Disinfectant compositions comprising natural acids and terpene alcohols

Abstract

The present invention pertains to new disinfectant compositions comprising (i) an ecocertified acid selected from lactic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid and mixtures thereof, (ii) a terpene alcohol and optionally (iii) honey. The present inventors have indeed shown that terpene alcohols and honey allow potentiating the antimicrobial effects of ecocertified acids. The compositions according to the present invention can advantageously be comprised in a detergent composition and be used as a disinfectant for cleaning surfaces.

Description

DescriptionTitle: Disinfectant compositions comprising natural acids and terpene alcohols Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to cleaning products, particularly to ecofriendly disinfectant compositions comprising an ecocertified acid, a terpene alcohol and optionally honey.Background Art

[0002] The increasing awareness of environmental sustainability and the adverse effects of synthetic chemicals on human health and ecosystems have driven the demand for ecofriendly disinfectants. Traditional disinfectants often contain harsh chemicals such as chlorine, quaternary ammonium compounds, and phenolics, which can be toxic, non-biodegradable, and contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, there is a growing interest in developing disinfectants derived from natural sources that are both effective and environmentally benign.

[0003] Lactic acid, a naturally occurring organic acid found in various biological systems, has demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties. It is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Lactic acid's efficacy, combined with its biodegradability and low toxicity, makes it an interesting candidate for formulating ecocertified disinfectants.

[0004] However, despite these known antimicrobial properties, the application of lactic acid in commercial disinfectant formulations has faced several challenges. Issues such as stability, corrosiveness, and compatibility with other formulation components have limited its widespread use. Additionally, despite interesting properties, lactic acid still provides an efficacy that is lower than that obtained with conventional chemically based disinfectants.

[0005] There is therefore a need for novel disinfectants that would be both effective and environmentally sustainable. However, given the limited sources of promising eco-certifiable antimicrobial agents, and the difficult task of achieving the necessary regulatory certifications for ecofriendly products (which requires rigorous testing and validation to ensure safety and efficacy) it would be particularly advantageous to provide new formulations that would allow enhancing the efficacy of known ecocertified agents such as lactic acid.Summary

[0006] The invention is defined by the claims.

[0007] The present invention aims to improve the efficiency of ecocertified disinfectants comprising ecocertified acids such as lactic acids.

[0008] Surprisingly, the present inventors have shown that it is possible to potentialize the antimicrobial effects of lactic acid by combining it with a terpene alcohol, and optionally honey. The present inventors have particularly shown that combining a terpene alcohol to an ecocertified acid such as lactic acid allows improving its antimicrobial activity as well as reducing the application timerequired for obtaining said antimicrobial activity. These effects are further enhanced by adding honey to this combination of ecocertified acid and terpene alcohol.

[0009] The synergistic effect obtained from the combination of these compounds allows for the obtention of a highly potent ecofriendly antimicrobial composition.

[0010] Therefore, according to a first aspect, the present invention pertains to a composition comprising (i) an acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid and mixtures thereof; and (ii) a terpene alcohol.

[0011] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention further comprises (iii) honey.

[0012] Advantageously, the acid can particularly comprise lactic acid, and the terpene alcohol can particularly comprise dihydromyrcenol (DHM).

[0013] Preferably, said acid and / or said terpene alcohol is obtained from renewable carbon resources.

[0014] According to a specific embodiment, the weight ratio between the acid and the terpene alcohol is greater than or equal to 1, preferably ranges from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 10, even more preferably from 3 to 8.

[0015] According to a further embodiment the weight ratio between the acid and honey, when present, is greater than or equal to 1, preferably ranges from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 10, even more preferably from 3 to 8.

[0016] The present invention further relates to a detergent composition comprising the above composition and a surfactant.

[0017] The invention also relates to the use of the above compositions as a disinfectant, particularly for cleaning surfaces.

