from a charging node may power such components, in addition to charging the energy module. The vehicle may further comprise a control unit configured to select a charging mode or discharging mode for the rechargeable battery.

[0058] The charge-inlet module may comprise a carrier and / or housing comprising bio-derived polyamide or lignin-reinforced composite having a surface resistivity of to6to to92 m and dielectric strength > i8kV / mm at 23°C.G50065W0

[0059] Danielle Varela

[0060] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0061] The control unit may be configured to stall a charging process if any of the conditions described above is not met. For example, the control unit may stall the charging process if the temperature or temperature rise-rates do not meet their respective predefined thresholds. The control unit may compare current operating parameters comprising these temperature values to thresholds at regular intervals, such as every 20 milliseconds. The control unit continues these comparisons after having stalled the charging process, and re-activates the charging process when the conditions are met. In one embodiment, the charging process is only re-activated after a predetermined interval has passed after the condition is met again (thermal hysteresis).

[0062] The control unit may further implement a ledger client to connect to a block chain network in response to the energy module being connected to the charging node. The ledger client may perform synchronizing updates of the block chain with the charging node. In one embodiment, the ledger client and the charging node each have a complete copy of the block chain associated with the energy module. The update may comprise updating the block chain with the aforementioned MeterProofs.

[0063] Updating a block chain may be based on using keys obtained from a Trusted Platform Module, TPM.

[0064] The operating parameters may further include parameters adequate to observe wear of contacts. Such parameters may include a contact resistance, measured relative to an initial contact resistance. For example, an initial contact resistance maybe measured in the energy module the first time the energy module and any contacts therein are put into operation. Subsequently, an increase of contact resistance over the initial contact resistance may be measured, and may be compared to a corresponding condition, such as having an increase greater than 20% or other predetermined increase. In addition or as an alternative, a pull-out force maybe measured for mechanical contacts (not wireless contacts). For example, condition maybe met if a pull-out force decreases from an initial pull-out force by more than 30%. As described, meeting such condition may result in the energy module or its controller stalling the charging process or preventing the start of the charging process.G50065W0

[0065] Danielle Varela

[0066] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0067] The charging nodes act as part of a block chain network and includes a ledger client for this purpose. The ledger client may maintain multiple block chains associated with different energy modules or vehicles. Upon receiving an update to one of its block chains, the ledger client of the charging node distributes the update to other ledger clients in the network, thereby enabling other charging nodes to authenticate and authorize the energy module for charging.

[0068] Energy Module with Photovoltaic Panel

[0069] The energy module may further comprise a photovoltaic panel or module for charging the energy module. A photovoltaic module may accomplish charging while the energy module or any vehicle comprising the same is in motion (in-motion charging). The photovoltaic module may be an integral part of the energy module, such as when the energy module is intended for standalone use. Alternatively, and in particular when the energy module is used in an electric vehicle, the photovoltaic panel may be physically separate from the energy module and maybe installed on a different part of the electric vehicle than the energy module, such as on a roof of the vehicle or space within the vehicle where light can be received. The photovoltaic panel may be single panel or may comprise multiple panels connected to the energy module and / or to each other. In particular, one or more of such panels maybe integral to the energy module while others may be external to the energy module. Embodiments include an energy module with a photovoltaic panel for use as a standalone device (“Solar to Go”).

[0070] The energy module may further comprise a bidirectional power stage coupled to the photovoltaic panel and the rechargeable battery, said bidirectional power stage configured to enable a charging mode and a discharging mode of the rechargeable battery. The charging mode may hence comprise the energy module being charged from a charging node and / or from the photovoltaic panel.

[0071] The operating parameters of the energy module may additionally relate to the photovoltaic panel. For example, the operating parameters may additionally comprise a temperature T of a contact of the photovoltaic panel. The conditions already described for temperatures may also be applied based on this temperature.G50065W0

[0072] Danielle Varela

[0073] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0074] Updating the block chain may additionally be based on an amount of energy obtained from the photovoltaic panel. The amount maybe sensed by one of the sensors in regular intervals. When the block chain is updated, the amount may relate to the amount of energy obtained since a last update of the block chain that was based on the amount of energy.

[0075] Updating the block chain may further be based on a series of monitored temperatures T and temperature rise-rate T, as already described. In addition, temperature and temperature rise-rate may be combined with the aforementioned amount of energy obtained from the photovoltaic panel, thereby binding each amount to a corresponding temperature and / or temperature rise-rate.