[0018] Detailed description of the invention

[0019] As explained above, the present inventors have shown that terpene alcohols can interact synergistically with ecocertified acids to potentiate their antimicrobial effects. The present invention therefore relates to disinfectant compositions comprising an ecocertified acid and a terpene alcohol.

[0020] Accordingly, a first aspect of the present invention pertains to a composition comprising (i) an acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid and mixtures thereof and (ii) a terpene alcohol.

[0021] In the context of the present invention, references to specific compounds such as lactic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid or specific terpene alcohols include said compounds per se as well as any optical isomer, geometric isomer, tautomer, salts, ionizable forms, esters, ethers thereof, alone or in combination.

[0022] Lactic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid and ascorbic acid are all naturally occurring ecocertified acids. All these acids are well known by the skilled person and can be easily obtained from specialized manufacturers or directly extracted from renewable sources.

[0023] “Lactic acid” is a naturally occurring organic acid with the chemical formula CsHeOs. It is produced through the fermentation of carbohydrates by certain bacteria, such as Lactobacillus species, and is also found in various biological systems, including human muscles during intense exercise. Lactic acid is commonly used in the food industry as a preservative and flavoring agent, in the pharmaceutical industry for various medical applications, and in the cosmetic industry for its exfoliating and moisturizing properties. It is referenced under CAS Registry Numbers® 50-21-5, 79-33-4 (L-lactic acid) and 10326-41-7 (D-lactic acid).

[0024] “Citric acid” is a naturally occurring organic acid with the chemical formula CeHsO?. It can be found in citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, and oranges. Citric acid is widely used in various industries due to its versatile properties. In the food and beverage industry, it serves as a flavoring agent, preservative, and acidulant to enhance the taste and stability of products. In the pharmaceutical industry, citric acid is used to adjust the pH of medications and as an effervescent agent in certain formulations. In the cosmetic industry, it is employed for its antioxidant properties and as a pH adjuster in skincare products. It is accessible under CAS Registry Number® 77-92-9.

[0025] “Propionic acid”, also known as propanoic acid, is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H6O2. Propionic acid is naturally produced by certain bacteria during the fermentation of carbohydrates. Biotechnological production of propionic acid mainly uses Propionibacterium strains. It is found in small amounts in various foods, such as cheese and dairy products. It is referenced under CAS Registry Numbers® 79-09-4 (propionic acid) and 72-03-7 (propionate).

[0026] “Tartaric acid” is a naturally occurring organic acid with the chemical formula C4HeOe. It is widely found in nature, particularly in various fruits such as grapes, bananas, and tamarinds, and is a key component in wine production. It is a byproduct of the winemaking process, where it crystallizes out of the wine as potassium bitartrate, also known as cream of tartar. Tartaric acid is used as an acidulant to enhance flavor and stabilize products, and is commonly added to soft drinks, candies, and baking powders. Tartaric acid also have various applications in pharmaceuticals where it can be used as an excipient to improve the solubility and stability of active ingredients in effervescent formulations, and in cosmetics where it is used in skincare products for its exfoliating properties and as a pH adjuster. It is referenced under CAS Registry Numbers® 87-69-4 (R,R-isomer), 147-71-7 (S,S-isomer), 133-37-9 (racemic mixture) and 147-73-9 (meso-isomer).

[0027] “Acetic acid” also named ethanoic acid is a simple naturally occurring carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C2H4O2. Acetic acid is naturally produced by the fermentation of sugars and starches by acetic acid bacteria. It is a crucial industrial chemical used in the production of various compounds, including acetic anhydride, acetate esters, and vinyl acetate monomer, which are precursors for polymers and resins. Acetic acid is also the main component of vinegar and used as a food preservative and flavoring agent. It is accessible under CAS Registry Number® 64-19-7.