[0076] Updating the block chain in the presence of the photovoltaic panel may include computing, by a ledger client of the energy module, a fingerprint hash for the photovoltaic panel, said fingerprint hash including at least an I-V (current-voltage) curve, irradiance, module temperature Tmod, geolocation, an inverter identifier, and a share of the photovoltaic panel in the charging amount provided to the energy module. The hash may be anchored or otherwise chained into a meter batch root.

[0077] Updating the block chain may further include anchoring data related to a recycling status and / or material of selected components of the energy module. For example, individual parts of the energy module, such as carriers, contacts, the battery etc., maybe replaceable with other components. The controller may detect such replacement and log the number of replacements for each such component and use this number as a recycling status of the component. When anchoring this data, a record of multiple components with corresponding identifiers and recycling status may be used. Similarly, the material of such components may be logged, such as by having a user enter such material when the components are being replaced, and maybe included in the aforementioned record. This way, the block chain network gains a precise view of the energy module and its components, at the same time using these to verify the energy module as described.

[0078] Verifying the integrity of the block chain may comprise verifying that T < Tmax and | T | < Tmax, for every value of T, Tmax, and |T| < Tmax that was previously used to update the block chain of the energy module. Verifying integrity of the block chain may further be basedG50065W0

[0079] Danielle Varela

[0080] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0081] on a Merkle accumulator with a first flag corresponding to temperature T and a second flag corresponding to a temperature rise-rate T.

[0082] The conditions described above may be combined in order to initiate a charging operation of an energy module. For example, initiating the charging process may be subject to meeting conditions related to temperature, as well as conditions relating to k-deep finality and also oracle freshness.

[0083] The actions described herein maybe part of a smart contract running on the block chain. The smart contract may comprise session states INIT, AUTH, METER, SETTLE, LOG, CLOSE. INIT refers to a state of initializing a new object for a block chain associated with the particular energy module. AUTH refers to a state of authenticating the energy module to the charging node, and vice versa. METER refers to a state of updating the block chain to include a new block based on the measurements (temperature, etc.) described herein. These measurements may comprise a batch of measurements since that block chain was updated the last time, or may comprise one or more values relative to values updated to the block chain the last time. SETTLE refers to a state of settling payment for received charging power. LOG refers to a state where the update has been recorded in a log at the energy module and / or the charging note while the update has not been completed. CLOSE refers to finalizing the update and co-incurs with the end of the communicative session and disconnection of the energy module from the charging node. Proceeding along the smart contract may be aborted when one of the conditions disclosed herein is not fulfilled.

[0084] When batches of measurements are used, each such batch may include a hash value of a previous batch to ensure batch continuity. Specifically, all batches maybe stored in local memory of the energy module, and may be updated to the block chain at times, such as in the course of a communicative session with the charging node. When storing a new batch in local memory, a hash value of the previous, i.e., most recently stored batch may be computed and stored with the new batch. When anchoring the batch to the block chain, a determination maybe made whether the hash of the batch matches the hash of the previous batch. The determination maybe made based on the previous batch in local memory and / or a most recent batch updated to the block chain. If the hash values do not match, the update may be aborted.G50065W0

[0085] Danielle Varela

[0086] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0087] As described, the photovoltaic panel may charge the rechargeable battery of the energy module. When connecting to the charging node, the rechargeable battery may additionally be charged by the charging node, or may instead transfer charge to the charging node. Other steps described, such as authorization and block chain updating, remain the same, as do any monetary settlement actions performed in the course of the communicative session.

[0088] Examples of a charging node include fixed electric vehicle charging stations, wall-boxes, photovoltaic-powered charging points or hubs.

[0089] The energy module may further comprise a modular mechanical interface configured to enable tool-assisted replacement of wear-prone submodules and support replacement of submodules comprising biodegradable and / or bio-derived materials. For example, the energy module may comprise carriers comprising a coating of phase change material configured to limit temperature conduction, said phase change material comprising micro-encapsulated vegetable-wax / bio-paraffin. As another example, the energy module comprises biodegradable elastomeric gaskets and compostable cable jackets.

[0090] System of Energy Module and Charging Node

[0091] Embodiments of the invention further relate to a system, comprising the energy module and a charging node, both of which being configured to establish a communicative session with each other. The communicative session maybe based on a wireless network connection and may be initiated upon request from the energy module, such as in response to a user action or automatically in response to physical (not necessarily mechanical) contact between the energy module and the charging node. For example, the energy module may be in a close distance from the charging node and may sense, via one of its sensors, the presence of the charging node. In particular, the energy module may sense the presence and the capability of the charging node for wireless charging. However, the invention is not restricted to wireless charging, and the contact of the energy module or charging node may be a physical (and mechanical) contact.

[0092] The communicative session may be initiated to authorize the energy module to be charged by the charging node and / or to authorize the charging node to charge the energyG50065W0

[0093] Danielle Varela

[0094] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0095] module. The communicative session may also guide the use through the charging process, such as by reporting a present charging level on a display of the energy module, reporting a progress and remaining time of the charging process, and finally processing or handling payment and disconnecting the energy module from the charging node. Authorizing may be based on verifying integrity of a block chain stored in the energy module with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node.

[0096] In a wireless charging process, charging maybe based on induction. For this purpose, in one embodiment, the energy module and the charging node comprise a magnetic alignment ring and corresponding magnetic alignment verifier for inductive charging, and the charging node may comprise a controller configured to synchronize operating parameters with the energy module, to verify a received batch of updates to the block chain of the energy module, and to enter a charging mode depending on the verifying. Synchronizing operating parameters may refer to the controller updating its block chain based on information received from the energy module.

[0097] Several example of operating parameters have already been described. In addition or alternatively, the operating parameters may include power limits of the energy module or the charging node, coil tuning parameters for either side, electromagnetic interference (EMI) observed during the charging operation, and / or energy storage and generation (ESG) telemetry parameters, the latter optionally relating to a photovoltaic panel of the energy module, if present.

[0098] The charging node may be configured to assign a signature to batch anchors used in updating the block chain.

[0099] The charging node may also expose a hardware interlock configured to open within a predefined period of time upon block chain updates being unavailable or a block chain oracle lacking freshness, and wherein the charging node is configured to periodically post a hash-only checkpoint to a public block chain.

[0100] Method of Operating an Energy ModuleG50065W0

[0101] Danielle Varela

[0102] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0103] Embodiments of the invention include a method of operating an energy module. The method comprises sensing, by one or more of the sensors of the energy module, operating parameters of the energy module, such as the operating parameters already described. The method further comprises updating, by the controller of the energy module, a block chain associated with the energy module based on the operating parameters, reporting the update of the block chain to one or more charging nodes, and establishing a communicative session with a charging node upon request for charging or discharging the rechargeable battery, said authorizing based on verifying integrity of the block chain with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node. The controller monitors the operating parameters according to the definitions already discussed, such as based on a regular interval.

[0104] The method further comprises synchronizing, by the controller, operating parameters with the charging node, and entering a charging mode of the rechargeable battery depending on the verifying. In addition, the charging mode or discharging mode of the rechargeable battery may be interrupted or limited by the controller if the operating parameters satisfy a predefined condition.

[0105] In one embodiment, the operating parameters comprise a temperature T of a contact of the rechargeable battery or the charging node.

[0106] As described, the energy module may comprise a photovoltaic panel and a bidirectional power stage coupled thereto, said bidirectional power stage configured to enable a charging mode and a discharging mode of the rechargeable batteiy. In such embodiments, the method further comprises generating, by the photovoltaic panel, electric energy, and charging the rechargeable battery.

[0107] Charging the rechargeable battery may based on Maximum power Point Tracking (MPPT). Charging the rechargeable battery maybe performed via a wireless interface of the energy module.

[0108] As also described, the operating parameters may comprise a temperature T of a contact of the photovoltaic panel.G50065W0

[0109] Danielle Varela

[0110] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0111] The method may further comprise the controller monitoring the temperature T and a temperature rise-rate T = dT / dt of said temperature T.

[0112] The predefined condition applied in the method may comprise T > Tmax or |T| > Tmax, wherein Tmaxand Tmaxare thresholds stored in a memory of the controller.

[0113] The step of verifying integrity may be based on temperatures T and temperature riserates T. In particular, verifying integrity may comprise verifying that T < Tmax and | T | < Tmax, for every value of T, Tmax, and |T| < Tmaxthat was previously used to update the block chain of the energy module.

[0114] Furthermore, the method may comprise assigning a signature to batch anchors used in updating the block chain.