[0028] “Ascorbic acid” commonly known as vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin and a powerful antioxidant with the chemical formula CeHsOe. It has a wide range of biological functions including collagen synthesis, immune functions and antioxidant protection. Natural ascorbic acid occurs through various processes in many plants and animals, and it can be found abundantly in a variety of fruits and vegetables including citrus fruits, berries, kiwi, papaya, pineapple, tomato, bell peppers etc. It is accessible under CAS Registry Number® 50-81-7.

[0029] According to a preferred embodiment, the ecocertified acid according to the present invention comprises lactic acid.

[0030] “Terpene alcohol” refers to a group of compounds referred to as “terpenoids”, i.e. terpenes modified with one or more hydroxy groups. In other words, terpene alcohol will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art as encompassing primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol derivatives of terpenes. T erpenes are chemical compounds that are widespread in nature, mainly in plants as constituents of essential oils. Their building block is the hydrocarbon isoprene (C5H8)n with n an integer ranging from 1 to 8. Terpenes are called monoterpenes (C10) when n equals 2, sesquiterpenes (C15) when n equals 3, or diterpenes (C20) when n equals 4. Some well-known examples of terpene alcohol include e.g. dihydromyrcenol (DHM), geraniol, linalool, terpineol, citronellol, nerol, myrcenol, lavandulol, farnesol, nerolidol, bisabolol, cubelol, menthanol, menthol and retinol. All these compounds are well-known to the skilled person who can easily obtain them from specialized manufacturers or from various natural sources such as plants. The composition according to the present invention can comprise one terpene alcohol or a combination of two terpene alcohols or more.

[0031] According to a preferred embodiment, the terpene alcohol according to the present invention is selected from the group consisting of dihydromyrcenol (DHM), menthanol, linalool, nerol, carveol and citronellol. More preferably, the terpene alcohol according to the present invention comprises dihydromyrcenol (DHM).

[0032] In the context of the present invention, the weight ratio between the acid (i) and the terpene alcohol (ii) is preferably greater than or equal to 1, preferably ranges from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 10, even more preferably from 3 to 8.

[0033] The combination of a natural acid and terpen alcohol allows obtaining a composition that meets the requirement generally set to obtain ecolabel certifications, i.e. to be ecocertified.

[0034] The expression “ecocertified” refers to products that have been evaluated and certified by an independent organization to meet specific environmental standards. These standards typically address various aspects of sustainability, such as the use of renewable resources, biodegradability, low toxicity, minimal environmental impact, and responsible manufacturing practices. Eco-certification aims to provide consumers with assurance that the product or service is environmentally friendly and adheres to recognized criteria for sustainability. Examples of eco-certification labels include the USDA Organic, EU Ecolabel, and Green Seal. In Europe, a simplified marketing authorization has been proposed for ecocertified biocides. To be eligible for the simplifiedauthorization procedure a biocidal product must comply with all of the following conditions: (1) all the active substances contained in the biocidal product appear in Annex I of the Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR) and comply with the specified restrictions; (2) the biocidal product does not contain any substance of concern; (3) the biocidal product does not contain any nanomaterials; (4) the biocidal product is sufficiently effective; and (5) the handling of the biocidal product and its intended use do not require personal protective equipment. If a simplified authorization is granted, the biocidal product may be made available on the market in all EU Member States without the need for mutual recognition.

[0035] In the context of the present invention, a “natural” ingredient is one which is either “natural” or “derived from natural”, as defined below and in accordance with the definition given by ISO standard 16128. A “natural” ingredient means an ingredient of plant or animal origin which has not undergone any chemical transformation. A natural ingredient may have undergone physical modifications, such as extraction by traditional mechanical actions, for example. Their naturalness index is 1, in the sense that they consist solely of natural components. For the purposes of the present application, a “natural-derived” ingredient is defined as an ingredient of plant or animal origin which has undergone chemical transformations, i.e. its natural state has been modified for use in a specific industry. A naturalness index can be calculated for these ingredients. An ingredient will be considered “derived from natural” if its naturalness index (Nl) is greater than 0.5, i.e. if more than 50% of its components are derived from nature. The naturalness index of an ingredient in which less than 50% of its components are derived from nature will be 0. Calculating the naturalness index of an ingredient is a matter for the general knowledge of the person skilled in the art. The naturalness index calculation is generally established and communicated by the raw material supplier. For the same ingredient, with a given chemical structure, it is therefore possible to obtain different naturalness indexes, depending on the preparation process of said ingredient.