[0115] The method may also comprise persisting, by the controller, a hash value of the communicative session to a Write Once, Read Many (WORM) store in response to a network associated with the controller is not available, and anchoring the hash value in the block chain in response to the network being available again. The hash value may identify the session and may be based on a session identifier and a metering batch root. When writing to the WORM store, the data written may be accompanied with a monotonically-increasing index identifying the particular entiy written; the index is also referred to as an Anchorindex.

[0116] The method may further comprise waiting for k-deep finality, measuring latency jitter J, limiting a thermal safe-open bound proportionally to J, and pausing charging if k is smaller than a predefined threshold.

[0117] In one embodiment, the method may further comprise the controller persisting a composite value comprising an identifier of the communicative session, a root hash that represents a batch of updates in a predefined period of the communicative session, an anchor index used in the communicative session, and a hash value of a policy used in the communicative session. The controller then anchors updates for the block chain basedG50065W0

[0118] Danielle Varela

[0119] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0120] on an incremented anchor index upon reconnection with a charging node, and rejects by any conflicting anchor detected in the block chain of the charging node.

[0121] The method further includes updating, by the controller, the block chain in response to monetary settlement by a user, said updating based on a root hash value associated with the communicative session, and wherein updating comprises locking the settlement, determining if an anchor of the settlement has been co-signed, and unlocking the settlement if the settlement has been co-signed, wherein the updating is aborted and rolled back if the settlement has not been co-signed.

[0122] Instructions to perform the aforementioned method may be stored as a computer program product. Furthermore, a computer-readable medium may store instructions which, when executed by a processor, perform the method as described herein.

[0123] Figure 1 illustrates an energy module 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The energy module includes a chargeable battery 110, one or more sensors 120, a control unit 130, wireless energy transfer interface 140, controller 150, and memory 160 with a block chain 165. Optionally, the energy module also includes a photovoltaic panel (not shown).

[0124] The wireless energy transfer interface 140 may include or be connected to hardware means such as magnetic alignment ring and corresponding magnetic alignment verifier for inductive charging. The wireless energy transfer interface maybe configured to sense, based on one or more of the sensors and / or the magnetic alignment ring, a charging node at close distance of the energy module.

[0125] The control unit 130 responds to any contact of the wireless energy transfer interface with a charging node by initiating a communicative session with the charging node, such as by connecting to the charging node via a wireless network. The communicative session comprises steps to authenticate the energy module too to the charging node, and vice versa. For example, identifiers of both counterparts are exchanged. A block chain 165G50065W0

[0126] Danielle Varela

[0127] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0128] maintained in the memory 160 of the energy is verified against a block chain stored on the charging node and associated with the energy module too. The association can be determined using a unique identifier of the energy module and / or credentials that may be factory settings or be specified in an initial registration with a charging node network. If the verification succeeds, a charging process to charge the rechargeable battery 110 of the energy module maybe initiated.

[0129] During the charging process, the sensors 120 may sense certain operating parameters of the energy module too and in particular of the charging process. For example, the sensors may be located along a transmission path of power being transferred from the charging node to the rechargeable battery 110, such as a coupling coil in the wireless energy transfer interface 140 and / or at or in the rechargeable battery. The sensors may measure temperature, humidity, etc. as described herein. The charging process is continued until a predefined level of charging is reached in the rechargeable battery 110. The charging process may be interrupted or stalled by the control unit 130 if a predefined condition as described herein is not fulfilled. For example, the charging process is stalled if a temperature threshold is reached or a temperature rise-rate is reached. The sensors continue to sense operating parameters even if the charging process is stalled. If the conditions that led to the interruption of the charging process are met again, the charging process is resumed. Resuming the charging process may be subject to an additional condition being met. For example, the charging process should not simply be resumed if a temperature falls below a temperature threshold but should only be resumed if the temperature falls below a predefined amount below the threshold in order to avoid the charging process being stalled again within a short period of time.

[0130] Details of the communicative session and the charging process are continuously presented to a user of the energy module too, such as on a display (not shown) connected to the energy module.

[0131] The sensors 120 are configured to sense operating parameters while the energy module too is connected to the charging node but may also be configured to sense these parameters while not connected. These parameter values may be updated to the block chain 165. For example, the update maybe performed in the course of the communicative session. The update is synchronized with the charging node which updates the blockG50065W0

[0132] Danielle Varela

[0133] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0134] chain it stores for the energy module too based on the parameter values. In one embodiment, the update is based on a batch of parameter values sensed since a last update. Alternatively or in addition, only relative values of the parameters since a last update may be updated.