[0036] According to a preferred embodiment, the acid and / or the terpene alcohol used in the context of the present invention are obtained from renewable carbon resources. The expression “obtained from renewable carbon resources” means that these compounds are obtained from materials or substances that are derived from sources of carbon that are sustainable and can be replenished naturally over a relatively short period of time (generally set as a human lifetime). These resources are considered environmentally friendly as they do not deplete finite reserves and often have a lower environmental impact compared to non-renewable carbon sources, such as fossil fuels. Examples of renewable carbon resources include biomass resources (organic material from plants and animals).

[0037] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention further comprises (iii) honey. Indeed, the inventors have shown that the presence of honey allows further potentiating the effects of the combination of an acid and a terpene alcohol. The have therefore shown that a natural acid, a terpene alcohol and honey can synergistically interact to provide an extremely powerful disinfecting agent.

[0038] In the context of the present invention, the term “honey” refers to a natural, sweet substance produced by bees (mainly honeybees i.e. Apis mellifera) from the nectar of flowers. Honey is composed primarily of sugars, including fructose (about 38% by weight) and glucose (about 31% by weight), but it also contains water (typically around 17-20% by weight), vitamins (such as B vitamins and vitamin C), minerals (such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium), amino acids, enzymes (such as invertase, diastase, and glucose oxidase), and various bioactive compounds (including antioxidants). The exact composition of honey can vary depending on the floral source (such as thyme, thistle, heather, acacia, dandelion, sunflower, lavender, honeysuckle, and varieties from lime and chestnut trees), geographic location, and environmental conditions. The process of making honey involves bees collecting nectar from mainly one (in case of “monofloral” honey) or various (in case of “polyfloral” or “wildflower” honey) types of flowers, which is then enzymatically transformed and dehydrated within the hive. The resulting product is stored in honeycombs and serves as a food source for the bee colony. In the context of the present invention, the honey used can be either monofloral or polyfloral, and from any type of flower. The present inventors have indeed shown that despite what can be expected, all the types of honey exhibit the claimed effects. The inventors have particularly shown that honey types which are expected to have superior activities (including chestnut tree or thyme honey) provided the same effects as wildflower honey. These results therefore suggest that the effects can be obtained regardless of the nature of honey.

[0039] In the context of the present invention, the weight ratio between the acid (i) and honey (iii) is preferably greater than or equal to 1, preferably ranges from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 10, even more preferably from 3 to 8.

[0040] Thanks to its extremely powerful disinfectant properties, the composition according to the present invention can advantageously be incorporated into a detergent composition.

[0041] Therefore, according to a further embodiment, the present invention pertains to a detergent composition comprising the composition as defined above as well as a surfactant.

[0042] A “detergent composition” refers to a composition that finds use in the removal or prevention of undesired compounds, including pathogens or undesired microorganisms, from items to be cleaned. The detergent composition may be used to e.g. clean household or industrial appliances, such as kitchen or bathroom surfaces. This expression encompasses any materials / compounds selected for the particular type of cleaning composition desired and the form of the product (e.g., liquid, gel, powder, granulate, paste, or spray compositions).

[0043] As used herein, the term "surfactant" refers to a natural or synthetic amphiphilic compound. A surfactant can be non-ionic, zwitterionic, or ionic (including anionic and cationic surfactants). The detergent composition comprises one or more surfactants selected from non-ionic, zwitterionic, cationic, anionic surfactants and mixture thereof.

[0044] Non-limiting examples of non-ionic surfactants include polysorbates, alcohol ethoxylates (AE or AEO), alcohol propoxylates, propoxylated fatty alcohols (PFA), alkoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, such as ethoxylated and / or propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE),nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), alkylpolyglycosides (APG), alkoxylated amines, fatty acid monoethanolamides (FAM), fatty acid diethanolamides (FADA), ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamides (EFAM), propoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamides (PFAM), polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amides, or / V-acyl / V-alkyl derivatives of glucosamine (glucamides, GA, or fatty acid glucamide, FAGA), and combinations thereof.

[0045] Non-limiting examples of zwitterionic surfactants include betaine, alkyldimethylbetaine, sulfobetaine, and combinations thereof.

[0046] Non-limiting examples of cationic surfactants include alklydimethylethanolamine quat (ADMEAQ), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), dimethyldistearylammonium chloride (DSDMAC), and alkylbenzyldimethylammonium, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, alkoxylated quaternary ammonium (AQA) compounds, and combinations thereof.

[0047] Non-limiting examples of anionic surfactants include sulfates and sulfonates, in particular, linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), isomers of LAS, branched alkylbenzenesulfonates (BABS), phenylalkanesulfonates, alpha-olefinsulfonates (AOS), olefin sulfonates, alkene sulfonates, alkane-2,3-diylbis(sulfates), hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates, alkyl sulfates (AS) such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS), primary alcohol sulfates (PAS), alcohol ethersulfates (AES or AEOS or FES), secondary alkanesulfonates (SAS), paraffin sulfonates (PS), ester sulfonates, sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters, alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl esters (alpha-SFMe or SES) including methyl ester sulfonate (MES), alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid, dodecenyl / tetradecenyl succinic acid (DTSA), fatty acid derivatives of amino acids, diesters and monoesters of sulfo-succinic acid or soap, and combinations thereof.

[0048] According to a preferred embodiment, the surfactant comprises a non-ionic surfactant or a mixture thereof, such as alky l(poly)glucosides, preferably (04-01 Oalkyl)(poly)glucosides.

[0049] The surfactant(s) is typically present at a content ranging from about 4 to 20% by weight of the detergent composition, preferably from about 10 to 18%.

[0050] According to a further embodiment, the detergent composition according to the present invention also comprises at least one solvent. Typically, said at least one solvent comprises an aqueous solvent (such as water), an organic solvent (such as alcoholic solvent, including polyols such as glycerin) or a mixture thereof.

[0051] The present invention also pertains to the use of the compositions according to the invention as a disinfectant, particularly for cleaning surfaces and / or objects.

[0052] The term “disinfectant” refers to a compound or formulation used to eliminate or reduce the presence of microorganisms, preferably pathogenic, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, on surfaces and objects. In the context of the present invention, the microorganisms targeted and destroyed by the composition can e.g. be a bacterium (such as Staphylococcus Aureus) and / or a yeast (such as Candida albicans).

[0053] In the context of the present invention, the “surface” can be any non-living surface, i.e. inanimate materials such as metals, plastics, glass, ceramics and natural minerals.

[0054] The invention will now be further illustrated by means of the following examples.Examples

[0055] Example 1 : Preparation of concentrated and read v-to-use formulations comprising an ecocertified acid, a terpen alcohol and honey.

[0056] Al Ingredients<><>>

[0057] Table 1: List of ingredients used

[0058] Bl Formulations

[0059] The following formulations were prepared:

[0060] 1) Concentrated formulation

[0061] Table 2: Composition of the concentrated formulation

[0062] 2) Ready-to-use formulation0063] Table 3: Composition of the ready-to-use formulation

[0064] C] Process

[0065] Honey is weighed first in a beaker, to which was added glycerin, and 30% of the total of the water. After stirring for a few minutes, the surfactants are added, then dihydromyrcenol, lacid acid and the remaining water. The initially cloudy solution becomes clear after a few more minutes of stirring. Conditions: Ambient temperature / stirring speed between 100 rpm and 200 rpm

[0066] Example 2 : Biocide activity of the prepared formulations.