[0135] At the end of the charging process, monetary settlement may be processed based on the block chain. The communicative session is ended afterwards, and the energy module too disconnects from the charging node. The entire process starts again when the energy module too connects to another charging node or the same charging node. Charging nodes distribute block chain updates to each other using a ledger mechanism. Therefore, each energy module can be uniquely identified at each charging node.

[0136] Figure 2 illustrates a system comprising an energy module too connected to a charging node 210 for charging. The connection may have multiple modes of contact, including a contact for wireless charging based on induction and a wireless network connection for performing a communicative session between the energy module too and the charging node 210. The charging node 210 is linked to a second charging node 220 and third charging node which together form a charging network. The charging nodes 210, 220 and 230 together form a block chain network and share any updates that energy modules provide to their block chain at any one of the charging nodes. When the energy module too connects to a charging node the first time, the energy module can still be verified and authorized for charging based on identifying its block chain and verifying the block chain for this energy module.

[0137] Figure 3 illustrates a method for operating an energy module. In step 310, operating parameters such as temperature are sensed by sensors in the energy module. This step may be performed at all times, independent of whether the energy module is currently connected to a charging node, or may only be performed when the energy module is connected. If performed at all times, the sensing may be performed using first regular intervals while connected and using second regular intervals while disconnected. Preferably, the intervals are shorter when the energy module is connected, in order to ensure that parameters such as temperature or temperature rise-rates at relevant contacts does not exceed given thresholds.G50065W0

[0138] Danielle Varela

[0139] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0140] In step 320, the energy module establishes a communicative session with a charging node. This step may be performed concurrently or in a timely context with a physical connection between energy module and charging node. For example, the energy module may sense a charging node to be at close distance, based on sensors at a coupling coil of the energy module, and may respond to such sensing by establishing the communicative session. The session is preferably established via a wireless network connection with the charging node. The session may include identifying the energy module to the charging node, and vice versa. Identification maybe based on unique identifiers of both parts, or may be based on credentials of a user of the energy module assigned during an initial registration process. In addition, authorization of the energy module to perform a charging process maybe performed. This authorization is performed based on verifying a block chain of the energy module. For example, the charging node may look up a block chain associated with the energy module, such as based on the aforementioned unique identifier or credentials, and may verify the integrity of this block chain as described herein. If these aspects have completed successfully, the actual charging process is started. The charging process may include charging the energy module from the charging node or charging the charging node from the energy module, depending on a level of charge in the energy module. For example, the chargeable battery in the energy module may have a charging level above a predefined level, e.g., 90%, and hence a discharging state may be selected by a controller of the energy module to initiate charging the charging node, rather than charging the energy module. Such a decision maybe adequate if the energy module comprises a photovoltaic panel as described herein, for example.

[0141] In step 330, the block chain is updated at the energy module. This step maybe performed independent of any one of the remaining steps of the method, and may also be performed when the energy module is not connected to a charging node. In a preferred embodiment, however, at least some of the operating parameters may be important to observe during the charging process. For example, temperature of certain contacts (inductive contact to charging node; direct contact at battery or photovoltaic panel) maybe critical to observe in order to determine whether charging proceeds as intended. As these parameters are being logged, they can be updated to the block chain, preferably in the course of the communicative session started in step 320. In step 330, the block chain is updated at the energy module first.G50065W0

[0142] Danielle Varela

[0143] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0144] In step 340, the block chain of the energy module is synchronized with the block chain at the charging node in order to distribute the update to the block chain network.

[0145] During steps 320 to 340, the parameters are observed for being in line with any conditions described herein. For example, an ongoing charging process can be stalled or throttled when a certain threshold is achieved, and can be resumed once the temperature is below the threshold, or is below the threshold by a predefined value.

[0146] Once charging has completed, the communicative session ends and the energy module disconnects from the charging node.

[0147] Alternative and further optional aspects of the invention

[0148] Embodiments and aspects have been described. The present invention may (alternatively) also be defined by the following numbered aspects:

[0149] ASPECTS

[0150] 1. A decentralized vehicle charge inlet system comprising:

[0151] o Autonomous charging nodes capable of independent operation; o Quantum energy routing for optimizing energy pathways in real time; o A block chain-based decentralized ledger for secure data storage and energy transactions;

[0152] o Al-driven algorithms for predictive maintenance and dynamic energy distribution;

[0153] o Wireless and plug-in charging capabilities for stationary and in-motion vehicles.

[0154] 2. The system of aspect 1, wherein the quantum energy routing system reduces energy transmission losses by up to 20% using quantum superposition and entanglement.

[0155] 3. The system of aspect 1 or 2, further comprising:G50065W0

[0156] Danielle Varela

[0157] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0158] o Smart contracts for automating energy payments and peer-to-peer energy trading;

[0159] o Tokenized energy credits linked to dynamic NFTs that incentivize sustainable behaviors.

[0160] 4. The system of aspect 1, 2 or 3, wherein Al algorithms monitor grid conditions, predict hardware failures, and optimize energy delivery based on vehicle demand.

[0161] 5. The system of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein wireless charging nodes utilize dynamically tuned electromagnetic fields to enable contactless energy transfer.

[0162] Aspects or embodiments of the system described herein can relate to a decentralized EV charging system that integrates cutting-edge block chain technologies. Some optional system features, each claimable alone or in combination with each other or with any one of the above described features include:

[0163] 1. Decentralized Architecture:

[0164] 0 Intelligent, modular charging nodes capable of functioning independently or as part of a distributed network, reducing reliance on centralized infrastructure.

[0165] 2. Quantum Energy Routing:

[0166] 0 Uses quantum algorithms to calculate optimal energy pathways, reducing energy transmission losses by up to 20%.

[0167] 0 Real-time adaptation to grid conditions ensures maximum efficiency and scalability.

[0168] 3. Block Chain-Powered Energy Ecosystem:

[0169] 0 A decentralized ledger records all charging transactions, energy trading, and grid interactions securely.

[0170] 0 Dynamic tokenized energy credits incentivize energy-efficient behaviors and facilitate peer-to-peer trading.

[0171] 4. AI-Driven Optimization:

[0172] 0 Advanced Al monitors grid stability, user demand, and system health, optimizing energy distribution for efficiency and reliability.G50065W0

[0173] Danielle Varela

[0174] GAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

[0175] 0 Predictive maintenance algorithms detect and address potential system failures proactively.

[0176] 5. Wireless and Plug-In Charging:

[0177] 0 Supports both traditional plug-in charging and wireless charging for stationary and in-motion vehicles.

[0178] 6. Sustainability Features:

[0179] 0 Optional integration of biodegradable components for a reduced environmental footprint.

[0180] 0 Modular design allows for easy replacement of worn components, extending system longevity.

[0181] Aspects and embodiments described in this disclosure introduce a decentralized EV charging ecosystem powered by block chain, and possibly combined with quantum energy routing and / or Al technologies. Aspects and embodiments of the system feature autonomous charging nodes, real-time energy optimization, and / or a block chain-based peer-to-peer energy distribution. Wireless and plug-in charging options enhance accessibility, while optional biodegradable components promote sustainability. By leveraging advanced technologies, aspects and embodiments of the system described in this disclosure deliver a scalable, efficient, and environmentally friendly EV charging solution, setting a new standard for next-generation energy infrastructure.

[0182] Features of different aspects or embodiments of the disclosure have been described above by way of example, so that persons skilled in the art can better understand the present disclosure. However, it is clear that other aspects and embodiments than the subject matter of claims described in detail can also be realized. The different aspects and embodiments described above can be combined to create yet further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above detailed description. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed as limiting the claims to the specific aspects and embodiments disclosed in the specification and claims, but as encompassing all possible embodiments together with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

Danielle VarelaGAHNIC EQUINOX INC.Claims1. An energy module (ioo), comprising:a chargeable battery (no);one or more sensors configured to sense one or more operating parameters of the energy module (ioo); anda controller (150) configured to update a block chain (165) associated with the energy module (100) based on the operating parameters, to report the update of the block chain (165) to one or more charging nodes (210, 220, 230), and to establish a communicative session with a charging node (210, 220, 230) upon request for charging or discharging the chargeable battery (110), said authorizing based on verifying integrity of the block chain (165) with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node (210, 220, 230).

2. The energy module (100) of claim 1, wherein the energy module (100) is configured to be portable.

3. The energy module (100) of claim 1 or 2, wherein the controller (150) is further configured to monitor the operating parameters and to limit or interrupt a charging mode or discharging mode of the chargeable battery (110) if the operating parameters satisfy a predefined condition.