[0067] Efficacy is measured through performance testing to show that the disinfectant formulations can reduce the microbial activity in either suspension or from surfaces to an acceptable level, at least 4-log reduction depending on the test.

[0068] The standard European approach for disinfectant validation consists in a basic suspension test, a quantitative suspension test (with low and high levels of organic material added to act as ‘interfering substances’) and a two-part simulated-use surface test according to the EU Biocidal Products Regulation 528 / 2012 (BPR)

[0069] The setting of this concentration range depends on factors such as contact time, material compatibility and biocidal activity.

[0070] The higher a disinfectant’s concentration exponent (the relationship between dilution and biocidal activity), the longer it will take to kill cells. Concentrations that are lower than the label-use have been shown to not be as effective.

[0071] Each chemical disinfectant requires a period of time during which it needs to be in contact with the microorganism to inactivate or kill it. Contact times are related to the concentration of the disinfectant and are expressed for each disinfectant at its optimal concentration range. The killing effect for a constant concentration of a disinfectant increases over time until the optimal contact time is established. Contact times can also be influenced by the nature of soiling. Although disinfectants are evaluated under ‘dirty’ conditions, the presence of dirt can significantly reduce their efficacy.

[0072] The concentrated formulation according to Table 2 above was tested under various conditions and according to various standard test methods. The results are summarized in Table 4 below:"

[0073] Table 4: Biocide activity of the concentrated formulation as described in Table 2

[0074] The biocide activity of the concentrated formulation according to Table 2 wherein wildflowers honey has been replaced by the same amount of thyme honey or chestnut honey was further tested according to European standard EN 1276 in dirty conditions in 5 min at 20°C on Staphylococcus Aureus (for bactericidal activity). Similar results were obtained with the 3 types of honey; i.e. the effective dilution of the concentrated formulation according to Table 2 with the 3 types of honey is 3% whereas the effective dilution of a concentrated formulation according to Table 2 wherein the amount of honey was replaced by Glycerine is 4%.

[0075] The biocide activity of the ready-to-use formulation according to Table 3 was further tested according to European standard EN 1276 in dirty conditions in 5 min on Staphylococcus Aureus (for bactericidal activity), and according to European standard EN 1650 on Candida Albicans (for yeasticidal activity). The results confirmed the full spectrum of activity of the formulation.

[0076] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is submitted that the terpen alcohol potentiates the antimicrobial properties of lactic acid by acting as a wetting agent. Furthermore, the results haveshown that honey allows potentiating the effects of lactic acid, either alone or in combination with a terpene alcohol: the efficiency of the formulation was indeed higher when honey was added to a formulation comprising either lactic acid alone or lactic acid in combination with DHM.

Claims

Claims

1. A composition comprising (i) an acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid and mixtures thereof and (ii) a terpene alcohol.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said acid comprises lactic acid.

3. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said terpene alcohol comprises dihydromyrcenol (DHM).

4. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the weight ratio between the acid (i) and the terpene alcohol (ii) is greater than or equal to 1, preferably ranges from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 10, even more preferably from 3 to 8.

5. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said acid and / or said terpene alcohol is obtained from renewable carbon resources.

6. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said composition further comprises (iii) honey.

7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the weight ratio between the acid (i) and honey (iii) is greater than or equal to 1, preferably ranges from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 10, even more preferably from 3 to 8.

8. A detergent composition comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and a surfactant.

9. The detergent composition according to claim 8, wherein said composition comprises from 15 to 20% by weight of acid (i).

10. The detergent composition according to claim 8 or 9, wherein said composition comprises from 4 to 20% by weight of surfactant, preferably from 10 to 18% by weight of surfactant.

11. The detergent composition according to claim 10, wherein said detergent composition further comprises a solvent.

12. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, as a disinfectant.

13. Use of the composition according to claim 10 for cleaning surfaces and / or objects.

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