4. The energy module (100) of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising:a wireless energy transfer interface (140) selected from an inductive or magnetic coupling coil, said wireless energy transfer interface (140) configured to transfer power between the energy module (too) and the charging node (210, 220, 230); and a control unit (130) configured to select among charging, discharging and standby modes for the chargeable battery (110).

5. The energy module (too) of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein updating the block chain (165) is based on a monotonic counter, one or more timestamps, an energy level of the chargeable battery (110), and / or a mode of the chargeable battery (110).

6. The energy module (too) of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein verifying integrity further comprises that a quorum-signed finality of a state S* is at least k-deep relative to a fork-choice rule, wherein a safe-open timeout is tightened when either an oracle freshness At or the finality depth k falls below a predefined threshold.

7. The energy module (too) of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the controller (150) is further configured to verify that the block chain (165) stored in the charging node (210, 220, 230) has been used to perform a minimum number of transactions, inDanielle VarelaGAHNIC EQUINOX INC.particular wherein the transactions comprise transitions comprising authentication, charging, monetary settlement, and logging.

8. The energy module (100) of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein updating the block chain (165) comprises batch anchoring and wherein verifying integrity of the block chain (165) comprises verifying that a monotonically increasing index of batch anchoring has not regressed.

9. The energy module (100) of claim 8, wherein the operating parameters comprise a temperature T of a contact of the chargeable battery (110) or the charging node (210, 220, 230).

10. The energy module (100) of any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising:a photovoltaic panel; anda bidirectional power stage coupled to the photovoltaic panel and the chargeable battery (110), said bidirectional power stage configured to enable a charging mode and a discharging mode of the chargeable battery (110).

11. The energy module (100) of claim 10, wherein updating the block chain (165) is based on an amount of energy obtained from the photovoltaic panel.

12. The energy module (100) of claim 10 or 11, wherein the operating parameters comprise a temperature T of a contact of the photovoltaic panel.

13. The energy module (100) of claim 12, wherein the operating parameters comprise a temperature rise-rate T = dT / dt of said temperature T, and wherein the predefined condition comprises T > Tmaxor | T | > Tmax, wherein Tmaxand Tmaxare thresholds stored in a memory (160) of the controller (150).

14. The energy module (100) of claim 13, wherein Tmax and Tmaxare continuously adapted based on previous values of the temperature T.

15. The energy module (100) of claim 13 or 14, wherein updating the block chain (165) is based on a series of monitored temperatures T and temperature rise-rate T.

16. The energy module (100) of any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein verifying integrity comprises verifying that T < Tmaxand |T| < Tmax, for every value of T, Tmax, and |T| < Tmaxthat was previously used to update the block chain (165) of the energy module (100).

17. The energy module (100) of any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein verifying integrity of the block chain (165) is based on a Merkle accumulator with a first flag corresponding to temperature T and a second flag corresponding to temperature rise-rate T.Danielle VarelaGAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

18. The energy module (100) of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein updating the block chain (165) comprises anchoring data reflecting the recycling status and / or material family of predefined physical components of the energy module (100).

19. A system, comprising:an energy module (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 18; anda charging node (210, 220, 230) configured to establish a communicative session with the energy module (100) upon request from the energy module (100), wherein the communicative session comprises steps to authorize charging of the energy module (100), said authorizing based on verifying integrity of a block chain (165) stored in the energy module (100) with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node (210, 220, 230).

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the energy module (100) and the charging node (210, 220, 230) comprise a magnetic alignment ring and corresponding magnetic alignment verifier for inductive charging, and wherein the charging node (210, 220, 230) comprises a controller (150) configured to synchronize operating parameters with the energy module (too), to verify a received batch of updates to the block chain (165) of the energy module (too), and to enter a charging mode depending on the verifying.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the operating parameters include power limits, coil tuning, electromagnetic interference, EMI, profile, and / or photovoltaic, PV / energy storage and generation, ESG, telemetry parameters.

22. The system of any one of claims 19 to 21, wherein the charging node (210, 220, 230) is configured to assign a signature to batch anchors used in updating the block chain (165).

23. The system of any one of claims 19 to 22, wherein the charging node (210, 220, 230) exposes a hardware interlock configured to open within a predefined period of time upon block chain (165) updates being unavailable or a block chain oracle lacking freshness, and wherein the charging node (210, 220, 230) is configured to periodically post a hash-only checkpoint to a public block chain.

24. The system of any one of claims 19 to 23, further comprising a vehicle comprising the energy module (too).

25. The system of claim 24, wherein the vehicle further comprises:a charge-inlet module including a plurality of power contacts and a communication interface;a module configured to switch between power from the chargeable battery (110) and the charge-inlet module; andDanielle VarelaGAHNIC EQUINOX INC.a control unit (130) configured to select a charging mode or discharging mode for the chargeable battery (110).

26. A method of operating an energy module (too) according to any one of claims 1 to 18, comprising:sensing, by the one or more sensors, operating parameters of the energy module (too); andupdating, by the controller (150), a block chain (165) associated with the energy module (too) based on the operating parameters, reporting the update of the block chain (165) to one or more charging nodes (210, 220, 230), and establishing a communicative session with a charging node (210, 220, 230) upon request for charging or discharging the chargeable battery (110), said authorizing based on verifying integrity of the block chain (165) with a corresponding block chain stored in the charging node (210, 220, 230).

27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:monitoring, by the controller (150), the operating parameters.

28. The method of claim 26 or 27, further comprising:synchronizing, by the controller (150), operating parameters with the charging node (210, 220, 230), and entering a charging mode of the chargeable battery (110) depending on the verifying.

29. The method of any one of claims 26 to 28, further comprising:limiting or interrupting a charging mode or discharging mode of the chargeable battery (110) if the operating parameters satisfy a predefined condition.

30. The method of any one of claims 26 to 29, wherein the operating parameters comprise a temperature T of a contact of the chargeable battery (110) or the charging node (210, 220, 230).

31. The method of any one of claims 26 to 30, wherein the energy module (too) comprises a photovoltaic panel and a bidirectional power stage coupled to the photovoltaic panel and the chargeable battery (110), said bidirectional power stage configured to enable a charging mode and a discharging mode of the chargeable battery (110), wherein the method further comprises:generating, by the photovoltaic panel, electric energy, and charging the chargeable battery (110).

32. The method of claim 31, wherein charging the chargeable battery (110) is based on Maximum power Point Tracking, MPPT.Danielle VarelaGAHNIC EQUINOX INC.

33. The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein charging the chargeable battery (110) is performed via a wireless interface of the energy module (100).

34. The method of any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the operating parameters comprise a temperature T of a contact of the photovoltaic panel.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising:monitoring, by the controller (150), the temperature T and a temperature rise-rate T = dT / dt of said temperature T.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the predefined condition comprises T > Tmaxor | T | > Tmax, wherein Tmax and Tmaxare thresholds stored in a memory (160) of the controller (150).

37. The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein the verifying is based on temperatures T and temperature rise-rates T.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein verifying integrity comprises verifying that T < Tmax and | T | < Tmax, for every value of T, Tmax, and |T| < Tmaxthat was previously used to update the block chain (165) of the energy module (100).

39. The method of any one of claims 26 to 38, further comprising:assigning a signature to batch anchors used in updating the block chain (165).

40. The method of any one of claims 26 to 39, further comprising:persisting, by the controller (150), a hash value of the communicative session to a Write Once, Read Many, WORM, store in response to a network associated with the controller (150) being not available, and anchoring the hash value in the block chain (165).

41. The method of any one of claims 26 to 40, further comprising:waiting for k-deep finality, and measuring latency jitter J;limiting a thermal safe-open bound proportionally to J, and pausing charging if k is smaller than a predefined threshold.

42. The method of any one of claims 26 to 41, further comprising:persisting, by the controller (150), a composite value comprising an identifier of the communicative session, a root hash that represents a batch of updates in a predefined period of the communicative session, an anchor index used in the communicative session, and a hash value of a policy used in the communicative session;Danielle VarelaGAHNIC EQUINOX INC.anchoring, by the controller (150), updates for the block chain (165) based on an incremented anchor index upon reconnection with a charging node (210, 220, 230); andrejecting, by the controller (150), any conflicting anchor detected in the block chain (165) of the charging node (210, 220, 230).

43. The method of any one of claims 26 to 42, further comprising:updating, by the controller (150), the block chain (165) in response to monetary settlement by a user, said updating based on a root hash value associated with the communicative session, and wherein updating comprises locking the settlement, determining if an anchor of the settlement has been co-signed, and unlocking the settlement if the settlement has been co-signed, wherein the updating is aborted and rolled back if the settlement has not been co-signed.

44. A computer program product comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, perform the method according to any one of claims 26 to 43.

45. A computer-readable medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, perform the method according to any one of claims 26 to 43.

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